第二章 臺灣的金融發展和經濟成長:地下經濟的角色
第四節 結論
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顯著水準下,模型2 的對數概似函數 (log likelihood function, LLF) 值為 961.153 顯著大於模型1 的 748.084,35 顯然考慮地下經濟之後的模型有明顯增加模型配適 實際樣本資料之能力,因此本文認為在預測上考慮地下經濟的模型相對恰當。
表2.15 兩模型的樣本內配適結果
模型 模型1 模型2
LLF 748.084 961.153
AIC -12.222 -15.342
SIC -11.588 -14.027
資料來源︰本研究整理。
說明:1. 樣本期間為 1987 年第 3 季至 2016 年第 4 季。
2. LLF 為對數概似函數值,AIC 為 Akaike 訊息準則,SIC 為 Schwartz 訊息準則。
模型在樣本外的預測表現的衡量方式主要以均方根預測誤差 (root mean square error, RMSE) 來進行衡量,36 並由各個變數產生的預測誤差,計算出各個 變數的 RMSE 來進行模型之間單一變數的比較。此處本文根據 1987 年第 3 季至 2012 年第 2 季做為樣本內資料,37 再以滾輪法 (rolling scheme) 進行樣本外一季 之預測直到2016 年第 4 季,各變數的預測結果列於表 2.16。由表 2.16 的結果可以 看出,模型 2 在銀行發展與股市發展的預測表現皆較模型 1 為佳,但是在模型 2 對於官方經濟成長的預測表現就較模型 1 差,這也說明了考慮地下經濟之模型比 較適合預測我國金融發展之趨勢。
表2.16 樣本外 1 期滾動預測結果
模型 模型1 模型2
被解釋變數
OGDP BK SA OGDP BK SA
RMSE 1.708 15.166 1.818 1.714 15.159 1.777
資料來源︰本研究整理。
說明:樣本外預測期間為2012 年第 3 季至 2016 年第 4 季。
第四節 結論
過去探討金融發展與經濟成長的文獻中,都只關注在官方經濟,而忽視地下 經濟在整個經濟社會的發展過程中所扮演的角色,此外我國地下經濟占
OGDP 將
35 概似比檢定 (LR test) = –2×(LLFnull – LLFalternative) ~2( )k ,其中k 表示在對立假設下多引進的解 釋變數個數。根據本文模型設定k = 25 及顯著水準為 1% 時,若 LR >0.992 (25) 44.314 ,則拒 絕虛無假設。
36 RMSE= 118 181 2= 181 2 18
T T
t t
t T e t T e
,其中et為向前1 期預測產生的殘差值。37 根據陳旭昇(2013)建議樣本外之預測期數需占總樣本的 10% 或 15%,本文採用 15% 之建議 則樣本外之期數為18 期,故樣本外預測期間從 2012 年第 3 季開始。
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近三成,凸顯我國地下經濟發展之蓬勃以致不能忽視其重要性。因此,為了探究 地下經濟的角色,本文首先檢視我國銀行發展、股市發展及官方經濟成長三者之 間的互動關係,然後將地下經濟納入,利用Johansen (1988) 共整合模型等計量方 法探討三者之間的長期關係、因果關係、相互解釋能力以及模型配適度與預測能 力是否因考量地下經濟之後而有所影響,以確認地下經濟是影響臺灣經濟發展的 重要因素,實證結果也可以提供政府當局制定相關總體政策及金融政策之參考。
實證結果發現,銀行發展、股市發展、官方經濟成長及地下經濟之間具有長 期均衡關係。由長期均衡關係發現,地下經濟對官方經濟成長具有顯著正相關,
考慮地下經濟之前,銀行發展對官方經濟成長的正向效果顯著大於股市發展的效 果,但是考慮地下經濟之後銀行發展的效果顯著下降,以致我國金融體系原是以 銀行導向為基礎的現象不復存在,顯示長期間地下經濟是影響官方經濟成長的重 要變數。由長期因果關係檢定發現,不論是否考慮地下經濟,官方經濟成長均單 向影響股市發展,顯示臺灣存在需求追隨的股市發展型態,但是地下經濟的存在 使官方經濟成長對銀行發展的單向影響關係轉為獨立關係,因此需求追隨的銀行 發展型態消失了;此外,長期間官方經濟成長顯著促進地下經濟,銀行發展及股 市發展會萎縮地下經濟的成長,而且地下經濟對股市發展也有反饋的影響。
由短期互動關係發現,考慮地下經濟之前,金融發展無法顯著促進官方經濟 成長,但是官方經濟成長會顯著促進銀行發展,股市發展則不受其他變數影響;
考慮地下經濟之後,金融發展仍無法對官方經濟成長有顯著影響,官方經濟成長 對銀行發展的影響消失了,銀行與股市之間出現資金排擠效應,而官方經濟的高 度成長可能帶來經濟泡沫的疑慮,導致股市發展受到影響而下降,並且地下經濟 的成長會降低股市的發展;由短期因果關係檢定可知,考慮地下經濟之後,官方 經濟成長對銀行發展的因果關係由單向變成獨立關係,故需求追隨的銀行發展型 態不復存在,而且官方經濟成長對股市發展的因果關係卻由獨立變成單向關係,
顯然地下經濟的存在顯著影響了官方經濟成長與金融發展之間的因果關係。此 外,銀行發展、股市發展及官方經濟成長均單向影響地下經濟,而地下經濟對股 市發展則有負向反饋的影響,以上說明我國地下經濟在整體經濟發展的過程中深 受地上經濟的影響而密不可分。
藉由預測誤差變異數分解則可觀察到,考慮地下經濟之後,提高了官方經濟
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成長對銀行發展變異的解釋能力,而且地下經濟變異解釋股市發展變異的比率高 達44.4%,顯示地下經濟是我國股市發展重要的解釋變數,此外地下經濟與官方經 濟成長是互為重要的解釋變數。最後,根據樣本內配適度及樣本外預測能力皆發 現考慮地下經濟之模型較佳,特別是在預測我國銀行發展及股市發展之趨勢更具 有效性。
綜觀國內、外文獻對於金融市場與經濟成長的互動關係中,鮮少論及地下經 濟在其互動中的影響效果,因此我們展現此研究以做為金融發展與經濟成長在多 國研究方面的補充,雖然我們瞭解在單一國家研究的限制下,不能代表世界性的 經濟發展表徵,但是對於我們所關心的地下經濟議題卻有一相當良好的佐證與參 考價值。對政府當局而言,在制定總體政策或金融政策時不應該只是關注在官方 經濟的政策傳遞效果,同時地下經濟也是會受到政府政策的影響,進而反饋的影 響官方經濟的活動,故可能導致政策的方向錯誤或無效,因此政府當局若能充分 瞭解地下經濟如何影響我國金融發展與官方經濟成長,將有助於制定一套完善的 總體政策或金融政策。
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