與貿易有關之智慧財產協定

世界貿易組織(WTO)之前身為關稅暨貿易總協定(General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，簡稱 GATT)，其會員國於 1994 年 4 月 15 日通過烏拉圭回合多邊談判議定書，並 於 1994 年 4 月 15 日簽署最終協議，其協議內容表示，GATT 會員國將於 1995 年 1 月 1 日 起成立「世界貿易組織(WTO)」，且一年後 WTO 將完全取代 GATT 之功能。其中 WTO 的

「與貿易有關之智慧財產協定(TRIPS)」為現行國際上對於保護與貿易相關之智慧財產權種 類最為完整之單一多邊協定⁹⁴。

關於著作權保護之部分，除了根據 TRIPS 第 9 條第 1 項要求其會員國應遵守 1971 年

88 SCHECHTER &THOMAS, supra note 42, at 542-43. Paul Goldstein 著，蔡茂林譯，捍衛著作權，頁 316-17（2000）；

章忠信，「伯恩公約簡介」，著作權筆記：

http://www.copyrightnote.org/crnote/bbs.php?board=5&act=read&id=1（最後點閱時間：2013 年 7 月 30 日）。

89 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights art. 9, Apr. 14, 1994, 33 I.L.M. 81 [hereinafter TRIPS] (“Members shall comply with Articles 1 through 21 of the Berne Convention (1971) and the Appendix thereto.

However, Members shall not have rights or obligations under this Agreement in respect of the rights conferred under Article 6bis of that Convention or of the rights derived therefrom.”).

90 WIPO Copyright Treaty art. 1(4), Apr. 12, 1997, 36 I.L.M. 65 [hereinafter WCT] (“Contracting Parties shall comply with Articles 1 to 21 and the Appendix of the Berne Convention.”).

91 SCHECHTER &THOMAS, supra note 42, at 14-15.

92 蕭雄淋，著作權法論，頁 35-47、293-94（2003）；羅明通，著作權法論 I，頁 72-73（2009）；M. Rehbinder 著，張恩民譯，著作權法，頁 30-32、617-21（2004）。

93 Berne Convention art. 14(1) (“Authors of literary or artistic works shall have the exclusive right of authorizing:(i) the cinematographic adaptation and reproduction of these works, and the distribution of the works thus adapted or reproduced.”).

94 SCHECHTER &THOMAS, supra note 42, at 548-49. 章忠信，「WTO/TRIPS 與著作權之保護規定」，著作權法筆記：

http://www.copyrightnote.org/crnote/bbs.php?board=5&act=read&id=11（最後點閱時間：2013 年 7 月 30 日）。

伯恩公約巴黎修正案第 1 條至第 21 條及其附錄內容之外，TRIPS 於第 10 條⁹⁵規定電腦程式

95 TRIPS art. 10 (“Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971).”).

96 認識 WTO，中華經濟研究院（WTO 及 RTA 中心）：

http://taiwan.wtocenter.org.tw/WTOintro.asp（最後點閱時間：2013 年 7 月 30 日）。

97 TRIPS art. 11 (“In respect of at least computer programs and cinematographic works, a Member shall provide authors and their successors in title the right to authorize or to prohibit the commercial rental to the public of originals or copies of their copyright works. A Member shall be excepted from this obligation in respect of cinematographic works unless such rental has led to widespread copying of such works which is materially impairing the exclusive right of reproduction conferred in that Member on authors and their successors in title. In respect of computer programs, this obligation does not apply to rentals where the program itself is not the essential object of the rental.”).

98 馮震宇，WIPO 著作權相關條約規範內容與其爭議問題之討論（上），智慧財產權，第 35 期，頁 57-58（2001）。

99 WCT art. 10(1) (“ Contracting Parties may, in their national legislation, provide for limitations of or exceptions to the rights granted to authors of literary and artistic works under this Treaty in certain special cases that do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author.”); Agreed Statements Concerning the WIPO Copyright Treaty concerning art. 10(1) (“It is understood that the provisions of Article 10 permit Contracting Parties to carry forward and appropriately extend into the digital environment limitations and exceptions in their national laws which have been considered acceptable under the Berne Convention. Similarly, these provisions should be understood to permit Contracting Parties to devise new exceptions and limitations that are appropriate in the digital network environment.”).

WPPT 第 16 條¹⁰⁰亦有類似之規定，並在其共同聲明第 16 條¹⁰¹中表示，WCT 共同聲明第 10

100 WPPT art. 16 (“(1)Contracting Parties may, in their national legislation, provide for the same kinds of limitations or exceptions with regard to the protection of performers and producers of phonograms as they provide for, in their national legislation, in connection with the protection of copyright in literary and artistic works. (2)Contracting Parties shall confine any limitations of or exceptions to rights provided for in this Treaty to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the performance or phonogram and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the performer or of the producer of phonograms.”).

101 Agreed Statements Concerning WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty concerning art. 16 (“The agreed statement concerning Article 10 (on Limitations and Exceptions) of the WIPO Copyright Treaty is applicable mutatis mutandis also to Article 16 (on Limitations and Exceptions) of the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.”).

102 前揭註 98，馮震宇，頁 70-75。

103 WCT art. 11 (“Contracting Parties shall provide adequate legal protection and effective legal remedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by authors in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty or the Berne Convention and that restrict acts, in respect of their works, which are not authorized by the authors concerned or permitted by law.”).

104 WPPT art. 18 (“Contracting Parties shall provide adequate legal protection and effective legal emedies against the circumvention of effective technological measures that are used by performers or producers of phonograms in connection with the exercise of their rights under this Treaty and that restrict acts, in respect of their performances or phonograms, which are not authorized by the performers or the producers of phonograms concerned or permitted by law.”).

105 WCT art. 12 (“(1)Contracting Parties shall provide adequate and effective legal remedies against any person knowingly performing any of the following acts knowing or, with respect to civil remedies having reasonable grounds to know, that it will induce, enable, facilitate or conceal an infringement of any right covered by this Treaty or the Berne Convention: (i) to remove or alter any electronic rights management information without authority; (ii) to distribute, import for distribution, broadcast or communicate to the public, without authority, works or copies of works knowing that electronic rights management information has been removed or altered without authority. (2)As used in this Article, ”rights management information” means information which identifies the work, the author of the work, the owner of any right in the work, or information about the terms and conditions of use of the work, and any numbers or codes that represent such information, when any of these items of information is attached to a copy of a work or appears in connection with the communication of a work to the public.”).

106 WPPT art. 19 (“(1)Contracting Parties shall provide adequate and effective legal remedies against any person knowingly performing any of the following acts knowing or, with respect to civil remedies, having reasonable grounds to know that it will induce, enable, facilitate or conceal an infringement of any right covered by this Treaty: (i)to remove or alter any electronic rights management information without authority; (ii)to distribute, import for distribution, broadcast, communicate or make available to the public, without authority, performances, copies of fixed performances or phonograms knowing that electronic rights management information has been removed or altered without authority.

(2)As used in this Article, “rights management information” means information which identifies the performer, the performance of the performer, the producer of the phonogram, the phonogram, the owner of any right in the performance or phonogram, or information about the terms and conditions of use of the performance or phonogram,and any numbers or codes that represent such information, when any of these items of information is attached to a copy of a fixed performance or a phonogram or appears in connection with the communication or making available of a fixed performance or a phonogram to the public.”).

107 WCT art. 1(4) (“Contracting Parties shall comply with Articles 1 to 21 and the Appendix of the Berne Convention.”).

賦予了著作人幾項有別於伯恩公約之權利規範內容¹⁰⁸；保護標的部分，除了文學和藝術等 傳統類型著作，WCT 還特別就電腦程式和資料編輯賦予著作權之保護¹⁰⁹；至於 WPPT 之保 護對象主要是針對表演人(performers)和錄音物製作人(producers of phonograms)，並表示其 會員國仍應遵守 1961 年羅馬公約之義務規範，¹¹⁰其賦予表演人和錄音物製作人重製權、散 布權、出租權、使公眾取得權等專有權利。而以下本文僅就介與本文相關之權利內容進行 介紹¹¹¹：

（一）散布權：

為彌補伯恩公約僅對於電影著作賦予散布權之不足，WCT 第 6 條第 1 項¹¹²規定，

文學或藝術著作之著作人(authors of literary and artistic works)應享有授權以出售或其 他所有權移轉之方式向公眾提供著作原件及其重製物之專有權利。WPPT 也有相類似 之規定，第 8 條第 1 項¹¹³規定，表演人應享有授權以出售或其他所有權移轉之方式向 公眾提供附著於錄音物之表演原件及其重製物¹¹⁴。

（二）第一次銷售原則：

1996 年 WIPO 在日內瓦所召開「有關著作權和鄰接權問題之外交會議(Diplomatic Conference on Certain Copyright and Neighboring Rights Questions )」上，與會各國對於 一般性散布權原則已有普遍共識，惟對於第一次銷售原則之範圍或程度仍有不同意見。

該次會議原本提出了兩種版本，版本 A 係由美國所支持之「國家或區域耗盡原則(the principle of national or regional exhaustion)，此原則係指著作權人之散布權僅在特定國家 或區域內耗盡，在其他國家中，著作權人仍得主張其權利；版本 B 為澳洲、巴西、日 Convention. Such protection applies to computer programs, whatever may be the mode or form of their expression.”);

WCT art. 5 (“Compilations of data or other material, in any form, which by reason of the selection or arrangement of their contents constitute intellectual creations, are protected as such. This protection does not extend to the data or the material itself and is without prejudice to any copyright subsisting in the data or material contained in the compilation.”).

110 全名為「保護表演人、錄音物製作人及廣播機構之國際公約(The International Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations)」。

111 SCHECHTER &THOMAS, supra note 42, at 550-51. CONCISE EUROPEAN COPYRIGHT LAW, 87-100, 178-83 (Thomas Dreier et al. eds, 2006).

112 WCT art. 6(1) (“Authors of literary and artistic works shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing the making available to the public of the original and copies of their works through sale or other transfer of ownership.”).

113 WPPT art. 6(1) (“(1)Performers shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing the making available to the public of the original and copies of their performances fixed in phonograms through sale or other transfer of ownership.”).

114 馮震宇，WIPO 著作權相關條約規範內容與其爭議問題之討論（下），智慧財產權，第 36 期，頁 39（2001）。

115 羅明通，著作權法論 II，頁 207-08（2009）。

116 WCT art. 6(2) (“Nothing in this Treaty shall affect the freedom of Contracting Parties to determine the conditions, if any, under which the exhaustion of the right in paragraph (1) applies after the first sale or other transfer of ownership of

（三）出租權：

WCT 第 7 條第 1 項¹¹⁷賦予電腦程式、電影著作或著作依締約國國內法附著於錄音 物(works embodied in phonograms)之著作人，享有向公眾為商業性出租其著作原件或重 製物之出租權。惟該出租權有例外規定，同條第 2 項¹¹⁸規定，前項之出租權不適用於

the original or a copy of the work with the authorization of the author.”); WPPT art. 8(2) (“Nothing in this Treaty shall affect the freedom of Contracting Parties to determine the conditions, if any, under which the exhaustion of the right in paragraph (1) applies after the first sale or other transfer of ownership of the original or a copy of the fixed performance with the authorization of the performer.”); WPPT art. 12(2) (“Nothing in this Treaty shall affect the freedom of Contracting Parties to determine the conditions, if any, under which the exhaustion of the right in paragraph (1) applies after the first sale or transfer of ownership of the original or a copy of the phonogram with the authorization of the producer of phonograms.”).

117 WCT art. 7(1) (“Authors of: (i) computer programs; (ii) cinematographic works; and (iii)works embodied in phonograms as determined in the national law of Contracting Parties, shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing commercial rental to the public of the originals or copies of their works.”).

118 WCT art. 7(2) (“Paragraph (1) shall not apply: (i) in the case of computer programs where the program itself is not the essential object of the rental; and (ii) in the case of cinematographic works, unless such commercial rental has led to widespread copying of such works materially impairing the exclusive right of reproduction.).

119 Agreed Statements Concerning the WIPO Copyright Treaty concerning art. 7 (“It is understood that the obligation under Article 7(1) does not require a Contracting Party to provide an exclusive right of commercial rental to authors who, under that Contracting Party’ s law, are not granted rights in respect of phonograms. It is understood that this obligation is consistent with Article 14(4) of the TRIPS Agreement.”).

120 前揭註 114，馮震宇，頁 40-41。

121 WPPT art. 9(1) (“Performers shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing the commercial rental to the public of the original and copies of their performances fixed in phonograms as determined in the national law of Contracting Parties, even after distribution of them by, or pursuant to, authorization by the performer.”).

122 WPPT art. 13(1) (“Producers of phonograms shall enjoy the exclusive right of authorizing the commercial rental to the public of the original and copies of their phonograms, even after distribution of them by or pursuant to authorization by the producer.”).

123 WPPT art. 9(2) (“Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a Contracting Party that, on April 15, 1994, had and continues to have in force a system of equitable remuneration of performers for the rental of copies of their performances fixed in phonograms, may maintain that system provided that the commercial rental of phonograms is not giving rise to the material impairment of the exclusive rights of reproduction of performers.”).

124 WPPT art. 13(2) (“Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a Contracting Party that, on April 15, 1994, had and continues to have in force a system of equitable remuneration of producers of phonograms for the rental of copies of their phonograms, may maintain that system provided that the commercial rental of phonograms is not giving rise to the material impairment of the exclusive rights of reproduction of producers of phonograms.”).

125 WCT art. 7(3) (“Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (1), a Contracting Party that, on April 15, 1994, had and continues to have in force a system of equitable remuneration of authors for the rental of copies of their works

（四）上述權利僅適用於「有體物」：

非實體之數位著作是否適用上述之權利保護規定，WCT 共同聲明¹²⁷表示，條文中 適用於散布權和出租權保護標的之「原件(original )」和「重製物(copies)」限於「有體 物(tangible objects)」；WPPT 之共同聲明¹²⁸亦採相同見解。故上述之重製權和出租權僅 適用於「以有體物方式流通之附著物」，非實體數之位著作則不屬於上述專有權利之保 護標的。