國際政治對美國貿易政策的影響

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(1). <., ~- ,. 'awn. '. ~ ~t1 ~ ~.~ ~~~t1~~~~t\iI. Q. (. ~. ti~. g[. BiI@.$t1i~tI:-·~iiit1i~.). 1!!I~:I:tH/t!-WI!!I~~"-H- ~ l!!l~iI\tll$i!IfI[~~"~ 1*~IfI[tK:~..+<~.w:ng: I!!I~~"~~ 1$i!~.~~-H-«1%<1:lf: ~ /ti'~~. ~m.~~~·~$l$i!I!!I~-W~~IfI[~~~~~~~~~~l~~.~~~~~~~~~~.~~.Q~~~$$i!IfI[~.~. a.~~*r.J ,r~J~~~.~-WI!!I~~"-H-~~~Q~_.~"~~• •~I!!I~~.~~.~~~~1%<~~.*~ • •~ QiI\tll~.m!*~~1&.IiI~**~~.~W!j. '~l!!l.ii(~~ <> 1&• •IJ(~II~~~" ~~~.i1i\§~nII ~ ~-m.~4ii\$1Bt* . • •~~."l!!l~1&.Uji~~~~~~~.~"4ii\** 1 ~{1llI!!l~~~. °e• •.J.i" a!1;.~~mt-~*~-W**:i1I~gS1-'-" \ $i!.~/ti'~~~M~.~tf:*«~~~~~... ;tS~*«~~iII(~.~~~~~*«IItK:.~"~~~"~I!I~.~ii(".~OEJ ( ~*.'M) ~~nn-N ~ .~/ti'~~~~~1%<$~.. 0. , -$1/ti'~~~~~1%<$,*,~ .. * • •I!I~iII(~ 1 < 'K 6llt-~ .. ~1!I~ml!l*.j;~ 1$!i!t~. 0. Commercial Treaty ~ ~u. mJlEI!I~+H~~k~ Richard Cobden' Michel Chevalier. '. ~~/ti'~"~.~l!.b**il~.~1%<~~"• •~ 11!!I~.~1%<.~ Z~~~ (Cobden-Chevalier. .•~) ~ iI\tll$!.~I=~~1!!i!~11+llt-.w:tm~-m~iII(~ ° iI\tll$!.~~*.j; .. ~~_~a!I;l.!!!S~ ~ \§~~, mJlEI!!I~.~~JlEI!I. ~~~ • • ~\~./ti' • • • I!!1~*~~~1~.ii(/ti' • • ~~4ii\.+<~~• • o8~\«~~\<~<.~m.~ ~. .'-11 .. 0. •• . 11] );:I. rrr;.'rttrtc r;;····rC '71 Errs TTTt ·yrttnee=rz'Zm,ttttesmm·'ttSin7fw···nr y. ~ ~.~~~l.t!./i.":i1IJ(IijIlJ.:@:I~i;!t!:. ~ ~ Patricia Dillon, James Lehman, and Thomas D. Willett, "Assessing the Usefulness of Inter national Trade Theory for Policy Analysis," in John S. Odell and Thomas D. Willett. 008., InternalionalTrade Policies: Gains from Exchange bet ween Econamics and Political Science, (Ann Arbor, MI.: University of Michigan Press, 1990), pp. 21-54. :W§> ia!l.jt::lIii:i1.JII(.M:i1~~ ·II~ Paul A. Samuelson, Harry G. Johnson, Ronald W. Jones, Anne Krueger. Paul Krugman tt.~~.JII(:i1 .j;tlii~ 1 1~. .4a:#l:i11iR.lii'~ Richard E. Caves, Jeffrey A. Frankel, and Ronald W. Jones, World Trade and Payments, 5th Edition ( New York: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1990), pp. 219-256.. :m§) Arthur A. Stein, "The Hegemon's Dilemma: Great Britain, the United States, and the International Economic Order.... International Organization, Vol. 38, No.2, Spring 1984, pp. 364--366. Timothy J. McKeown, "Hegemonic Stability Theory and 19th Century Tariff Levels in Europe," Inter national Organization, Vol. 37, No. I, Winter 1983, pp. 84--85.. 1:'. 1II.~$IGi*BilIII(_.~. rimer .' !wW"tztmc'u ...... :".

(2) ""'"'~ . ..:''¥;111'~''''. ,. 1• •~.~ ~. llH(. -. 1+lJE[m]!(~~iIlI\~~Illli1~:m_~~~a\:m.i!lIi.-RtJ!I-lK o91lE-!>S$J~+<.NIii!::ml1+ltI- ~.tt¢r. 1ii:• •Ili~ .~~ .;e:\li JIR!II~lll-;em:: .+<~9I.t!W;l'-r. ~.:m .~%<.~\{r>(III~.-R~!iii1:m~. 0 ~ 1 1-!>S$J~+<.:Wl-l*~ ~ ~._l'-r~:tt)gI.~!II *:m-Rm]IBI ~iIlI\~::fl\fI!!l • •:m~. 0. 0. il* 1~~.I!!I~%<$-H-~.1+l.:m~~ ~ ~. r••1tH.1:.!Ml. J (Hegemonic Stability Theory). 0. 0. ~~Ml.~_~. ~~~:m~~~~~Ia'~\lIIQI~I!I~%<$D.~.ii\l.:m.~%<~o~~~~~~.HI~~:.1e~~~.~HI:m.~%<. ~~.l!qr ~ ~~~III~ltI-"!II*tii*~ FSX .m:l!:mR" ~1!i1~l'-r1!l~~$:m*"• •~.ii\ 1 1I!i:m.~%<.. .~ l~~~~~~:m~.~~l~~~~\{r>()gI.~!II*:m~~tJ!I-.~~_o~~:m~~m]!(III~%<$~ • •~%<~:m$$+<. .l!qr. •. 0. 0. il* 1 lii:~~.I!!I~ltt1iiiilll\~ • •~~.:m~. il* 111~~_~.1+l.:m~~ " ~.l!I~.~.. I!!I~HI~%<$-H-:mIll-R~~~~~.ii\~HI~.~%<.o~I!IHI-R~~~~~tii~~~~~.~%<.~I!!I-R~:m~~~tii~. ~Dllj(~.1+l.:m.~~~. \ ' tif~~~~~\iI~~~~S~,,*·· _~$~~ ~. ~~~ • •~%<.:m~.o~~~"I!!I~.~.~.~~~l!IlII~.-R~~~I!I.~~.NIii!::m-H-s~.o. 0. 0. • • •{l:!iMl.iIlI\l!!I~%<$:milltl*.i1ii~~~.1+l. ( realism) lE* ~.1+l.~il* 11-!>S$J~+<.~*tiim]!(l!I~%<~. :m1+ljjg {.\l~I!!I@IIl$~lt1@!iIItI*~~·· il* 1 ' 1!!I~m]!(.~%<$-H-:m1+l« ~ "1!!I<~liil'li:fI!l~~.lIf~~I!!I@~$-H-~~*«« ··il*11] , l!I~~.:m.%<~$ilim]!(~.l!I~~*<%<.:@! ~ ~ ~\lBIIl~~~~~l!I~ '~il*11' $~I!!I~~~.~ ~ ~~Ml~.~. !t:~~iii.1+l~:m-Rm]IBI 0 e~~lll~~~" ~.1+l.~_I!!1~~~.%<~:mI!l~~.-H--:!:H1¢" ~~~~*.-R~~4t1" JE[~ ~. ~. :m§ ~. :j;j;@). 0. +.. ... )jIri.£eriw frih'lnW eM. 0.. . ..... Mfd'7ttflttt'bitt. :IIIi~.~.ll&...•. ~.( l!I-.. ).~. 1JIIt..1.. 0. ~. -.....1. 1111..1•.... ?, ' . . . .'C. -tl.. ... . ..... .... . ...•. .. -,.. ';. hJ. 0. ,;,~ .mi"t11rntdr mfrrtTunm;'Zpt17t. 0. John A.C. Conybeare, Trade Waro (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987), pp. 183-188.. David A. Lake, Power, Protection, and ~ Troi1e: Intemational &urces of U.S. Commercial Straregy, 1887-1939 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University. Press, 1988), pp. 148-215. Clyde V. Prestowitz, Jr., Trading Places (New York: Basic Books), pp. 1--88. ~.-l+l.:g:IlI1l~_.ltJlil!l Hans J. Morgentbau, Politics among Nations: The StrugtJe for Power and Peace, 5th Edition (New York: Knopf, 1973); Raymond Aron, Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations, trans. Richard Howard and Annette Baker Fox (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1973); Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), ~:\1¢~ pp. 159-186; Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1979); Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press, 1981) ~.-l+l.it!!IItmlil~.y:g:.m::: ~ Iii'~ Robert Gilpin, U.s. Power and the Multinational Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1975); Gilpin, The Political Economy of Inrernational RelatisnB (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987); ~~ joseph M. Grieco, Cooperation among Nations: Europe, America, and Non-Tariff Barries to Trade (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990) • iIi~. -l+lfilit*!lii'~ Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986) -a-~'l\I!Iii'~ ~ #:1IiI!!a ~ . _. ~. H.• ..QIIk ... · a._. (40.*1.. ". ··~<.•.~,,·_,_~_~.-=-·"'"iH '.

(3) j - •.. ~. .. 0. ~.Ii:i'~~UI-R ~ lIt'Mi¥(Ii:i'~~IlI~{j:1\4l1) ~ lE[~-Wlllff~f5.J.1~IIt$lmW5€.\$t~.~ ·~mr-!H.~.Ii:i'~~. (. 1I!• • Nmi!:Ml*.J.1~• .m:"'~.I<~ ~ ilJ!:itfiil::l!HlJl:~~~~~~~.4tI~ Q • • •{w·Ml.~.t--.~.4+l.~.ff~~~.il:1 ~ ~~:l<.m:m:\Ulff~ • •$J..1 .. lE[_l$'.III~.~~mtt1~ (mr~~ ~*~.. ). 4l1~~~. ~ ~.$UI_mrnJ$;:;. ~ ·~mW9~~mi:~~.~~.~{i:¥1U14tI~. o@4I:l.~*~. • • •~mt.mW-!H_~~~f5~4I:l.~* ( Charles P. Kindleberger) !lll!t-E~ o@:l<~t(~_i¥(-Emrlllff~~.~ij;l 1 ~11~~ 1 ~1·11~l:!:I-~:;j:JS;:;~f5~~3~!!Hl;.:$~ ~ ~1H1H$~~.1t:;j:Js;:;t1~~f5.. iiitll»- (Robert Keohance). ~~~~~~~~~~~~~III~.~~.~~-E*~~~:l<~IIt~~~• • (~~~• • Ii:i'~!lll!t~l.{W~Ulff~f5~. 1mWta<1II I'. 1mW$lK1lI. , lfmr. "1i:i'~ta<BI~• • nJ~ 11+:;j:Jij{~mi:~.1i! ~ i.il~'~"-R '-$lK.a:~-R.. ~) ol$'.IIt~~~mrnJ$;:;.~:l<~~mW~~.~~~.~~~.~.~~~~f5• • ~.am~.~,m~~~o~~1t . .. ~~$~~~~~ltE.BI~ ~ ~~"k'~~~mli~o. ,~ ~ ~!iHtl~1t.~~~.t!:i ~ \E~~:;j:Js;:;~f5~~ "4I:l.~*lE[~.~.~• • ~lfllt ~ ~• • • ~~~~~~~. ••. ). 0. ••. _~Il!.~ ~~~ ~ :;j:J~~f5"k'~'Hl~~ o-'4I:l.~*~_:;j:JS;:;~f5~.{P.l ~ 1 {W~~ 1 illij;l*~<-.1~~ ( public goods ~ fl.~~~~-R~) "~il1<-.1~~$I~~:¢IIt~~ij;l*~~, ~:¢~{I:g.~~IiI-R ' .~*l:~~t1~~ ( non-disc rimination) , ~~!lll!t~ 1• •{P.l~.ff_• •$ " 1 ~1It~-E~Mlt1 ' mr~~~" ~ ~~ill<-.1~~~.~~1o( ~ If.~-E Q lE[~C!(~• • • ~ \ElIIj~~~ I • • • ~. ~~~il1<-.1~~ ~ "k'~~:;j:J~~f5tt{P.l o®4I:l.~*~:l<~~IfE.1><_ ( :l<-a- 1 • mW~t!:i$lKIIt~f5~ ~ American Economic Association ~ .~~.W& -a- ~ ~3\W 1 *,~I1~:¥1~.a!ii ©~~_ ~:;j:J • •!lll!t~~~.mW.t!:i~\E*~~Q~ • • • mW~~~~{i~.4+l.~~~~.t1~• •~lf$~. ~.~~mi:~mW~~~~. QlE[~~*IIt~l~~Ol:!:l-~mi:• • ~~.~~.~$~.~1t~$lK.*~~.~-R~!lll!t~mr-!HUlff.~~.~~~~~ ~. :iii;@) Charles P. Kindleberger, The World in. Depression., 1929-1939 (Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press, 1973).. ~ Robert Keohane, "The Theory of Hegemonic Stability and Changes in International Economic Regimes, 1967~1977," in Ole R. Holsti,Randolph. M. Siverson, and Alexander L. George, ells., Change in. the International System, eds., (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1980), pp. 1.31 ~162. Kindleberger, op. cit., p. 305. ~. 111-\3. Studies Quarterly, Vol. 25, No.1, June 1981, pp. 242-254; Kindleberger, "International Public Goods without Intemational Gowrnment,'" American. ~ Charles. p. Kindleberger, .,)ominance and Leadership in the International Economy: Exploitation, Public Goods, and Free Rides," International. •• . Economic Review, Vol. 76, No. I, March 1986, pp. 1-13. IID'$!iII~II.~Tl<.g.

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(8) fJl 'I" II "'ffJ 1L fJ8. J\ lli ~~ 1L tIfU - 11 • fit 1::; lli tit :1' 11 fJ ~ ~lN~1f:Jit1L:l§iCN~lfl,!-'?X. It. U. ~3. -I. @1i1UI'ag1f:~~~?Xi1Ij!~:fftlt. ~~1¥~. ,,1;..(., '~~J:ffil~ 'J:JlJ~~-.ffJ~ 9 .~L-}( IYJ. ~ia9.lt-.J\..~.i: • .@ I ~7. II. mf@.1L~J\..:libJ!. RP~' fAIt ~. ~~1~~~~~i'~ §t:I::r ar;; (I) P.t16 ~. ~. >. .. (I). t:I. ••. ::r. '<. B t:I. 'tI. Sll. ". ::tI". I no" ~ i ~ ~ 5" • ;;-:- ~ It· ~ 3l • •;s ~ ~ ~ is::."-l S- ~ :!. g:~~~~~;;g"J. .. z,<il. oS ~F do ~ ~. Sj) ~ •c.>1Or-~(I)' aq r:Jl :::1. ~ '.g~ ;s~,m a . ~ 1:1 e ~~:::-·8. =. ?. ~ ~ ~1'~~' < r:Jl. ....... ~ g'. ...... ?""'. ~ ~. ~:::. '-<. '.gt:l 'OZ t:~ ?~. ~1 ..... •. <1> O'. 10. is.. ~. (I) '- 0. ).. ~;;. §.~ ~. ?""' >-:3. ~. .... ' l i r. ..... Iii'. .~:1'tIt-'.mfllt*. ~ir:Jl~ .,... ~m 0 tIt-'=:J\~ffJffJ j§f1l@~1Lm:=I11*~ Z~ *S~O.i:~.. <. ~ ..... tl~ e:.. g'. 1870. t:I. ".9.. 1913. [. 1938. '.f ;;. ~. ~5'. [. *=. II-lUI S lib'. 1950. 1. 1983. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 1ft. f'};;. 127. 119. ~ 1QQ ~ l.QQ. ia. ~. 117. m. lQQ. 86. ~. 1ft. il. ~. 306. 123. 113. l.QQ. 129. ~. it!. ~. il. 100. 37. ~. ~. .l.Il!.l. •. 29. 19. 27 tJ;; 13. a. 1!!iil. 41. 35. • •. ~. 0. ~. ~ 1j!. ~. ~ffJ. ,. ~JltJ1. IiiIJ. $. 82. ~. 0. '-'" 3l fit J3 lIZtlt 1JlJ' ~1L T • :>c R -Mt • it' 0 J.l1IJ:1f: .. ~" , ft. ~J.liJ}'ft. • • $M '.:flit ar~8A, tmJ:}(' ftRffJ~. il:fl~1I. 0. lJ.~.. ~. 37. P:I. .~.Mrm.Ja<.J~.. 117. 100. R. 1I1L;1{J-~~-t. /il!lI~~iI:.f.. 11tJjttl~~. [. ,~ ~#t. sr.,.. , • '<. [. 0. o7}(ie1Lil-JtiJfJlJtl. "10. f.. l. ';JtM~\. is::. .,.. ~. <1>. ~~~ ;s'o. n. ... t:I "aq. -SQ5I. !;;':--. ~. f=. R. ffJ;1{J.~~ ~~~ilI. 0. il .... ~. IE. ~;;R;'. it $ It :!l 0 1L • II - .. ~\~tIt OUQ.J7g~t* ~ #t ~"~ ) Ji It , := Jtl ~*II§3-S~.~J.I 1.1 ~ fJl ~~ 1L - J.I ~ ~. 1! IN ffJ ' - 1L .. ffJ S·.t $ JIt ~ fi .=: R ar 11 '-' • l¥1 • • =1f:O~~,*. f5l Ii ~ -t , 1f: m ' flf.. "ot:l. i·t¢e:. !::s. !. * •. ,m: •• 1L. ::<z~. .~. ~. ?Xl!l!!ltE~. ffJ8jJ!.~m,Il:#N. ~m-ffi • • ~~*fJl. 11 ' • ~ - ~ ~ :fl IiiJ. n. ~. ~. tit ~ II • m ~ ~ iA 32 }(fAiJit** fAIt~#t, m. • ffJ 1t! II t! 1f: IJ:±'=: ". ~9 'g: i. il~. • II ffJ 1f: ' -:!l ~ ±, 3t: I( ~ ?Uf it if! 1L ~ f5l ,1t!. ~., ffJ.O!~IIjf-. :3.. 0. 51,. ,~~. !~. ~ ::!.. =.. =1ii1!Im.~~. ~J.l3t:A,mJOtn3.t!.. 1'<1>. ti. Sj)1!1l0. ~~ ... - ..... ~ o. l. .... 5'. -en -e <1>". 'S.. go Sj) is::. ::E~ ..... 0'. <1>. (I). ~ ~ !::',. 1t.IfiR.Om'~. ~.MfO:!l)""IItmf.?Uf. g-(I)5'~(JIiS::ti::f. ~1O''''i'I",;:::,<. 0,. • • • • 1ft. 657. ~. 106. 20 . lQQ. 4. 1. • m. ~. tp. ~. 100. 75. 51. 37. ~. 1ft. 100. 26. ~. 99. 235. ~. 13. ~. 481. 161. 154. 1QQ. ~. tpjt. ~. ~. 100. 18. 16. lOO.. tpjt. ~. ~. 19. 16. lJlIl. 125. lOO.. tili. '~' ~. .~.D9~iI:. 6 8·. ;f. 'Ii,') ~ i. 2. • • • •. 109 40. , 3. ~. 34. 4. m. •. 29. ~. ~.. 24. 19. 13··. 47. 29. a. 1!!i. 17···. .*4*11 : Bruce Russett, "The Mysterious Case of Vanishing Hegemony; or, Is Mark Taiwan Really Dead?" International Organization, Vol. 39, No, 2, Spring 1985, p. 212. • 18721f:1'*4 •• 19531f:.*4 ••• 19S01f:if*4. [!U.

(9) 1!!!I!Ti:":~-:""'~P. ."/. .'" '-'~'.-;'~. ""-~!I~~;-~'~-:~~~~'!''':'~;i~'~~,k, iFf.Jl£·y '~5~·WM6lWf.1'~~)". ~. t. A.;~~i~,~~:P;f.'!}~~~¥~i'ft. " ~~~ , ~.~~.h~ ,. ~~~~~~~~II~ ,. ~~~.~. ~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~.~~~.~~~.~~~.~~~~~~~aQ~~I.~~~~~a~~~~~.~, :!l?~il.¢ ~ 1E.I~~$<E~~~~.lti'~tt~li(.iI~~1t. ~E~.~~~E~~~.~~.Q. 0. ~11. :Jmr-l:R.~ 11~$l~-K• • ~~l!£!Il.h~~iEt~.~tK:~-mt-m.~ ~ $<1!1~~~~~!li.~~ftl!g~~~~~. ~ ~~'M.~ :&i1jl(-R " i!\l1J~l!£'@!~J3S[ Q~ 1 ' ~l!£!Il.~~ ~ ~~.ftl!g.~~liJ!t§~~.~~.~1D!! ~ J3S[~~~.~§ ~ $<E:&i~~~H~" ~~~ifi• •ftl!g~~E_-G-'~~!1:$I Qi!\l1J~1~$<1!I~~~~~~*, ' ~.~~~ii• • ( m::!t~alhll~~¥.11H*i£ ~ ~~~ r ~~~** J -long shadow of the future) ~ i'\l!llti'~~~~~~~~~ , tf~~~~~~~~~~:fJ:1 ~ IE.I_.~~ 1 [§I41l ,. ~$<1!I1E~1Il! ~ ~'M~~~~~§.~~~~'M~-mt ~~ifi ~ ~~~~~~.~ ~ .!ik~~~~~~~ ~ 1E~\llQ!Inl~. ~~I!I~~~-G-~-R.~J3S[~~.~~~ii.~~~~~~~~~~~~~(~~~~~II~)~*~~~~~.~~§tK:. Q. *~I1l!N ~ ~*,~~E~.~~ " l$''@!I!1~~~~~~~ii~ • •~~~. ~.-K!ik."J3S[IE~.~§~!!I~~~~.~~~I!I • •~~ftl!g~~~~~.o@~~~l'@!*,~~I!I~.~~~~.I!I~ ~~f§iII1\~~E~~~l1]E~lH~.W!l!~IiI!t§ ~ ~~~~~~~ftl!g~~~~~. ~ 1¥it• •~~~~lti'i1~~~aiUe~l!I~ ~ -mtrtJ " ~1!I~~ftl!g~~~~~~ii. ~~I!I~IE~wx~~. .~mffll!!t~~~ o@J3S[~~ 1 ~'l<Ol!t~4-§~~" mfll!!t.~.~~*,IR~ ~ $<.~.~~.~~~~.+l1.~.-!§: Q!lR~. ~.~$~~~~~!!I@.-R~.~~~(~@'M.~_m~~~~~*-R)"iII1\.~.~~.~~~~~.~@i'\l!l_~fIl!!t $<I!I~~@~~.~.~~~.~~.Q. ~~$<I!I~~~.~~~~II~~.~.~~.~~.Qi'\l!l~.~~~~l!£.o.l '$<I!Ilti'~m::~~~~~~~m~. • •r<~§:~l!lnt~". $<~iII1\~~.~~~~~) o@~11 ,.~~UlI(~~~~. 1~~. o~~-K~ftl!g~$<E~*.~~l'@!~~"~~~~~E~~.-R(-K.~~~~~E~~~~.~ftl!g~~._~~~) "tf~m::~~§I!fl~~~~iII1\~~~~~m~(. ~~~II~tf~~~~"~.~~~~~.~~~l~<~l!t$<~~~m*~.~~~~I~~~~~~~$~_~~.. ~• • "IE~~~$<l!IiII1\m*~~~~_~~!Il~"**I!I~~• •~l!£.~~~.~"~~l~«l!t~.~~~.~~ ~. = m. Elr111. ~ Joanne Gowa, "Bipolarity, Multipolarity, and Free Trade," A11I(!rican Political Science Review, Vol. 83, No.4, December 1989,pp. 1245-1256. Ibid., pp. 1252-1253. Edward D. Mansfield, "The C<lncentration of Capabilities and International Trade," Interootwool Organization, Vol. 46, No.3, Summer 1992, pp. 731-763. :i@ David A. Baldwin, Economic Statecraft (Princeton: Princeton.University Press, 1985).. llIl~lW~l<fIII.~~.:ff:~..

(10) . .".. .~... ~.~~ 0. ~~~. ~.I<IIII(~~.~tr~a(.. .e§. 0. ~.~~e~. ~~!a'~. 0. 1II1m~$!(ftl:Im.~~I(• •~)-.~-I<.I(~~.~~ .~*~~:fit*,a("~.ii\.~~_~ ~ ~}g~.ii\l<mll(~~.~~~. ~. =. . . . . . ....._-Li.(. ..../',-...L,,>I.~ ........"'J...... '.ot::::'.~1.l.~""" ...._. _""...l.i F !. . . ...• 8>4-o'....;."o;-tib. ~,..tIb .R..,,:...,. rt . ....... ·zNrtt. 0. 0. g(g(. 0. 0. ~~lla(.$l~~IlI1><~~~. ~~.~~. ">If .....,.",,,.. !' ,,5' ~·;f·.~jfntrn' f!t:):¥ihWdnt wtrip''ftzattriWt n. ' .tnT t wete t.. Press, 1991). ~ Ia'~ Howard Raiffa, The Art and Science of Negotia.tion (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1982). ~ Fred Charles Ikle, How Nations Negotiate (New York: Harper and Row, 1964). Robert O. Keohane, "Reciprocity in Intematiollal Relations," International Organization, Vol. 40, No. I, Winter 1986, pp. 1-27. Robert Axelrod and Robert O. Keohane, "Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy," World Politics, Vol.38. No. I, October 1985, 'pp. 282-233.. September 1984, pp. 349~. R aymond Cohen, Negotiating across Cultures: Communication Obstacles in International Diplomacy (Wa~ington, D.C::lnstitute of Peace. = =. Brian M. Pollins, "Does Trade Stili Follow the Flag?" American PoliJical Science Review, Vol. 83, No.2, June 1989, pp. 465--480; Pollins, "Cotillict, Cooperation, and Commerce: The Effect of International Political Interactions on Bilateral Trade Flows," American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 33, No.3, August 1989, pp. 737-761. ~ Robert. O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, 2nd Edi~ion (New York: Harper Collins, 1989). ~ Robert. D. Tollison and Thomas D. Willett, "An Economic Theory of Mutually Advantageous Issue Linkages in International Negotiations," International Organization, Vol./33, No.4, Autumn 1!n9, pp. 425-449. Arthur A. Stein, "The Politics of Linkage," World Politics, Vol. 33, No. I, October 1980, pp. 62-81. Keohane and Nye, op. cit., pp. 165-220. Michael B. Dolan and Brian W. Tomlin,"Foreign Policy in Asymmetrical Dyads: Theoretical Re formulation and Empirical Analysis, Canada·United States Relations, 1963-1972," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, No.3,. =. ~. :Wi. ~@.~itl(.~ 1$i:t!:!~*<.$ ~'@~~.~~ .w.~,!Qi!l ~ ~n(~il~••• l ~ ~ EEl_{ilif*a~~• •~.~ °1<.~~III~I(.I(~.~.~~~ • • ,,~~r~~J-~~mI~~.w.I(~-J....j~~I<III~~ftI:~~~~~• • o@~~ • • ~~!a'5f!J~~I!I1~~mK:\lIK1II4a~~I(~~. ~ EEl_I<III~~~.-R ~ ~~mK~mI**$!a'~*,-j:$~ii~ • • ~ ~~~111 ....~~III~I(~Q ~ EEl~.mKl<.4a~ o@.:\4\i!!~~*,$l~:\lIKlmmKll!l*4<.w. 1 ~1(I1]"", I ~1(I-Rl;t~-l(.3D(~$:j$ ~ I<. 0. ~.+t1.~~.rE: .~~~:ffiiiI$~~.llE" :\lIKllImK~IlI~I(.~*<.~• • • ~I\IIii\I(.~I(~ ~~~~1lB!Il~a(• • ~~ .ii\:\lIK.mK~III~I(• •~ .. :\lIKllImK~III\Oj~~~>8 " @~ ~1(1J:::.~tr1lB!ll~.Il~• •:t!:! ( issue-linkages) @~{E~~ l!!a(.~~~~~~4a " .~.ii\:\lIK.~.IlI~I(~~. $:~l<ftI:~~*4<~I(~~.~Jlht~~~l!!a(.~~. ~ 1(~.~~.Im~$!~I.".g!l.~*~1€t~~:fit*,a(• •~.I<IlI~I(~~.oEEl~.w..~-J....j".~1ti'~~.Im~$! I t!lIiI*~nE~~.~ ... ••. ~~~~:~::,.;. •..•.;:"~:;'~;;:~>~i,~.,;.l::rE'~4".iil!~~"'tj$,W!l·· iJJr ••;~~~jlf~;'i~~,,::j~-,. ·Z:;i;;;?;:;~,.;it',~:.,~~·,.,~z~:,~".~.-;:";~:.;.;;l'~."<i. .. . ""'"""-'-"---<."..

(11) 0. .. ·"~""~~:·t~\~-::~~·~'~"!''''':~~~'''fi''P" ..,e~~''~''''':~~fl~,~~~~j.f,~~,;J~~""?!~"~'~~~~~'1'";~~~.:~t:""",,""T,.~~~~.~ .. 0. 1~~:g;~.Hm« o@ 1 ~«!!t.~7J:1~-a-:g;lrl0 1*~. "~~1110. ftiil1:t:l 1 ~<O-l ~< J lir~~~lIlWl*m*ii(*«li~I\Kl(• .lIJla~~ , ~~1:t:l I ~< 1"'" J~< l1lirllif.~~~,*~"-le.*« .1<:g;1IIt:t!i~~ 1:t:l~~11~Jt.-a- ~ 1<1II_H:E r lniMi J :g;*ai!~~ii(*.*, @• •P-l ~ 1El.l<ftiiI~ii(~.-R.g.~ ~ ~I< 1II~*~.~~H:E~$.W~@~~~~ftiiI.~~:g;.*,~~~~IEl.ftiilft.~~~$W~• • • ~~~rlniMiJ.~~_ 1=-~ ,. ~~fi1~11l0 1= 1<1II~~III~~~~-a-~. ~~~~.lniMi.W.m«.".=-~~:g;~~o. 0. •. ~~~:g;~.~~~~~~~~~*~-~*«~I<III~.~~~-a-~H:E:g;lniMi.~-~~III@~$:g;I.~I<III~~1II. .~ iIr ~1!!t~~~ iIr~~~ ~ :W:."t\ur. :g;~~.~~~~.~.~I<III:g;lI!~~.o. \I \. 0. I. $~. ~$1.~:g;iJ:!.~~.III@iJfj!1+l ,*~~:IiIu~III~~:g;~~• • ~ ~~11~~• • • ~iJ:!~. 0. 1II@.~~$.4N~1:t:l 1 ~~1Rlir-mIll@~$~1C[~4@IlMtl (John Gerard Ruggie) !t~:g; ~.tEIII@.~iJ:!.~ r !Ji ( ftiiI@I!:g;) ~1ni~$III , ~~~~. ' :$:t1!!~~ii(III@!Ji.*~~~_~.:g;~. ~ ~~~1~$l- , ~~ , Q ' ttl!! ~ ~ 1 ~1Il~:Fl\llif~~~ J@~~$.~!t~~ ~ ~~:l:t1-E 1 ~11*«~.~~.:g;iJ:!. $1..:g;iJ:!• •_lJ(~~III~NI!. ~~. __ 0. ~~.~ "l!:~~.~~l!:~. "~!!llil!t;~.) ~~~:IiIu~~~~:IiIn:g;III~~t:_ o$llR~. ~~.:g;~t:_ ~ _~iliI4\~III@.~. 1:t:l*,*$III@Iil$• •tK: ( ~. ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. 15l~. Carolyn Rhodes, "Reciprocity in Trade: The Utility of a Bargaining Strategy," International Organization, Vol. 43, No.2, Spring 1989, pp. 273 299. Jagdish N. Bhagwati and Douglas A. Irwin, "The Return of the Reciprocitarians- US Trade Policy Today,'" The World Economy, Vol. 10, No.2, June 1987, pp. 109-130. Beth V. Yarbrough and Robert M. Yarbrough, "Reciprocity, Bilateralism, and Economic 'Hostages': Self.enforcing Agreements in International Trade,'" International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.1, March 1986, pp. 7-21. John Gerard RUggie, "lnternational RespOnses to Technology: Concepts and Trends," International Organization, Vol. 29, No.3, Summer 1975, p.570. Donald Puchala and Raymond Hopkins, "International Regimes: Lessons from Inductive Analysis," in Stephen Kissner, ed., International Regimes (Ithaca, N.Y.: CornelI University Press, 1983), pp. 61-91. Oran R. Young, "lnternational Regimes: Problems of Concept Formation," World Politics, Vol. 32, No.1, April 1980, pp.. 331-335; Resource Regimes: Natural Resources and Social Institutions (Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press, 1982); International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment (Ithaca, N.Y.: CornelI University Press, 1989). BII~$~;j1j!(III.~~.~~..

(12) IlEEIE:-&- ~ I'. II!:IIII!C!a~. ~iifi I'. .~~. .~~. ~liIi~III@.;ge~. llRlII~ltI-~~ 0. I'. ~.. I'. ~~. ,.. m1(. ~~ItIti:..l..j. r ~.I!!!III@~• •g: I· ~11!.w~~~.~~~. ~~~.\IH~ ~ lII@tt;~*l\*«~tt;~*~~~~II!!!I • .wil\!il~I~~. ~~.JJ!~~.~~~~~~~.. ~.Q. I'. 0. (. I!I@). J@. ~~~~~~~.*~~III@.;ge~_~~~~.~~.~.l\III@~~~~~o~.~ • •~III~~III@~~~~~. ~~.·~III~.w~~-&-«~~~III@~.-&-~~~~*~.~OO~~~~~~~~~~.I!!!r~J~~~~III~~~~Wl\~. ~~~**~~Wl\~~°.w~.~~~~~~.~.~III~IIIN~~~~~~~~III@~~4~~~~~o~III@.~~ ~ ~t~~ii\III@~. I'. ;ge~ I'. .. 0. ~.~~~. III~N~~lii'~4!I:!i:;!:~. 0. l\~.~.}E:111lI ~ III@.~~~~~III@~.*. .I!!!_~~liIi~III@~.-&-~~III~~~~III@~.,.;ge~I'~~~$~~.~~«~olll~~~~~• •~~~~~~~. •. ~~*~I~.;ge~EIE:*~*~~III~o~lIIft.~~~~~*~t~III@.~~~~.I'~~I'~~~*~o@~l\III@. (. .w~. .. r ~~III~III@II(~~.iIJll\!l~l\. i. o@.l 1 ;.. @l4!I~~~1II~.~ ~ OO~~~iii. t~~~ ~ $'.I!!!III~~l(a~~~W(~• •iIJlI;• .w~ ~ ~~III~NI!:lii'~~\lli~~ ~ ~~~*<}D,!!1. •. 1II@.;ge.~~ 1 ~$li!.~~~~"~ ~ ~... iI\!il~lll!:.lii'~~nR 1 .I!!!.~~lll!:)j:! I'. 0. .~~~~*}E:~m~lIIft.~~~~lIIft.~~~~III~~~N~~-&-~~.o@III@.;ge~~~~~~ii\~.III~~~" 1II~~~._m~IIIff:.;ge~~W(*P,t!:!i:;!:~o-·. ~ ~~I!I@.;ge 1 mlllli::iO.~:!i:;!: ~ ~}E:~N ~ ~~~~~.-P1~~"~ ~ 1II@.;ge*~"*~.~~I$}E:IE*~1$. ~~t~ ~t:. GATT .~n(~~~~~*~ 0-' J ) ~~• .I!!!~OO 0.1 0. ~~III~~.~\lli. ~ $'.I!!!III~OO~.{J~~.wil\!ill @l4!I~n:J~"Hp$li!.~~ ~ .~$11114!I:!i:;!:. ~ ~~.w. o@.lll. "1II@.~lii'~j!.f::\$'.I!!!.~III~l\ .. .. GATT ~.~~~~ o@III@I!:~*~.~~~• • ~ ~. 1II@.*lii'~~~*<~~* ~ ~~~* o.III~NI!:~~~n~~.~ ~ ~ElE:Illff:.~.:H.w.;ge~~.~*~~~ ~ ~~. o~~:1i• •~~• •~( Multi-Fiber Agreement). .. ElE:I!lff:.;ge~~t4I~~~~I• •~.w 1 WJ ~ ~:H$'~• •~~~.*~~~* ~. ~ Stephen D. KrllBner, "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes lIB Intervening Variable," in KrlIiIner, International Regimes, p.2.. ~ If>~ Joseph M. Grieco ~.H~Ii!4aa~:jl:!J;;:~~:il:$~ -Joseph M. Grieco, Cooperation among Nations: Europe, America, and Non-Tariff. Barriers to Trade (Ithaca, N.Y.: ComeH University Press, 1990), passim.. KrllBner, "Structure Causes and Regime Consequences", esp. pp. 8--9. Oran R. YQung, International Cooperation, pp. 74-76.. Vinod K. Aggarwal, Liberal Protectionism: The International Politics of Organized Textile Trade (Berkeley, CA.: University of California. Press, 1986).. ~. Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp.91--92.. = = =. ':'¥.A~>=.~'".

(13) p;,;'. '" ... ,. 0. 'r:< .~'. 0. 0. .~.""". "."':1'~';~,. 0. 0. 0. 0. r, ... ~""."","';.a:,"~;:::"''''~,.. ~$.t~~~.~OO~.8.~~~~~§~~.~~.~.~~~~.~~.o~~~.~.~~.~.~. ii ~ *«..ii~"~.*~~Wl~;iI1.~ o.g[ ,. .s!.~~~:l:Kl&:~-R.*!!l9l;!l!.~~.tl;:! @ tfi\~.II(~~.~.*+<~.s!.~~~ GATT r--. .1116$1~+<• . • ~ GATT ~1I:l-Pl~*lKIII~+<-Ri!I!!:l:H~I!.a:&t II~ ~.~*«.IIItK:.~m~:&t.~ ~ ~~nttr<r--. GATT ~mll~1(O.ltl-~ ~ *lK1II:&t.S!.~~~Z~~tfi\.~ ~ ~~ *lK1II~~~~. GATT ~ ~<-l'*lK!fI1:S1tt;( GATT :&t• • ,. ~1Il:l'~I(;~-l:ti GATT :i£t~.f- ~ ~~jBI.{~:&t.~tiili~r< 4+l1t#i:&t .M( ~~\!I\~ll;:!~~• • •ti~+H:&t~~~@l4n.ii: ~ Uruquay Round) *lK1II~-l:ti:&t.S!.~~.1:S~ GATT ~~,~ o@~f-ffiI.~:trn. GATT :&t1I:l-Pl ,.GATT N~IIIS!tlt~:&t~gm,. ~~ GATT tfi\*lK• •~~.1 ~#i:&t~. IIIni~*II(~• •~ ( GATT) ~ 1 ~g[4J.Itl-+~-l:ti*lK!fI:i£t~.f-.:I:K~11+1111!l!!.~.~~R1I:l:&t *lK.*Ii:~:&t.~~ International Trade Organization) ~ ~"$1~.~itllt ~ .~~1IE16$1~+<.NlIli ~~1I:l-Pl 1 1!l!!~'h:(:&tIllS!.~~. (. :i£t.~.~M~~.IIIS!*4+lo=~*.~• •~~~r<~~~l~g[<.Itl-1I:l-Pl:i£tIll• •~~.tK:o~~*lK!fI • •~~*~. ~~.~-l:tit~~(~.~:i£t.ii:~~l~g[~.Itl-:&t.~m~.~~~~.:&t~~~~ffiI~~l~g[<.Itl-.Itl-~~§)~. 0. 0. 0. 0. ~!lI;iQ • •II(~~.:i£t.~~ oo~~t~~tfi\1llI~.~.~lfi_:i£t:I:K~.~~ • • °*lK.D(!ik~ GATT .~~~ OO~ GATT ~~l ••~~ ••~!lI;iQ!fI• • • o.~l.*«'•••:i£t.m~~~~TI~ • • ~III• • • ~~• • • •:&t• • • ~~ • • • GATT :i£tWi$=-1>< ~$N~iiil~ r ~t.~.~. J (Protocal of Provisional Application) 11\!!1$.~". ~*!fItfi\ GATT .11il$.~( ~. III ~~. XXIII ~) :&t.~l;:! r .~ • • ~~tl!.*III~~;;I:U!!l: J ~~111I-N ~ 11\!!1 $ r wt('!>{.~ J ( rgrandfather clause J tf r grandfather rights J ) .:iit*.~~m.:i£t~-R~!lI;iQ GATT .'1Wi$:&t GATT :&tlfi_ ~ *III~~ r ~t J ~1tt;( GATT OO~1I\!!1$wt~.~ ~ ~~ GATT {;ti.~.~t ~ ~-R ~ 1I\!!11t~r--.*1IItfi\. ~*!fI:&t.tK:m.~:l:Hr--.~ao~~-l:ti~~~.~~~~.~GATTtfi\*III:i£t~~~~~~~~r<GATT:&t.ii:~*~ .*~1llIa~~.~~IIItK:m.o~ ,.~.. 0. GATT N1I:l~ 1 $ • •II(~.~ ~ *«.+H~.ti~~~_.#i:&t.ti~~~It#i:&t.ti _.#i:&t.tiii~ .. #I=:lA<~#i ( reciprocity) ,. ~• •~ ( safeguards) ,. .i!ini1i*~1II. :\I.!::!9Q ( nondiscrimination) ,. 1llI~~ ( liberalization) W. g(-tl. Oliver Williamson, "Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations," The Journal of lAw and Economics, Vol. 22, No.2, October 1979,pp. 233 -261. Economic Report of the President (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, February 1991), pp. 243-253. John Jackson,The World Trading System (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1991), pp. 36.....a7, 68-76.. ~. _. _. ftlI~$iIi*IKftlIli.I(~~.:i:l~..

(14) 0. ~~. ... ~. .~~. .~~. ~.~~~~. ". 0. 0. 0. gr<. ~~~ (development of LDC's ) $JIl:'k=l~ " al!i~t:!:&id~~~*,.1+1. ( multilateralism) , ~~~~~.:&iIll~4:t!W. ~tf-.~.-:K:&i~111n.( major interests) "*~~1l~• .!ft~.t:!" ifl~ GATT .!l!:l.~-IllI-m~:&i.~ ~··Ial~ll!I(~-IllI-m~. " ~~*IIIM:iR~.IH{~:• • " 1E[:a! GATT ~4@~*III~~ 1 ~1~.l!;:\i1 ( ifl~ r ~._*' J ' • •~.~ , ~5~$JIl:'. ) "~~.*III~~ O~~.:&i~. " ~1111I-N "GATT Iffi:it~~r-.-IllI-mll!l(~~~.1+1.:&i~:i:" @~ • •t:!~~ GATT W. ~r-.g+*,~:&i~~"$~~III~.~tf-.~~:&i.~d" ,. GATT 4lfiI~1II.~~.:&i • •1ti'~11l1t\lf!!i ~ 1 ,GATT :&iW~li-~III.~m.:&i~!l!:l~.t;J~4a:&i "-IllI 1 ~g-\J~. I!l'~ " ~1II1i(~m~:&i~!l!:lliitli-*@I 411:&i GATT .~ • •~~ " ~~~lIIlII«: 4lfiI1II~.~m.:&i*IUlilti' ~!l!:l~. 7.1 " ~I!!!. ~.~a:&i~al!i~~ .. ~~4:t! GATT .~-N:lil" ~1IIf{1l(ii\~ O_:&i~.liitl!l'~'@:III. ' ~~~.@:~l!!1IIBil(~~.tt:~~.. • :&i.IlI1I(.7.1~IIi" lII.liit~~~IIi.{J;• • ' ~~.7.1m~ ~,*~m~i}Uii~~~:&i~.~~~*,.~-+l4 " ~Iti'~ii\~*,. 1lI1I(:&i~_o~~~~~~~~~lIIm~~~:&i~~"r-.~~III:&i~• • •4:t!~*~~:&i~.o~it~lIIm~liitlti'.:a!'@:~1II m~~~~III:&ill!l(~m• .pj." }g~III~~~IE[_~'~III• • :&i.7.1ll!1(~m~" ~~.t:!Iti'~~~• • " ~~~~~.*'" ~t,1!J(III.:&i~J;a IK-R:&i.~~~~~ 1 @I411 GATT :&i.~ ,,@ ~1 .1 ' ~ GATT .~~g~~" ~1II111.~~~BI1«:mmK GATT :&iW~:t'i,*_4111 ~" ~ii:i$~J; "i!lPlitlll.iR~~~. -J;Ig 1 ~-\J~~:&ill!l(~_!l!:lm~4lfiI1.!!:U\~5~.~al!i~~~~~;' ~~ 1I!!!~~ft. ~1II~~5~:&i.~4:t! I ~111 ~~tt~. r-. "~.~al!i~~:i$tl;:• • ( ~1IIitii(m~) .!ft+<:&i{J;~• • • " fg.J;t:i GATT ~1~~ "~IIInr;m:: r ~(~_*' J ¥;:!~~~~III. «:m" ~~.~~5~:&i.:g{li- GATT :&i.!l!:l" ~~~~~~III~:&iIlll,g:m.~411 " 1E[:a!4:t!.1~@I411W~tf-*III~r-.~.. ~• •-R " ~lIIlE[}g,*.~1\(~4lfiI~~5~.~:&ial!i~ " .1~@I4ti.~~g~~" ~lIIlII.IJ(~~m " ~~~1lII~::l:i${J;.1~. . . @I 411:&i.~:t'i'* " ~. ' .)"". 0. .... hti),;.; et'ti: ..try'\'<44ha&'i$:V'. ttbtii,-~. '. .. '. .. .... m2tttr t*£'fr"J"S"tUO'f;*"t)f&-n' 'f. j,. ,,". ' , < , . , ; ... , 't1,,'--t. h# rat' lyMn tNt 5'n d. n. cyAnt. n de ; .Ittttf,'~,. ~ Jock A. Finlayson and'Mark W. Zacher, "The GATT and the Regulation or Trade Barriers: Regime Dynamics and Functions," in Stephen D. Krasner, ed., op. cit., pp. 273-314.. ~ ~:1);!.~~.J!;.~.:lttil!!_m IIrIil John Gerard RUggie, "International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the. Postwar Economic Order," in Stephen D. Krasner, ed., op. cit.,pp. 195-232. J. Michael Finger, "The GATT as an International Discip: line over Trade Restrictions: A Public Choice Approach," in Roland Vaubel and Thomas D. Willett, eds., The Political Ecorwmy of Interna tional Organization, (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1991),. pp, 125-141. Pastor, "The Cry-and-Sigh Syndrome: Congress and Trade Policy," in Allen Schick, ed., Making Economic Policy in Congress, (. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1983), pp. 158-195.. :t= Robert. 2~~_"'-....':.._~""':.I._~ ....:tL': ••d{~~':':'_"",:·iW.~u..",,~_\.~~~"=S i.

(15) ~''i,,\'':··4r'·q'';''''7'". 0. GATT. ?. ~~. 0. ~. ••. 0. ~~~ ...~~~~l;:S~~~rE.-~4tI. 0. 0. r~. 0. 0. 0. '"~''''r'''. 0. 0. 0. .111 ,. ~.$(IIIIII.1*~.".!;l:H~fIl. GATT ~.If.:~* ~ {.ll~.~i(~-R1l{*• • ~fI!!U!!!fIl• • ~-B:- ~1*• •~• • ~ti!!l.*.~t&;;th1BBl GATT tt*~.-R U.l B!!!j¥~ft.~~ 1 ~-tJ-tJlIrit ~ :ll\l(I.~.~.~.~~iIn ( Zenith) <41iii' ~~• •:lJ::1-@:~.#HIIl ( Customs Court) ~ .-33~m*~.~.~.-lm.~~~$(lg~~Wi~ ~~iIn<41iii'• •m*~~ ~*,m*.~.~.~~$11~.ii ( V:alue Added Taxes Rebates) ~ ~~f'--.$(lI!I~:lJ::1~ ~ .~ill~.iimj!{ GATT ~~:fit ~ 1 ~-tJ-tJlIrgrm;: ~ ~.:lJ::111Ilf~~~~iIn<41iii'.Wi J,!!l~~.1Jl-I:!~~+~~~~ ~*J,!!lI!!!if::~rE.-]B!.(~~~ .. ~:l!*IIIJllJa' <i1~$(lI!Iti!!lng~ .. lEttQ.~~Wi~tt.-33rE.-. ~ 1lIi!fai(~~M::tt-Kii GATT W1.l . . (GATT Council) \Iit._\-::l1i{1t ~"djII~~~~.I1BBl~* *1:!~~ Nf,!!lmj!{ 1 ~lI!iIfI-.~IlI• .\;:*<f,!!l ~ ~*~~~e\-.~~~:lJ::1 ~ 1 ,~lI!iIiii(~m*• .\i2 ~M::~l;:a:~~ ( Orderly Market Agreement) .. ~.~~.w.~~~.J.i~.lI!HtY! ~ J!Ij: 1 ~lI!iIfii!.JIlfl-• .J.iWi 1 ~-tJ-tJ lIrKm;: ~ ~."~.J.i~:lJ::1Wl ( u. S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals ) ~1lif'--.}L-~:lJ::1~~if::.~ .. ~.~.wJ,!!l@HI~ ft..J.i ~ :llfK1lI1lI,g::lJ::1~~-R.~~$(IlI~ GATT ~• • @.wJ,!!ll~!L~ft.-B:- ~ ~~Ic:'~\1lIQ!~$(IlI~!,l;:~ "1~:lJ::1 ,.1iii':lJ::1111... ~ ~~~~~~~."*~~f'--.GATTJ,!!lI!!!lI!Ii!.~~ • • o~~~Ic:'~\1lIQ!~ .. $(IlIIl1.~~~~~:lJ::1(~M::~S~~)* GATT -mIiH~~~ti ~.. gr. 0. J,!!lill.~.l~~~Ic:'.mj!{.~~. -$(IIIEfk~~.1I1. 1 ill.~. 0. 0. ~.J.i~tIt...... l1H1KIlI~ • • ~~ ( .$l~ltl~~~~.J.i~~~) ,. $(llImK~:l!III~.w~~ ,. ~~.J.i~\tlia ( .$l~**<11 $~~fai(.if::) ,. ~~lI!I~.~( ~~mj!{ GATT )~$(IlI~BI(~~.*.~~t&~ • • .w~!I4!l" ~~lii'~ga: I I!!!~.t! ~ga: ... t&J,!!lilllll~~~~.\-::l$11-K.~~it{ 1t.1lJ~:Wi.~$(IlI~~:l!IlI~~~*<.~1lJ~~fai(.$.~I!rE.-Ic:'*~ GAT T~~~+!l1@l4tI.if::~r<.DI!:) ~ 1<1IImj!{J(tt• • •t~t&m:~~fai(~~. C'-.~J,!!lI!!!~ft:~.t!~~. ~ ~.t:Ic:'~~.iJ(W1.l. .. :ll1K1II$• •~~~m:~~fai(_. J,!!li11.~.$l~ .. .11• •'k'• •~;t:lBtfai(~~M:: ~ {.ll0(*.~~.I!!!~:l!1lI~~{.ll1 WJ!,l;:;fi .. !iit• •~$1BtIl(~ ~~~~li\. ~. ~ m~. ~ Jame8 E. Millstein, "Decline in an Expanding Industry: Japanese Competition in Color Television,'" in John Zysman and Laura Ty8on, eds., American Industry in InterJUZtio1l41 Competition, (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University &ess, 1983), pp. 106-141. David B. loRie, Power " and Protectionism, pp. 215-221.. ... .~$iIi*•••~.il.

(16) inj. •• ~~. .~~. . ,~t;;5i~ ;~~_. ~. '". ~.~~e~. tlI\~~lI!iI~~1t:Ui!-R. '". j;. ~~. :,iiLiiiii.gj!!i!4lM_!ijjWS!M.'f•.~="Bt.~. ~o. '" mlii'~~I<IlI~. r \J:li.e J g~ffii! '". ;,'·--i- liiiliiu. ~.1111l1~~~aE. ,.:;;:~~~_~~""""f-~- _,_~_-:~-=-'7":-~~_. .e~. -1<1lI~m*,. .1lI~BIIHi4LI~. lI1$~ .~~. / ~lfEllIlm:it~.ilII-£H.~g~.,,*. ~H.llIg.~-R• • • ~~"~-R.gH.llIg.~.~it"'.l~IlI~~~~.~.~.g~-R~.~",@m~ ~_I<IlI~tJ;;:~~.g~-R llJ:-K ~~~ ( $~ I ~ 111 O.lit-~it) .~ '" m~~~~.u!IlI~~4:I;i~.et{i.~. (zero-sum game) '" *,~:;RU!-!r€1-'-~lii' '" -:iii~.~IlI~~4:I;i~*¥tlI\~aE. =. ~~-!r€~~.~-L1g:t:.iW-.. '". .~~.~. ~~.mK~.glll~~~ "@JellIllll~i! 1. =~\J:liagflQtlI\~aEg:;R~~*,gr~OO~ (prisoner's dilemma) , ~.~.~ 0. 0. 1lI~.J:a~*¥ii\~aE '" lS~lii'~4LI~ ~.$~~.11E '" 1<1lI4:1;i~.~~. '" '" .$!~mll!~.~~~:ll?di;~.~I<IlI~*4LI~g.~iW-.. 0. ~. ~.~~$i.~iW-.~.~gtH~. '". ~~f1t~~l1t:I(~'!I.fE:llJ. '". ~• • •ilIIiH.~g~~h. 0. 111iW. .~~~. -~.llI~Ni!g.~.~~gr~OO~g.~"'~~~~.u!IlI~~it~.r\J:li~jg • • "~~~~~W"~IlIl.~. h~~~aE. ,. ~~llIl$~\J:lia '" ~.4LI~~~lii'ilHl!fl~g. '". '". el~~m~ll'!1.*. '" ~~lii'~~. '" I<llIlS~lii'~~ilII-£H.~mK~.~.l. ~~lii'~iH1~g~I<IlI\!t~~• • 11~~m;-K.ii!1'i*it. 0. ~-L1~!!t¥.!Klhl~I<IlI~~• • • ~~1lI41l~. 0. ~~ '" ~.~**Nf~~g*~fE:~ .*<\J:li~~ ~. =. a. Duncan Snidal, '"The Limits of Hegemonic Stability," pp. 600--603.. ~ Ibid., pp. !lO4'-"'612.. Edward D. Mansfield, op. cit., passim.. :m® Duncan Snidai, "1nternational Cooperation among Relative Gains Maximizers," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 35, No.4, December. 1991, pp. 387 --402. ~ Duncan Snidal, "Relative Gains and the Pattern ofInternational Cooperation," American Political &ience Review, Vol. 85, No.3, September 1991 , pp. 701 -726. Michael Mastanduno, "Do Relative G.ains Matter?- International Security,Vol. 16, No.1, Summer 1991, pp. 73-113. Robert Axelrod, The Euolution of Cooperation (New York: Basic Books, 1984). Robert Axelrod and Robert O. Keohane, op. cit., pp.226-254. ~. m.

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