• 沒有找到結果。

後續研究建議

在文檔中 性別在雙義圖形辨識之差異 (頁 102-115)

第五章 分析討論

6.2 後續研究建議

1. 本研究礙於時間關係,受測對象限定於國中八年級未受過雙義圖形觀看方式 訓練之一般班級男、女學生,社經背景為中下階層。建議後續研究可朝國中 八、九年級已習得雙義圖形相關知識與訓練之學生族群,或其他年齡層進行 性別在雙義圖形辨識的差異比較。

2. 專業繪畫者與非專業者觀畫方式不同,故可針對美術班學生或有設計專長之 高職生進行性別在雙義圖形之測試,探討生手與專家在辨識雙義圖像之差異。

3. 兒童及青少年的家庭背景、城鄉差距與父母社經地位等社會性因素,均有影 響其視覺影像反應的可能,故後續研究可改變家庭社經背景變項,探究社會 環境、成長背景對性別在雙義圖形視覺辨識之影響。

4. 在實驗設備許可範圍下,為求精確瞭解性別在視覺辨識差異處,建議施測工 具可採用眼動儀或腦部功能性磁振造影設備(fMRI),以科學儀器應用於藝 術與人文領域,紀錄視覺認知過程及瞭解大腦活動區域,從神經生理學基礎,

研究視知覺行為運作情形。

5. 本實驗刺激物限制每圖觀看2秒時間,若控制觀看時間變項,或許可測得不同 之性別辨識雙義圖形結果,亦可控制圖像重覆出現次數以增加熟悉度,探討 性別在雙義圖形視覺辨識之差異。

6. 本研究採用之雙義圖形,並未測得性別在平面空間深度辨識之差異,性別在 空間認知差異向度上,另有心智圖形旋轉能力,建議往後可將圖形刺激物改 為可旋轉方向之雙義圖形、逆理圖形,或採3D軟體建模之平面刺激物,進行 施測,從不同屬性的平面圖形,瞭解性別觀看雙義圖形空間深度類是否有差 異。

引註文獻

一、中文部分

Gregory, R. L.(1987)。視覺心理學﹝Eye and brain: The psychology of seeing﹞(羅 德望譯)。台北:五洲。(原著出版於 1966)

Luckiesh, M.(1969)。視覺錯覺﹝Visual illusions: Their causes, characteristics and applications﹞(田成俠譯)台北:廣文。(原著出版於 1922)

Mckim, R. H.(2002)。視覺思考的經驗﹝Experiences in visual thinking﹞(蔡子瑋 譯)。台北:六合。(原著出版於 1980)

Munari, B.(1989)。物生物﹝Da cose nasce cose﹞(曾堉、洪進丁譯)。台北:博 遠。(原著出版於 1981)

Ocvirk, O. G., Stinson, R. E., Wigg, P. R., Bone, R. O., & Cayton, D. L.(2004)。藝術原 理與應用﹝Art fundamentals: Theory and practice﹞(江怡瑩譯)。台北:六合。

(原著出版於 1997)

Roukes, N.(1995)。設計的表現形式﹝Design synectics: Stimulating creativity in design﹞(呂靜修譯)。台北:六合。(原著出版於 1988)

Sax, L.(2006)。養男育女調不同﹝Why gender matters:what parents and teachers need to know about the emerging science of sex differences﹞(洪蘭譯)。台北:遠流。

(原著出版於 2005)

Smith, B.(2008)。性與性別教育-發展心理學取向﹝The psychology of sex and gender﹞(蔡春美譯)。台北:華騰文化。(原著出版於 2006)

Siegler, R. S., & Alibali, M. W.(2004)。兒童認知發展:概念與應用﹝Children's thinking﹞(林美珍編譯)。台北:心理。(原著出版於 1986)

Solso, R. L.(1992)。認知心理學﹝Cognitive psychology﹞(黃婷希等譯)。台北:

五南。(原著出版於 1973)

Zeki, S.(2001)。腦內藝術館-探索大腦的審美功能﹝Inner vision–An exploration of art and the brain﹞(潘恩典譯)。台北:商周。(原著出版於 1999)

小林重順(1997)。造型構成心理﹝造形構成の心理﹞(編輯部譯)。台北:藝風 堂。(原著出版於 1978)

王秀雄(1975)。美術心理學。高雄:三信。

王晴右(2002)。表情線索與熟悉度對臉孔辨識歷程之影響。未出版碩士論文,

中原大學心理學研究所,桃園。

王藍亭、黃詩珮(2003)。錯視圖像之視覺敏感度研究。圖文傳播學報,3,135-153。

王藍亭、黃詩珮(2005)。黑色與白色遮蔽物對圖像辨識差異之視知覺研究。藝 術學報,76,19-37。

王孟惠(2005)。台灣高中生圖畫書插畫風格偏好之趨勢。未出版碩士論文,國 立臺灣科技大學設計研究所,台北。

王孟惠、伊彬(2005. 5)。高中學生年級與性別對於圖畫書插畫風格偏好之探討。

中華民國設計學會主辦:中華民國設計學會第十屆學術研究成果研討會論文 集(上)(pp. 469-474)。台北:大同大學。

田崴(2005)。思维设计--造型艺术与思维创意。北京:北京理工大学。

今井省吾(1988)。錯視圖形(沙興亞譯)。台北:遠流。

李佳珍(1998)。複合意象圖形在平面廣告中運用與表現之研究─以海報設計為 例─。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學美術研究所,台北。

呂清夫(1984)。造形原理。台北:雄獅。

伊彬、林演慶(2006)。視覺影像處理之眼球運動相關研究探討。設計學報,11,

59-79。

伊彬(2008)。插畫與電視廣告之實徵美學:世代間的美感和偏好。台北:Airiti。

松本明(1999)。亞當的腦‧夏娃的腦(廖瑞雯譯)。台中:晨星。

吳菁樺(2004)。圖地反轉類型標誌意象認知之探討。未出版碩士論文,銘傳大 學商業設計學系碩士班,台北。

章莉莉(2008) 。视觉符号完全手册。上海:上海书店。

朝倉直巳(1993)。藝術・設計的平面構成﹝芸術・デザインの平面構成﹞(呂 清夫譯)。台北:北星。(原著出版於 1984)

陳俊宏、楊東民(1998)。視覺傳達設計概論。台北:全華科技。

陳上瑜(2005)。幾何錯覺的分類:一個心理解剖學的觀點。未出版碩士論文,

國立交通大學應用藝術研究所視覺傳達設計組,新竹。

陳淑娥(1984)。超現實的美術設計。台北:五洲。

陳瀚凱、林品章(2004)。視覺動勢之視覺原則與其在視覺傳達設計上之應用探 討。台灣藝術學報,74,81-98。

曾堯生、許培鴻(2008)。好樣:台灣平面設計 14 人。台北:積木文化。

黃鈴池(2006)。黑色與白色背景上色彩面積錯視效果之探討。台南科大學報,

25,221-228。

黃朗文、吳明燁(無日期)。性別關係。搜尋於 2010 年 6 月 12 日。取自 http://vschool.scu.edu.tw/Class01/Title.asp?Data_Code=91

黃淮麟(2001)。兒童對圖畫書插畫風格喜好發展。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣 科技大學設計研究所,台北。

張恬君等編著(1997)。映像藝術。台北:空大。

張琬琪、伊彬(2007)。青少年對當代流行圖像風格偏好及審美判斷初探。中華 民國設計學會主辦:中華民國設計學會第 12 屆學術研討會-前瞻設計:科

技與人文的整合論文集(下)(pp. 1003-1008)。高雄:國立高雄師範大學

工業設計學系。

張琬琪(2007)。青少年與成人對於電視廣告之審美判斷。未出版碩士論文,國 立臺灣科技大學設計研究所,台北。

稲嶺麻希子、遠藤光男(2009)。感情の表情表出における状況と性別の効果。

感情心理学研究,17,134-142。

楊清田(1992)。反轉錯視原理與圖形設計。台北:藝風堂。

楊清田(1996)。造形原理導論。台北:藝風堂。

楊裕富(1999)。創意思境:視傳設計概論與方法。台北:田園城市。

蔡斐鈞(2005)。複合意象圖形運用於環保海報設計之研究。未出版碩士論文,

國立臺灣師範大學設計研究所,台北。

劉其偉(1975)。現代繪畫理論。台北:雄獅。

劉凰慧(2001)。謊畫在平面設計之研究與應用。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師 範大學設計研究所,台北。

鄭昭明(2004)。認知心理學。台北:桂冠。

鄭麗玉(1993)。認知心理學。台北:五南。

二、英文部分

Aboitiz, F., Scheibel, A. B., Fisher, R. S., & Zaidel, E. (1992). Individual differences in brain asymmetries and fiber composition in the human corpus callosum. Brain Research, 598, 154-161.

Acredolo, L., & Goodwyn, S. (1988). Symbolic gesturing in normal infants. Child Development, 59, 450-466.

Allen, L. S., Richey, M. F., Chai, Y.M., & Gorski, R. A. (1991). Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. The Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 933-942.

Asrani, S., Zou, S., d’Anna, S., Vitale, S., & Zeinier, R. (1999). Noninvasive mapping of the normal retinal thickness at the posterior pole. Ophthalmology, 106, 269-273.

Babcock, J. S. (2002). Eye tracking observers during color images evaluation tasks.

Unpublished master’s thesis, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York.

Babcock, J. S., Pelz, J. B., & Fairchild, M. D. (2003). Eye tracking observers during rank order, paired comparison, and graphical rating tasks. In Proceedings of the 2003 PICS Digital Photography Conference, PICS 2003 (Vol. 6, pp. 10-15). Rochester, NY: The Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

Bates, E., O’Connell, B., & Shore, C. (1987). Language and communication in infancy. In J. Osofsky (Ed. ), Handbook of infant development (pp. 149-203). New York: John Wiley.

Barlow, H. B. (1972). Single units and sensation: a neuron docrine for perceptual psychology?Perception, 1, 371-394.

Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelbright S., & Jollifffe, T. (1997). Reading the mind in the face: Is there a “language of the eyes"? Visual Cognition, 4, 311-331.

Baron-Cohen, S., Arunasalam, K., Patel, R., & Sharma, P. (1996). Reading the mind in the

face: Is there a "language of the eyes" ? Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Cambridge.

Bishop, D. (1990). Handedness and developmental disorder. Oxford: Blackwells.

Boyatzis, C. J., & Eades, J. (1999). Gender differences in preschoolers’ and kindergartners’ artistic production and preference. Sex Roles, 41, 627-638.

Burg, A. (1968). Lateral visual field as related to age and sex. Journal of Applied Psychology,52, 10-15.

Bryant, K. J. (1982). Personality correlates of sense-of-direction and geographic orientation.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 1318-1324.

Bryant, K. J. (1991). Geographical/spatial orientation ability within real-world and simulated large-scale environments. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 109-136.

Calkins, M. (1990). An attempted experiment in psychological aesthetics. Psychological Review, 7 (6),580-591.

Cupchik, G. C., & Gebotys, R. J. (1990). Interest and pleasure as dimensions of aesthetic response. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 8 (1), 1-14.

De Lacoste, M.C., Holloway, R.L., & Woodward, D. L. (1986). Sex differences in the fetal human corpus callosum. Human Neurobiology, 5, 93-96.

De Lacoste, M. C., Horvath, D. S. , & Woodward, D. J. (1991). Possible sex differences in the developing human fetal brain. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 831-846.

Endo, N., Endo, M., Kirita, T., & Maruyama, K. (1992). The effects of expression on face recognition. Tohoku Psychologica Folia, 52, 37-44.

Epting, L. K., & Overman, W. H. (1998). Sex-sensitive tasks in men and women: a search for performance fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Behavioral Neuroscience, 112, 1304-1317.

Eysenck, H. J., & Castle, M. (1970). Training in art as a factor in the determination of

preference judgements for polygons. British Journal of Psychology, 61, 65-81.

Feingold, A. (1988). Cognitive gender differences are disappearing. American Psychologist, 43, 95-103.

Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A. M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: I. A hypothesis and a program for research.

Archives of Neurology, 42, 429-459.

Goldstein, E. B. (2002). Sensation and perception. CA: Wadsworth.

Goren, C. C., Sarty, M., & Wu, P. Y. K. (1975). Visual following and pattern discrimination of face-like stimuli by newborn infants. Pediatrics, 56, 544-549.

Gregory, R. L. (1997). Knowledge in perception and illusion. Philosophical Transactions:

Biological Sciences, 352, 1121-1128.

Halpern, D. F. (1986). Sex differences in cognitive abilities. Hilsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Halpern, D. F. (1996). Sex, brains, hands, and spatial cognition. Developmental Review, 16, 261-270.

Hampson, E., & Kimura, D. (1992). Sex differences and hormonal influences on cognitive function in humans. In J. B. Becker, S. M. Breedlove, & D. Crews (Eds.), Behavioral Endocrinology (pp. 357-398). Cambridge: MIT Press.

Hee, M. R., Puliafito, C. A., Duker, J. S., Reichel, E., Coker, J. G., Wilkins, J. R., et al.

(1998). Topography of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography.

Ophthalmology, 105, 360-370.

Hildreth, G. H. (1936). Colour and picture choices of young children. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 49 (2),427-435.

Hines, M. (1990). Gonadal hormones and human cognitive development. In J. Balthazart (Ed. ), Hormones, brain and behaviour in vertebrates: I. Sexual differentiation, neuroanatomical aspects, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides. Basel: Karger.

Hines, M., Chiu, L., McAdams, L. A., Bentler, P. M., & Lipcamon, J. (1992) . Cognition and the corpus callosum: verbal fluency, visuospatial ability, and language lateralization related to midsagittal surface areas of callosal subregions. Behavioral Neuroscience, 106 (1), 3-14.

Huynh, S. C., Wang, X. Y., Rochtchina, E., & Mitchell, P. (2006). Distribution of macular thickness by optical coherence tomography: findings from a population-based study of 6-year-old children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47, 2351-2357.

Hyde, J., & Linn, M. (1988). Gender differences in verbal ability: a meta-analysis.

Psychological Bulletin, 104, 53-69.

Iijima, M., Arisaka, O., Minamoto, F., & Yasumasa, A. (2001). Sex differences in children’s free drawings. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 99-104.

Kimura, D. (1992). Sex differences in the brain. Scientific American, 267, 118-125.

Kimura, D. (1996). Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6, 259-263.

Lephart, E., Salyer, D., Lund, T., Fleming, D., & Horvath, T. (2001). Sexual dimorphism and aromatase in the rat retina. Developmental Brain Research, 126, 131-136.

Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974). The psychology of sex differences. Stanford:

Stanford University Press.

Machotka, P. (1966). Aesthetic criteria in childhood: Justification of preference. Child Development, 37, 877-885.

Maestripieri, D. (2004). Development and evolutionary aspects of female attraction to babies. Psychology Science Agenda, 18 (1), 1-3.

Massin, P., Erginay, A., Haouchine, B., Ben, M.A., Paques, M., & Gaudric, A. (2002).

Retinal thickness in healthy and diabetic subjects measured using optical coherence tomography mapping software. European Journal of Ophthalmology, 12, 102-108.

Masters, M. S., & Sanders, B. (1993). Is the gender difference in mental rotation disappearing? Behavior Genetics, 23, 337-341.

McClure, E. B. (2000). A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescent. Psychological Bulletin, 126 (3), 424-453.

McGee, M. G. (1979). Human spatial abilities: Psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influences. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 889-918.

McGlone, J. (1980). Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: A critical survey.

Behavioral Brain Sciences, 3, 215-263.

McGuinness, D. (1976). Away from a unisex psychology: individual differences in visual sensory and perceptual processes. Perception, 5, 279-294.

Michaels, G. M. (1924). Color preference according to age. The American Journal of Psychology, 35 (1), 79-87.

Quay, L. C., & Blaney, R. L. (1992 ). Verbal communication, nonverbal communication, and private speech in lower and middle socioeconomic status preschool children.

Journal of genetic psychology, 153, 129-138.

Schießl, M., Duda, S., Thölke, A., & Fischer, R. (2003). Eye tracking and its application in usability and media research. Retrieved Jul. 11, 2010, from http://eye-square.com/documents/EyeTracking-ResearchApplications.pdf

Solos, R. L. (1994). Cognition and the visual arts . Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Pugh, K. R., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., et al. (1995). Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature, 373, 607-609.

Tanaka, K., Saito, H., Fukada, Y., & Moriya, M. (1991). Coding visual images of objects in the inferotemporal cortex of the macaque monkey. Journal of Neurophysiology, 66 (1), 170-189.

Tobacyk, J. J., Meyers, H., & Bailey, L. (1981). Field-dependence, sensation-seeking, and preference for paintings. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45 (3),270-277.

Tuman, D. (1991). Sing a song sixpence: An examination of sex differences in the subject preference of children’s drawings. Visual Arts Research, 25, 51-62.

Vawter, M. P., Evans, S., Choudary, P., Tomita, H., Meador-Woodruff J., Molnar, M., Li, J., Lopez, J. F., Myers, R., Cox, D., Watson, S. J., Akil, H., Jones, E. G., & Bunney, W. E. (2004). Gender-specific gene expression in post-mortem human brain:

localization to sex chromosomes. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, 373-384.

Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995). Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 250-70.

Wakitani, Y., Sasoh, M., Sugimoto, M., Ito, Y., Ido, M., & Uji, Y. (2003). Macular thickness measurements in healthy subjects with different axial lengths using optical coherence tomography. Retina, 23, 177-182.

Wexler, A., Sand, T., & Elsås, T. B. (2010). Macular thickness measurements in healthy Norwegian volunteers: an optical coherence tomography study. BMC Ophthalmol.

Wexler, A., Sand, T., & Elsås, T. B. (2010). Macular thickness measurements in healthy Norwegian volunteers: an optical coherence tomography study. BMC Ophthalmol.

在文檔中 性別在雙義圖形辨識之差異 (頁 102-115)