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繪本教學活動在提昇國小學習障礙學生注意力實施成效之研究

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Department of Special Education

National Taichung University of Education

Master Thesis

The Effects of Picture Book Instruction on Attention for Students with Learning

Disabilities in Elementary School

Pei-i Wei

Advisor

Jung-Chao Hung

, Ph. D

100 6

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C

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The Effects of Picture Book Instruction on Attention for Students with

The Effects of Picture Book Instruction on Attention for Students with

The Effects of Picture Book Instruction on Attention for Students with

The Effects of Picture Book Instruction on Attention for Students with

Learning Disabilities in Elementary School

Learning Disabilities in Elementary School

Learning Disabilities in Elementary School

Learning Disabilities in Elementary School

Abstract Abstract Abstract

Abstract

This main purpose of this study is to explore using the instruction of picture book to improve attention of students with learning disabilities in elementary school. The subjects were three elementary school students with learning disabilities from the resources classroom in Taichung City. This study conducted an experiment with multiple baseline across-subjects and

multiple-probe designs of single subject research approach, and analyzed the treatment to verify its effects. The study was conducted through three stages: baseline, intervention, and maintenance, and data was collected and analyzed by using visual analysis. The research discussed the immediate effect and post-learning retainable effect of the three subjects in attention. In order to improve attention behaviors of students, the instruction was conducted through four stages: attention, focus, attention training, and calculation of attention. The results of this study were summarized as follows:

1.effects of the picture book instruction could improve subjects attention immediately.

饋. effects of the picture book instruction could maintain subjects attention.

3.parents and teachers were satisfied with the picture book instruction and enhanced the effectiveness on a positive view.

Finally,suggestions for teaching and future studies, based on the results of this research are discussed.

Keywords: picture book instruction, learning disabilities, attention, resources classroom

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1 3 4 4 6 1饋 16 饋1 饋5 饋7 30 34 37 51 55

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59 60 63 69 70 70 71 7饋 73 74

3-1 饋1 3-饋 饋1 3-3 饋3 3-4 33 4-1 38

3-1 饋6 3-饋 饋9 4-1 39

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4-饋 40 4-3 41 4-4 4饋 4-5 43 4-6 43 4-7 45 4-8 47 4-9 C 48 4-10 C 48 4-11 C 49 4-1饋 C 50 4-13 51 4-14 5饋 4-15 53

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:

( 饋006) ( 饋009 饋00饋 Miranda,Soriano, & Melia,饋008) ( 饋010) (饋004) (饋010) 饋006 (饋009) (饋004)

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( 饋008) FDI (PSI) ( 饋00饋 Dudley-Maerling,1981) (1994) (饋000) (饋000) (饋00饋) (1986) (1997) (1999) (饋005) Krupski(1986) Kirk (饋000) (饋00饋) 15葳 饋0葳 ( 1998) Barkley(1990) 34葳 ( 1999 Barkley,1990) ( 199饋 饋003) 83葳 ( 饋000) ( 饋000) 饋006 ( 饋008) (Beaty,1994) ( 1991) ( 饋008)

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( 饋004 饋007 饋010 饋006 饋009) ( 饋010 饋008 饋007) ( 饋005 饋006) ( 饋004) ( 饋004) ( 饋005) ( 饋008) ( 饋009) ( 1999) ( 饋009) ( 饋00饋) ( 饋009) ( 饋008) ( 饋010) (饋006) (饋008) ( 饋000) ( 饋006) ( 饋009)

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? ? ?

: ( 饋006) ( ) ( ) ( )

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( ) (WISC- ) picture book ( 1998) ( 饋007) ( ) Pashler 1998 (attention) ( 饋003) (Gold-

stein & Goldstein,1990 饋003) 1969 Moray

( 饋004) (199饋)

( 饋008)

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(picture books) (Childlike Book)

picture books picture story book

Childlike Book ( 饋009) 1658 (John Amos

Comenius) ( 饋006) ( 饋004) (picture books) ( 饋008) ( 饋00饋) ( 饋004) ( 饋009) ( )

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( 饋00饋a) ( 饋009) ( 饋007) ( ) ( ) ( 饋010) ( 饋009) ( ) ( 饋001) ( ) (Picture code)( 饋005) -(1998)

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( ) ( 饋009 饋007) ( ) ( 饋004) ( ) ( 饋004) ( 饋010) ( 饋010) (饋009) (饋004) ( ) ( 饋00饋b)

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( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1988) ( ) ( ) ( )

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( 饋009 饋007 饋009

饋009 饋008 饋007 Jalongo,饋004 Lauritzen & Jaeger,1997

Beaty,1994) ( ) - Lauritzen Jaeger(1997) 1. 饋. 3. ( ) (1) ;(饋) ;(3) (

(17)

饋000 饋009) ( ) 1.Sipe(饋00饋) (1) (饋) (3) (4) (5) 饋. (饋000) : 3. (饋001)

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4. (饋00饋) Vygotsky : 5. (饋004) (1) (饋) (3)

( )

(Learning Disabilities) 196饋 Kirk

(Educating exceptional children) ( 1994)

( 饋004) 1975

94-14饋

( 饋000) 1970

( 饋006 DeRuiter & Wansart,198饋)

1988 National Joint Committee for Lea-

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1997 105-17

(Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ,IDEA)

( ) ( 饋000 饋006) ( 饋006) (Kirk, et al.,饋000), ( 饋000) ( 1999) ( 饋004 饋006) (1997) ( ) 1.

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饋. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1999) ( ) ( 1987) 80葳 90葳 ( 1994 Kaluger &

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Kolson,1978;Kirk & Elkins,1975) ( ) ( ) DSM-IV ( 1999) ( ) (饋00饋) 15 ( ) ( 1986) ( ) ( 饋000) ( ) ( 饋005) ( ) ( 饋001) ( ) ( 饋005 Hallahan,1975)

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(limited capacity)

( 饋000)

(1996) (

饋009) Barkly & Murphy

( 饋001) ( 1999) (饋000) ( ) (divided attention) ( ) (focused attention) ( ) (selective attention)

( ) (sustained attention) (persistence)

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( ) (ADHD)

饋000 (American Psychiatric Association APA)

(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental

Disorders, Fourth Edition DSM-IV-TR) (ADHD)

ADHD ( 饋006) DSM-IV-TR(饋000) (饋008) ADHD 3葳 7葳 ADHD 11.8葳( 饋001) (饋006) 5葳-10葳 (饋008) ADHD 6.3葳 1饋.04葳 ( 饋006) ( ) ( 1994 Krupski,1986) ( 饋000 1997) 1. 饋.

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( ) ( 1997) 3. ( 饋000) (1994) (饋000) (1997) (饋001) (饋005) (饋009) Hauffman Kauffman(1997)

ADHD Hauffman Kauffman(1997)

ADHD( 饋000) (1994) 33葳 80葳 (ADHD) 19葳 饋6葳 (ADHD) (Darwin) ( 饋004) (1994) (饋000) (1986) (饋00饋) (饋000) (1997) (1999) (饋001) (饋005) Krupski(1986) Kirk (饋000) ( ) ( 1999) ( 饋001) ( 1999) ( 1991)

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( ) ( 饋00饋) ( ) ( ) ( 1997) ( ) Fer- nald(1988) VAKT( ) ( 饋000) ( 饋000) ( 1999) ( ) ( ) ( 饋00饋) ( ) ( 饋000) ( 饋008)

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( 饋004) ( 饋006)

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(multiple probe design subject)

3-1 :

333-3---1 1 1 1 3-饋 1. 饋. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( PPT ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

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( ) PPT PPT PowerPoint ( ) 1. 饋. ( 饋003) 3. ( ) ( ) 3-3

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3 33 3----3 3 3 3 ( ) ( ) ( 饋003) ( ) ( )

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( ) ( ) ( ) ( 7:55-8:35) (1饋:40-13:饋0) ( ) ( ) ( 饋006) (A)

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(B) (C)

( ) ( ) ( )

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3-1 ( ) ( ) ( ) 9 4 9 1 9 4 83 81 90 10饋 105 98 87 84 94

(FDI) 75 (FDI) 95 (FDI) 79

/

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( )

Goldstein Goldstein (1990)

TOAD T Talking out O Out of seat

A Attention problem D

Disruption problem Goldstein Goldstein (1990)

(饋005) (饋005) (饋003) (饋004) (饋008) (饋003) (饋008) (饋009) T Talking Out( ) ( ) O Out of Seat( ) ( ) A Attention Problem( ) ( ) D Disruption Problem( ) ( ) (interval recording)

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:

= ×100葳

( 3-饋)

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3-饋 1. ? 饋. 94 -48 3. 4. 5. ? 6. 饋006 /

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3-4 ( ) PPT ( )

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( ) (饋007) 1. : (1) A B C 1-5 (饋) 饋. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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7. 8. ( ) 9. ( ) 1. (A) ;饋. (B) 3. (C) ( )

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3 33 3----4444 1. 饋. 3. : 1. 饋. 3. 1. 饋. 3. 1. 1. 饋. C 3. 1. ( ) 饋. ( ) 3. 4.

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C

(Visual Analysis)

Richards Taylor Ramasamy(1997)

(Visual Analysis) ( 饋003) ( ) ( 饋006) ( ) 1. A B C 饋. 3. ( ) ( ) ( ) 4. Tawney Gast(1984) 80葳

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80葳 ( 饋010) 饋0葳 80葳 80葳 5. 6. 饋0葳 80葳 7. 8. 9. ( ) 1. 饋. 3.

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4. -C C ( 饋006) C (slope) ( 饋005) (slope) ( 饋005) C

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( ) ( ) (graphic method) (visual analysis) C ( )

C ( 4-1) ( )

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 4 44 4----1111 A B C 個 案 甲 「 不 專 注 行 為 」 次 數 個 案 乙 「 不 專 注 行 為 」 次 數 個 案 丙 「 不 專 注 行 為 」 次 數

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( ) 4-1 4 8-9 9 83.33葳 100葳 80葳 5 1-4 1.66 83.33葳 4-1 6 1 1 100葳 1 3 0 4-1 A B C 4 5 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 83.33葳 66.67葳 100葳 9 1.66 1 100葳 83.33葳 100葳 8-10 1-4 1-1 8-9 ( 1) 1-4 ( 3) 1-1 (0) 4-饋 0葳 9-4(-5)

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100% 4-饋 100% 4-饋 B/A C/B ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 9-4 (-5) 1-1 (0) 0葳 100葳 ( ) 4-3 9 6-8 7.17 83.33葳 100葳 5 0-饋 0.67 100葳 83.33葳 6 0-1 0.17 100葳 100葳 饋 饋 0

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4-3 A B C 9 5 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 83.33葳 100葳 100葳 7.17 0.67 0.17 100葳 83.33葳 100葳 6-8 0-饋 0-1 6-8 ( 饋) 0-饋 ( 饋) 0-0 (0) 4-4 8-饋(-6) 0葳 0-0 100葳 4-4 0葳 100葳

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4-4 B/A C/B ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8-饋 (-6) 0-0 (0) 0葳 100葳 ( ) 4-5 13 9-10 9.83 100葳 6 0-饋 0.83 100葳 50葳 5 0 0 100葳 0 9.83 饋 0 0

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4-5 A B C 13 6 5 ( ) ( ) ( ) 100葳 100葳 100葳 9.83 0.83 0 100葳 50葳 100葳 9-10 0-饋 0-0 10-10 (0) ( 饋) 0-饋 0-0 (0) 4-6 10-饋(-8) 0葳 0-0 100葳 4-6 4-6 100葳 4-6 B/A C/B ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10-饋 (-8) 0-0 (0) 0葳 100葳

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( ) 4-7 (A) (B) (C) A B C 4 5 6 A B C 9 5 6 A B C 13 5 6 A B C ( ) ( ) ( ) A B C A B C A B C (83.33葳) (66.67葳) (100葳) A B C (83.33葳) (100葳) (100葳) A B C (100葳) (100葳) (100葳) 9 1.66 1 7.17 0.67 0.17 9.83 0.83 0 A B C (100葳) (83.33葳) (100葳) A B C (100葳) (83.33葳) (100葳) A B C (100葳) (50葳) (100葳) 8-10 1-4 1-1 6-8 0-饋 0-1 9-10 0-饋 0-0 8-9( 1) 1-4( 3) 1-1(0) 6-8( 饋) 0-饋( 饋) 0-0(0) 10-10(0) 0-饋( 饋) 0-0(0) 9 7.17 9.83 1.66 0.67 0.83 1 0.17 0 66.67葳 50葳 83.33葳 100葳 1 饋 0

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3 饋 饋 0 0 0 4-7 A B C A B C A B C 4 5 6 9 5 6 13 5 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 83.33葳 66.67葳 100葳 83.33葳 100葳 100葳 100葳 100葳 100葳 9 1.66 1 7.17 0.67 0.17 9.83 0.83 0 100葳 83.33葳 100葳 100葳 83.33葳 100葳 100葳 50葳 100葳 8-10 1-4 1-1 6-8 0-饋 0-1 9-10 0-饋 0-0 8-9 ( 1) 1-4 ( 3) 1-1 (0) 6-8 ( 饋) 0-饋 ( 饋) 0-0 (0) 10-10 (0) 0-饋 ( 饋) 0-0 (0) 4-8 B/A( / ) C/B( / ) B/A ( )/ ( ) C/B ( )/ ( ) B/A ( )/ ( ) C/B ( )/ ( ) B/A ( )/ ( ) C/B ( )/ ( ) B/A C/B B/A C/B B/A C/B B/A C/B

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B/A C/B B/A 9-4(-5) C/B 1-1(0) B/A 8-饋(-6) C/B 0-0(0) B/A 10-饋(-8) C/B 0-0(0) B/A 10-饋(-8) -8 8-饋(-6) -6 9-4(-5) -5 C/B 1-1(0) 0-0(0) B/A 0葳 C/B 100葳 B/A 0葳 C/B 100葳 B/A 0葳 C/B 100葳 B/A C/B B/A 0葳 C/B 100葳 4-8 B/A 0葳

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100%

4-8

B/A C/B B/A C/B B/A C/B

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 9-4 (-5) 1-1 (0) 8-饋 (-6) 0-0 (0) 10-饋 (-8) 0-0 (0) 0葳 100葳 0葳 100葳 0葳 100葳 C ( ) C (Tryon s C statistic ) C A( ) C Sc Z 0.饋5 0.35 0.71 B( ) C Sc Z 0.66 0.34 1.95 C( ) C Sc Z 0 0.35 0 Z 1.95 .05 ;A-B C Sc Z 0.89 0.饋7 3.饋7 A-B Z 3.饋7 .01 A-B .01 B-C C Sc Z 0.71 0.饋7 饋.58 B-C Z 饋.58 .01 4-1

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4-9 C CC C C Sc Z A 0.饋5 0.35 0.71 B 0.66 0.34 1.95* C 0 0.35 0 A-B 0.89 0.饋7 3.饋7** B-C 0.71 0.饋7 饋.58** *p .05 **p .01 C 4-10 A( ) C Sc Z 0.饋9 0.34 0.87 B( ) C Sc Z 0.4 0.34 1.18 C( ) C Sc Z 0.饋5 0.35 0.71;A-B C Sc Z 0.83 0.饋6 3.16 A-B Z 3.16 .01 A-B .01 B-C C Sc Z 0.37 0.饋7 1.33 B-C Z 1.33 4-1 4-10 C CC C C Sc Z A 0.饋9 0.34 0.87 B 0.04 0.34 1.18 C 0.饋5 0.35 0.71 A-B 0.83 0.饋6 3.16** B-C 0.37 0.饋7 1.33 *p .05 **p .01

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C 4-11 A( ) C Sc Z 0.饋0 0.34 0.59 B( ) C Sc Z 0.65 0.34 1.91 C( ) C Sc Z 0 0.35 0 Z 1.91 .05 ;A-B C Sc Z 0.86 0.饋6 3.饋6 A-B Z 3.饋7 .01 A-B .01 B-C C Sc Z 0.79 0.饋7 饋.88 B-C Z 饋.88 .01 4-1 4-11 C CC C C Sc Z A 0.饋0 0.34 0.59 B 0.65 0.34 1.91* C 0 0.35 0 A-B 0.86 0.饋6 3.饋6** B-C 0.79 0.饋7 饋.88** *p .05 **p .01 ( ) C 4-1饋 (B) Z 1.95 1.18 1.91 .05 4-1 Z (A-B) Z 3.饋7 3.16

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3.饋6 .01 4-1饋 C CC C C Sc Z C Sc Z C Sc Z A 0.饋5 0.35 0.71 0.饋9 0.34 0.87 -0.饋0 0.34 -0.59 B 0.66 0.34 1.95* 0.4 0.34 1.18 0.65 0.34 1.91* C 0.00 0.35 0.00 -0.饋5 0.35 -0.71 0.00 0.35 0.00 A-B 0.89 0.饋7 3.饋7** 0.83 0.饋6 3.16** 0.86 0.饋6 3.饋6** B-C 0.71 0.饋7 饋.58** 0.37 0.饋7 1.33 0.79 0.饋7 饋.88** *p .05 **p .01 4-13 4-13 91.48葳

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4-13 80% 100% 80% 86.66% 100% 83.33% 100% 94.44% 100% 100% 80% 93.33% 93.33% 94.44% 86.66% 91.48%

( )

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4-14 1. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 5 5 饋. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 5 5 3. 5 4 3 饋 1 5 5 4 4. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 5 4 5. 5 4 3 饋 1 3 4 4 6. 5 4 3 饋 1 3 4 4 7. 5 4 3 饋 1 3 5 4 8. 5 4 3 饋 1 3 5 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 4 5

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4 4 4 5 4 4-14 1. 5 4 3 饋 1 3 3 5 饋. 5 4 3 饋 1 3 3 3 3. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 3 4 4. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 3 5 5. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 3 3 6. 5 4 3 饋 1 3 3 4 7. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 4 5 8. 5 4 3 饋 1 4 4 5 4 3 4 3 4 3 3

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3 4 3 3 5 3 3 3 4 3 4 ( ) 1. 饋.

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4 5 4 4 3 4

(Beaty,1994)

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9 7.17 9.83 1.66 0.67 0.83 (饋010) (饋010) (饋009) (饋004) 1.66 0.67 0.83 1 0.17 0 0 100葳

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(饋008) (饋007) (饋009) (饋004) (饋010) (饋006) Z

(64)

C Z

(65)

(multiple probe design subject)

( ) ( )

C

(66)

100% 100%

( ) ( )

(67)

( ) ( ) ( )

(68)

( ) ( ) ( )

(69)

(饋004) --50:1 50:1 50:1 50:1 饋05-饋34 (饋006) : (1994) --- -(饋010) (饋004) : (饋00饋) (饋000) 15151515 3饋-37 (饋010) (饋009) (饋004) --- -(饋009) (1991) (饋00饋) (1998) : (饋00饋) WISC- 33333333

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35-41 (饋009)

(饋003) Michael W. Eysenck & Mark T. Keane

(饋004) (饋005) Curtis H.Krishef (饋006) (饋007) (饋010) (饋003) Richards

Taylor & Ramasamy (1997) ---

-(饋005) (饋004) --- ---(饋006) 101101101101 1-8 (饋000) (饋006) Bjorn Gmmer --- -(饋00饋) --- -(饋000)

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74 74 74 74 1-11 (饋009) (饋001) 41:141:141:141:1 58-6饋 (1993) (饋008) 饋006 (饋008) (1999) (饋010) --饋9 饋9饋9 饋9 109-113

(1999) ADHDADHDADHDADHD (饋004) (饋000) 145-166 : (饋006) (饋009) (饋006) : (饋006) - 31313131 饋5-饋6 (饋008) 14 1414 14 39-6饋 (饋000)

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(饋005) (1991) : (饋008) : (饋001) ( ): (31-5饋 ) (饋006) (饋006) (饋003) ~ 555 5 169-180 (饋003) (饋009) -饋19 饋19饋19 饋19 6-11 (1999) (饋010) --- -(饋008) 饋3:1饋3:1饋3:1饋3:1 36-41 (饋005) (1997) (饋003) (饋004)

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(1998) 91919191 19-30 (饋008)

(饋007)

(饋010) - 663663663663 3饋-37

(饋008) 40 40 197-饋19 40 40

(饋001) Russell A. Barkly & Kevin R.Murphy

(饋009) -49:4 49:4 49:4 49:4 5饋-58 (饋003) (饋001) (饋004) - 饋11 65-7饋

(饋003) Gerhard W. Lauth & Peter F. Sshlottke

(饋009) Petra Thorbrietz (1999) (饋00饋) (饋009) (1997) (饋010) --- -(饋00饋)

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(饋008) 饋009 : 饋006 : (饋004) (饋010) 57575757 饋饋-30 (饋004) (饋009) 饋0 饋0 饋0 饋0 饋5-5饋 (饋006) 17171717 30-34 (饋004) (饋009) (饋005) --- -(1988) (1998) 9191 1-10 9191 (饋00饋a) (饋00饋b) ( ) 13-15

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American Psychiatric Association(饋000).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR). New York: American

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Barkley, R. A.(1990).Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. New York:

Guildford.

Beaty, J.J.(1994).Picture book story-telling: Literature activities for young

children. Fort Worth: Harcount Brace College.

Dudley-Maerling,C.(1981).WISC and WISC-R profiles of LD children: A review.

Learning Disability,4(3),307-319.

Goldstein, S. & Goldstein, M.(1990).Managing attention disorders in children.

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T O A D T O A D 1 6 饋 7 3 8 4 9 5 10 * : :× T Talking Out( ) ( ) O Out of Seat( ) ( ) A Attention Problem( ) ( ) D Disruption Problem( ) ( )

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