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由上述 5 項領域可發現,政府當局應仔細聆聽少數語言真正的需要,才能有 效解決少數語言權利的問題,並透過國際法與國內法評估,由國家政府制定相關 保護少數語言政策;最重要的是,與少數語言族群保持密切聯繫,尋求全面和持 續的溝通,以保障少數語言應有的權利。

第二節、國際規範語言權利與保護

國際上對於語言權利之規範主要以尊重語言之人類基本自由為主,此項更於 聯合國憲章中明文規定,然而近 20、30 年來,少數語言字樣才逐漸出現於國際 條約中,以下將分析國際間有關呼籲會員國尊重少數語言各項權利以及遵守保護 語言所蘊涵豐富文化遺產之各項條例。

一、國際間對少數語言之保護

國際間對於區域與少數語言之保護,可由以下聯合國所制訂相關的國際公 約、宣言中,看出國際上對此議題的關注程度:1945 年《聯合國憲章》(United Nations Charter)第 1 條第 3 項明文規定「不分種族、性別、語言、宗教,增進 全體人類對人權及基本自由之尊重」為聯合國宗旨之一,同時在其他條文中一再 規定要普遍遵守。11 1948 年的《世界人權宣言》(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)(第 2 條)主張不因種族、膚色、性別、語言、宗教、政治及其它因素,

所有人皆享有權利與自由。12 1962 年的《聯合國教科文組織反歧視教育協定》

(UNESCO Convention Against Discrimination in Education)(第 1 條和第 5 條)

其中第 5 條承認少數民族成員從事其教育活動權利的重要性,包括保有學校和每

11 Article 1: 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and

12 Article 2: Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set out in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

《兒童權利公約》(The Convention on the Rights of the Child)(第 29 條和第 30 條)表示,對於少數族群之兒童不能否認其在所屬社群使用他們語言的權利。15 1992 年的《隸屬少數民族或宗教和少數語言的權利宣言》(Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities)(第 1 條、第 2 條和第 4 條)表示,隸屬於少數語言族群者,擁有 在公私領域使用自身語言的權利,且國家應採取適當措施使其擁有學習母語與教 授母語的機會。16 基於《隸屬少數民族或宗教和少數語言的權利宣言》,1993

13 Article 5: The States Parties to this Convention agree that:﹝…﹞(c). It is essential to recognize the right of members of national minorities to carry on their own educational activities, including the maintenance of schools and , depending on the educational policy of each State, the use of the teaching of their own language, provided however:

14 Article 2: Each state party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Article 24: 1. Every child shall have, without any discrimination as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, national or social origins, property or birth, the right to such measures of protection as are required by his status as a minor, on the part of his family, society and the state.

Article 26: All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all presons equal and effective protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Article 27: In those States in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities exist, persons belonging to such minorities shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, or to use their own language.

15 Article 30: In those states in which ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities or persons of indigenous origins exist, a child belonging to such a minority or who is indigenous shall not be denied the right, in community with other members of his or her group, to enjoy his or her own culture, to profess and practice his or her own religion, or to use his or her own language.

16 Article 1: States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories, and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity.

Article 2: 1. Persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities (hereinafter referred to as persons belonging to minorities) have the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, and to use their own language, in private and in public, freely and without interference or any form of discrimination.

Article 4: 2. States should take appropriate measures so that, wherever possible, persons belonging to minorities have adequate opportunities to learn their mother tongue or to have instruction in their mother tongue.

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年 的 《 人 權 世 界 會 議 之 維 也 納 宣 言 與 行 動 綱 領 》 ( Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted at the World Conference on Human Rights)(第 19 條、第 25 條和第 26 條)更於人權世界會議中,呼籲各國與國際社會應根據《隸 屬少數民族或宗教和少數語言的權利宣言》,促進與保護少數民族、宗教及語言 的權利。17

以上國際規範條約,由最早發表各語言的權利平等,進一步逐漸轉為保護少 數語言權利,尤其以 1992 年的《隸屬少數民族或宗教和少數語言的權利宣言》

中第 1 條明文規定,各國需針對少數語言存在予以認同與支持,該國際宣言奠定 了少數語言的權利,並清楚說明國家必須採取適當措施以鼓勵研究及保護現存的 少數語言。

二、歐洲理事會對少數「語言權」之保障

歐洲理事會對於少數語言權利之規範著墨不少,除了專門針對語言的《歐洲 區域或少數語言憲章》外,尚有具法律約束力的《保護少數民族框架公約》,該 公約中有多項關於保護語言權之條款。

(一) 《歐洲區域或少數語言憲章》

1950 年歐洲理事會採用《歐洲保護人權與基本自由公約;簡稱歐洲人權公 約》(Convention For Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms;

European Convention on Human Rights,ECHR)原則大部分是承襲 1948 年聯合 國《世界人權宣言》的宗旨與方針,其中《歐洲人權公約》第 14 條說明本公約 所列舉的權利應予保證,不得因語言有所歧視。然而在 1957 年諮詢會議

(Consultative Assembly)第 136 項決議指出,此公約只創建了個人權利不受歧

17 Article 26: The World Conference on Human Rights urges states and the international community to promote and protect the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities in accordace with the Declaration on the Rights of Persons belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.

(Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe,PACE)第 285 項建議,進一 步補充《歐洲人權公約》,制定保護措施以保障少數民族享有自身的語言文化, Local and Regional Authorities of Europe,CLRAE)決定進行《歐洲區域或少數語 言憲章》的研撰,在憲章起草前的工作需調查歐洲區域與少數語言的實際情況,

19 參閱http://assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta61/EREC285.htm

Recommendation 285: “Persons belonging to a national minority shall not be denied the right, in community with the other members of their group, and as far as compatible with public order, to enjoy their own culture, to use their own language, to establish their schools and receive teaching in the language of their choice or to profess and practise their own religion.”

20 Parliamentary Assembly, Recommendation 928 (1981) on the educational and cultural problems of minority languages and dialects in Europe.

http://assembly.coe.int/Mainf.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta81/EREC928.htm

21 參閱 Standing Conference of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe, Resolution 192 on regional or minority languages in Europe, Twenty – Third Session, 15-17 March, 1988.

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委員會(Committee of Experts)已被指示需要考慮制訂相關協議的可能性,並於 1973 年專家們認為有通過這項決議的需要;最後在 1990 年根據第 1134 項建議,

議會大會向部長委員會建議制訂一項關於保護少數民族權利的議定書或公約。22

為了達到此目的,特別成立了一個專家委員會(DH-MIN),要求在這方面 提出具體的法律標準,以便在歐洲理事會與歐洲安全與合作會議(Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe,CSCE,簡稱歐安會)之間達到分工合作的 作用。23 並於 1993 年 10 月 8 日維也納舉行之國家元首和歐洲理事會的首腦會 議,採取了決定性步驟,各國元首和政府對於保護少數民族決定進入法律承諾。

同 年 11 月 4 日 , 部 長 委 員 會 設 立 一 個 關 於 保 護 少 數 民 族 的 專 案 委 員 會

(CAHMIN),該委員會由歐洲理事會各成員國專家組成,與歐盟執委會及歐安 會少數民族高級專員一同協議;隔年 10 月專案委員會提交框架公約草案至部長 委員會,11 月 10 日該文本於第 95 屆部長級會議中通過;1995 年 2 月 1 日開放 簽署,並於 1998 年 2 月 1 日生效。24

此框架公約是第一個在國際法上給予全面保障少數民族權利且具有法律約 束力的條約,其中包含多項關於語言權之保障,例如第 5、6、9、10、11、12、

14 及 17 條款,內容主要為承諾保護少數語言在各領域上的權利、尊重其文化資 產,並不得因少數語言而受到歧視性待遇。

三、歐洲安全與合作組織對少數語言之保護

1989 年歐洲安全與合作組織(簡稱歐安組織)採行《納也納會議決議文件》

(The Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting)(第 11 條、第 13 條、第 16

22 參閱歐洲理事會網站 Recommendation 1134 (1990):

http://assembly.coe.int/Documents/AdoptedText/ta90/EREC1134.HTM

23 歐洲安全與合作組織(OSCE)前身為歐洲安全與合作會議(CSCE)。

24 參閱 Council of Europe, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and Explanatory Report, H (1995)010, 2.1995

(Document of the Copenhagen Meeting)第四部分中(第 32 條、第 33 條、第 34 條),強調少數族群有權發表他們的語言,且與會國將保護境內少數族群的語言 及確保少數族群擁有充份機會接受母語教育,並在國家法律允許下,得以在政府 官員前使用母語。26 同年 11 月 19 日經歐安組織領袖高峰會通過的《新歐洲巴 黎憲章》(Charter of Paris for a New Europe),當中肯定少數民族語言將被認同 與被保護。27 另外,由各國領袖批准的 1992 年《赫爾辛基高峰會決議》(Helsinki Summit Decision)(第 25 條)指出,將持續透過多邊努力以有效實踐相關「歐 洲安全與合作會議」的承諾,包括有關保護及創造國內少數族群之語言條件,且

25 參閱 OSCE, Concluding Document of the Vienna Meeting 1986 of Representatives of the Participating States of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, held on the basis of the provisions of the final act relating to the follow-up to the conference, VIENNA 1989

http://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1989/01/16059_en.pdf

26 參閱 OSCE (1990) Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the OSCE, 29.06.1990.

http://www.osce.org/documents/odihr/1990/06/13992_en.pdf

27 參閱 OSCE, Charter of Paris for a New Europe, PARIS 1990 http://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1990/11/4045_en.pdf

28 Article 25: Will continue through unilateral, bilateral and multilateral efforts to explore further avenues for more effective implementation of their relevant CSCE commitments, including those related to the protection and the creation of conditions for the promotion of the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity of national minorities;

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之建議與指導,制定了少數民族在其管轄範圍內有關教育、語言和公共生活等參 與權利的建議,分別為:

(一)1996年《關於少數民族教育權利的海牙建議》(Hague Recommendations regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities);此建議案藉由支持 少數民族學習他們的母語或接受母語教育,並同時支持少數民族學習官方語言 及其知識,從而在母語和官方語言整合之間找到一種平衡。29

(二)1998年《關於少數民族語言權利的奧斯陸建議》(Oslo Recommendations regarding the Linguistic Rights of National Minorities);此建議案強調國家應 尊重少數民族語言權利,並適用於一般的情況,如個人姓名、公共機關與司法

(二)1998年《關於少數民族語言權利的奧斯陸建議》(Oslo Recommendations regarding the Linguistic Rights of National Minorities);此建議案強調國家應 尊重少數民族語言權利,並適用於一般的情況,如個人姓名、公共機關與司法