• 沒有找到結果。

國際海洋法劃界原則

第三章 國際法中對於疆界劃定之探討

第二節 國際海洋法劃界原則

自古以來,人類對海洋的探索就不曾停止,海洋蘊含的豐富資源 更是各國的野心所在,國家間透過海洋進行貿易,也因此需要討論關 於海洋的規範。聯合國的國際法委員會成立之後,海洋法便是他們優 先處理的項目,第一次聯合國海洋法會議於 1958 年召開,會議中各 國通過四項日內瓦海洋法公約,分別是:《領海及鄰接區(毗連區)

公約》、《公海公約》、《捕魚及養護公海生物資源公約》、《大陸礁層(架)

公約》,成為當時國際海洋活動之法律規範。1960 年舉行了歷史上第 二次的聯合國海洋法會議,不過並未達成任何進一步的協議。1973 年底於紐約召開了第三次聯合國海洋法會議,在經過長達九年的討論 後,聯合國於 1982 年通過了《聯合國海洋法公約》(以下簡稱為《海 洋法公約》),成為國際上公認處理國際海洋爭端與海洋活動規範的重 要依據。

以下將根據《海洋法公約》來討論海洋法之劃界制度:

一、 基線(Baseline):

53

(一)又稱為正常基線(Normal Baseline),基線為國家對海域 管轄權限之起始線,基線為內水及領海的區分線,也是國家海 域管轄權測算之基準線。19在各個不同的海域內,各國依《海 洋法公約》擁有不同程度的管轄權。根據《海洋法公約》第 5 條:「測算領海寬度的正常基線是沿海國官方承認的大比例尺海 圖所標明的沿岸低潮線。」20因此一般而言,採行正常基線的 沿岸國,一國海水退潮後的低潮線即是基線。此種基線的劃定 是通行最久的方式,也是最為國際社會社會所接受的,但若因 為自然因素而使低潮線有所變動,要以已經公布的低潮線或是 新形成的低潮線為基準,則要端看沿海國是否有繪製公布新的 大比例尺海圖而定。21

(二)在海岸極為曲折的國家,以及近海岸處有零星島嶼的國 家,正常基線的畫法有許多困難之處,此時可以採用直線基線

(Straight Baselines)的方式來取代正常基線。一般而言,是在 海岸及近岸島嶼上選擇適當的據點做為基線的基點,再將基點 彼此以直線相連接,形成直線基線。此種基線畫法並非所有國

19 同前註,頁 123。

20 原文為:Article 5, Normal baseline: “Except where otherwise provided in this Convention, the normal baseline for measuring the breadth of the territorial sea is the low-water line along the coast as marked on large-scale charts officially recognized by the coastal State.” , United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf, Last retrieved date: 2015.09.12.

21 同註 18,頁 146。

氣候變遷對海島國家海域疆界影響之研究

22 原文為:Article 7, Straight baselines: “1. In localities where the coastline is deeply indented and cut into, or if there is a fringe of islands along the coast in its immediate vicinity, the method of straight baselines joining appropriate points may be employed in drawing the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. 2. Where because of the presence of a delta and other natural conditions the coastline is highly unstable, the appropriate points may be selected along the furthest seaward extent of the low-water line and, notwithstanding subsequent regression of the low-water line, the straight baselines shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with this Convention. 3. The drawing of straight baselines must not depart to any appreciable extent from the general direction of the coast, and the sea areas lying within the lines must be sufficiently closely linked to the land domain to be subject to the regime of internal waters. 4. Straight baselines shall not be drawn to and from low-tide elevations, unless lighthouses or similar installations which are permanently above sea level have been built on them or except in instances where the drawing of baselines to and from such elevations has received general international recognition. 5. Where the method of straight baselines is applicable under paragraph 1, account may be taken, in determining particular baselines, of economic interests peculiar to the region concerned, the reality and the importance of which are clearly evidenced by long usage. 6. The system of straight baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic zone.”, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,

http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf, Last retrieved date:

2015.09.12.

55

混合基線。23《海洋法公約》第 14 條規定:「沿海國為適應不 同情況,可交替使用以上各條規定的任何方法以確定基線。」,

此條文容許沿海國因應不同海岸情況,使用適合海岸的基線規 則。24

(四)海灣的封口線(Closing Line)即為海灣基線(Judicial Bay Baseline),海灣為海洋沿著海岸深入陸地形成的水曲區域,海 灣被陸地所圍繞,海灣的開口處以直線連接稱為海灣封口線,

也就是基線。1953 年的國際法委員會定義海灣為:「海岸上明 顯的凹陷,其深入程度與其入口寬度的比例,足已使海岸對於 該處的海洋,做包圍之狀,不僅只構成一種單純的海岸曲折。

除非海岸的凹陷面積等於或大於其入口寬度直徑的半圓面積,

否則其凹陷處不應視為海灣。」25根據《海洋法公約》第 10 條 可以歸納出單一國家的海灣應符合:(一)海灣為一明顯被陸地 環抱的水曲,但水曲面積須等於或大於橫越曲口所劃的直線作 為直徑的半圓形的面積;(二)海灣天然入口的兩端距離未超過 24 海里,則封口線所包圍之水域稱之為內水;(三)、若海灣天

23 同註 18,頁 172-173。

24 原文為:Article 14, Combination of methods for determining baselines: “The coastal State may determine baselines in turn by any of the methods provided for in the foregoing articles to suit different conditions.” , United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,

http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf, Last retrieved date:

2015.09.13.

25 同註 18,頁 189-191。

氣候變遷對海島國家海域疆界影響之研究

56

然入口兩端之間的距離超過 24 海里,則以最長 24 海里劃定在 海灣內,來取得可劃得的最大內水水域。

在《海洋法公約》第 10 條第六項中明訂歷史性海灣(Historic Bay)不適用於同條所訂之海灣規定,端看各國所主張的歷史性 海灣就可以了解,《海洋法公約》第 10 條明白表示一般海灣的 封口線不大於 24 海里,但各國一直以來所主張的歷史性海灣開 口皆大於 24 海里,埃及主張的 Bay of El-Arab,其在埃及北部,

開口總長約 75 海里;加拿大所主張的 Hudson Bay 總長達 600 海里,其主張 Hudson Bay 為歷史性海灣的原因有二:一直以來 對此海灣的有效占領以及其他國家的默認。26其實早在 1962 年 聯合國祕書處就曾應國際法委員會的要求討論歷史性水域的議 題,然而,當時沒有為歷史性水域下一個明確的定義,因此問 題並未解決。到了 1982 年制定《海洋法公約》的第三次海洋法 會議中,雖然在公約中提及歷史性海灣等字眼,但都只是輕輕 帶過。在《UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the South China Sea》書中歸納出三點,欲主張一水域為歷史性海灣,該 主張國必須(一)長久以來在該水域行使主權;(二)長久和平

26 United Nations, “United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea: Historic Bays: Memorandum by the Secretariat of the United Nations”, 1958.2.24-4.27,

http://legal.un.org/diplomaticconferences/lawofthesea-1958/docs/english/vol_I/4_A-CONF-13-1_Pre pDocs_vol_I_e.pdf, Last retrieved date: 2015.09.20.

57

27 Mark Valencia, Nong Hong, Shicun Wu, UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the South China Sea, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2015, p.241.

28 原文為:Article 8, Internal waters: “1. Except as provided in Part IV, waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State.” , United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,

http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf, Last retrieved date:

2015.09.25.

29 同註 2,頁 596-597。

氣候變遷對海島國家海域疆界影響之研究

30 原文為:Article 16: “Measures of a general or particular character which a Contracting State is obliged to take in case of an emergency affecting the safety of the State or the vital interests of the country may, in exceptional cases, and for as short a period as possible, involve a deviation from the provisions of Articles 2 to 7 inclusive; it being understood that the principles of the present Statute must be observed to the utmost possible extent.”, Convention and Statute on the International Régime of Maritime Ports,

http://cil.nus.edu.sg/rp/il/pdf/1923%20Convention%20and%20Statute%20of%20the%20International

%20Regime%20of%20Maritime%20Ports-pdf.pdf, Last retrieved date: 2015.09.25.

59 線。(2)半圓形線(Arch Line Method),又稱為圓弧切線法,以 領海寬度為半徑,自基線上的點為中心,向外劃出相交的半圓弧

32 原文為:Article 3, Breadth of the territorial sea: “Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines determined in accordance with this Convention.”, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,

http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf, Last retrieved date:

2015.09.13.

33 同註 2,頁 589-591。

氣候變遷對海島國家海域疆界影響之研究

34 原文為:Article 21: “1. The coastal State may adopt laws and regulations, in conformity with the provisions of this Convention and other rules of international law, relating to innocent passage through the territorial sea, in respect of all or any of the following: (a) the safety of navigation and the regulation of maritime traffic; (b) the protection of navigational aids and facilities and other facilities or installations; (c) the protection of cables and pipelines; 32 (d) the conservation of the living resources of the sea; (e) the prevention of infringement of the fisheries laws and regulations of the coastal State; (f) the preservation of the environment of the coastal State and the prevention,

reduction and control of pollution thereof; (g) marine scientific research and hydrographic surveys; (h) the prevention of infringement of the customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations of the coastal State. 2. Such laws and regulations shall not apply to the design, construction, manning or equipment of foreign ships unless they are giving effect to generally accepted international rules or standards. 3. The coastal State shall give due publicity to all such laws and regulations. 4. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea shall comply with all such laws and regulations and all generally accepted international regulations relating to the prevention of collisions at sea.”, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,

http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf, Last retrieved date:

2015.09.25.

61

律的權利。

沿海國除了享受領海中的主權以外,其在領海內仍必須遵 守特定義務,《海洋法公約》中有若干條文的目的是為了防止沿 海國妨害外國船舶無害通過的權利,不得有任何事實或形式上 的歧視,並有告知的義務,讓他國了解其領海對於航行可能存 在的危險。35

(三)無害通過權(The Regime of Innocent Passage):無害通 過是對於航行自由的保障,也是一種限縮沿海國權利的方 式,依照《海洋法公約》第 18 條,所謂「通過」為:

「(一)穿過領海但不進入內水或停靠內水以外的泊船處或港口 設施;或(二)駛往或駛出內水或停靠這種泊船處或港口設施。」

一般而言,通過應繼續不停和迅速進行。但若是由於不可抗力或 遇難所必要的或為救助遇險或遭難的人員、船舶或飛機的目的,

則通過得包括停船和下錨。第 19 條也明訂「無害」的意義為 :

「不損害沿海國的和平、良好秩序或安全。」同條第二項也列舉 了 12 種行為非無害活動,分別是:

35 依據《海洋法公約》第 24 條,沿海國的義務有:「一、除按照本公約規定外,沿海國不應妨

礙外國船舶無害通過領海,尤其在適用本公約或依 本公約制定的任何法律或規章時,沿海國不

應:(a)對外國船舶強加要求,其實際後果等於否定或損害無害通過的權利;或(b)對任何國

家的船舶、或對載運貨物來往任何國家的船舶或對替任何國家載運貨物的 船舶,有形式上或事 實上的歧視。二、沿海國應將其所知的在其領海內對航行有危險的任何情況妥為公布。」第 26 條第一項規定「對外國船舶不得僅以其通過領海為理由而徵收任何費用。」皆為《海洋法公約》

家的船舶、或對載運貨物來往任何國家的船舶或對替任何國家載運貨物的 船舶,有形式上或事 實上的歧視。二、沿海國應將其所知的在其領海內對航行有危險的任何情況妥為公布。」第 26 條第一項規定「對外國船舶不得僅以其通過領海為理由而徵收任何費用。」皆為《海洋法公約》