• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論

第二節 未來展望與建議

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與經濟權力和軍事權力的交織影響,其最終目的仍然是為了遏止中國的崛起。

三、崛起國面臨創新「不得不為」的困境

現有的國際關係理論當中,討論權力移轉理論的學者多試圖解釋在何種情況 下,崛起國會挑戰原本具有領先地位的大國,然而,若以中美貿易戰做為案例分 析會發現,崛起國並不必然主動挑戰原霸主國。

作為崛起中的大國,中國無可避免地為了克服中等收入國家面臨的結構性挑 戰,而必須發展科技創新以促成其經濟再發展和國家利益,然而,此「不得不為」

的創新勢必在某一個時間點,使得原有主導國際秩序的霸主國感受威脅,並有強 烈動機回應崛起國的創新活動,此為中美貿易戰之後開始發展的「崛起國視角」。

以中美貿易戰為例,中國發佈的「中國製造2025」倡議,以及相應出台的各 項政策,可視為中國要實現由「中國製造」邁向「中國創造」、為繼續驅動經濟 發展的「不得不為的創新」,但也因此觸動美國最敏感的神經,並以國家安全為 由發動一連串遏制中國科技崛起的行動。

透過文獻歸納與案例分析,當(1)兩國有軍事衝突的可能,以及(2)崛起 國取得可能影響其軍事戰鬥能力的關鍵科技等兩個條件滿足時,原有國際體系的 主導國將會感受到安全上的挑戰,因而採取多項嚴厲行動遏止崛起國之發展。由 於中國的「軍民融合」模糊了科技在民用與軍用之間的區別,且中國製造2025 中 的關鍵發展技術可能為中國的軍事能力做出貢獻,此一觀點似乎更能解釋美方之 憂慮,以及其所以動用國家機器之力量針對華為等「私人企業」,以避免其國家 安全受到網路入侵威脅的可能。

第二節 未來展望與建議

儘管中美貿易戰於2020 年初達成第一階段協議,但在協議簽署之後,美方仍 然陸續公布多個實體清單,包括2020 年 5 月 15 日宣布,基於保護美國的國家安 全,將限制華為使用美國技術和軟體在國外設計和製造其半導體的能力。該宣布

‧ 國

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將華為列入美國出口管制,並於2020 年 5 月 22 日進一步公布與人工智慧監測相 關的大陸企業與學校、個人進入實體清單,中美之間科技脫鉤的說法,以及科技 權力攻防並未消停。

長期來看,脫鉤可能導致全球經濟的兩極分化,其他國家可能面臨美國和中 國為中心的替代技術之間的二元選擇,同時也對高科技生態系統包括最終用途產 品本身以及教育、研發流程和供應鏈產生廣大影響。

此外,我們也觀察到,在科技霸權的競爭之下,政府角色將被擴大。過往美 國多由產業驅動各項創新活動,但在二十一世紀科技具有軍事兩用性時,面對中 國的軍民融合政策、由政府集中國家力量投入特定產業,美國不僅已經在科技戰 當中,透過國家力量減緩中國特定關鍵產業與技術的成長力道,預期未來在其科 技創新的發展與應用上也將擴大國家與政府投入的角色。

目前中美的綜合實力仍有段差距,因此,中國在科技戰採取「防禦」策略,

避免雙方戰略競爭態勢升溫,除了不再提及「中國製造2025」,並回應美方要求 進行一部分之結構改革,以避免中美戰略競爭失控。但同時間,中國仍具有維持 經濟發展的迫切性,因而在同意西方世界進行結構改革的同時繼續發展自主創新,

甚至提前發放中國 5G 牌照,以協助國內產業佈局 5G 商用發展,因在可預見的 未來,中美科技戰將會是一場持久戰。

可以預見的是,基於大國競爭的中美科技霸權之爭,不會在短期間內消停。

而未來包括國家政府在科技競爭間扮演的角色、中美科技脫鉤後全球經濟秩序如 何改變並影響國際秩序,以及對於中國科技權力發展的持續觀察等,隨著中美貿 易戰與科技戰的變遷都值得再深入研究,但基於研究架構與限制,無法於本文逐 一探討,唯或可作為未來的後續研究方向。

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