對於 Caeng1 雙套突變株 EKP2 進一步誘發為 a-type mating strain 相關 性狀分析實驗中，發現在添加血清之培養下，突變株出現兩種不同菌落 型態，3/5 為菌落表面光滑平整 (EKP2-1a, EKP2-3a, EKP2-5a)，2/5 為菌 落表面皺摺 (EKP2-4a, EKP2-6a)。目前尚無定論何種情況為 Caeng1 及 MTL 相關基因之突變所影響，何種狀況為五號染色體缺失可能造成其它 無法預期之基因變異所影響。日後可將
CaENG1 補償至形成菌落光滑表
面之突變株EKP2-1a、EKP2-3a、EKP2-5a 中，再添加血清培養，以觀察 是否為CaENG1 影響菌落型態之變化。此外，在化學藥品感受性實驗方
面，突變株EKP2-3a 則對 0.1％ SDS 有高度敏感性，而 EKP2-1a 和 EKP2-5a 則尚未證明是否也對 0.1％ SDS 有高度敏感性，因此可進一步 實驗確認，同樣在血清培養下形成光滑菌落表面之突變株EKP2-1a、EKP2-3a、EKP2-5a，是否皆對 0.1％ SDS 有高度敏感性。
六、參考文獻
謝志豪 (2006). 白色念珠菌 ENG1 與細胞型態之關聯, 交通大學生物科技系所碩士論
文
Adams DJ. (2004) Fungal cell wall chitinases and glucanases. Microbiology. 150(Pt 7):2029-35.
Andes D, Nett J, Oschel P, Albrecht R, Marchillo K, Pitula A. (2004) Development and characterization of an in vivo central venous catheter Candida albicans biofilm model. Infect Immun. 72(10):6023-31.
Bain JM, Stubberfield C, Gow NA. (2001) Ura-status-dependent adhesion of Candida albicans mutants. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 204(2):323-8.
Baladrón V, Ufano S, Dueñas E, Martín-Cuadrado AB, del Rey F, Vázquez de Aldana CR.
(2002) Enp1p, an endo-1,3-beta-glucanase localized at the daughter side of the
septum, is involved in cell separation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot Cell.
1(5):774-86.
Bennett RJ, Johnson AD. (2003) Completion of a parasexual cycle in Candida albicans by induced chromosome loss in tetraploid strains. EMBO J. 22(10):2505-15.
Bennett RJ, Johnson AD. (2005) Mating in Candida albicans and the search for a sexual .
cycle
the m
19(3
Annu Rev Microbiol. 59:233-55.
Bennett RJ, Johnson AD. (2006) The role of nutrient regulation and the Gpa2 protein in ating pheromone response of C. albicans. Mol Microbiol. 62(1):100-19.
Braun, B. R., and A. D. Johnson. (1997) Control of filament formation in Candida albicans by the transcriptional repressor TUP1. Science 277:105–109.
Brown GD, Gordon S. (2003) Fungal beta-glucans and mammalian immunity. Immunity.
):311-5.
Brown GD, Herre J, Williams DL, Willment JA, Marshall AS, Gordon S. (2003) Dectin-1 ates the biological effects of beta-glucans.
medi
Cabib E, Bowers B. (1971) Chitin and yeast budding. Localization of chitin in yeast bud . J Biol Chem. 246(1):152-9.
Calderone RA, Braun P. (1991) Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida ans. Microbiol Rev. 55(1):1-2
Chaffin WL, López-Ribot JL, Casanova M, Gozalbo D, Martínez JP. (1998) Cell wall and ted proteins of Candida albicans: identification, function, and expression. Micro Biol Rev. 62(1):130-80.
Cid VJ, Durán A, del Rey F, Snyder MP, Nombela C, Sánchez M. (1995) Molecular basis ll integrity and morphogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Rev.
):345-86.
Clemente-Blanco A, González-Novo A, Machín F, Caballero-Lima D, Aragón L, Sánchez e Aldana CR, Jiménez J, Correa-Bordes J. (2006) The Cdc14p phosphatase affect
ell-cycle events and morphogenesis in Candida albicans. J Cell Sci. 119(Pt 30-43.
Cole MF, Bowen WH, Zhao XJ, Cihlar RL. 1995. Avirulence of Candida albicans trophic mutants in a rat model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. FEMS Microbiol Lett.
2):177-80.
Côte P, Whiteway M. (2008) The role of Candida albicans FAR1 in regulation of mone-mediated mating, gene expression and cell cycle arrest. Mol
obiol.;68(2):392-404.
Coutinho PM, Henrissat B. (1999) Carbohydrate-active enzymes: an integrated database approach. In: Gilbert HJ, Davies G. Henrissat B, Svensson B (eds) Recent advances in carbohydrate bioenginnering. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, pp 3-12
Cutler JE. (1991) Putative virulence factors of Candida albicans. Annu Rev Microbiol.
7-218.
45:18
127(
Dabrowa N, Howard DH. (1981) Proline uptake in Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol.
2):391-7.
Dagert M, Ehrlich SD. (1979) Prolonged incubation in calcium chloride improves the competence of Escherichia coli cells. Gene 6(1):23-8
De Backer MD, Maes D, Vandoninck S, Logghe M, Contreras R, Luyten WH. (1999) H
R, D
Transformation of Candida albicans by electroporation. Yeast 15(15):1609-18.
De Backer MD, Nelissen B, Logghe M, Viaene J, Loonen I, Vandoninck S, de Hoogt ewaele S, Simons FA, Verhasselt P, Vanhoof G, Contreras R, Luyten WH. (2001) An ense-based functional genomics approach for identification of genes critical for
th of Candida albicans.
H
Nat Biotechnol. 19(3):235-41.
De Bernardis F, Boccanera M, Adriani D, Girolamo A, Cassone A. (2002) Intravaginal ntranasal immunizations are equally effective in inducing vaginal antibodies and
rring protection against vaginal candidiasis. Infect Immun. 70(5):2725-9.
De Bernardis F, Liu H, O'Mahony R, La Valle R, Bartollino S, Sandini S, Grant S, Brewis omlinson I, Basset RC, Holton J, Roitt IM, Cassone A. (2007) Human domain
odies against virulence traits of Candida albicans inhibit fungus adherence to vagin elium and protect against experimental vaginal candidiasis. J Infect Dis.
1):149-57.
Dennison PM, Ramsdale M, Manson CL, Brown AJ. (2005) Gene disruption in Candida ans using a synthetic, codon-optimised Cre-loxP system. Fungal Genet Biol.
):737-48.
Diogo D, Bouchier C, d'Enfert C, Bougnoux ME. (2009) Loss of heterozygosity in ensal isolates of the asexual diploid yeast Candida albicans. Fungal Genet Biol.
):159-68.
Doolin MT, Johnson AL, Johnston LH, H
the d 422-32.
ünkler A, Wendland J. (2007) Candida albicans Rho-type GTPase-encoding genes
Dutto
dmond MB, Wallace SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. (1999) Clin Infec
dwards, J. E., Jr. (2000) in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principals and Practice of
steban PF, Ríos I, García R, Dueñas E, Plá J, Sánchez M, de Aldana CR, Del Rey F.
se
isher-Hoch SP, Hutwagner L. (1995) Opportunistic candidiasis: an epidemic of the
orche A, Alby K, Schaefer D, Johnson AD, Berman J, Bennett RJ. (2008) The parasexual
recom
Gantner BN, Simmons RM, Underhill DM. (2005) Dectin-1 mediates macrophage
Butler G. (2001) Overlapping and distinct roles of uplicated yeast transcription factors Ace2p and Swi5p. Mol Microbiol. 40(2):
D
required for polarized cell growth and cell separation. Eukaryot Cell. 6(5):844-54.
n S, Penn CW. (1989) Biological attributes of colony-type variants of Candida albicans. J Gen Microbiol. 135(12):3363-72.
E
Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three-year analysis.
t Dis. 29(2):239-44.
E
Infectious Diseases (Mandell, G. L., Bennett, J. E., and Dolin, R., eds) 5th Ed., pp.
2656-2674, Chuchill Livingston, Philadelphia
E
(2005) Characterization of the CaENG1 gene encoding an endo-1,3-beta-glucana involved in cell separation in Candida albicans. Curr Microbiol. 51(6):385-92.
F
1980s. Clin Infect Dis. 21(4):897-904.
F
cycle in Candida albicans provides an alternative pathway to meiosis for the formation of binant strains. PLoS Biol. 6(5):e110.
recognition of Candida albicans yeast but not filaments. EMBO J.;24(6):1277-86.
Gimeno CJ, Ljungdahl PO, Styles CA, Fink GR. (1992) Unipolar cell divisions in the S. cerevisiae lead to filamentous growth: regulation by starvation and RAS.
yeast
González MM, Díez-Orejas R, Molero G, Alvarez AM, Pla J, Nombela C, Sánchez-Pérez 997) Phenotypic characterization of a Candida albicans strain deficient in its major lucanase. Microbiology. 143 ( Pt 9):3023-32.
González-Novo A, Labrador L, Jiménez A, Sánchez-Pérez M, Jiménez J. (2006) Role of eptin Cdc10 in the virulence of Candida albicans. Microbiol Immunol.
):499-511.
González-Novo A, Correa-Bordes J, Labrador L, Sánchez M, Vázquez de Aldana CR, Jiménez J. (2008. Sep7 is essential to modify septin ring dynamics and inhibit separation during Candida albicans hyphal growth. Mol Biol Cell. 19(4):1509-18.
Gow NA. (1997) Germ tube growth of Candida albicans. Curr Top Med Mycol.
):43-55.
Gow NA. (2002) Candida albicans switches mates. Mol Cell. 10(2):217-8.
Groll AH, De Lucca AJ, Walsh TJ. (1998a) Emerging targets for the development of novel ungal therapeutics. Trends Microbiol. 6(3):117-24.
Groll AH, Piscitelli SC, Walsh TJ. (1998b) Clinical pharmacology of systemic antifungal ts: a comprehensive review of agents in clinical use, current investigational
ounds, and putative targets for antifungal drug development. Adv Pharmacol.
3-500.
Hull CM, Johnson AD. (1999) Identification of a mating type-like locus in the asexual genic yeast Candida albicans. Science 285(5431):1271-5.
Hull CM, Raisner RM, Johnson AD. (2000) Evidence for mating of the "asexual" yeast ida albicans in a mammalian host. Science 289(5477):307-10.
Humbel BM, Konomi M, Takagi T, Kamasawa N, Ishijima SA, Osumi M. (2001) In situ ization of beta-glucans in the cell wall of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.
local
Jack DB. (1998) The search for new antifungal drugs and strategies continues. Drug News pect. 11(5):306-9.
Janbon G, Sherman F, Rustchenko E. (1998) Monosomy of a specific chromosome mines L-sorbose utilization: a novel regulatory mechanism in Candida
ans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.
95(9):5150-Janbon G, Sherman F, Rustchenko E. (1999) Appearance and properties of L-sorbose- utilizing mutants of Candida albicans obtained on a selective plate. Genetic 153(2) :653-64.
Johnson A. (2003) The biology of mating in Candida albicans. Nat Rev Microbiol.
):106-16.
Kaneko, A., T. Umeyama, Y. Utena-Abe, S. Yamagoe, M. Niimi, and Y. Uehara. (2006) Tcc1p, a novel protein containing the tetratricopeptide repeat motif, interacts with Tup1p to regulate morphological transition and virulence in Candida albicans.
Eukaryot Cell. 5:1894–1905.
Klis FM, de Groot P, Hellingwerf K. (2001) Molecular organization of the cell wall of ndida albicans. Med Mycol. 39 Suppl 1:1-8.
Klotz, S. A. (1992) Clin. Infect. Dis. 14, 340-347
Köhler GA, White TC, Agabian N. (1997) Overexpression of a cloned IMP dehydrogenase e of Candida albicans confers resistance to the specific inhibitor mycophenolic acid
teriol. 179(7):2331-8.
Kullberg, B. J., and S. G. Filler. (2002) Candida and candidiasis. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Kvaal CA, Srikantha T, Soll DR. (1997) Misexpression of the white phasespecific gene WH11 in the opaque phase of Candida albicans affects switching and virulence. Infect Immun. 65:4468–4475.
Kvaal C, Lachke S, Srikantha T, Daniels K, McCoy J, Soll DR. (1999) Misexpression of the opaque phase-specific gene PEP1 (SAP1) in the white phase of Candida albicans confers increased virulence in a mouse model of cutaneous infection. Infect Immun.
67:6652–6662.
Laprade L, Boyartchuk VL, Dietrich WF, Winston F. (2002) Spt3 plays opposite roles in mentous growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans and is required for albicans virulence.
Genetics 161(2):509-19.
Lay J, Henry LK, Clifford J, Koltin Y, Bulawa CE, Becker JM. (1998) Altered expression electable marker URA3 in gene-disrupted Candida albicans strains complicates rpretation of virulence studies. Infect Immun. 66(11):5301-6.
Lengeler, K. B., R. C. Davidson, C. D’Sousa, et al. (2000) Signal transduction refulating fungal development and virulence. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 64:746-785.
Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP, Darouiche RO, Raad II, Prince RA. (2002) Antifungal ivity of amphotericin B, fluconazole, and voriconazole in an in vitro model of Can heter-related bloodstream infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.
HH R. (1994) Suppression of hyphal formation in Candida albicans by
o HJ, Köhler JR, DiDomenico B, Loebenberg D, Cacciapuoti A, Fink GR.
o HJ, Wang JS, Lin CY, Chen CG, Hsiao TY, Hsu CT, Su CL, Fann MJ, Ching YT, Yang
Ca
ockhart SR, Daniels KJ, Zhao R, Wessels D, Soll DR. (2003) Cell biology of mating in , Köhler J, Fink G
mutation of a STE12 homolog. Science. 266(5191):1723-6.
L
(1997) Nonfilamentous C. albicans mutants are avirulent. Cell 90(5):939-49.
L
YL. (2005) Efg1 involved in drug resistance by regulating the expression of ERG3 in ndida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 49(3):1213-5.
L
Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 2(1):49-61.
Luetke KH, Sadowski PD. (1995) The role of DNA bending in Flp-mediated site-specific
adison JM, Winston F. (1998) Identification and analysis of homologues of
14(
agee BB, Magee PT. (2000) Induction of mating in Candida albicans by construction of
agee PT, Magee BB. (2004) Through a glass opaquely: the biological significance of
artín-Cuadrado AB, Dueñas E, Sipiczki M, Vázquez de Aldana CR, del Rey F.
Rey
recombination. J Mol Biol. 251(4):493-506.
M
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt3 suggest conserved functional domains. Yeast 5):409-17.
M
MTLa and MTLalpha strains. Science 289(5477):310-3.
M
mating in Candida albicans. Curr Opin Microbiol. 7(6):661-5.
M
(2003) The endo-beta-1,3-glucanase eng1p is required for dissolution of the primary septum during cell separation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. J Cell Sci. 116(Pt 9):1689-98.
Martín-Cuadrado AB, Fontaine T, Esteban PF, del Dedo JE, de Medina-Redondo M, del F, Latgé JP, de Aldana CR. (2008) Characterization of the endo-beta-1,3-
glucanase activity of S. cerevisiae Eng2 and other members of the GH81 family. Fungal Genet Biol. 45(4):54
Martinez-Lopez R, Monteoliva L, Diez-Orejas R, Nombela C, Gil C. (2004) The I-anchored protein CaEcm33p is required for cell wall integrity, morphogenesis and
lence in Candida albicans. Microbiology 150(Pt 10):3341-54.
Matthews GD, Goodwin TJ, Butler MI, Berryman TA, Poulter RT. (1997) pCal, a highly sual Ty1/copia retrotransposon from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. J teriol. 179(22):7118-28.
McCreath KJ, Specht CA, Robbins PW. (1995) Molecular cloning and characterization of tinase genes from Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92(7):2544-8.
Miller MG, Johnson AD. (2002) White-opaque switching in Candida albicans is trolled by mating-type locus homeodomain proteins and allows efficient mating.
con
Mio T, Adachi-Shimizu M, Tachibana Y, Tabuchi H, Inoue SB, Yabe T, Yamada-Okabe risawa M, Watanabe T, Yamada-Okabe H. (1997) Cloning of the Candida albicans olog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GSC1/FKS1 and its involvement in beta
thesis. J Bacteriol. 179(13):4096-105.
Mitchell AP. (1998) Dimorphism and virulence in Candida albicans. Curr Opin robiol. 1(6):687
Morrow B, Srikantha T, Soll DR. (1992) Transcription of the gene for a pepsinogen, PEP1, is regulated by white–opaque switching in Candida albicans. Mol Cell Biol.
12:2997–3005.
Mouyna I, Sarfati J, Recco P, Fontaine T, Henrissatz B, Latge JP. (2002) Molecular racterization of a cell wall-associated beta(1-3)endoglucanase of Aspergillus
igatus. Med Mycol. 40(5):455-64.
Mukherjee PK, Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Ghannoum MA. (2003) Mechanism of fluconazole istance in Candida albicans biofilms: phase-specific role of efflux pumps and
mbrane sterols. Infect Immun. 71(8):4333-40.
Murad, A. M., C. d’Enfert, C. Gaillardin, H. Tournu, F. Tekaia, D. Talibi, D. Marechal, V. Marchais, J. Cottin, and A. J. Brown. (2001a) Transcript profiling in Candida
albicans reveals new cellular functions for the transcriptional repressors CaTup1, CaMig1 and CaNrg1. Mol Microbiol. 42:981–993.
Murad, A. M., P. Leng, M. Straffon, J. Wishart, S. Macaskill, D. MacCallum, N. Schnell, D. Talibi, D. Marechal, F. Tekaia, C. d’Enfert, C. Gaillardin, F. C. Odds, and A. J.
Brown. (2001b) NRG1 represses yeast-hypha morphogenesis and hypha-specific gene expression in Candida albicans. EMBO J. 8. 20:4742–4752.
Murillo LA, Newport G, Lan CY, Habelitz S, Dungan J, Agabian NM. (2005) nome-wide transcription profiling of the early phase of biofilm formation by Can
icans.
avarro-García F, Alonso-Monge R, Rico H, Pla J, Sentandreu R, Nombela C. (1998) A
tran
ett J, Lincoln L, Marchillo K, Massey R, Holoyda K, Hoff B, VanHandel M, Andes D.
Ant
ombela C, Molina M, Cenamor R, Sanchez M. (1988) Yeast beta-glucanases: a complex
dds FC. (1988) Candida and Candidosis. WB Saunders: Philadelphia, PA.
have to do
gryzko VV, Kotani T, Zhang X, Schiltz RL, Howard T, Yang XJ, Howard BH, Qin ell 94(
faller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, Sader HS, Messer SA, Houston A, Coffman S, Hollis
sur nts
Chemother. 44(3):747-51.
Eukaryot Cell. 4(9):1562-73.
Nakagawa Y, Ohno N, Murai T. (2003a) Suppression by Candida albicans beta-glucan of okine release from activated human monocytes and from T cells in the presence of nocytes. J Infect Dis. 187(4):710-3.
Nakagawa Y, Kanbe T, Mizuguchi I. (2003b) Disruption of the human pathogenic yeast ndida albicans catalase gene decreases survival in mouse-model infection and elev
ceptibility to higher temperature and to detergents. Microbiol Immunol. 47(6):395-40
N
role for the MAP kinase gene MKC1 in cell wall construction and morphological sitions in Candida albicans. Microbiology. 144 ( Pt 2):411-24.
N
(2007) Putative role of beta-1,3 glucans in Candida albicans biofilm resistance.
imicrob Agents Chemother. 51(2):510-20.
N
system of secreted enzymes. Microbiol Sci. 5(11):328-32.
O
Odds FC. (2003) Reflections on the question: what does molecular mycology with the clinician treating the patient? Med Mycol. 41(1):1-6.
O
J, Nakatani Y. (1998) Histone-like TAFs within the PCAF histone acetylase complex. C 1):35-44.
P
RJ. (2000) Bloodstream infections due to Candida species: SENTRY antimicrobial veillance program in North America and Latin America, 1997-1998. Antimicrob Age
Pla rcía F, Sánchez M, Nombela C. (1996) nderstanding Candida albicans at the molecular level. Yeast 12(16):1677-702.
Pop
esponse to defects in assembly of cell wall polymers in the ggp1delta mutant of
Ram ell
wa r hypersensitivity to calcofluor
Ram an PA. (1984) Exo-(1----3)-beta-glucanase,
utolysin and trehalase activities during yeast growth and germ-tube formation in Candida
Ram 2001) Standardized method for
vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents
Ram Wickes BL, López-Ribot JL. (2002) Investigation
of multidrug efflux pumps in relation to fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans
Reu SAT1 flipper, an optimized tool for
disruption in Candida albicans. Gene 341:119-27
Rod 00) A novel family of cell
all-related proteins regulated differently during the yeast life cycle. Mol Cell Biol.
Ruan SY, Hsueh PR. (2009) Invasive candidiasis: an overview from Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 108(6):443-51.
J, Gil C, Monteoliva L, Navarro-Ga U
olo L, Gilardelli D, Bonfante P, Vai M. (1997) Increase in chitin as an essential r
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol. 179(2):463-9.
AF, Wolters A, Ten Hoopen R, Klis FM. (1994) A new approach for isolating c ll mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by screening fo
white. Yeast 10(8):1019-30
SP, Romana LK, Shepherd MG, Sulliv a
albicans. J Gen Microbiol. 130(5):1227-36.
age G, Vande Walle K, Wickes BL, López-Ribot JL. ( in
Chemother. 45(9):2475-9.
age G, Bachmann S, Patterson TF,
biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother. 49(6):973-80.
ss O, Vik A, Kolter R, Morschhäuser J. (2004) The
ríguez-Peña JM, Cid VJ, Arroyo J, Nombela C. (20 w
20(9):3245-55.
Ruiz-Herrera J, Elorza MV, Valentín E, Sentandreu R. (2006) Molecular organization of cell wall of Candida albicans and its relation to pathogenicity.
the
Rustchenko E, Sherman F. (2002) Geneetic instability of Candida albicans. In Fungi Pathogenic for Humans and Animals, Howard DH (ed.). Marcel Dekker: New York;
723-776.
Rustchenko E. (2007) Specific chromosome alterations of Candida albicans: mechanism for adaptation to pathogenicity. In Introduction for the Evolutionary Biology of Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens, Nombela C, Baquero F, Gutierrez-Fuentes JA (eds).
ASM Press: Washington, DC. (in press).
Saville SP, Lazzell AL, Monteagudo C, Lopez-Ribot JL. (2003) Engineered control of cell rphology in vivo reveals distinct roles for yeast and filamentous forms of Candida icans during infection. Eukaryot Cell. 2(5):1053-60.
Shaikh AC, Sadowski PD. (2000) Chimeras of the Flp and Cre recombinases: tests of the de of cleavage by Flp and Cre. J Mol Biol. 302(1):27-48.
Shepherd MG, Yin CY, Ram SP, Sullivan PA. (1980) Germ tube induction in Candida icans. Can J Microbiol. 26(1):21-6.
Sherwood RK, Bennett RJ. (2008) Microtubule motor protein Kar3 is required for normal otic division and morphogenesis in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell. 7(9):1460-74.
Soll DR. (2004) Mating-type locus homozygosis, phenotypic switching and mating: a que sequence of dependencies in Candida albicans. Bioessays 26(1):10-20.
Sprague, E. R., M. J. Redd, A. D. Johnson, and C. Wolberger. (2000) Structure of the C-terminal domain of Tup1, a corepressor of transcription in yeast. EMBO J.
19:3016–3027.
Srikantha T, Borneman AR, Daniels KJ, Pujol C, Wu W, Seringhaus MR, Gerstein M, Yi nyder M, Soll DR. (2006) TOS9 regulates white-opaque switching in Candida
icans. Eukaryot Cell. 5(10):1674-87.
Staab JF, Bahn YS, Sundstrom P. (2003) Integrative, multifunctional plasmids for ha-specific or constitutive expression of green fluorescent protein in Candida icans.
Microbiology. 149(Pt 10):2977-86.
Staab JF, Sundstrom P. (2003) URA3 as a selectable marker for disruption and virulence essment of Candida albicans genes. Trends Microbiol. 11(2):69-73.
Stoldt VR, Sonneborn A, Leuker CE, Ernst JF. (1997) Efg1p, an essential regulator of rphogenesis of the human pathogen Candida albicans, is a member of a conserved ss of bHLH proteins regulating morphogenetic processes in fungi. EMBO J.
8):1982-91.
Sudbery P, Gow N, Berman J. (2004) The distinct morphogenic states of Candida icans. Trends Microbiol. 12(7):317
Thimmaraju R, Bhagyalakshmi N, Narayan MS, Ravishankar GA. (2003) Food-grade mical and biological agents permeabilize red beet hairy roots, assisting the release of alaines. Biotechnol Prog. 19(4):1274-82.
Torosantucci A, Chiani P, Bromuro C, De Bernardis F, Palma AS, Liu Y, Mignogna Maras B, Colone M, Stringaro A, Zamboni S, Feizi T, Cassone A. (2009) Protection by i-beta-glucan antibodies is associated with restricted beta-1,3 glucan binding spec
inhibition of fungal growth and adherence. PLoS One. 4(4):e5392.
Tzung KW, Williams RM, Scherer S, Federspiel N, Jones T, Hansen N, Bivolarevic Huizar L, Komp C, Surzycki R, Tamse R, Davis RW, Agabian N. (2001) Genomic dence for a complete sexual cycle in Candida albicans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA.
6):3249-53.
Vanden Bossche H, Warnock DW, Dupont B, Kerridge D, Sen Gupta S, Improvisi arichal P, Odds FC, Provost F, Ronin O. (1994) Mechanisms and clinical impact of ifungal drug resistance. J Med Vet Mycol. 32 Suppl 1:189-202.
A, mic
Y, MD infe
res ed
by
hom
(SU (1):90-6
Vilanova M, Teixeira L, Caramalho I, Torrado E, Marques A, Madureira P, Ribeiro Ferreira P, Gama M, Demengeot J. (2004) Protection against systemic candidiasis in
e immunized with secreted aspartic proteinase 2. Immunology. 111(3):334-42.
Vincent JL, Anaissie E, Bruining H, Demajo W, el-Ebiary M, Haber J, Hiramatsu Nitenberg G, Nyström PO, Pittet D, Rogers T, Sandven P, Sganga G, Schaller
, Solomkin J. (1998) Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of systemic Candida ction in surgical patients under intensive care. Intensive Care Med. 24(3):206-16.
Wirsching S, Michel S, Köhler G, Morschhäuser J. (2000) Activation of the multiple drug istance gene MDR1 in fluconazole-resistant, clinical Candida albicans strains is caus mutations in a trans-regulatory factor. J Bacteriol. 182(2):400-4.
Yu J, Madison JM, Mundlos S, Winston F, Olsen BR. (1998) Characterization of a human ologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor spt3
PT3H). Genomics. 53
表一、於白色念珠菌中 CaENG1 Blast 之結果
Name Function Length Identities Score E-value Gap Comment orf19.3066
1.3e-37 33/803 (4%) (1)Uncharacterized ORF
1.3e-37 33/803 (4%) (1)Uncharacterized ORF