• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第二節 研究建議

本節分為兩部分來探討,第一部分為客製化回饋應用於國中開放式家庭作業 的建議,區分成作業、教師、學生三方面來探討,第二部分為對未來研究方向的 建議。

一、客製化回饋應用於國中開放式家庭作業的建議

1. 開放式家庭作業方面

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開放式家庭作業不同於學生所熟悉的選擇題型式,因此學生在剛開始時較難 以適應,可能需要教師以循序漸進的方式,先帶學生在課堂上寫過幾次,再以家 庭作業的形式要求學生完成。開放式作業需要教師的客製化回饋,以使學生能更 快速的瞭解自己的不足,同時教師也須要求學生的訂正,以避免學生概念的混 淆。

在開放式作業的數量方面,建議以每次一題開始,隨著學生較熟悉題型再漸 漸加多題數。內容方面,建議以較生活化的議題引入,讓學生參與的興致較高昂,

而在與課程的結合方面,也可以考慮將課程進行中的示範實驗引入家庭作業的內 容當中,以使課程與作業有更深入的結合。

在開放式作業的內容形式方面,可以考慮引入學生可以自行操作的簡易實驗 題、繪圖(漫畫)題、文字描述題(作文)…等,以使內容形式多元化,提升學生對 作業的期待。

2. 教師回饋方面

在本研究的三種回饋方式中,客製化回饋對學生的整體學習成效幫助最大,

但是客製化方法也有其先天上的缺失(教師花費時間、每次修正的概念少),若能 想辦法克服,對學生的學習幫助是相當大的。因此研究者建議教師回饋的內容應 有四個重點:(1)肯定,讓學生了解到自己的能力是有被注意到的;(2)改善,針 對各個學生回答不足或是相互矛盾的地方提出疑問或是給予步驟式的指導,讓學 生在反思之餘,也能對要學習的概念進行更深入的理解;(3)機會,提供多元的 練習型式讓學生有機會練習,加強他的概念;(4)課堂口頭回饋。

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教師在對開放式家庭作業進行回饋時,可以考慮書面客製與課堂口頭並行的 方式,原因為書面客製可以針對每一位學生的程度與問題予以回答,而教師在課 堂中進行口頭回饋則可以讓學生瞭解同學的錯誤,以資借鏡。如此一來,可以彌 補開放式作業中每次只能針對單一一個概念的缺陷,增加學生的學習內容與機 會。

3. 學生學習方面

學生在剛開始寫開放式家庭作業時,教師可以採用較輕鬆方式施行,避免學 生感到巨大的壓力而排斥,待學生慢慢熟練後再漸漸加大難度與要求。同時,為 避免學生在回答時,天馬行空的胡亂回答,教師應在發放作業時給予學生部分的 指導或是按照本研究的建議設計表格或範圍。此外,為達較好的學習效果,教師 應要求學生訂正,而本研究是為避免教師對客製組有過多的關注,產生研究者偏 誤,故沒有強制要求學生訂正,但仍有於作業發放前說明學生訂正的功能與意義。

最後,為避免學生有抄襲的情形發生,教師應於發放作業前將規則講清楚。

學生也許在剛開始時有些許的排斥,這是因為開放式作業不同於一般選擇題 的形式,遇到不會的時候,不能用猜來應付了事,學生必須培養主動學習的態度,

以查資料、動動腦、釐清想法的方式,把已知的概念靈活運用,最後再運用文字 解釋現象。開放式作業的功能,其實不僅僅是幫助學生理解概念、訓練邏輯推理 這麼簡單,它在學生想辦法表達時,同時也訓練了學生的表達能力,因此教師需 鼓勵學生將作業完成,並且使學生瞭解到選擇題型式的作業與開放式作業的區別。

學習的目的並不在於藉著進行很多的題目練習來提高精熟度或是找到最快的解 題方法,而是在於建立正確的基礎概念,學會靈活的運用。

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二、對未來研究方向的建議

1. 更多的研究樣本

由於人力與時間的限制,本研究樣本僅限於高雄市區九年級的三個班,共 94 為學生,建議未來研究可以擴大到其他地區,作較大樣本的探討。

2. 國中階段理化科其他單元的研究

探討不同單元施行開放式家庭作業的客製化回饋方式,是否對學生學習有不 同的影響。此外,若能累積不同單元的回饋內容,擴大實施的課程章節,則將能 使更多不同程度的學生受惠。

3. 延長作業持續回饋之時間

探討教師對同一份作業做持續回饋;學生訂正後,教師對於學生繳回的訂正 做持續的回饋與追蹤,對學生學習的層次有何提升。

4. 與網路課程連結

搭配虛擬網路的課程連結,再置入相關的課程作業,讓後續的的回覆自動化,

將能擴大受益的學生人數。而且,若將這類客製化回饋建檔於電腦系統,亦將能 加速教師回饋的速度。

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附件

附件一 家庭作業需知暨牛頓第一運動定律家庭作業

壹、完成本作業需知:

1. 這份回家作業的目的有二:

1 讓你對上課時已經理解的內容做回想、反思與運用。

2 避免憑直覺回答問題,有根有據,釐清想法與知識間的對應關係。

2. 回家作業是為了讓你有收穫,所以嚴格禁止抄襲,若被抓到依校規論處。

2. 回家作業是為了讓你有收穫,所以嚴格禁止抄襲,若被抓到依校規論處。