美國國會與貿易政策的制定

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(5) /. ~.~~~. ~~~. ~~~. -----.-.---:-::-.-----::-:--------------~-:------,-~---. 1(1(. Bretton Woods ) ~Ill ~ ~.*lE~~:lllKl~tllI~)l~l~*~~~~:!!~~g:~~ ~ ~. ~~~~~~. ,,~~~M!4l;j~g:~~+t1~llni\'r~~~~*.~ (. , m1t~ ,. rn*g:tr«$H.t::J:K[[1I:{~". 1 ~_\J. 1 lil-~~~~g:~~ ~ ~~:lllKl~J!I!;~.~1I:{~ ~ ~~~t=::~~lil-<m::+H=1rn. ~~~~*:~g:l!!*~~l@t~g: ,,~~{[! 1 ~H=10l:!Hl;:~*~~ ~ :lllK~g:~~~1I:{ti)~~~~~*' ~ ~l~g:W~Hi\~~~~$jg~. :lllK~. 1 ~< l1lil-~ 1 ~< H=1lil-:lllKl~lBIm;I!!~~~:l5i~~1E+<lI!~~. .lf£I ~. ~~:lllK~f:ll!l~.~1f!g1~~. ~ I:I(~€~.:ilI3!~ ~ ~*~. ~ ~~~_~~~~.tr. ~. ~~~\S:I~~~:lllKI~~~ ~ ~~~~:!!+t1~~~~~ "~1 ~_\J1(lil-~~~~*.*lEI·!:fh:(~ll~~ ~ ~~~1=:l5i~~ ,~*.j;ti ~~lll!!:~jtg:1'I5J~ ~ ~~~~g:~t£~~g:4l(m!rn. ,,@~~ ~11 ~ rn*~~~H~~~g: •. ~~:lllK~~~~*'.~~~.~~~~~~*~~~.g:~~~N+<~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~+<~~~v. industry) g:.~ ~ ~:lllK~:m~IH~~~. , ~~:m~H~* '~~~~!i!~:lllKl~~~~ ~ ~~~!i!~g:~. g:_~~I:I+t1.~~+<~" ~:tgIf~~~_~~~g:~~+t1~~~~f:ll!l~-K: ( intra-industry) ( §;.~~!1gll§:N_~ ~ ~~ ~~\:tli!i!.~*~f:ll!lN~1mI-) '*,~<41iii'_K:( intra firm) ( §r$'<41iii'mKtt<41iii'N~:m_~·) _~.g:~~ o~~rn*~~. .H~~~~ 1 ~'](Olil-~~-J';S~.lf£I ~ ~HE~~:m~~~~. ~:Il~~:m "1J1,!!J~1l~~~+~~~:lllK~1=~ ~ ~:lllK~g:.~t:!:ft:!:f~f:ll!l~ll§: (inter. ". ••. ~1J] ~ 1 ~111iS[lil-_~~~~~:m~~~~·aU~~ ~ ~~~~~~~1E~:m ~ ~.12~~~,~:m!iE~ 1 tm~:Il~~-K::m~. ~.lf£Ig:'lil§. "@:lllK~~~I:I( {qI:€~.~*~.. ••. 0. 0. 0. 0. @~{[!. 1. r -E-~* • •. ~~.~~.mli:m~~ ~ !iE~~~I:It:lm:g:~~*Nm:5?. il~~iI~¥!l!_:m~~.j;ti~.~~~~~ • • mlil!±:<4~ ~ ~.~~. ( Wilbur D. Mills ). ~*lE~.~• • • ~~ • • I~• • ~,,~~ • • r~~*_~ ~J • • ~~g:.~~~~~~~.+t1~:m~~ • • ~ D~~~ g:.~~~~~.~.Wlm~~~~.~~~.+<.~.a • • ~.~~~.~~~~~~~.g:~~~ • • .j;ti~*:_~.~~~~~~~~~~.:m*~o :lllK~~_K:~~g:.\S:I~.~ • • ~-~~~g:~~~.-~1 ~:lllK~~.~*+t1~~~g:* • • §r~+t1~_~~~:m* IJlll(." .j;ti~.~llJ!:~~*Il!Il(. ( Senate Finance Committee) ~ .j;ti·ItilHI~~~~~-<*Il!Il(. ( House Ways and Means * • • g:+t1iEg~~~~lI1{q1:!i!~:m~1111I. ~ ~~~~In(~{[!-m~~ ~~~ 1 ~H=1<lil-~ 1 ~_\JiS[lil-~.l:P~. Committee). .~~~~-<*IJlll(.+t1iEgg:*.~. ~_\J lllil-.lf£I ~ :lllK~~ • .lf£I~ 1 ~11~.t:lg:~¥!l!_ ~. t@ Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy ofInternational Relations, ( Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987 ) , pp. 131-170.. ~ Nigel Grimwade, International Trade: New Patterns of Trade. Production and Investment. ( New York: Routledge, 1989 ) . pp. 89-215.. ~ Nigel Grimwade, Ibid., pp. 274-348. Robert Gilpin, Op. cit, pp. 391-397.. :I@ J.M. Destler, Gp, cit.. pp. 62-69.. ~ Ibid., pp. 25-29.. r..

(6) ~~,. ... Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs. ~~~.~~~~~~~o~~~~~$~. .. ... ~~~Jo~~$~~~.~~~~.~~.~~~.~~~ ~~ ~ ~.j;tl.~f)(~~~:ill~rrm:.~J:?l~ ··~.~:ill$t~C~ ~i%< ~ W'1E-.~~Il!Il(.(. 0. 0. • •. .nDI(Nm!:jm,{~1f!li.taEiti. 0. ••. 1 ~111g(1!H~lJ(~;;fgtI4F!i~H~'lt ~. 0. rrg+t1taE~Im(1f!.lJII-ffif)(~:llii%<M ~ :R(Ii.i;.~5(Im(~~~+t1~. ~in~~~~~:illf)(~i%<~~.~~t!§{'r!;!:ill~\§1~~iti:lli+p{~. 0. 0. ~!HRrri%<';j!;!. , ~~:l:l1~. ~mIQ. Im(1i!HWl\\l!!!. @1IWl\\l!!!~~~:g:~~'f+1~. 0. .. ~§:~#f~~~~*,~~~tIgtP.-!~~~:ill. 1l!!Hl~~~i\("*I~tt$]g]!lj:(,<lWl~.'1E-~:lli1:Mt!~. :t:~1E-~~~:lliW~~~~1E-~~~$:t:~lIi~1:Mt!tlE:illW~llI&!-. ,. .lJII-ffif)(~~~~Ii!1riI.i2:~:W~ ·.N l:i[~i!n·..,f)(~~~+t1~:ill~~~ ~ ~*:lli. ~. 0. 1m(~.lJII-ffif)(~:lli~.l[l/;~~~&~~~:t::-£jm,{~:lli:'l;::~~=. (~Ii.i;.~*~.. o~~]!Ij:(,*.~Mc~~~*~1:m!~:lli~ • •nDI(l2=lf.*.lJII• •e:llirrg+t1 •. 0. Committee) , i%<~~~00A:1l!Il(. ( Government Operations Committee) , ~~~ • • (Agriculture Committee) , ~ .~~~Il!Il(. ( Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee) , ~~~~~Il!Il(. ( Energy and Commerce Committee ) tt ~~~$t~C ~ :l:tirnll ~ , (Banking,Housing,and Urban Affairs Committee) , ~*<~nmr. ( Foreign Relations Committee) tt ~ ~ #f~$f)(~:ill~¥:~~.~ ~ tl(]!Ij:(,mIQ$!~:ill~Il!Il(.~l2i;t:lf)(~i%<~~~~ I ( The Steel Caucus) , ~iHlEiti ( The Textile Causus) , 1\!~~1i!1riI ( The Mushroom. it. ~ ~. Caucus ) tt~if ~ llI&lfJjg::ill1:m!~'i!lh~·f)(~~~~. m:l1. 0. rrm:'~l2=*.lJII~Ii.i;..*~~~:ill~ • • :ill~~~' • • :lli~.~(rrg+t1~.~~),. :lli.~~E • .j;tl.f)(~i%<~~:ill~.~. • ~). 0. c1:m!~~$]!Ij:(,*~~~:ill~~i%<~. ~ ~~:illf)(~i%<~~.~-£ c1:Mt!~~e-<f)(~i%<~Ntr ~ ~:jDj(f~1t-~1t~M C~.fElm(~~~·f+1~:lli~~Ii!1riI.. ~~tP.-!~:lli+p{~o. m:l11 fE[~~~1E-~:ill#f~$i!!'lt~~~~~ ~. 1E-~ ~ ~S(1'Wl~1)1:Mt!~~~::g~~~+t1~:ill1 ~. ~~~~~+t1.:ill1:Mt!~J:?l~*~.H~ , .. ,...; ~.~~'f+1. '. ~~~:llif)(~i%<~~.~~lmgtL-. f)(~~~tl(]!Ij:(,*~~~-K:1E-~ ~ ~i;t:l5(jm,{~*~~~tIi!:ill~~+t1 •.. rr5 ~~~~:ill f)(~~~+t1.~41§~s(Wlli.;l2~ ~ lEl~~ ~. Roger H. Davidson, "Subcommittee Government: New Channels for Policy Making." in Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein ed., The New. ~. Cong-ess ( Washington, D.C.: American Institute, 1981 ) , pp. 99~133. ~ Robert Pastor, Op. cit., pp. 173~174. Pietro S. Nivola, "The New Protectionism: U.s. Trade Policy in Historcal Perspective," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 101, No.4, 1986, pp. 585 ~590. ~. ..:;:!}:,;;._. ,._. ...t.,.;_,,,:~.:.. ~. ,.:=..•. ",.,'. """A...... _:._7-.~·..; 0'. ", ___ ;. ~~-'~_"'" ._,:~:::,::::;::, '.:",. ;:. ~...-:::--._:-_'_. Helen V. Milner and David B. Yoffic, "Between Free Trade and Protectionism: Strategic Trade Policy and a Theory of Corporate Trade Demands," International O@nization, Vol. 43, No.2, Spring 1989, pp. 239~272,. .~.'"--",,,!!;". iilK~~.lliK~~~~~~i\I~{!:;!. _'_~:';"".,. .. -=" :::;::';0.

(7) ~. ib¢. •. .1. E'W. ~~~~~. ~~~. ~~~. ~~. ......... ~'. ,.'. ~",:fr,;;.:",.. '~-"",~'. -. -. -. ~. ...." "~""r"''""' ',,,.. :.•._"""'''''' .~...... ~~ •. ...-. .' ......,..... -~!"-'......--- .. -~ ... y''''/. 1". 1J1~~1!~1n~!IIf!i.:l§~ ~ ~~\!Il. '..,,.., ,,". 1 ~111g(J:!l-~*~~~$;;ee~~~1n ~. ""~-~~>..- ---. . .£.t,~""',,..,....aJp.-<1"'""':' <. . ... ~.Lj~~tn~f'-.n;~~iJ!1; ~ ~n;n;-K:~~~iJ!1;lEl.~. ~~~~~$;~.!itf*~*IH!i{1!W11\!Il.~* O@. ~~~m~~~o~~l~~tn~~~~f'-.~~~~\!Il$~~.~~~~~~!IIf!i~n;.~~.~~~~~;ee~~~~$;~~~. .~~~~~n; • • • ~~.~~~~~~.~.~~~.~ • • • Bo.~~$~~~~.m.~~$~~n;• • • *~ ~~~~1 0. 0. I. (Article XIX). 1. ~lIiDI]t:ttl~~.~~~~*. I ~ ~ ~t>!:l~~~. ·~~n;~~~m~im.:;t~t>!:l1l!J;!;!. n;~1:Jil![l!ilEl~ D~~.'illHE\:tJl{~I$~i!r ~ ~n;~~~~. o. ~~~1~~~1iI~~~~~~+~~~~. ~e~~~~!IIf!i~~. ~~~~~~~~.~.~~€~~~~~~~.~.~.Bo~~~~~~~~~~~J:!l-~~~~~~~ • •~\!Ill~*0 n;1:lil~!:!~~~ ~ .\11.~~.. ~~~~-K:.~~~.o~.~~.~n;~~~~ • •. ~~~~1~ 1 ~g(-tJltt-~~~~~.t:~~~~$l:~~n;.~ ~ 1 ~g«ltt-~4l@n~~~~t.t:~~~~lil. 0. 1 ~'1( l1J:!l-~~-m~~~ ~. 0. tH:-~~~~4b1~.:m1:Jil!~~~~m::PflJ\{Jl{~~~~I$~ ~ ~1$~:m~lEl~~n;.~. 0. ~~:t:n;~~~~~~~)g;t~~~~~~~-K: ~ n;.~~.~lW{;$~~~J;!;!~tr~~~~~~~I!r." 1 ~H=11 J:!l-~ r ~~ ~~~~m~ J ( The Trade Agreements Extension Act of 1951 ~ ~~~f$1 ~H=11 J:!l-~~J;!;!~) ~ '$J~~~:jnn~~-< ~n;~~~J;!;!~ ~-m~~~~,*lEl~~~~.~~:t:n;~~ D~~~W:~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ( cause or threaten to cause ) ~~n;1:Jil![l!i~~~I$~ ~ im.:~1:lil[lg~.~~~~1mt*~. 11\!Il$-m~~~m:: ~ ~n;~::.:~ulj)gf1r!w.J~~n;~W:{aHllW~ ~~~ ("contributed substantially") ~ "k:~f1r!EIE~~~~1 n;.~mj~~mt*~.1:Jil!~~~\{Jl{I$~~.i!i ~ tEn;~~~ ~ • • ~.~~~.i!i-K:~.!IIf!i~.~~~.o ~f'-. I ~K l1J:!l-~ r ~~.~J;!;!~ J (The Trade Expansion Act of 1962 ~ ~~l!Ef$1 ~K 11ltt-~~-m~) ~ n;.~ 1 ~H=11 J:!l-~~J;!;!~~~~+(1iW~ ~ lEl~;t~~~~4b1mt*,~.~.fl-ft1ni! ~ ~~tE1mI ~ 1 ';:::::1( l1J:!l-~~-m~!IIf!iiS~~€ ~. 0. D:m~~or~lElJ(~a~r ~u~")~.~.~r~~~~~.~~lEl~w.J*.~~~~lElJ o~:t:~~~~D~~~. .!JI[-m~~~. ~lEl~~~~*.!JI[~n;~~~.Lj~.~( 1~H=11J:!l-.~J;!;!~~~iSliW-~O~~~~~!IIf!ir~~J.r~$J*.!JI[~n;~. ~~.Lj~.~) o~D.~~~~~!IIf!i• • .Lj~~~~~~W:~~~~~~.~o~!IIf!i~l~l§~n;• • ~f'-.1:lil~~.~~. 0. 0. 1 ~1( l1J:!l-~~J;!;!~!IIf!i 1 ~111g(J:!l-~*'l+1~~~-J;lg~tr • .!JI[-m~ ~!IIf!i~f'-.1 ~-\Jg(J:!l-lEl~.Lj~~~~~jllH~\ 1 ~-\Jg(J:!l-~~J;!;!~ ( The Trade Act of 1974 ) ~~ ~ -ffi-~~~ ~ n;.~~~~~J;!;!~i!r ~ ~$l:~€.~~.~.. ~.tE1111I ~. ~.~ • •i!io. ~. ~. David B. Yoffie, HAmerican Trade Policy: An Obsolete Bargain?H in John E. Chubb and Paul E. Peterson. oos., Can The Government Govern? ( Washington, D. C. : The Brookings Institute, 1989 ) • pp. 125-131.. .........

(8) If'. 'II"""'". ~~~.~1:Ilt!~ ~ J:I(~~l§\~ Cl.mI!('!\91~.$Bll$~~. ... -~.~.~g~. ~~~~.~o. r "~!!!lHE[ J. ("substantical cause"). ~<gr.tlt-g{~ll(~*~~-mi{f( The Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 ~ ~f-'-~~ 1 ~. 0. te. r $Bll~~!E! J ffiiHJ~~~ r. gr.tlt-~~-mi{f) ~.~~ 1. ~K~.l~~."~~~~J o~Cl.g.~~~~~.~.~~~.~-~Cl.g.~~~mI!(S.g,~~~mI!(~.g. i$:r-.l. ~~~~~.~~~ •• ~~~.~~g~.~~~~~~ •• ~.~S~.g~~o. $(~*~~g1:::1-mmt-~ 1 ~O~.tlt-1ili~r-. ~ ~~*~~g~*1:::1-m~~~~ 1. ~ 1 ~1110~ 1 ~-tJgrltt ~ *~~1:::1-m • .tl1~~~g~Sl( ~ ili~ft1nlt~!il~g~~. ~. 0. *~~o~~~~~.~tr~~~~~~~~~~~~g~~~~~~~.g~~~*~_~*~o~Cl~~~~~~. 0. ~ng$~ ~ ~*~~~~~fE*g~~~M. IliO.tlt-g r ~.aa-.*,JI1-mi{f J. ~KW*~~g~*~~~.~€~~~~g~~o~i$:r-.l~-tJgr.tlt-g~~~i{f~~.1ili~~~~~~~~~.~~~g. .tlt-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~$~*~~~~.~~~.~€~~~~~~o~1ili~i{f~~r-.W*~~~~~g. 0. il~~~~~i{f.*.~~~~f-'-g\l!Bll~~~ ~ ~~ •• ~~i$:~~g~~. 0. QM;~~~ i$:r-. 1 ~-tJ~.tlt-g~~~~-mi{f (The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 ~ ~f-'-~~ 1 ~-tJ~.tlt-~~-mi{f) ~~. ~~~r-.*~~$~g~~~~~4u~~*~~m~~g~~~o~~~tr~~~~~~~~~ ••~I~~~~~~~~ Cl••••*~~~~~r-.r ••~~J~~~$~*.~o~.~~~.mI!(~~.~~~~(.~~~.~g.~)~~ .~~ ~ r •• ~~ J gt~~~~E~~ ( IJ(JDl..\ r ~mI!(~~ll\Ig J ' r ~mI!(~~.g J ' ~ r ~mI!(~l\BlII~ J g!!;~.l!tml!( •• .........~*~~~g~I:!.~ .'C'5~~~. ~~). ~~~~ ••~~mI!(l(tI~••~~gJm~~~rra: ~ ~l!t••~~~1:::1 ~ ~$~*.~ ··M*.~g~*~*~~~~~g~~. ft.i$:*~QM;~g~~ft~K~*g~.~~,~.~g~.~~~~,~~~~~~(~~~.~.~~~~) o~. l~<gr.tlt-~~-mi{f~~l~~~r-.r~~~~J~1ili~~~.~JDl..\~~~~Cl.~~*~~.~~~~JDl..\~~~*. 0. -0. $(~.~~.~ ~ r ••~~ J 1ili:l:l1J~1:::1 ~~~.~~~~$'lttIJ(~Cll1+k=l.$(1~g~~i$:$(~ ~ ~~K~~~~O~ ~~~~l!t~~ •• $(~~.~~••E.o=~*r~.~~J~~~~.~.~~l.~Cl~~~ ••• ~~~~i$:~ ~~~ ~ ~l!t~~~ Cl ngg~~ o!@ 1 ~ < < .tlt-g~41J~~~~'iffl.-R~~ ( The Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act ) ~~.~g~~::tti ~~ ~ l!~~g ~I:!~.~ @. of 1988 ~ ~ f-'-~~ I ~ < < .tlt-~~-mi{f. ~. ". ,.. .-~-". -. -. '... .,-. -,'''~-~'. ~". ,'--=---. ~~t:;"."""',,:,""'h,."'-.. Kf'Z. ,,:.::. ---"~'v f.m$R4i'''';. ". ~ I,H@$~Ui:I~~$~B1lDIltHM::" ~l!LII@J:g[" r iIlKli1lli1l@=:~~III11(.:g;fliili!{~~lIa: J ,,:g:.iK~~" ~1110;jjt;l" ~E!llif" uKli1l<OllrE!lm::" \!I&:1I10-ill11 ' ~ Pietro S. Nivola, "Trade Policy: Refereeing the Playing Field," in Thomas E. Mann, ed., A Question a f Balance. (Washington, D.C. : The Brookings Institution, 1990) • pp. 234. Ibid. Ibid" p. 239.. ~ ~. __ e~. "-'~'.'--'"~", ·".-.... ,,""',~:::::::-A:..". ~ .~. :l!IK!it!it..llt!ittrf/!Jl(~l!'ftlB;N~{1:.!. ftwme-'·w""te..;.·, ~~. 'o"tt.

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(10) ~1.m+~~~ • • ~ • • -~• •~.*m.~~*H~.~~~.-~ • • ~~ • • ~.~~ • • o.~W* • • •. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*.~. r $~~~ J. (fast- track procedures) ~€~~.~~~~~~~.~.\IJl:1~~~~~~~~. 0. 0. . 1 ~-\:lm.lit~~. 4tl~~~~~~. o ~~]3g~~~~r-P\~ - ~~i;tl. • •#P~~~~t~~1Ili - ~~~~W~+H<-K:~Ifi11E~{P.;!ml1t~~fti>( - ~tIIj~:/it~~ti:!~~P-:l~ 11l!~!.. ~~~~-B~~~~~Ifi1~ • • ~~*"~~~~~~{p';!~~~~ -1J1,!iJ±! I ~K 11.lit~~1;l;1~~~{P.;!P>(lWt-~11. r ~Illi.~ng:~i1<~ J. ~~~5(t-:I(~~~~{P.;!.~.t:~~t!!~lit$jglfi1~~~~{p';! ~ ~l!!!~~~i;tl. 1 ~<111.lit1!1K~~1nI!1;l;1~. ( Immigration and Natiuralization Service v. Chadha) I ~~~~ff- -If{p';!~1Ili~~~~.. 4tl ! ~<m.lit~~1;l;1~ -. 1;l;1~~tIIji;tl.~~~~~t-~~~~~.~-~~~~~~ • • ~~~~-~~~~.~~~~~~~.~~~.~o ~. 0. resolution) _ ~.flr~:&:i~{p';! - ~~~~~~.~~i!l!lt.~~. 0. ~~~12~. ~~~.{P.;!~.o]3g~i;tl.l~<m.lit~~~~ff--~~.{P.;!-~~~~~~~.~~.~~~~S • • • ~.-~M~~~ ~ _ ~.~~~t;IWI~~~:8(IT£:~.~ (pint. 0. ~~lit~ - ~~12~~~m I ~,J( 11.lit~~ - ~~i;tl.~\lBlIl~~~1;l;1~tr - .:/it~\lBlIl~~~~41l~~~~~~ '~~111tr-N - 1iit. ~~~~:&:i:8(IT£:~.~ - ~l!!!1Ili~~~~~~11l~-Nl1~~~~"k'~:!i!:Hm~~~~~ - *1~IT£:~.~"k'~~~. ~. ~~~~:&:i~~ • • ~{p.;!.~m.~€~.~.o. \\\ ~ ~. ~~~~.t::&:i~~• • ~{p';!.~~~ 1 ~11Im.lit~~~1;l;1~. ~~~~~m-m~~~~.*1.12IT£:1Ili~i;tl. - ~~411~~ ~. ... ~~~m:&:i.~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~-K:.~~~~~lit~5(1Ili-~~~• • ~{P.;!.~m~~m.~§··~~.~. 0. cit., pp. 139-140.. 0. -tll. ~~~~.~~. - ~~~~fti>(~.*1.~f.ml~~-R - DI~~~ll!l ",~~~~~~~~~~7;lg~~~ - ~~*~.~ ~~ .~~~.~:&:i~.~~ - ~l!t:J!~~~fti>(~DI~~~.*1.~-R In,!iJI!Il~~~f*-N~ r z.t:.'M:&:i~. J (administered protection ) ®~~f*-N~ r ~~tt!:&:i~. J (process protection) ~~.t:.~~~~~~1E~:&:iSl;!llO.llg1li~~* - lE[~ ~~~t-~~.z.t:~.*1.:&:iii\j.. up.. Rugman and Anderson, up. cit., pp. 1-5.. ~. ~. :!l;!® LM. Destler,. i!IK!II!II./1lI(!II~~~~.-N~{l!;1.

(11)