• 沒有找到結果。

第六章 結論

第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議

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第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議

一、研究限制

(一)問卷調查法的侷限

本研究自變項「使用者與他他人的連結強度」的測量,因礙於需取得大量 樣本數,故研究方法選擇問卷調查法。然而,問卷調查法有其限制:第一,無 法參考使用者真實的使用情境,以使用者的Facebook 使用紀錄(user data)評 估連結強度。第二,問卷調查法未能以實驗法的方式製作一則模擬好友發布的 Facebook 貼文作為刺激物,控制貼文內容,再請受測者實際觀看一篇 Facebook 貼文後填答。第三,問卷調查法無法直接驗證因果關係,僅能以相關關係間接 地推測因果關係。第四,就「想像情境」的方式而言,受測者所想像的對象之 連結關係、想像之貼文內容可能因人而異、且較為主觀,進而可能影響到研究 的結果;也因無法具體得知受試者想像情境,故無法探討選擇情緒按鈕更細部 的影響因素,例如貼文內容的影響。

(二)便利抽樣影響樣本代表性

就樣本蒐集方式,本研究配合「第九屆數位閱聽人計畫」中「大學生數位 生活型態大調查」,並以網路問卷發放,填答資格限國立政治大學、國立交通大 學、國立中正大學三所學校的大學生與碩博士生,雖不限性別、科系、與年 齡,且樣本數充足,但屬於便利抽樣方法,為非隨機抽樣,無法保證所抽出樣 本的代表性,亦可能造成統計的不確定性。

(三)互依我以中位數分高低組會降低統計敏感度

在假設三驗證中,為採用重複測量變異數分析,本研究將線性關係的互依 我測量,以中位數分為互依我高低兩個組別,然而此處理方式雖不易受極端值

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影響,但可能降低統計上對觀察值變化的敏感度。建議未來研究在處理同樣的 情形時,可以考慮以多元迴歸分析進行檢驗,以避免依中位數分組的狀況產 生。

(四)情緒感染理論於本研究的應用性仍有討論空間

就情緒感染理論的應用來看,在心理學與傳播領域之間存有差異,情緒感 染是否可用於社群媒體的研究在學界仍有待商榷。以下為傳統情緒感染理論

(心理學研究)與本研究應用(傳播研究)的差異,主要有二:

(1)情境媒介

在心理學方面,除了原始定義中觀看者需要在面對面的真實情境之下自然 地引發情緒感染之外,相關研究也開始有透過電影、影片作為情緒刺激物,讓 受測者透過觀看影片中的人物而產生情緒感染(Kramer et al., 2014)。比起心理 學者,傳播領域學者對於情緒感染的應用則較為寬鬆,認為Facebook 的動態時 報可以透過虛擬的社會網絡讓使用者不自覺地體驗相同的情緒,並轉移正負面 的情緒給他人,這樣的現象即可稱為情緒感染;因此就傳播領域而言,原始定 義中的面對面的親身接觸(in-person interaction)與非語言線索(non-verbal cues)已經並非情緒感染的必要條件,社群網絡情境中的純文字貼文內容即可 作為情緒感染的管道(Kramer et al., 2014)。

(2)測量方式

在心理學方面,其情緒感染的測量方式仍主要遵循Hatfield 等人於 1994 年所提出的原始定義,測量受測者在人與人接觸的情況下,其表情、聲音、姿 態等模仿(mimicry)變化,尤其受測者的臉部表情模仿是感染(contagion)的 觸動關鍵,因此測量以臉部表情為主(Hatfield et al., 2014)。而近年來,心理學 領域也開始使用腦科學方面的新科技技術,如功能性磁振造影(functional

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magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)、腦電圖(electroencephalography, EEG)、頭 顱磁刺激(transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS)等作為情緒感染測量方式

(Hatfield et al., 2014)。

就傳播領域的社群媒體研究來看,測量方式包含透過Facebook 的使用者 數據,進行大量的使用者數據分析,以觀察情緒效價(valence)一致的貼文在 虛擬社群網絡上的擴散,來探討情緒感染的現象(Kramer et al., 2014);也有研 究是透過問卷的方式,請受測者自我評定(self-rating)觀看 Facebook 貼文後的 情緒感染程度(Lin & Utz, 2015)。

綜上所述,目前情緒感染理論的應用在心理學界偏向真實的面對面接觸 所產生的生理變化;在傳播領域則較為廣泛,除了真實情境之外,虛擬的社群 網絡亦可能發生情緒感染,且測量方式以數據與問卷為主。然而目前如何解釋 情緒感染理論的應用範圍尚無定論,因此本研究將該理論應用於Facebook 研究 仍有討論空間。

二、未來研究建議

(一)Facebook 貼文內容的影響

本研究僅探討連結強度對使用情緒按鈕頻率的影響,然而實際上Facebook 貼文的內容所討論的事件往往是影響使用者是否選擇情緒按鈕的重要因素,尤 其當貼文內容涉及較嚴肅、敏感的社會議題時,觀看貼文者為避免透露自己的 立場或引發網路論戰,該類貼文底下的回應通常都有所保留,按讚、留言數量 相對較少,同樣地情緒按鈕的回應也會較少,此現象值得未來研究延伸探討。

除此之外,正負面貼文情緒也可能會造成情緒感染程度的差異,讓使用者產生 不同的情緒回應行為,未來也可以針對不同的情緒的類型詳細去討論與情緒按

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鈕的相關性。

(二)不同貼文形態可能影響情緒喚起程度

情緒感染是使用者選擇情緒按鈕的心理歷程,因此喚起情緒程度的不同將影響 情緒按鈕的使用頻率。本研究探討的情緒影響刺激物為Facebook 貼文,但由於 問卷是透過想像情境的方式想像好友發布的貼文,無法進一步具體探討貼文形 態(modality)的影響。本研究建議未來研究可討論當 Facebook 貼文形態不同 時,例如文字、圖片、GIF 動圖、360 度照片、影音,其產生的情緒感染的程 度是否不同,又是否會進而影響情緒按鈕的選擇。

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附錄一 前測問卷

一、說明頁

此問卷是想要知道您平常使用Facebook 情緒按鈕的情形,只需 1 分鐘即可

此問卷是想要知道您平常使用Facebook 情緒按鈕的情形,只需 1 分鐘即可