目標設定與同儕比較對兒童自我效能及除法學習表現之影響

全文

(1) . . . . . . . [. . . .

(2) . . . . . . %DQGXUD. %DQGXUDE=LPPHUPDQ 0DUWLQH]3RQV. +RP 0XUSK\ 6FKXQN =LPPHUPDQ %DQGXUD 0DUWLQH]3RQV. /RFNH. /RFNH6KDZ6DUUL /DWKDP. OHDUQHUV. VHOIUHJXODWHG . . =LPPHUPDQ%DQGXUD 0DUWLQH]3RQV. %DQGXUD. 6FKXQN6FKXQND. %DQGXUD E /DWKDP <XNO/RFNH/RFNHHWDO6FKXQN *DD . VSHFLILFLW\. SUR[LPLW\. GLIILFXOW\OHYHO . 6FKXQN. .

(3) . 6FKXQN E 6FKXQN. %DQGXUDDQG6FKXQN . 6FKXQN *DD. . /RFNH HW DO . PDVWHU\JRDO YV . SHUIRUPDQFHJRDO. . DFKLHYHPHQWJRDO $PHV $UFKHU 'ZHFN (OOLRW (OOLRW 'ZHFN. +DUDFNLHZLF] %DUURQ 3LQWULFK (OOLRW 7KUDVK .DSODQ 0LGGOHWRQ 0LGJHOH\.DSODQ 0LGGOHWRQ1LFKROOV (OOLRW 3LQWULFK 6FKXQN:HLQHU. ². VRFLDO.

(4) . . FRJQLWLYHIUDPHZRUN. WDVN $PHV . 'ZHFN $PHV . 0LGJOH\ HW DO . 1LFKROOV. . 'ZHFN. $PHV0DHKU. $PHV $PHV %XWOHU &RYLQJWRQ 6KLK $OH[DQGHU. . VHOIVHWJRDOV YV WHDFKHUDVVLJQHGJRDOV . /RFNH &DUWOHGJH /RFNH6WHHUV. . /RFNH HW DO 0HQWR.

(5) . 3XUGLH +DWWLH %DOODUG &ODQFK\%UDGOH\ %UDGOH\6DPXHORZLF]. %DQGXUD D %DQGXUD . %DQGXUD . . 9HURII.

(6) . . 5XEOH %RJJLDQR )HOGPDQ /RHEO 5XEOH)HOGPDQ %RJJLDQR. . 0DVWHUV. %DQGXUD . . . . . .

(7) . . . . . . 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLORI7HDFKHUVRI0DWKHPDWLFV¶ 1&70 &XUULFXOXPDQG(YDOXDWLRQ6WDQGDUGV IRU6FKRRO0DWKHPDWLFV 1&70

(8) . . · ·.

(9) .

(10) . . . . . %DQGXUD DQG 6FKXQN . %DQGXUDDQG6FKXQN %DQGXUD DQG 6FKXQN . SDUDOOHOIRUPV U . . WKLQNDORXG 0HLFKHQEDXP.

(11) . . . FRJQLWLYH PRGHOLQJ. PRGHO 6FKXQN. . . . . . .

(12) . . . . . . . . . . . .

(13) . . BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0 6' 0 6' . 1 Q . . . . . . BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB 0 0 . 1 Q . . . . .LUN . . . . .

(14) . . . 66 GI 06 ) $

(15) %

(16) . $;% S . >)

(17) S@ . VLPSOHPDLQHIIHFW $GMXVWHG0 . $GMXVWHG0 . . 66 GI 06 ) . . . S.

(18) . ·± ¶± µ± ´± ³± ²± ±. . . $GMXVWHG0 . $GMXVWHG0 . . $GMXVWHG0 . . $GMXVWHG0 .

(19) . . ². YV. ². . . +DUDFNLHZLF] HW DO 3LQWULFK 6KLK $OH[DQGHU ;LDQJ /HH 6ROPRQ. 3LQWULFK ². ². ². ² +DUDFNLHZLF] HW DO . ².

(20) . . . .

(21) . . . . .DLO %LVDQ] . . VHOIUHSRUW.

(22) . 6FKXQND. . . . $PHV &

(23) &RPSHWLWLYH FRRSHUDWLYH DQG LQGLYLGXDOLVWLF JRDO VWUXFWXUH $ FRJQLWLYHPRWLYDWLRQDODQDO\VLV,Q&$PHV 5$PHV (GV

(24) 5HVHDUFKRQPRWLYDWLRQLQ HGXFDWLRQ 9ROSS

(25) 1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF $PHV &

(26) &ODVVURRPV *RDOV VWUXFWXUHV DQG VWXGHQW PRWLYDWLRQ -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ $PHV& $PHV5

(27) &RPSHWLWLYHDQGLQGLYLGXDOLVWLFJRDOVWUXFWXUHV7KHVDOLHQFHRI SDVW SHUIRUPDQFH LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU FDXVDO DWWULEXWLRQV DQG DIIHFW -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJ\ $PHV & $UFKHU -

(28) 0RWKHUV¶ EHOLHIV DERXW WKH UROH RI DELOLW\ DQG HIIRUW LQ VFKRRO OHDUQLQJ-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ $PHV & $UFKHU -

(29) $FKLHYHPHQW JRDOV LQ WKH FODVVURRP 6WXGHQWV¶ OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHVDQGPRWLYDWLRQSURFHVVHV-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ %DOODUG % &ODQFK\ -

(30) 6WXG\ DEURDG $ PDQXDO IRU $VLDQ VWXGHQWV 0HOERXUQH $XVWUDOLD/RQJPDQ %DQGXUD $ D

(31) 6HOIHIILFDF\ 7RZDUG D XQLI\LQJ WKHRU\ RI EHKDYLRUDO FKDQJH.

(32) . . 3V\FKRORJLFDO5HYLHZ %DQGXUD$ E

(33) 6RFLDOOHDUQLQJWKHRU\(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-3UHQWLFH+DOO %DQGXUD$

(34) 6HOIUHIHUHQWWKRXJKW$GHYHORSPHQWDODQDO\VLVRIVHOIHIILFDF\ ,Q-+ )ODYHOO /5RVV (GV

(35) 6RFLDOFRJQLWLYHGHYHORSPHQW)URQWLHUVDQGSRVVLEOHIXWXUH SS

(36) &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %DQGXUD $

(37) 6HOIHIILFDF\ PHFKDQLVP LQ KXPDQ DJHQF\ $PHULFDQ 3V\FKRORJLVW %DQGXUD $

(38) 6RFLDO IRXQGDWLRQV RI WKRXJKW DQG DFWLRQ $ VRFLDO FRJQLWLYH WKHRU\ (QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-3UHQWLFH+DOO %DQGXUD $ 6FKXQN ' +

(39) &XOWLYDWLQJ FRPSHWHQFH VHOIHIILFDF\ DQG LQWULQVLF LQWHUHVWWKURXJKSUR[LPDOVHOIPRWLYDWLRQ-RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\

(40) %UDGOH\ ' %UDGOH\ 0

(41) 3UREOHPV RI $VLDQ VWXGHQWV LQ $XVWUDOLD /DQJXDJH FXOWXUHDQGHGXFDWLRQ&DQEHUUD$XVWUDOLDQ*RYHUQPHQW3XEOLVKLQJ6HUYLFH %XWOHU 5

(42) 7DVNLQYROYLQJ DQG HJRLQYROYLQJ SURSHUWLHV RI HYDOXDWLRQ (IIHFWV RI GLIIHUHQW IHHGEDFN FRQGLWLRQV RQ PRWLYDWLRQDO SHUFHSWLRQV LQWHUHVW DQG SHUIRUPDQFH -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ &RYLQJWRQ09

(43) 7KHPRWLYHIRUVHOIZRUWK,Q5$PHV &$PHV (GV

(44) 5HVHDUFK RQ PRWLYDWLRQ LQ HGXFDWLRQ 6WXGHQW PRWLYDWLRQ 9RO SS

(45) 1HZ <RUN $FDGHPLF3UHVV 'ZHFN & 6

(46) 0RWLYDWLRQDO SURFHVVHV DIIHFWLQJ OHDUQLQJ $PHULFDQ 3V\FKRORJLVW (OOLRW $-

(47) $SSURDFKDQGDYRLGDQFH PRWLYDWLRQDQGDFKLHYHPHQW JRDOV (GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJLVW (OOLRW ( 6 'ZHFN & 6

(48) *RDOV $Q DSSURDFK WR PRWLYDWLRQ DQG DFKLHYHPHQW -RXUQDORI3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\ +DUDFNLHZLF] - 0 %DUURQ . ( 3LQWULFK 3 5 (OOLRW $ - 7KUDVK 7 0

(49) 5HYLVLRQRIDFKLHYHPHQWJRDOWKHRU\1HFHVVDU\DQGLOOXPLQDWLQJ-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJ\ +RP+/ 0XUSK\0'

(50) /RZQHHGDFKLHYHUV¶SHUIRUPDQFH7KHSRVLWLYHLPSDFW RIDVHOIGHWHUPLQHGJRDO3HUVRQDOLW\DQG6RFLDO3V\FKRORJ\%XOOHWLQ .DLO 5 9 %LVDQ] -

(51) &RJQLWLYH VWUDWHJLHV ,Q & 5 3XII (G

(52) +DQGERRN RI UHVHDUFKPHWKRGVLQKXPDQPHPRU\DQGFRJQLWLRQ1HZ<RUN$FDGHPLF3UHVV .DSODQ$ 0LGGOHWRQ0-

(53) 6KRXOGFKLOGKRRGEHDMRXUQH\RUDUDFH"5HVSRQVHWR +DUDFNLHZLF]HWDO

(54) -RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ .LUN5(

(55) ([SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQ3URFHGXUHVIRUWKHEHKDYLRUDOVFLHQFH%HOPRQW&$ %URRNV&ROH.

(56) . /DWKDP*3 <XNO*$

(57) $UHYLHZRIUHVHDUFKRQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIJRDOVHWWLQJLQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ$FDGHP\RI0DQDJHPHQW-RXUQDO /RFNH ( $

(58) 7RZDUG D WKHRU\ RI WDVN PRWLYDWLRQ DQG LQFHQWLYHV 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO %HKDYLRUDQG+XPDQ3HUIRUPDQFH /RFNH ( $ 6KDZ . 1 6DDUL / 0 /DWKDP * 3

(59) *RDO VHWWLQJ DQG WDVN SHUIRUPDQFH3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ 0DHKU0/

(60) 0HDQLQJDQGPRWLYDWLRQ7RZDUGDWKHRU\RISHUVRQDOLQYHVWPHQW,Q5 $PHV & $PHV (GV

(61) 5HVHDUFK RQ PRWLYDWLRQ LQ HGXFDWLRQ 9RO SS

(62) 6DQ 'LHJR&$$FDGHPLF3UHVV 0DHKU0/

(63) 7KRXJKWVDERXWPRWLYDWLRQ,Q&$PHV 5$PHV (GV

(64) 5HVHDUFKRQ PRWLYDWLRQ LQ HGXFDWLRQ *RDOV DQG FRJQLWLRQV 9RO SS

(65) 1HZ <RUN $FDGHPLF 0DVWHUV-&

(66) 6RFLDOFRPSDULVRQE\\RXQJFKLOGUHQ<RXQJ&KLOGUHQ 0HLFKHQEDXP '

(67) &RJQLWLYH EHKDYLRU PRGLILFDWLRQ $Q LQWHJUDWLYH DSSURDFK 1HZ <RUN3OHQXP3UHVV 0HQWR$-&DUWOHGJH1' /RFNH($

(68) 0DU\ODQGYV0LFKLJDQYV0LQQHVRWD $QRWKHU ORRN DW WKH UHODWLRQVKLS RI H[SHFWDQF\ DQG JRDO GLIILFXOW\ WR WDVN SHUIRUPDQFH 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO%HKDYLRUDQG+XPDQ3HUIRUPDQFH 0LGJOH\ & .DSODQ $ 0LGGOHWRQ 0 -

(69) 3HUIRUPDQFHDSSURDFK JRDOV *RRG IRU ZKDW IRU ZKRP XQGHU ZKDW FLUFXPVWDQFHV DQG DW ZKDW FRVW" -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJ\ 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO RI 7HDFKHUV RI 0DWKHPDWLFV

(70) &XUULFXOXP DQG HYDOXDWLRQ VWDQGDUGV IRUVFKRROPDWKHPDWLFV5HVWRQ9$$XWKRU 1LFKROOV-*

(71) 4XDOLW\DQGHTXDOLW\LQLQWHOOHFWXDOGHYHORSPHQW7KHUROHRIPRWLYDWLRQ LQHGXFDWLRQ$PHULFDQ3V\FKRORJLVW 1LFKROOV-*

(72) $FKLHYHPHQWPRWLYDWLRQ&RQFHSWLRQVRIDELOLW\VXEMHFWLYHH[SHULHQFH WDVNFKRLFHDQGSHUIRUPDQFH3V\FKRORJLFDO5HYLHZ 1LFKROOV - *

(73) 7KH FRPSHWLWLYH HWKRV DQG GHPRFUDWLF HGXFDWLRQ &DPEULGJH 0$ +DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3LQWULFK 3 5

(74) 0XOWLSOH JRDOV PXOWLSOH SDWKZD\V 7KH UROH RI JRDO RULHQWDWLRQ ,Q OHDUQLQJDQGDFKLHYHPHQW-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ 3LQWULFK 3 5 6FKXQN ' +

(75) 0RWLYDWLRQ LQ HGXFDWLRQ 7KHRU\ UHVHDUFK DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-3UHQWLFH+DOO 3XUGLH 1 +DWWLH -

(76) &XOWXUDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ WKH XVH RI VWUDWHJLHV IRU VHOIUHJXODWHG OHDUQLQJ$PHULFDQ(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO 5XEOH'1%RJJLDQR$.)HOGPDQ16 /RHEO-+

(77) 'HYHORSPHQWDODQDO\VLV RI WKH UROH RI VRFLDO FRPSDULVRQ LQ VHOIHYDOXDWLRQ 'HYHORSPHQWDO 3V\FKRORJ\ .

(78) . . 5XEOH ' 1 )HOGPDQ 1 6 %RJJLDQR $ .

(79) 6RFLDO FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ \RXQJ FKLOGUHQLQDFKLHYHPHQWVLWXDWLRQV'HYHORSPHQWDO3V\FKRORJ\ 6DPXHORZLF].

(80) /HDUQLQJSUREOHPVRIRYHUVHDVVWXGHQWV7ZRVLGHVRIDVWRU\+LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW 6FKXQN ' + D

(81) 'HYHORSLQJ FKLOGUHQ¶V VHOIHIILFDF\ DQG VNLOOV 7KH UROHV RI VRFLDO FRPSDUDWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG JRDO VHWWLQJ &RQWHPSRUDU\ (GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJ\ 6FKXQN ' + E

(82) *RDO GLIILFXOW\ DQG DWWDLQPHQW LQIRUPDWLRQ (IIHFWV RQ FKLOGUHQ¶V DFKLHYHPHQWEHKDYLRUV+XPDQ/HDUQLQJ 6FKXQN ' +

(83) 6HOIHIILFDF\ SHUVSHFWLYH RQ DFKLHYHPHQW EHKDYLRU (GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJLVW

(84) 6FKXQN ' +

(85) 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ LQ JRDO VHWWLQJ (IIHFWV RQ VHOIHIILFDF\ DQG VNLOOV RI OHDUQLQJGLVDEOHGFKLOGUHQ-RXUQDORI6SHFLDO(GXFDWLRQ 6FKXQN ' +

(86) *RDO VHWWLQJ DQG VHOIHIILFDF\ GXULQJ VHOIUHJXODWHG OHDUQLQJ (GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJLVW

(87) 6FKXQN'+

(88) /HDUQLQJWKHRULHV$QHGXFDWLRQDOSHUVSHFWLYH1HZ<RUN0DFPLOODQ 6FKXQN ' +

(89) 7HDFKLQJ HOHPHQWDU\ VWXGHQWV WR VHOIUHJXODWH SUDFWLFH RI PDWKHPDWLFDO VNLOOVZLWKPRGHOLQJ,Q'+6FKXQN %-=LPPHUPDQ (GV

(90) 6HOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJ )URPWHDFKLQJWRVHOIUHIOHFWLYHSUDFWLFH SS

(91) 1HZ<RUN*XLOIRUG 6FKXQN ' + *DD - 3

(92) *RDOVHWWLQJ LQIOXHQFH RQ OHDUQLQJ DQG VHOIHYDOXDWLRQ -RXUQDORI&ODVVURRP,QWHUDFWLRQ 6KLK 6 $OH[DQGHU - 0

(93) ,QWHUDFWLQJ HIIHFWV RI JRDO VHWWLQJ DQG VHOI RU RWKHUUHIHUHQFHG IHHGEDFN RQ FKLOGUHQ¶V GHYHORSPHQW RI VHOIHIILFDF\ DQG FRJQLWLYH VNLOO ZLWKLQWKH7DLZDQHVHFODVVURRP-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ 6WHHUV 5 0

(94) 7DVNJRDO DWWULEXWHV DFKLHYHPHQW DQG VXSHUYLVRU\ SHUIRUPDQFH 2UJDQL]DWLRQDO%HKDYLRUDQG+XPDQ3HUIRUPDQFH 9HURII-

(95) 6RFLDOFRPSDULVRQDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDFKLHYHPHQWPRWLYDWLRQ,Q&3 6PLWK (G

(96) $FKLHYHPHQWUHODWHG PRWLYHV LQ FKLOGUHQ 1HZ <RUN 5XVVHOO 6DJH )RXQGDWLRQ :HLQHU %

(97) +LVWRU\ RI PRWLYDWLRQDO UHVHDUFK LQ HGXFDWLRQ -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO 3V\FKRORJ\ ;LDQJ3/HH$0 6ROPRQ0$

(98) $FKLHYHPHQWJRDODQGWKHLUFRUUHODWHVDPRQJ $PHULFDQ DQG &KLQHVH VWXGHQWV LQ SK\VLFDO HGXFDWLRQ -RXUQDO RI &URVV&XOWXUDO 3V\FKRORJ\

(99) =LPPHUPDQ % - %DQGXUD $ 0DUWLQH]3RQV 0

(100) 6HOIPRWLYDWLRQ IRU DFDGHPLF DFKLHYHPHQW 7KH UROH RI VHOIHIILFDF\ EHOLHIV DQG SHUVRQDO JRDO VHWWLQJ $PHULFDQ.

(101) . (GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO =LPPHUPDQ % - 0DUWLQH]3RQV 0

(102) 'HYHORSPHQW RI D VWUXFWXUHG LQWHUYLHZ IRU DVVHVVLQJ VWXGHQW XVH RI VHOIUHJXODWHG OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV $PHULFDQ (GXFDWLRQDO 5HVHDUFK-RXUQDO =LPPHUPDQ % - 0DUWLQH]3RQV 0

(103) &RQVWUXFW YDOLGDWLRQ RI D VWUDWHJ\ PRGHO RI VWXGHQWVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJ-RXUQDORI(GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ =LPPHUPDQ%- 0DUWLQH]3RQV0

(104) 6WXGHQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQVHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJ 5HODWLQJ JUDGH VH[ DQG JLIWHGQHVV WR VHOIHIILFDF\ DQG VWUDWHJ\ XVH -RXUQDO RI (GXFDWLRQDO3V\FKRORJ\ =LPPHUPDQ%- 0DUWLQH]3RQV0

(105) 3HUFHSWLRQVRIHIILFDF\DQGVWUDWHJ\XVHLQWKH VHOIUHJXODWLRQRIOHDUQLQJ,Q'+6FKXQN -/0HHFH (GV

(106) 6WXGHQWSHUFHSWLRQVLQ WKHFODVVURRP SS

(107) +LOOVGDOH1-(UOEDXP.

(108) . . -RXUQDORI1DWLRQDO7DLSHL7HDFKHUV&ROOHJH9RO1R 6HS

(109) a 1$7,21$/7$,3(,7($&+(56&2//(*(. *RDO6HWWLQJDQG6RFLDO&RPSDUDWLYH ,QIRUPDWLRQ(IIHFWVRQ&KLOGUHQ¶V 6HOI(IILFDF\DQG$FDGHPLF3HUIRUPDQFH 6KXVKHQ6KLK . $%675$&7 7KLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGKRZJRDOVHWWLQJDQGVRFLDOFRPSDUDWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQDIIHFW FKLOGUHQ¶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¶V VNLOO GHYHORSPHQW ZHUH H[SORUHG 0RUHRYHU HIIHFWLYHVWUDWHJLHVWKDWPD\EHXVHGWRIDFLOLWDWHVWXGHQWV¶VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJZHUH GLVFXVVHGDVZHOO .H\ZRUGV. *RDOVHWWLQJ6RFLDOFRPSDULVRQ6HOIHIILFDF\6HOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJ. . 6KXVKHQ6KLK$VVLVWDQW3URIHVVRU&HQWHURI7HDFKHU(GXFDWLRQ1DWLRQDO&KHQJFKL 8QLYHUVLW\.

(110)