第三章 美國著作權法之損害賠償
第二節 美國著作權法第 504 條規定之賠償
美國著作權法第 504 條之規定首先(a)項中說明權利人得自行於「具體損害及 收益」或「法定賠償」中擇一請求74，之後於(b)項及(c)項中規定計算賠償金額之 方式，其結構與我國著作權法第 88 條之第 2 項、第 3 項十分類似。
第一項 具體損害及所得利益(Actual Damages and Profits)
美國著作權法第 504 條(b)項前段中規定：「權利人得請求回復因侵權行為所 造 成 之 實 際 損 害 及 侵權 人 因 其 侵 權 行 為 所生 之 利 益75」。 其 實 際損 害 (Actual Damages) 之計算除了系爭著作之價值因侵權行為造成之降低外，亦有學者認為應 包含因侵害行為所失之可能獲利76，其概念應同於我國著作權法第 88 條第 2 項前 段之「具體損害法」所指之所受損害及所失利益。
美國法院之實務見解中，在認定實際損害額時，所曾採取之計算方式包括：
使用系爭著作原應給付之價額77、若無侵害行為時應增加之銷售利潤78及因使用系 爭著作增進侵權人因之產生之利潤79。
而在 504 條(b)項後段中，主要舉證責任之規範：「為了確立侵權人之利潤，
權利人應舉證侵權人之總收益，侵權人則就其可扣抵費用及非由侵害系爭著作所 獲得之其他利潤，負舉證責任80。」此部份之規定類似於我國著作權法第 88 條第 2 項後段之「所得利益法」及「總銷售額法」，當此段與(b)項前段之「實際損害」重
74 17 U.S.A. §504(a).
75 17 U.S.A. §504 (b) Actual Damages and Profits.— The copyright owner is entitled to recover the actual damages suffered by him or her as a result of the infringement, and any profits of the infringer that are attributable to the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages.
76 李治安，前揭註 15，頁 12。
77 Deltak, Inc. v. Advanced Systems, Inc., Andrew W. Coleman, Copyright Damages and the Value of the Infringing Use: Restitutionary Recovery in Copyright Infringement Actions, 21 AIPLAQJ, 91 (1993).
78 李治安，前揭註 15，頁 13。
79 Robert W. Clarida David Goldberg, Thomas Kjellberg, Recent Developments in Copyright: Selected Annotated Cases, 52 J.COPYRIGHT SOC'Y USA, 1 (2004).
80 17 U.S.A. §504 (b) In establishing the infringer’s profits, the copyright owner is required to present proof only of the infringer’s gross revenue, and the infringer is required to prove his or her deductible expenses and the elements of profit attributable to factors other than the copyrighted work.
複時，權利人不得同時主張重複計算81。
而在法院實務見解中，認為權利人需先證明該收益之增加與侵害系爭著作 相關82，而侵害人得以藉由證明獲利由其他產品產生，而降低需損害賠償之範圍83。 另外，於難以判斷獲利基礎是否經由侵害系爭著作所得時，法院將會限縮權利人 可請求之範圍，以避免發生顯失公平之情形84。
第二項 法定賠償(Statutory Damages)
法定賠償額之適用前提為已向著作權局完成註冊程序之著作，其條文規定於 著作權法第 504 條(c)項，分成四款，其中前兩款為酌定法定賠償之原則與舉證責 任：第一款主要說明(1)權利人得於判決前，自行選擇依照 504(b)項之實際損害法、
所得利益法或本項之法定賠償法作為請求損害賠償之基礎；(2)任一侵權人應就享 有著作權之個別著作負擔損害賠償責任，共同侵權人則負擔個別及連帶責任；(3) 法院在 750 元以上，30,000 元以下酌定賠償總額；(4)說明計算本款之賠償時，個 別著作之定義。
第二款主要說明(1)經權利人證明且法院認定侵權人為蓄意之情況，法院酌定 之賠償額得增至 150,000 元。(2) 經侵權人舉證且法院認定侵權人不知且無理由認 為其行為對於著作權法構成侵害者，法院酌定之賠償額得減至 200 元。(3)說明法 院得有條件免除部份侵權人之法定賠償額85。其酌定額度整理如圖 4。
81 李治安，前揭註 15，頁 34。
82 Davis v. The Gap, Inc. 246 F.3d 152 (2d Cir. 2001).
83 Polar Bear Productions, Inc. v. Timex Corp., 384 F.3d 711 (9th Cir.2004).
84 Sheldon v. Metro- Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 81 E2d 49, 53-56 (2d Cir. 1936).
85 17 U.S.A. §504 (c) Statutory Damages.—
(1) Except as provided by clause (2) of this subsection, the copyright owner may elect, at any time before final judgment is rendered, to recover, instead of actual damages and profits, an award of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, with respect to any one work, for which any one infringer is liable individually, or for which any two or more infringers are liable jointly and severally, in a sum of not less than $750 or more than $30,000 as the court considers just. For the purposes of this subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work.
(2) In a case where the copyright owner sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that infringement was committed willfully, the court in its discretion may increase the award of statutory damages to a sum of not more than $150,000. In a case where the infringer sustains the burden of proving,
圖 4 美國著作權法 504 條法定賠償規定示意圖
如同前述，美國著作權法 504 條(c)項之法定賠償規定中，不同於我國，並無 規定「不易證明其實際損害額」之要件，因此，單純依照文義解釋，(b)項之實際 損害及所得利益及(c)項之法定賠償額即無何者優先適用之問題，但部份實務判決 仍認定難以證明之損害，適合以法定賠償額作為計算賠償額之基礎86。
但有學者認為美國部份法院在訂立法定賠償額時，無法建立統一標準並且裁 判之金額動輒過高87，已脫離立法時懲罰性賠償作為例外及特殊情況之原意，因此 建議於修法時，宜增設法定賠償額需於實際損害或所得利益無法證明時方可適用 之規定，減低法定賠償額濫用之狀況88。
and the court finds, that such infringer was not aware and had no reason to believe that his or her acts constituted an infringement of copyright, the court in its discretion may reduce the award of statutory damages to a sum of not less than $200. The court shall remit statutory damages in any case where an infringer believed and had reasonable grounds for believing that his or her use of the copyrighted work was a fair use under section 107, if the infringer was:
(i) an employee or agent of a nonprofit educational institution, library, or archives acting within the scope of his or her employment who, or such institution, library, or archives itself, which infringed by reproducing the work in copies or phonorecords; or
(ii) a public broadcasting entity which or a person who, as a regular part of the nonprofit activities of a public broadcasting entity (as defined in section 118 (f)) infringed by performing a published nondramatic literary work or by reproducing a transmission program embodying a performance of such a work.
86 李治安，前揭註 15，頁 45-46。
87 UMG Recordings, Inc. v. MP3.com, 92 F.Supp.2d 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2000); Capitol v. Thomas (previously titled Virgin v. Thomas.); Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. v. Krypton Broad. of Birmingham, Inc., 106 F.3d 284, 288 (9th Cir. 1997), rev’d sub nom. Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc., 523 U.S. 340 (1998).
88 T. Wheatland P. Samuelson, Statutory Damages in Copyright Law: A Remedy in Need of Reform, 51
§504 (c)法定賠償額範圍之基本規定 $ 30,000
$ 750
150,000 元
蓄意侵害者
可增加賠償至 150,000 元
200 元 不知且無理由認為其行為構成侵害者
可限縮賠償至 200 元