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ࣴزፕЎ!
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ፕཥԾҗЬကΠޑଯ௲ػౢϯ
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䌳㋗廅ġ
朄⭄⣏⬠㔁做䞼䨞㔁㌰㓞䧧㖍㛇烉2015 ⸜ 11 㚰 12 㖍炻㍍⍿↲䘣㖍㛇烉2015 ⸜ 12 㚰 31 㖍ˤ * デ嫅ℑỵ⋧⎵⮑㞍Ṣ㍸ὃ⮞屜䘬ᾖ㓡シ夳ˤ
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ύЎᄔा!
⎘䀋Ḵ⋩⸜⇵攳⥳Ḯᶨ⟜㔁做㓡朑炻⛐恋⟜㓡朑ᷕ㓧⹄⺋姕檀ᷕ⍲⣏⬠炻 ⬫㓡嬲Ḯ⍇㛔㗗卩劙㔁做䘬檀䫱㔁做䁢⣏䛦㔁做ˤ㬌ᶨ㔁做㓧䫾㗗⍿⇘㕘冒䓙 ᷣ佑奨⾝䘬⼙枧炻℞㔁做㓡朑䎮⾝⻟婧㔁做⽭枰冒䓙⊾冯⺢㥳ᶨᾳ䪞䇕䘬攳㓦 ⶪ⟜炻᷎ᷣ⻝⬠㟉㔁做天⤪ẩ㤕ᶨ凔㚱ˬ㓰䌯冯㓰傥˭ˤ㛔㔯䘬㚱ℑᾳᷣ天䚖 䘬炻ᶨ㗗㍊妶㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬㸸崟⍲℞ᷣ⻝炻⬫冯䔞ẋ檀䫱㔁做䘬斄Ὢ炻Ḵ㗗天 ㍊䨞忁㧋䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㗗⤪ỽ⼙枧⎘䀋檀䫱㔁做䘬ˤ 斄挝娆烉㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ˣ檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾ˣⶪ⟜⊾ˣ冒䓙⊾On the Industrialization of Higher Education under the
Neoliberalism
Chen-Hui Wang
Professor of Graduate Institute of Education, Providence University
Abstract
Taiwan began an educational reform in 20 years ago, in that reform expanding senior high schools and universities . This policy change the higher education from elite to mass. This is an educational reform policies under the influence of the concepts, which were market competition of neoliberalism establishment, marketization and liberalization, and claim that school education must has ‘efficiency and effectiveness’like as an enterprise. In this research, there are two concrete purposes as follows :1. explore the origins of neoliberalism and its advocates, as well as its relationship to the contemporary higher education. 2. explore how the neoliberalism affects the development of higher education in Taiwan.
Keywords: neoliberalism, higher education industrialization, marketization, liberalization
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൘ǵق!
檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾䘬䎮婾ὅ㒂⯙㗗㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑炷Neo-liberalism炸炻忁ᾳシ嬀 ⼊ンḇ㗗伶⚳⚳晃㇘䔍ᷕ⮵⢾廠↢䘬慵天㬎☐ˤ1 ⎘䀋冒Ḵ⋩⸜⇵攳⥳Ḯᶨ⟜㔁做㓡朑炻⛐恋⟜㔁㓡ᷕ炻㘖姕檀ᷕˣ⣏⬠炻 ẍ农⽆㖑㛇䘬Ḵ⋩⸦⣏⬠炻䞕㛇ℏ児僡⇘⮯役ᶨ䘦ᶫ⋩⣏⬠炻忁⟜㔁做檮 䴩℞Ἦ㚱冒炻⌛㸸冒ᶨḅℓż⸜ẋẍἮ炻姙⣂㫸伶⚳⭞忚埴Ḯᶨ⟜⎵䁢㕘冒 䓙ᷣ佑䘬㔁做㓡朑烊2 ἳ⤪⛐檀䫱㔁做㕡朊忚埴䥩㚱⊾炷privatization炸冯冒䓙怠㑯炷free choice炸炻ˬ檮䴩˭冯ˬ䪞䇕˭炷deregulation and competition炸䘬攳㓦
㔁做䲣䴙炻ḇ⯙㗗㎜䓐ẩ㤕䘬䭉䎮⒚⬠ˣ⻟⊾ᷕ⣖䘬ᷣ⮶㪲≃炻⻟婧⬠㟉㔁做
天⤪ẩ㤕ᶨ凔㚱ˬ㓰䌯冯㓰傥˭炷efficiency and effectiveness炸ˤ3
㛔㔯⯙㗗天ⷞ柀⣏⭞Ἦ䚳䚳忁㧋䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬㸸崟⍲℞ᷣ⻝炻ẍ⍲⬫冯 䔞ẋ檀䫱㔁做䘬斄Ὢ炻䈡⇍㗗⎘䀋檀䫱㔁做⤪ỽ⍿℞⼙枧ˤ
ມǵཥԾҗЬကޑጔଆ!
ᶨ䧖⿅゛䘬⼊ㆸ䷥㚱℞㗪ẋ側㘗ˤ 天婯㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑炻⯙⼿⮯℞⚈䶋㹗冒㕤 1930 ⸜ẋ䘬䴻㾇⣏唕㡅炷 The Great Depression炸炻恋㫉䘬䀥暋嬻ℐᶾ䓴ⶍ㤕⚳⭞䃉ᶨι炻⎗婒㗗大1 ⻝ㇵ⚳炻˪㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑シ嬀⼊ン˫炻⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ⣖䶐嬗↢䇰䣦炻2007 ⸜䇰ˤ 2
斄㕤 New Liberalism Neo-Liberalism 㗗ℑ䧖⬴ℐᶵ⎴䘬⿅゛炻婳⍫教㛶⮷䥹炻˨㼬 㶭塓㶟䓐䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑——ℤ婯⮵ New Liberalism Neo-Liberalism 䘬侣嬗 ˩炻˪ᶾ䲨 ᷕ⚳˫2006 ⸜ˤ⺽冒 intermargins.net/intermargins/TCulturalWorkshop/left/01.htm
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H.Giroux, Neo-liberalism, corporate culture, and the promise of higher education: The University as a Democratic Public Sphere. Harvard Education Review; Winter 2002;72,4.
㕡ⶍ㤕⎚ᶲ㬟㗪㚨ᷭˣ⼙枧㚨㶙怈䘬ᶨ㫉䴻㾇堘徨ˤ4 ⍇Ἦ⛐ᶨ㫉ᶾ䓴⣏㇘ᷳ⼴炻㫸㳚⎬⚳⛐㇘䇕䘬⺊⡇ᶲ炻䘦⺊⼭冱炻 䃞 侴 㛒 塓 ㇘ 䇕 㲊 ⍲ 䘬 伶 ⚳ ⇯ 㗗 ⶪ ⟜ 暨 㯪 㖢 䚃 炻 䘦 㤕 冰 䚃 炻 伶 ⚳ 㕤 㗗 彶 ἮḮ媪ˬ╏♪䘬 1920 ⸜ẋ˭˭炷Roaring '20s炸炻䓙㕤⎬䧖䓊㤕䷩㥖炻 ⇵ 㘗 㦪 奨 炻 ṓ 㦪 ᷣ 佑 䚃 埴 炻 ⣏ ⭞ 屟 屟 干 ˣ 䀺 ἄ 偉 䤐 炻 ℐ 月 ⎹ 戨 埴 ῇ 屠 圵 屯 ˤ 䔞 㗪 屏 ᶵ ⛯ 䓂 䁢 ♜ 慵 炻 䓇 䓊 ≃ ㍸ ⋯ ⷞ Ἦ 䘬 ⇑ 㼌 炻 ℐ 悐 忚 Ḯ 㚱 拊 Ṣ ⎋ 堳 墉 炻 ᶨ 凔 ⊆ ≽ ⶍ Ṣ 䘬 ⶍ 屯 ⮎ 晃 ᷎ 㛒 ⡆ ≈ ˤ Ữ 㚱 拊 Ṣ 䅙 ᷕ 䀺ἄ偉䤐炻忁ᶵỮ㛒傥㈲屯慹嬲ㆸ㮹䓇㴰屣炻⍰≑攟㲉㱓䴻㾇ˤ ᶨ ㇘ ⼴ 䘬 䴻 㾇 ䷩ 㥖 ḳ ⮎ 㗗 ⺢ 䩳 ⛐ ᾉ 䓐 忶 ⹎ 㒜 ⻝ ᶲ 炻 ᶨ ḅ Ḵ ḅ ⸜ 炻 䴻 㾇 児 僡 忼 ⇘ 枪 Ⲙ 炻 ⋩ 㚰 Ḵ ⋩ ḅ 㖍 炻 伶 ⚳ 偉 ⶪ ⳑ 䚌 炻 忻 䑲 ㊯ 㔠 攳 䚌 嵴 Ḯ Ḵ ḅ ḅ 炽 ℕ 溆 炻 ᶨ ⣑ ℏ 慵 ㋓ Ḵ ⋩ ᶱ 炴 ˤ ᶨ ᾳ 㚰 ᷳ ⼴ 炻 伶 ⚳ 偉 ⶪ 䘬 ⶪ ῤ ㎵ ⣙ 役 ⋫ € 炻 ⺽ 崟 ℐ 朊 ⿸ ヴ ˤ ㍍ ᶳ Ἦ 䘬 ᶱ ⸜ 炻 伶 ⚳ 㓧 ⹄ ἄ Ḯ ⣂ 枭 䘬 ≒ ≃ 炻 Ữ 偉 ⶪ ṵ 㛒 夳 崟 刚 炻 偉 ⶪ 怬 㗗 ᶨ ℵ 䟜 䚌 烊 ⇘ Ḯ ᶨ ḅ ᶱ Ḵ ⸜ ⸽ 炻 忻䑲㊯㔠嶅暊ᶨḅḴḅ⸜䘬檀溆慵㋓Ḯℓ⋩炴炻⣂㔠㈽屯Ṣ⭞唑䓊炻 忋 ⷞ 叿 ⣏ 慷 屠 ↢ 圵 屯 䘬 戨 埴 ⍲ 慹 圵 㨇 㥳 冒 䃞 ḇ ⍿ ⇘ 慵 ∝ 炻 ℐ 伶 Ḵ 叔 Ḽ ⋫ ⭞ 戨 埴 㚱 役 ⋲ 㔠 Ὰ 攱 ˤ 䔞 㗪 炻 ℐ 伶 ⣙ 㤕 Ṣ ⎋ 忼 ᶨ ⋫ Ḽ 䘦 叔 Ṣ 炻 忼 ⊆ ≽ Ṣ ⎋ 䘬 ⚃ ↮ ᷳ ᶨ ˤ 㘖 念 ᾉ ⽫ ⌙ 㨇 ⮶ 农 㴰 屣 暨 㯪 ⸦ 役 㺗 ˣ ⶍ 㤕 䓇 䓊 枻 ˤ ⣙ 㤕 㳩 㴒 Ṣ ⎋ 忼 Ḵ 䘦 叔 Ṣ 炻 ⣙ ⬠ ˣ 䆇 梲 ᶵ 列 ˣ 梊 梻 Ṣ ⎋ 㚜 ᶵ 妰 ℞㔠ˤ 娚㫉䴻㾇⣏唕㡅⯙㗗䴻㾇⬠⭞Ᾱ媪ˬ忶⹎䓇䓊⌙㨇˭炷crisis of over-production炸 䓊䓇䘬䳸㝄ˤ屯㛔ᷣ佑⛐⇑㼌≽㨇ᶲ炻德 忶⡆≈䓇 䓊ẍ⍲㷃⮹ⶍṢ䘬啒屯Ἦ䧵䳗℞屯㛔炻啱叿ℵ㈽屯Ἦᶵ㕟㒜⻝℞䇰⚾炻 Ữ 㗗 忁 䧖 㒜 ⻝ ⌣ 忈 ㆸ Ḯ 䣦 㚫 ᶲ 屉 ↮ 惵 䘬 ♜ 慵 ᶵ ⛯ 炻 ᷎ ᶼ 徸 㻠 Ὕ 国 ᶨ 凔 Ṣ Ᾱ 䘬 㴰 屣 傥 ≃ 炻 侴 䔞 Ṣ Ᾱ 䃉 ≃ 㴰 屣 㗪 炻 忁 ⯙ 忈 ㆸ ẩ 㤕 䓇 䓊 䘬 ὃ 忶
4⬠侭䧙⛐㬌ᶨ䈡㬲㡅ẞ䓊䓇䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㗗ᶨ䧖ˬ⿒偶˭炻夳ỽ䥱⬇炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬 㸸㳩冯㛔岒˩炻˪ᷕ⚳䣦㚫䥹⬠⟙˫炻2015 ⸜ 5 㚰 27 㖍ˤ
㕤 㯪 炻 㰺 㚱ⶪ ⟜ ↢ 嶗ˤ㬌 㫉 ⷕ㌚㔜ᾳ屯㛔ᷣ佑ᶾ䓴䘬䴻㾇⣏唕㡅炻堐㖶屯 䓋昶䳂⎌℠冒䓙ᷣ佑䴻㾇⬠䎮婾䴻崘⇘Ḯ㬟⎚䘬䚉柕ˤ䁢Ḯ妋㰢⌙㨇᷎ᶼ 性⌙㨇䘬慵㺼炻䔞㗪ẍ↙⚈㕗炷John Maynard Keynes炸䁢ᷣ䘬䴻㾇 ⬠ ⭞ Ᾱ ⺢ 嬘 㓧 ⹄ ㅱ 娚 天 ṳ ℍ ᷎ 䭉 ⇞ 屯 㛔 ᷣ 佑 䘬 䴻 㾇 㳣 ≽ ˤ Ṿ Ᾱ 娵 䁢 炻 啱 䓙 㓧 ⹄ 㒜 ⣏ ➢ 䢶 ⺢ 姕 䘬 ㈽ 屯 Ἦ 旵 Ỷ ⣙ 㤕 䌯 ˣ ㍸ 檀 ⊆ ≽ ⶍ Ṣ 䘬 啒 屯 ˣ ⡆≈㴰屣侭⮵䈑⑩䘬暨㯪炻⚳⭞啱㬌䡢ᾅ䴻㾇䘬㊩临ㆸ攟䣦㚫䤷䣱ˤ 忁 㗗 屯 㛔 ⊆ ≽ ≃ ᷳ 攻 䘬 昶 䳂 ⥍ ⋼ 炻 ḇ 䡢 ⮎ 旚 㬊 Ḯ 䴻 㾇 䘤 ⯽ ⎗ 傥 䘬 ᶵ 䨑⭂ˤ5 ὅ伶⚳⬠侭大⭊炷Jason Hickel炸䫱Ṣ䘬侫⮇炻↙⚈㕗䫱Ṣ㍸↢ 䘬㕘䫾䔍塓䧙䁢ˬℏ⺷冒䓙ᷣ佑炷embedded liberalism炸˭炻忁ḇ㗗 ᶨ䧖屯㛔ᷣ佑炻ỮṾ⻟婧炻忁䧖屯㛔ᷣ佑ℏ⛐䣦㚫ᷕˣ塓㓧㱣≃慷 ㍏⇞ˣ农≃㕤䣦㚫䤷⇑ˤℏ⺷冒䓙ᷣ佑娎⚾∝忈↢ᶨ㈡㹓侴㚱 䓇䓊≃䘬ᷕ䓊⊆≽≃炻ṾᾹ㚱傥≃㴰屣⣏慷䓇䓊䘬➢䢶⓮⑩ˤ䔞㗪㫸 伶⎬⚳⺋㲃⛘㍉⍾↙⚈㕗ᷣ佑⚈ㅱ䴻㾇⣏唕㡅炻忁ṃ⚳⭞䘬柀⮶Ṣ悥 䚠ᾉṾᾹ⎗ẍ⮯↙⚈㕗ᷣ佑䘬⍇⇯䓐Ἦ䡢ᾅᶾ䓴䘬䴻㾇䨑⭂䣦㚫䤷 䣱炻ẍ㬌性⎎ᶨ⟜⎗傥䘬ᶾ䓴⣏㇘ˤ㬌⢾炻ṾᾹ㚜⛐ 1944 ⸜䘤⯽↢ ˬⶫ暟枻㢖㜿橼䲣炷Bretton Woods Institutions炸˭炷晐⼴ㆸ䁢ᶾ䓴戨
埴ˣ⚳晃屐⸋➢慹䳬䷼炷 IMF炸ˣᶾ䓴屧㖻䳬䷼炷WTO炸炸炻6娎⚾妋
㰢㓞㓗⸛堉䘬⓷柴炻᷎ᶼὫ忚㇘⼴㫸㳚䘬慵⺢冯䘤⯽ˤ7
5
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press,2012, 6䫔Ḵ㫉ᶾ䲨⣏㇘䳸㜇⼴炻䁢Ḯ≈⻟⚳晃䴻㾇⎰ἄ炻慵⺢⚳晃屐⸋䦑⸷炻《⽑⚳晃屧㖻 䘬冒䓙忚埴炻1944 ⸜ 7 㚰 44 ᾳ⚳⭞䘬ẋ堐Ᾱ⛐伶⚳㕘份ⶫṨ䇦ⶆ䘬ⶫ暟枻㢖㜿 炷Bretton Woods炸冱埴㚫嬘炻ẍ⺢䩳⚳晃屐⸋冯慹圵Ṍ㖻䘬㧁㸾ˤ㚫嬘ᷕ⺢䩳䘬㧁㸾 ⊭㊔炻⎬⚳䘬屐⸋ᶵⅮ晐シ属ῤẍ䵕㊩⚢⭂⋗䌯炻Ὣ忚屧㖻䘬㙊忂炻᷎枮⇑忚埴屯㛔 䧵䳗炻ẍ⸓≑䫔ᶱᶾ䓴䘬⚳⭞慵⺢㇘⼴䘬䴻㾇橼䲣ˤ㚨⼴炻㬌ᶨ妰䔓᷎㛒忼⇘⍇∝侭 ㆟䈡炷Harry Dexter White炸↙⚈㕗炷John Maynard Keynes炸枸㛇䘬䚖䘬炻Ữ䨑⭂ ⋗䌯䘬妰䔓⌣䁢㇘⼴㗪㛇∝忈Ḯᶨᾳ㚱⇑䴻㾇⽑䓎䘬䑘⠫ˤ昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻⚳晃攻䘬⋗䌯 ḇ ⽭ 枰 思 ⽒ ᶨ ṃ 䈡 ⭂ 䘬 夷 ⇯ 炻 ⛐ ⶫ ↿ 㔎 㢖 㜿 㚫 嬘 ᷕ ḇ ⺢ 䩳 Ḯ ⚳ 晃 屐 ⸋ ➢ 慹
↙⚈㕗䘬ℏ⺷冒䓙ᷣ佑䁢 1950 60 ⸜ẋ䘬ᶾ䓴䴻㾇ⷞἮḮ檀 ⹎䘬ㆸ攟ˤ䃞侴⇘Ḯ 1970 ⸜ẋ⇅㛇炻ℏ⺷冒䓙ᷣ佑⌣朊冐Ḯˬ 㺗 ⿏ 忂屐児 僡炷stagflation炸 ˭炻忁㗗 ᶨ䧖檀 ⹎忂 屐児僡 䴻㾇 㺗䘬䳸 ⎰ˤ⛐伶㫸⛘⋨炻忂屐児僡䌯⽆ 1965 ⸜䘬 3%䩬⋯⇘ 1975 ⸜ 䘬 12%ˤ ⇘ ⸽ 㗗 Ṩ 湤 ⍇ ⚈ ⼊ ㆸ Ḯ 忁 䧖 㺗 ⿏ 忂 児 ⺽ 崟 Ḯ 䴻 㾇 ⬠ ⭞ Ᾱ 㽨 䁰 䘬 䇕彗ˤ 忚㬍㳦⬠侭ἳ⤪欗㚤炷Paul Krugman炸娵䁢℞⍇⚈㚱ℑ溆炻椾⃰ 㗗 崲 ㇘ 䘬 漸 ⣏ 幵 屣 ἧ 伶 ⚳ 䘬 㓞 㓗 ↢ 䎦 Ḵ ⋩ ᶾ 䲨 椾 㫉 䘬 崌 ⫿ 炻 忁 ἧ ⼿ ⚳ 晃 ㈽ 屯 ⭊ デ ⇘ 䃎 ㄖ 炻 忚 侴 ㉳ ⓖ 伶 ⃫ 炻 ⮶ 农 忂 屐 児 僡 ˤ 侴 ⯤ 㢖 䘬 㓧 䫾 ⍰嬻忂児暒ᶲ≈曄炻䁢Ḯ傥⾓忇⛘㓗Ẁ㇘䇕䘬屣䓐炻Ṿ⛐ 1971 ⸜⭋ⶫ 㓦 㡬 伶 ⃫ ˬ 慹 㛔 ỵ ⇞ ˭ 炻 㓧 䫾 ᶨ ↢ 忈 ㆸ 湫 慹 ᶨ 梃 㰾 ⣑ 炻 侴 伶 ⃫ ⇯ 嵴 句 察⸽炻⯤㢖䘬忁ᶨ冱≽炻塓䧙ἄˬ⯤㢖堅㑲˭炷Nixon Shock炸炻⽆忁ᶨ⣑ 崟炻湫慹㬋⺷徨↢Ḯ屐⸋橼䲣烊℞㫉 炻㬋䔞伶⚳星ℍ䳽⠫ᷳ晃炻〘ⶏᷕ㜙䞛 㱡䓇䓊⓮⭋Ự炻↉㗗㓗㊩ẍ刚↿⮵❫⍲㔀⇑Ṇ攳㇘䘬⚳⭞炷⌛岾伒㖍㇘䇕炸炻 ṾᾹᶨ⼳ 㬊䞛㱡↢⎋炻1973 ⸜䘬䞛㱡⌙㨇㉱㉔Ḯ䈑₡桮⋯炻忚ᶨ㬍㉾ 䳗Ḯ䓇䓊䴻㾇䘬ㆸ攟ˤ8 Ữ 㗗 炻 ᾅ ⬰ 㳦 ⬠ 侭 ⇯ ⍵ ⮵ 欗 㚤 䎮 婾 ˤ Ṿ Ᾱ 娵 䁢 㺗 ⿏ 忂 児 㗗 ䷩ 慵 䘬 Ṣ 䦭 忶 ⣂ 䘬 䴻 㾇 䭉 ⇞ 忈 ㆸ 䘬 ˤ Ṿ Ᾱ 娵 䁢 ℏ ⺷ 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䴻 崘 ℍ 㬣 傉 ⎴ 炻 娚 㗗 ⺊ 昌 䘬 㗪 ῁ Ḯ ˤ 䔞 㗪 ẩ 㤕 ⭞ ⻟ ≃ ⛘ 㓗 ㊩ ᾅ ⬰ 㳦 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ 炻 忁 㗗 ⚈ 䁢 Ṿ Ᾱ 䘬 屉 ⛐ ℏ ⺷ 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 ᷕ ♜ 慵 ䷖ 㯜 炻 ⮎ 晃 䘬 ね
炷International Monetary Fund 䯉䧙 IMF炸炻ᷣ天㗗ẍ伶⚳㆟䈡㕡㟰䁢➢䢶炻㍉⍾ˬ➢慹 ⇞˭炻㕤 1946 ⸜ 2 㚰㬋⺷ㆸ䩳ˤ⬫⮵㕤㚫⒉⚳℟㚱屯慹圵忂ˣ㍸ὃ屯㕁⍲⺢嬘ˣ夷∫ ⋗䌯冯⢾⋗䭉墥㍒㕥炻ẍὫ忚ᶾ䓴䴻㾇䘤⯽䘬⣂䧖≇傥ˤ⎴㗪炻ḇㆸ䩳Ḯᶾ䓴戨埴 炷World Bank炸ẍ⸓≑Ỷ⹎䘤⯽䘬䴻㾇橼䲣⎰Ἕㆸ䁢ᶾ䓴⿏屯㛔䴻㾇橼ˤ
7
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press,2012,
8
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press,2012,
㱩㗗炻⛐㇘⼴䘬伶⚳炻⇵ 1%㓞ℍ侭Ỽℐ⚳䷥㓞ℍ⽆ 16%ᶳ旵⇘ 8%炻 䔞㗪伶⚳䴻㾇ṵ⛐ㆸ攟炻ṾᾹḇ傥⛐⾓忇攟⣏䘬㝄⮎ᷕ㊩临⍾⼿⇑㼌ˤ 䃞侴䔞 1970 ⸜ẋ䴻㾇ㆸ攟 㺗ᶼ䘤䓇ら⿏忂児炻♜慵Ὕ国ṾᾹ䘬屉 㗪 炻 㕤 㗗 炻 Ṿ Ᾱ ᶵ Ữ 天 ⤒ ⚆ Ⱄ 㕤 Ṿ Ᾱ 䘬 屉 炻 ᷎ ᶼ ẍ 㬌 䁢 啱 ⎋ Ἦ ∟ 昌 ℏ ⺷ 冒䓙 ᷣ佑 ˤ ṾᾹ䘬 妋 㰢 㕡㟰 ὧ㗗 叿 ⎵䘬ˬ 㰫 䇦 暯 㑤炷 Volcker
Shock炸˭炻9⼴Ἦḇ塓伶⚳⑰ἃ⣏⬠䴻㾇⬠㔁㌰‹ἃ䐆炽啑㕗炷Jeffrey Sachs炸
⮯℞㓡䧙䁢ˬẹ䗪㱽˭ 炷shock therapy炸ˤ10
⍇Ἦᾅ伭炽㰫䇦炷Paul Volcher炸⛐ 1979 ⸜塓⌉䈡䷥䴙ả␥䁢伶 ⚳倗恎⃚⁁⥼⒉㚫 炷Federal Reserve System, Fed炸䎮ḳᷣⷕ炻⛐剅≈⒍⬠ 㳦 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䴻 㾇 ⬠ ⭞ ⇑ 㚤 炷 Milton Friedman炸 ˣ 㟤㜿㕗㼀炷Alan Greenspan炸䫱 䴻㾇⬠⭞䘬⺢嬘ᶳ炻ẍ ㍸檀⇑䌯Ἦ⡻㈹忂児ˤ⌉䈡㕤 1980 ⸜ 3 㚰䯥会ᶨ悐朆⎴⮳ⷠ䘬㱽⼳炻⌛ 1980 ⸜䘬˪⬀㫦㨇㥳㓦檮䭉⇞屐⸋㍏ ⇞㱽˫炻娚㱽㌰㪲㰫䇦䘬ˬ倗恎⃚⁁⥼⒉㚫˭⮵戨埴㍸↢⃚⁁天㯪炻⒒⾽娚 戨埴ᶵ㗗伶倗⃚ㆸ⒉ˤ娚㱽䡢ᾅḮ㰫䇦䘬檀⇑屠⇑䌯㈹⇞ᾉ屠⣷㓰ˤ㬌⢾炻 忁悐㕘㱽⼳怬ˬ⍾㴰˭Ḯ戨埴⎗傥㕥≈䴎⭊㇞䘬㚨檀⇑䌯旸⇞炻᷎ᶼˬ㑌扟˭ 㚱⎬ⶆ㱽⭂姕伖䘬⇑䌯旸⇞炷媪䘬⍵檀⇑屠㱽炸炻Ṿ䘬 㕡㱽㗗䵲䷖屐⸋ ὃ䴎ˣ⡆⻟⚳㮹⃚呬炻ẍ㬌㍸⋯⸋ῤˤ1981 ⸜暟㟡䷥䴙ᶲả⼴两临ả ␥ 㰫 䇦 炻 慵 䓐 剅 ≈ ⒍ ⬠ 㳦 炻 㰫 䇦 ㊩ 临 ㍐ ⋯ ⇑ 䌯 炻 ⇑ 䌯 ᶨ 嶗 䉪 桮 炻 㬌ᶨ㓧䫾⛐ 1981 ⸜ 6 㚰䘬 20%㗪忼⇘檀Ⲙ炻᷎㊩临⇘ 80 ⸜ẋᷕ㛇ˤ
9 㒂伶⚳叿⎵䴻㾇⬠⭞ˣ⛘䶋㓧㱣⬠⭞⦩·】忻䇦炷F. William Engdahl炸㊯↢炻㰫䇦 ⛐伶⚳㍐埴䘬慹圵ẹ䗪㱽炻㍐≽Ḯ炷M ✳炸䣦㚫↮⊾䘬㚨䳪⬴ㆸˤỮḳ⮎ᶲ㬌ᶨ 㓧䫾⛐㖑⸦ᾳ㚰⇵劙⚳⯙䴻⇞⭂↢Ἦ᷎ᶼ≈ẍ⮎㕥炻㰫䇦Ṿ䲸䲬戨埴䓴䘬奒⭮ 㚳⍳炻⎒㗗⛐伶⚳⺽ℍḮ㞜⣹䇦㓧⹄䘬慹圵ẹ㧉⺷ˤ⦩·】忻䇦叿炻嵁∃䫱嬗炻˪䞛 㱡㇘䇕烉䞛㱡㓧㱣㰢⭂ᶾ䓴㕘䦑⸷˫炷A Century of War炸炻㘢ㄏ屉䓊㪲↢䇰䣦炻2008 ⸜ˤ
10⧄⤏䰛·厲】炷Naomi Klein炸炻嬗侭烉⏛⚳⌧炻䌳㝷泣炻˪ẹᷣ佑烉䀥暋屯㛔ᷣ佑
⛐ 伶 ⚳ 炻 ㍸ 檀 ⇑ 䌯 ⮶ 农 ᶨ 㲊 䟜 䓊 㼖 炻 䴎 伶 ⚳ 䴻 㾇 ⷞ Ἦ Ḯ 䃉 㱽 ゛ ⁷ 䘬 ∝ 炻 ℐ ⚳ ⎬ ⛘ 䘬 㰥 干 墅 惵 ⺈ ˣ 䃱 㱡 ⺈ ˣ ⺢ 䭱 埴 㤕 ⛘ 䓊 ℔ ⎠ ẍ ⍲ ⮷ ✳⓮⸿䳃䳃斄攱炻1983 ⸜⯳㉝㉤屠㫦忽䲬䘬Ṣ㔠⡆䁢ᶱˤ忁㧋䘬 㓧 䫾忈 ㆸ⣏夷 㧉䘬 䴻㾇堘 徨炻 ⺽䘤崭 忶 10%䘬 ⣙㤕 䌯炻ẍ ⍲⊆ ⶍ䳬䷼ 䘬 䒎 妋 ˤ Ữ 㗗 㰫 䇦 ➭ ᾉ 炻 ⽭ 枰 ⮯ ⇑ 䌯 ㉔ 檀 ⇘ 暋 ẍ ゛ ⁷ 䘬 檀 ⹎ 炻 ㇵ 傥 ᶨ ⊆ 㯠 忠 ⛘ ㈤ 㭢 ㌱ 忂 屐 児 僡 䘬 ら 櫼 炻 伶 ⃫ 䘬 ᾉ 嬥 䴻 㾇 ㇵ 㚱 ⎗ 傥 ⬴ ℐ 《⽑ˤ11 㰫 䇦 暯 㑤 ⮵ 䴻 㾇 䓇 䓊 冯 ⊆ ⶍ 昶 䳂 忈 ㆸ 䀥 暋 ⿏ ⼙ 枧 炻 Ữ ⌣ 妋 㰢 Ḯ 忂 屐 児 僡 ˤ 䃞 侴 炻 デ ⍿㚨 䖃 劎 䘬 ⌣ 㗗 伶 ⚳ ẍ ⢾䘬 ⚳ ⭞ ˤ 㒂IMF䘬屯㕁炻 䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞⽆ 1981 ⸜⇘ 1983 ⸜怕忯 20 㫉忁栆ẹ烊⽆ 1984 ⸜⇘⁝⊁⌙㨇㚨 檀㼖䘬 1987 ⸜炻忁栆ẹ䘬㫉㔠㚜⣂忼 140 㫉炻ἧ⬫Ᾱ㚜㶙星⁝⊁ᷕˤ⮵側 屈 㰱 慵 ⢾ ⁝ 䘬 䘤 ⯽ ᷕ ⚳ ⭞ Ἦ 婒 炻 㰫 䇦 暯 㑤 ḇ 塓 䧙 ἄ ˬ ⁝ ⊁ 暯 㑤 ˭ ㆾ ˬ⁝⊁⌙㨇˭炻⽆伶⚳䓊䓇䘬忁䧖暯㑤炻嬻䘤⯽ᷕᶾ䓴星ℍ䖃劎䖁㓋ˤ ⚈ 䁢 ≩ ⋯ 䘬 ⇑ 䌯 シ ␛ ⢾ ⁝ ⽭ 枰 㓗 Ẁ 庫 檀 䘬 ⇑ 〗 炻 侴 恋 ṃ 䩖 ⚳ 㓗 Ẁ 檀 ⇑ 〗䘬ⓗᶨ㕡㱽⼨⼨㗗冱㚜⣂⁝ˤ⁝⊁䘬ら⿏⽒䑘㕤䂱攳⥳ˤ⛐旧㟡⺟炻 幵㓧⹄䔁ᶳ䘬 450 €漸⣏⁝⊁⾓忇⡆≈炻⇘ 1989 ⸜忼⇘ 650 €伶⃫炻 侴 忁 䧖 ね 㱩 ⛐ ℐ 䎫 屏 䩖 ⚳ ⭞ 悥 ⤪ ↢ ᶨ 廵 ˤ 㰫 䇦 暯 㑤 ḇ ⮶ 农 大 ⢾ ⁝ 㙜⡆炻⛐ℕ⸜攻⽆ 500 €伶⃫嬲䁢 1000 €伶⃫ˤ姙⣂⛐ 70 ⸜ẋ⣏慷 冱 ⁝ 䘬 朆 㳚 ⚳ ⭞ 炻 䘤 䎦 冒 㶙 星 ⎴ 㧋 䘬 ⚘ ⠫ 烉 ⯤ 㖍 ⇑ Ṇ 䘬 ⁝ ⊁ ⛐ ⎴ 㧋 䞕䘬㛇攻炻⽆ 90 €伶⃫㽨⡆军 290 €伶⃫ˤ12 ⺼ 娕 䘬 㗗 炻 剅 ≈ ⒍ ⬠ 㳦 ⇑ 㚤 䘬 ⌙ 㨇 䎮 婾 ⛐ 忁 ᾳ 昶 㭝 ⼿ ⇘ 冒 ㆹ ⻟ ⊾ ˤ 䔞 ℐ 䎫 䴻 㾇 グ 思 ⽒ Ṿ 䘬 䫾 䔍 炻 ㍉ ⍾ 㴖 ≽ ⇑ 䌯 ˣ ↢ ⎋ ⮶ ⎹ 䴻 㾇 ˣ 妋 昌₡㟤䭉⇞炻ℐ䎫橼䲣⯙グ⭡㖻䘤䓇⌙㨇炻⽆侴墥忈↢㚜⣂䴻㾇ⳑ㼘炻
11
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
12 ⧄⤏䰛·厲】炷Naomi Klein炸炻嬗侭烉⏛⚳⌧炻䌳㝷泣炻˪ẹᷣ佑烉䀥暋屯㛔ᷣ
侴㬌䫱ⳑ㼘⍰㬋⤥㗗Ṿ娵䁢㓧⹄ㅱ㍉⍾℞㽨忚⺢嬘䘬ね㱩ˤ ġ ġ 忁ὧ㗗ℏ⺢⛐剅≈⒍⬠㳦㧉⺷䘬⌙㨇ˤ䔞ẋ䘬䴻㾇⌙㨇⯙㗗⤪㬌炻 㮓䃉旸⇞䘬慹拊⛐ℐ䎫檀忇㳩≽炻㈽㨇侭⽆┉寮䀺ἄᶨ嶗䀺⇘屐⸋炻 㚱 Ṩ 湤 䀺 Ṩ 湤 炻 忈 ㆸ ⶪ ⟜ ⣏ ⷭ ⹎ 䘬 㲊 ≽ ˤ 侴 䓙 㕤 䔞 Ṳ ℐ 䎫 ⊾ 䘬 冒 䓙 屧 㖻 橼 ⇞ 炻 ⍰ 䃉 䔘 㕤 溻 ⊝ 屏 䩖 ⚳ ⭞ 两 临 ẘ 岜 ┉ 寮 ˣ 戭 ˣ 䞛 㱡 ㆾ ⮷ 湍 䫱 ⍇ 㕁 屯 㸸 䘬 ↢ ⎋ 炻 忁 ⯙ 嬻 ⬫ Ᾱ 䈡 ⇍ ⭡ 㖻 句 ℍ ㊩ 临 ⌙ 㨇 䘬 ら ⿏ ⽒ 䑘 ˤ ẍ 炻 ⮎ 晃 䘬 ね 㱩 㗗 炻 ⎒ 天 ᶨ 㖎 ┉ 寮 ₡ 㟤 䨩 䃞 ⣏ 嵴 ⯙ 㚫 嬻 㔜 橼 䴻 㾇 橼 星 ℍ 唕 㡅 炻 ⢾ ⋗ ㈽ 㨇 ⭊ ᶨ 䚳 ⇘ 娚 ⚳ 䘬 屉 㓧 ら ⊾ 炻 ὧ 攳 ⥳ ㉳ ⓖ ℞ 屐 ⸋ 炻 ⮶ 农 ⋗ 䌯 㙜 嵴 炻 忚 侴 ≈ 㶙 䴻 㾇 唕 㡅 ˤ 㬌 㗪 炻 ⤪ 㝄 ℵ 䡘 ⇘ ⇑ 䌯 䉪 桮 炻 ⚳ ⭞⁝⊁ᶨ⢽攻㙜⡆炻恋湤炻娚⚳䘬䴻㾇⯙ⶖᶵ⣂妋橼Ḯˤ13 屐⸋䵲䷖㓧䫾⯙㗗㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⛐ 1980 ⸜ẋ⇅㛇娽䓇㗪䘬䫔ᶨᾳ天 䳈ˤ Ὣ ἧ 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 娽 䓇 䘬 䫔 Ḵ ᾳ 天 䳈 ⯙ 㗗 ˬ ὃ 䴎 䪗 䘬 䴻 㾇 炷supply-side economics炸˭ˤ䔞㗪暟㟡䷥䴙椾⃰䁢⣏ẩ㤕⭞㍸ὃ寸㱃 䘬 屯 慹 䓐 ẍ Ὣ 忚 䴻 㾇 ㆸ 攟 炻 忁 ᾳ 㓧 䫾 䘬 側 ⼴ ` 姕 㗗 烉 Ṿ Ᾱ 㚫 ㈲ 忁 ṃ 屯 慹 ㊧ ⍣ ㈽ 屯 ẍ ὧ ⡆ 忚 䓊 傥 炻 ⽆ 侴 䁢 冒 ∝ 忈 㚜 ⣂ 屉 炻 忁 ṃ 屉 ㍍ 叿 㚫 徸㻠ˬ㴻 㺜炷trickle down炸˭炷 ㆾᶳ㺜炸⇘ 䣦㚫ℐ橼 炻嬻ᶨ 凔Ṣ㮹 暐 曚 ⛯ 暹 炻 ḇ ⼿ ⇘ 䴻 㾇 ䷩ 㥖 䘬 ⤥ 嗽 ˤ 忁 ⯙ 㗗 㶙 䁢 ⼴ ᶾ 娔 䕭 䘬 ˣ ᶼ ⽆ 㛒 ⮎ 䎦 䘬 ˬ 㴻 㺜 㓰 ㅱ ˭ 䎮 婾 烊 ℞ 㫉 炻 暟 㟡 怬 忚 埴 䦭 ⊁ 㓡 朑 炻 Ṿ ⮯ 枪 Ⰼ 䘬怲晃䦭䌯炷 marginal tax rate炸⽆ 70%⇲㷃⇘ 28%炻᷎ᶼ⮯㚨⣏屯㛔 ⇑⼿䦭炷capital gains tax炸旵⇘ 20%炻䁢⣏唕㡅ẍἮ䘬㚨Ỷˤ⛐㬌⎴㗪炻 暟㟡ḇ㍸檀Ḯ⊆≽昶䳂䘬ⶍ屯䦭炷payroll tax炸炻忼ㆸḮℙ源╖ᶨ䦭 炷flat tax炸䘬䚖㧁ˤ暟㟡䴻㾇妰∫䫔ᶱᾳ㓧䫾㗗⮵慹圵悐攨䘬⬴ℐ檮䴩炻 ⚈䁢㰫䇦㉺䳽㓗㊩忁枭㓧䫾炻暟㟡ὧ⛐ 1987 ⸜㓡ả␥吃㜿㕗㼀炷Alan
13
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Greenspan炸炻吃㜿㕗㼀㑼ả倗㸾㚫ᷣⷕ䚜⇘ 2006 ⸜ˤṾ⮵慹圵䭉⇞䘬 檮䴩㚨䳪忈ㆸ 2008 ⸜䘬ℐ䎫⿏慹圵桐㙜炻⮶农ᶲ䘦叔Ṣ⣙⍣⭞⚺ˤ14 䵄 奨 ẍ ᶲ 炻 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䘬 忁 ṃ 㓧 䫾 嬻 伶 ⚳ 䘬 䣦 㚫 屉 ᶵ ⛯ 忼 ⇘ ⇵ 㛒 㚱 䘬 枪 Ⲙ ˤ 㚱 䘬 䴻 㾇 㔠 㒂 ⛯ 栗 䣢 炻 伶 ⚳ 䓇 䓊 ≃ 晾 䃞 ㊩ 临 䨑 ⭂ ᶲ ⋯炻䃞侴⛐ 1973 ⸜㰫䇦≈暯㑤⼴ⶍṢ啒屯⣏嵴炻∑检₡ῤ㚱㓰⛘⽆ⶍ ἄṢ⎋廱䦣⇘屯㛔㌴㎉侭ㇳᷕˤ侴⛐㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㓧䫾側⼴炻CEO䘬啒㯜 ⛐ 1990 ⸜ẋ⡆≈ 400%炻ⶍἄṢ⎋啒㯜⡆≈⮹㕤 5%炻倗恎㚨Ỷ啒屯㷃 ⮹崭忶 9%ˤ伶⚳⛐恋㭝㗪㛇䘬㔠㒂㚜栗䣢㚨檀 1%㓞ℍ㕷佌⌈ℐ⚳䷥ 㓞ℍ⛐ 1980 ⸜ẋ⽆ 8%⡆䁢 18%炷⎴㧋䘬ḳḇ䘤䓇⛐劙⚳炻⽆ 6.5% ᶲ⋯⇘ 13%炸炻忁㗗⋩ḅᶾ䲨㛓拵慹㗪ẋ炷Gilded Age炸ẍἮ⽆㛒↢䎦 忶䘬㯜㸾ˤ㘖㞍屯㕁栗䣢炻伶⚳⇵ 5%䘬⭞㇞⼿⽆ 1980 ⸜崟⡆≈⇘ 72.7%炻侴ᷕ䫱㓞ℍ⭞㇞⇯ 㺗炻⼴⚃↮ᷳᶨ⭞㇞㓞ℍᶳ旵⇘ 7.4%ˤ忁 ⛐⛐栗䣢炻忁㧋䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㗗ᶨ䧖Ṣ∅⇲⊆≽ⶍṢ⊆≽ㆸ㝄䘬ˬ㕘˭ ⇞⹎炻忈ㆸ㚜㶙䘬䣦㚫䖃劎ˤ20 ᶾ䲨 80 ⸜ẋ炻ℑả暟㟡㓧⹄忂忶⣏≃ ㍐ 埴 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 ˬ 㓡 朑 ˭ 炻 ㈲ 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 ⬠ 㳦 ㍐ ᶲ Ḯ 伶 ⚳ ᷣ 㳩 䴻 㾇 ⬠ 䘬 ⮞ ⹏ 烊 ᶵ ⤪ 㬌 炻 ⛐ 㬌 㛇 攻 炻 暟 㟡 㓧 ⹄ 䵲 搤 ⭮ 溻 炻 ㊱ 䄏 忁 ᶨ 䎮 婾 䆇 忈Ḯᶨᾳ怑ㅱ⚳晃慹圵屯㛔暨天䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑—屯㛔ᷣ佑㧉⺷炻㈲⚳晃 慹圵屯㛔普⛀復ᶲḮᷣ⭘伶⚳䴻㾇ˣⶎ⎛伶⚳㓧㱣䘬㪲≃Ⲙ䘬⮞⹏炻 ⽆ 侴 ḇ ⮯ 屯 㛔 ᷣ 佑 䓙 ⚳ ⭞ ⢇ 㕟 昶 㭝 ⎹ 㚜 䁢 ⿸ ⾾ 䘬 ⚳ 晃 慹 圵 屯 㛔 ⢇ 㕟 昶 㭝 廱 嬲 ˤ 忁 ṃ 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 侭 ⮯ ⎌ ℠ 䴻 㾇 ⬠ ➢ 㛔 䎮 ⾝ ㍐ ⎹ ˬ ⶪ ⟜ 㔁 㡅 ᷣ 佑 ˭ 㤝 䪗 䘬 ˬ ⶪ ⟜ ⊾ ˣ 䥩 㚱 ⊾ ˣ 冒 䓙 ⊾ ℐ 䎫 ᶨ 橼 ⊾ ˭ ᷣ ⻝ ˤ 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 侭 忁 ṃ 㤝 䪗 䎮 婾 ᷣ ⻝ 炻 㬋 ⤥ 彶 ⎰ Ḯ 伶 劙 ⚳ 晃 慹 圵 ⢇ 㕟 屯 㛔 䘬 暨 天ˤ15
14
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
军 㕤 ㍸ ὃ ẩ 㤕 ⃒ 㷍 䘬 屯 慹 炻 ⇘ ⸽ 傥 ᶵ 傥 䓊 䓇 ˬ 㴻 㺜 㓰 ㅱ ˭ 忁 ᾳ ⓷ 柴 炻 㚱 䘬 㔠 㒂 悥 ⏲ 姜 ㆹ Ᾱ 炻 嬻 Ṣ 㚜 㚱 ᷎ ᶵ 㚫 ἧ ⊆ ≽ ⶍ Ṣ ḇ ᶨ 崟 㚱 炻 ⮵ 䴻 㾇 ㆸ 攟 䘬 ⇢ 㽨 ḇ ⽖ ᷶ ℞ ⽖ ˤ ⮎ 晃 ᶲ 炻 㔠 㒂 栗 䣢 炻 ⽆ 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ佑娽䓇ẍἮ炻ⶍ㤕⊾⚳⭞䘬Ṣ⛯ㆸ攟䌯䴻⽆ 3.2%ᶳ旵⇘ 2.1%ˤ㚜 媟⇢䘬ḳ⮎㗗炻2015 ⸜炻⚳晃屐⸋➢慹㚫炷 IMF炸䘤堐ᶨấ䞼䨞⟙⏲㊯ ↢ 炻 ⽆ 暟 㟡 㗪 ẋ ㍸ ↢ ˬ 㴻 㺜 㓰 ㅱ ˭ 䎮 婾 ẍ Ἦ 炻 ᶨ 凔 Ṣ 㮹 㟡 㛔 ↮ ṓ ᶵ ⇘ Ṣ⡆≈䘬屉炻⍵侴㈲ℐ䎫屏ⶖ嶅㉱⇘⇵㛒夳䘬嶅暊ˤ16 䵄⎰ẍᶲ炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ⮯㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䓴⭂䁢ᶨ䧖ẍˬⶪ⟜军ᶲ˭⍇⇯Ἦㇻ忈 ᶾ䓴㓧㱣䴻㾇⇞⹎䘬妰䔓ˤἄ䁢シ嬀⼊ン炻⬫䘬ᷣ⻝⻟婧ⶪ⟜䴻㾇ˣᾳṢ冒䓙ˣ ⚳⭞徨ỵˤ17 ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ忁湤婒炻⛐㍐≽䴻㾇䘤⯽㕡朊炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⽡⸽⣙㓿Ḯ炻 Ữ 㗗 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 ⌣ ⛐ 㬌 ᶨ 忶 䦳 ᷕ 炻 䈡 ⇍ 㗗 ⛐ ℞ ⚳ 晃 ⊾ 忶 䦳 炻 ⶏ ⥁ ⛘ ㆸ 䁢伶⚳ᷣ⭘ℐ䎫䘬ⶍ℟ˤ
ୖ
ୖǵཥԾҗЬကޑӄౚϯ!
⍇㛔⎒旸㕤劙伶䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑炻℞ℐ䎫⊾䘬㟡㸸崟冒 1973 ⸜䘬䞛 㱡⌙㨇炻䁢Ḯ⚆ㅱ䔞⸜OPEC䘬䞛㱡䤩忳炻伶⚳ẍ幵ḳ⦩傭ṳℍ旧㉱ỗ ⚳⭞炻⡻従ᷕ㜙䓊㱡⚳⎴シ⮯㱡⃫炷petrodollars炸德忶厗䇦埿䘬㈽屯戨 埴 㳩 忂 ˤ 㕤 㗗 㚱 Ḯ 寸 㱃 屯 慹 ㋡ 㲐 䘬 厗 䇦 埿 戨 埴 炻 䵲 ㍍ ᶳ Ἦ ⯙ 㗗 ⤪ ỽ ⃭ ấ 忳 䓐 忁 ṃ 䎦 慹 ˤ 䔞 㗪 伶 ⚳ ⚳ ℏ 䴻 㾇 㬋 嗽 㕤 㺗 炻 Ṿ Ᾱ 㰢 ⭂ ẍ 檀 ⇑ 䌯16
Siddharh Tiwari, Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global
Perspective, Strategy, Policy, and Review Department, INTERNATIONAL MONETARY
FUND, June 2015, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf
17
Harvey, David, A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ᧤2005᧥
屠 㫦 䘬 ⼊ ⺷ ㈽ 屯 ⇘ 㴟 ⢾ 炻 㬌 㗪 䘤 ⯽ ᷕ ⚳ ⭞ 㬋 暨 天 屯 慹 Ἦ 㑓 ⸛ 㱡 ₡ 檀 㻚 忈 ㆸ 䘬 ∝ 炻 㱩 ᶼ 㬌 㗪 Ṿ Ᾱ ḇ 㬋 䴻 㬟 檀 忂 児 ˤ 厗 䇦 埿 戨 埴 娵 䁢 忁 䫮 ㈽ 屯㰺㚱桐晒炻⚈䁢ṾᾹ`姕⚳⭞㓧⹄ᶵ⣒⎗傥㫈拊ᶵ怬ˤ18 䃞侴炻ḳ⮎ᶵ䃞ˤ 䓙㕤䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞屠ᷳ㫦㗗伶⃫炻忁ἧ⼿ṾᾹ伶⚳䘬⇑䌯㻚嵴忋≽崟Ἦˤ 䔞㰫䇦≈暯㑤⛐1980⸜ẋ⇅㛇⁔檀Ḯ⇑䌯炻恋ṃ屈⁝⢀⢀䘬䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞⤪⡐大 ⒍䫱ὧ星ℍ⁝⊁㲍㵾炻忈ㆸ媪䘬ˬ䫔ᶱᶾ䓴⁝⊁⌙㨇炷third world debt crisis炸˭ˤ ḳ⮎ᶲ炻䫔ᶱᶾ䓴䘬⁝⊁⌙㨇ḇⶖᶨ溆㭨㌱厗䇦埿戨埴炻忈ㆸ⚳晃慹圵橼䲣䘬 䒎妋ˤ䁢Ḯ性⌙㨇㒜⣏炻伶⚳ṳℍ᷎䡢ᾅ⡐大⒍ẍ⍲℞Ṿ⚳⭞㚱傥≃⁝炻 伶⚳䘬㕡㱽㗗慵㕘姕妰IMF炻岎ḰIMF㕘䘬≇傥ˤ⛐忶⍣炻IMF㗗䓐㛔幓䘬䴻 屣Ἦ⋼≑䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞嗽䎮㓞㓗⸛堉⓷柴烊Ữ⛐⁝⊁⌙㨇ᷳ⼴炻伶⚳德忶IMFἮ 䡢ᾅ䫔ᶱᶾ䓴⚳⭞傥⣈㶭怬䥩Ṣ㈽屯戨埴䘬⁝⊁ˤ冒㬌炻ⶫ暟枻㢖㜿橼䲣䲣䴙 ⿏⛘㶭昌Ḯ↙⚈㕗⬠㳦䘬⼙枧≃炻ㆸ䁢㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑シ嬀⼊ン䘬┱冴ˤ ℞妰䔓 㗗炻IMF㍸ὃ㕡㟰Ἦ⸓≑䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞妋㰢⁝⊁炻ょ旬ⷞ㡅ẞ⯙㗗天㯪䘤⯽ᷕ⚳ ⭞忚埴ᶨ䲣↿䘬ˬ䳸㥳婧㔜㕡㟰炷structural adjustment programs, SAPs炸˭ˤ 㬌ᶨ䳸㥳婧㔜㕡㟰㗗忁㧋䘬烉䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞⽭枰⬴ℐ妋昌ⶪ⟜䭉⇞炻忈⯙ᶨᾳ⬴ ℐ冒䓙攳㓦䘬ⶪ⟜炻ẍ㬌Ἦ㍸檀䴻㾇㓰䌯ˣ⇢㽨䴻㾇ㆸ攟炻㚨⼴㶭㫈⁝⊁ˤ 㚱ṃ䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞⛐忁➟埴㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㓧䫾㗪㭼IMF䘬天㯪怬㚜⽡⸽炻嬔⤪ ⋿杻ᶵ㍍⍿ŊŎŇ䲻⚘屠㫦旬ⷞ䘬ˬ䳸㥳婧㔜㕡㟰˭炻怬冒埴㍐↢㚜⽡⸽䘬 㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㓡朑烊IMF ㆸḮ⋿杻⭀⒉䘬㓧㱣䯴䡤炻䓐Ἦ䒎妋⚳ℏ䘬⍵⮵倚㴒烊 IMF ḳ⮎ᶲ㗗ˬ⻟従˭⋿杻 Ḯ⬫㛔Ἦ⯙゛ ˣỮ㰺彎㱽 䘬ḳˤ19ṾᾹḇ啱 䓙⇲㷃㓧⹄墄層炷⤪梇䈑ˣ䄏嬟ˣṌ忂忳廠炸烊嬻℔悐攨䥩㚱⊾烊㷃⮹⊆ ⶍˣ屯㸸ἧ䓐ˣṢ⎋䫱䭉⇞烊᷎ᶼ㌫昌⎬⚳䘬屧㖻⡩⢀ẍ∝忈ˬ㈽屯㨇㚫˭
18
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
19 ⢷⁛ỵ炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㗗Ṩ湤烎ᶱ䧖䎮婾奨溆䘬㭼庫䞼䨞˩炻˪⎘䀋䣦㚫⬠˫炻䫔 27 㛇
攳㉻㚜⣂䘬㴰屣ⶪ⟜ˤ㬌⢾炻ṾᾹḇ娎⚾䵕㊩Ỷ忂児炻䓐ẍ䡢ᾅ䫔ᶱᶾ䓴⮵IMF 䘬ᶨ⭂⁝⊁炻䷙ἧ忁㚫⇲⻙Ḯ䫔ᶱᶾ䓴㓧⹄㍐≽ㆸ攟䘬≃忻ˤ㖶栗䘬ḳ⮎㗗炻 伶⚳䘬忁ᾳ妰䔓㚱姙⣂㓧䫾㗗䈡⇍䁢嶐⚳ẩ㤕䘬⇑䙲慷幓ㇻ忈䘬炻⬫嬻忁ṃ嶐 ⚳ẩ㤕㚱㚜⣂䘬冒䓙⍣岤屟℔ℙ屯䓊ˣ㈽㧁㓧⹄⺢姕ˣ⮯㓓⍾䘬㙜⇑ⷞ⚆伶⚳ ䷩㥖⚳ℏ䴻㾇ˤ20 昌㬌ᷳ⢾炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⿅゛ḇ德忶伶⚳㑵㍏䘬ᶾ䓴⿏䴻㾇䳬䷼㍐⺋⇘䘤 ⯽ ᷕ ⚳ ⭞ ˤ ἳ ⤪ 炻 ᶾ 䓴 戨 埴 ⮯ 䘤 ⯽ 妰 䔓 䘬 屠 㫦 姙 ⣂ 䴻 㾇 䘬 旬 ≈ 㡅 ẞ 炷conditionalities炸㍃⊦炻⻟⇞恋ṃ屠㫦⚳㍐≽ⶪ⟜冒䓙⊾炷䈡⇍㗗⛐ 1980 ⸜ ẋ炸ˤ㎃⎍娙婒炻IMFᶾ䓴戨埴⮯⁝⊁ἄ䁢㑵䷙℞Ṿᷣ㪲⚳⭞䴻㾇䘬㥻㠧ˤ ᶾ䓴屧㖻䳬䷼炷ẍ⍲⎬⺷⎬㧋䘬暁怲冒䓙屧㖻⋼⭂炻ἳ⤪⊿伶冒䓙屧㖻⋼⭂炸 ḇ啱䓙天㯪䘤⯽ᷕ⚳⭞㑌昌屧㖻⡩⢀㎃⍾忚ℍ大㕡⚳⭞ⶪ⟜Ἦ㍐≽㕘冒䓙ᷣ 佑炻侴忁嬻恋ṃ䩖⚳⛘㕡䓊㤕星㕤䟜䓊ˤ侴忁ṃ䳬䷼㰺㚱ᶨᾳ㗗德忶㮹ᷣ㨇⇞ Ἦ忳ἄ䘬炻IMFᶾ䓴戨埴䘬㈽䤐㪲炻⤪⎴ẩ㤕ᶨ凔炻㗗㟡㒂⎬⚳䘬屉⊁㚱 㪲Ἦ↮惵ˤᷣ天㰢䫾暨天 85%ㇵ傥忂忶炻伶⚳⛐忁ℑᾳ䳬䷼ᷕ㎉㚱⣏䲬 17% 䘬䤐炻シ␛叿⤡㑩㚱⮎岒ᶲ䘬⏎㰢㪲ˤ⛐ᶾ屧䳬䷼炻ⶪ⟜⣏⮷㰢⭂Ḯ婯⇌㪲≃炻 㕤㗗⚳⸦᷶悥傥⣈屓⽡⬫䘬シ⽿ˤ劍屏䩖⚳⭞怠㑯ᶵ㚵⽆忁ṃ ⭛ṾᾹ䴻㾇 䘬屧㖻夷⇯炻⚳≽庺ẍ屧㖻⇞塩Ἦ≈ẍ⟙⽑炻忁嬻屏䩖⚳⭞⛐℞㶓⦩ᶳ☌劍 ⭺垔ˤ21 㕤㗗ℐᶾ䓴⯙⛐伶⚳⻟⣏⼙枧≃䘬㋦⇞ᶳ⛸ᶲ㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑忁↿䀓干怩⎹ 㶙ᶵ⎗㷔䘬㶙㶝ˤ 㚨⼴炻1990 ⸜炻伶⚳ℙ源䷥䴙ⶫⶴ䇚怑ㅱ⚳晃慹圵⢇㕟屯㛔ℐ 䎫 㒜 ⻝ 䘬 暨 天 炻 ㌰ シ 伶 ⚳ ⚳ 晃 䴻 㾇 䞼 䨞 䘤 崟 炻 ⎔ 攳 Ḯ ᶨ ᾳ 㚱 斄 ㉱ 伶 ⛘⋨ 80 ⸜ẋᷕ⼴㛇ẍἮ䴻㾇婧㔜冯㓡朑⓷柴䘬䞼子㚫ˤ㚫嬘埴⮯䳸㜇
20
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
21
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
㗪 炻 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䴻 㾇 ⬠ ⭞ ˣ 㚦 ả 伶 ⚳ ⚳ 晃 䴻 㾇 䞼 䨞 攟 䘬 䲬 侘 炽 ⦩ ⥮ 怄 炷J. Williamson炸 ㉃ ↢ Ḯᶨ ấ ⊭⏓ ⋩ 㡅㓧 䫾 ᷣ ⻝䘬 媪㚫 嬘 ˬℙ 嬀˭炻⼴Ἦ塓䧙䇚ˬ厗䚃枻ℙ嬀˭炷Washington Consensus炸ˤ22 ˬ 厗 䚃 枻 ℙ 嬀 ˭ 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ ᷕ 炻 昌 Ḯ 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 ⬠ 侭 Ᾱ 攟 㛇 ẍ Ἦ 溻 ⏡ 䘬 ˬ 䥩 㚱 ⊾ ˭ ˣ ˬ ⶪ ⟜ ⊾ ˭ ˣ ˬ 冒 䓙 ⊾ ˭ 䫱 ℭ ⭡ ⢾ 炻 怬 䈡 ⇓ ⻟ 婧 ⎬ ⚳ 㓧⹄ㅱ攳㓦⓮⑩ⶪ⟜ˣ慹圵屯㛔ⶪ⟜炻㓦檮⮵⢾屯䘬旸⇞䚋䭉ˤˬ厗 䚃 枻 ℙ 嬀 ˭ ᷫ ⎠ 楔 㗕 ᷳ ⽫ 炻 ⌛ 䇚 伶 ⚳ 䘬 ⚳ 晃 慹 圵 屯 㛔 忂 埴 ℐ 䎫 沜 䫃 攳 嶗 炻 ẍ ὧ ㍏ ⇞ Ṿ ⚳ 䘬 慹 圵 ˣ 屯 㛔 ⶪ ⟜ ᷫ 军 㔜 ᾳ 䴻 㾇 ␥ 傰 炻 ⽆ 侴 ㆸ 䁢 ᶾ 䓴慹圵ᷫ军ᶾ䓴䴻㾇䘬曠ᷣˤ冒㬌炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬⛐ˬ䥩㚱⊾˭ˣˬⶪ ⟜ ⊾ ˭ ˣ ˬ 冒 䓙 ⊾ ˭ 䘬 ℏ ⭡ ᶲ 炻 ⍰ ⡆ ≈ Ḯ ˬ ℐ 䎫 ⊾ ˭ 炻 ℐ ᶾ 䓴 ḇ ⚈ 㬌 伶 ⚳ ⊾ Ḯ ˤ ⎗ 夳 炻 ˬ 厗 䚃 枻 ℙ 嬀 ˭ 䘬 ↢ 䰈 炻 㧁 娴 䛨 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䎮 婾 ⍲ ℞⮎嶸㧉⺷怩⎹Ḯᶨᾳ㕘䘬昶㭝烉㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䓙⬠埻ˣ䎮婾侴㓧㱣⊾ˣ 伶⚳⚳⭞シ嬀⼊ン⊾炻忚侴德忶伶⚳䘬⚳晃㑵ἄㆸ䁢ℐ䎫⊾ˤ23 䃞 侴 炻 ⎗ ず 䘬 㗗 炻 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 ⛐ ℐ 䎫 ⊾ 昶 㭝 䘬 㚨 䳪 ⼙ 枧 㗗 ⺋ 㲃 䘬 ˬ徸⸽䪞䇕炷race to the bottom炸˭炻忁㗗⛐ℐ䎫⊾䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻⚳晃慹 圵 屯 㛔 䁢 Ḯ ⮳ ㈦ 㚨 檀 䘬 ㈽ ⟙ 䌯 侴 ⛐ ᶾ 䓴 ⎬ ⛘ 㳩 䩬 炻 攳 䘤 ᷕ ⚳ ⭞ 䁢 Ḯ ⏠ ⺽ ⚳ 晃 ⣏ ⺈ ⇵ Ἦ ㈽ 屯 姕 ⺈ ᶵ ⼿ ᶵ 䪞 䚠 ẍ 㚨 Ỷ 䘬 ⶍ 屯 ⶍ Ṣ 䤷 ⇑ Ἦ 䉏 䈚 㛔 ⚳ ⊆ ≽侭 ˤ24 ẍ 炻⎬ ⚳ 䪞 䚠 徥徸 䘬 忁ᾳ ˬ⸽ ˭ 炷 the bottom炸 ⯙ 㗗 㚨 ⸽ Ⰼ 䘬 ⊆ ≽ ⶍ Ṣ ⍲ ℞ 㚨 Ỷ 䘬 㪲 䙲 炻 忁 ᾳ ˬ ⸽ ˭ 嬻 ⬫ Ᾱ ⼿ ẍ 䓐 㚨 Ỷ 䘬 ㆸ 㛔 ⍾ ⼿㚨 ⣏ 䘬 ⇑㼌ˤ ἳ ⤪ᷕ⚳晾䃞岷⼿ˬᶾ䓴ⶍ⺈˭䘬伶嬥炻⮵⊆ⶍ 䘬劃⇣ˣ⮵䑘⠫䘬䟜⢆冯傥㸸⇘䃉ẍ⽑≈䘬⛘㬍炻⎴㧋䘬ね㱩ḇ䘤䓇⛐伶⚳炻
22
J. Williamson, A Short History of the Washington Consensus, Paper commissioned by Fundación CIDOB for a conference “From the Washington Consensus towards a new Global Governance,” Barcelona, September 24–25, 2004.
23
ỽ䥱⬇炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬㸸㳩冯㛔岒˩炻˪ᷕ⚳䣦㚫䥹⬠⟙˫炻2015 ⸜ 5 㚰 27 㖍ˤ
24
Davies, R. B., & Vadlamannati, K. C.. 'A race to the bottom in labour standards? An empirical investigation'. Journal of Development Economics 炷2013炸 炷103炸 1-14.
㚨⸽Ⰼ䘬⊆ⶍ䷥㗗⍿⭛㚨㶙䘬ˤ25 ⛐ᷕ⚳䘤⯽䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻䣦㚫ᷣ佑䘬ㆸấ㬋⛐ 徸㻠㴰⣙ᷕ炻⚳⭞㓧㱣䴻㾇䘤⯽㖍䙲廱✳䁢㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬䘤⯽㧉⺷炻℞ᷕ⢓ 㧉⺷⌛䁢℠✳ˤ26 䓙㕤嶐⚳ẩ㤕⛐⚳晃攻⇘嗽㳩䩬㈦⮳ˬ㚨Ἓ䘬˭㈽屯䑘⠫炻㬌㗪炻 恋 ṃ 䘤 ⯽ ᷕ ⚳ ⭞ ⽭ 枰 䪞 䚠 ㍸ ὃ 㚨 ₡ 䘬 ⊆ ≃ 屯 㸸 炻 䓂 军 ㍸ ↢ ⬴ ℐ 䦭 嬻 ⢾ 屯 冒 䓙 廠 ℍ 炻 Ἦ ⏠ ⺽ ⢾ 屯 䘬 ㈽ ℍ ˤ 忁 ⮵ 徥 㯪 㚨 ⣏ ⇑ 㼌 䘬 大 㕡 ⚳ ⭞ㆾ屧㖻⣏⚳䘬嶐⚳ẩ㤕Ἦ婒䃉䔘㗗ᾳ伶渿⣑➪ˤ27 䃞侴㬋㗗⛐㬌ᶨⶪ ⟜ 怷 廗 ᷕ 炻 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䘬 䳸 㥳 婧 㔜 㕡 㟰 ᶵ ℵ 㗗 ⍇ 㛔 ⸓ ≑ 屏 䩖 ⚳ ⭞ 䘬 伶 シ炻⍵侴ㆸḮ㐏㭨屏䩖⚳⭞䘬⣊欀ˤ㔠㒂栗䣢炻⛐ 1980 ⸜ẋẍ⇵炻䘤 ⯽ᷕ⚳⭞Ṣ⛯㓞ℍㆸ攟䌯怬崭忶 3%炻Ữ㗗⮎埴㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㕡㟰⼴炻ㆸ 攟䌯㷃⋲炻⎒∑ 1.7%ˤ㐺⑰㉱ẍ⋿朆㳚ḇ⯽䎦↢⎴㧋䘬堘徨嵐⊊ˤ⽆ 1960 ⇘ 70 ⸜ẋ炻Ṣ ⛯㓞ℍㆸ攟䌯 1.6%ˤỮ㗗䔞㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䗪㕡⽆ 1979 ⸜⻟⇞⛐⠆ℏ≈䇦䘣映➟埴⼴炻⋿朆㳚Ṣ⛯㓞ℍ攳⥳ᶳ旵䁢 0.7%ˤ朆 㳚 ⚳ ⭞⸛ ⛯ GNP⛐ 䳸 㥳婧 㔜 䘬㕘 冒 䓙ᷣ 佑⸜ ẋ厶 ䷖ Ḯ 10%ˤ 䳸 㝄炻朆 㳚㍁ㇶ⛐屏䩖䶂ẍᶳ䘬Ṣ㔠⽆ 1980 ⸜ẍἮ⿍急ᶲ⋯Ḯ 100%ˤ⎴㧋䘬
25
Jeffrey D. Sachs ⍇叿炻㚰⧇嬗炻˪㔯㖶䘬ẋ₡˫ 炷The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity炸炻⎘⊿ⶪ烉怈夳⣑ᶳ㔯⊾炻2013 ⸜炻䫔ℕ 䪈ˤ
26
Jenny Chan and Ngai Pun. 2010. “Suicide as Protest for the New Generation of Chinese Migrant Workers: Foxconn, Global Capital, and the State.”The Asia-Pacific Journal. Vol. 18, Iss. 37, No. 2.p,5. And Andrew Kipnis, “Neoliberalism Reified: Suzhi Discourse and Tropes of Neoliberalism in the People’s Republic of China,” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 13, Iss.2炷2007炸, pp. 383-399.
27
Jeffrey D. Sachs ⍇叿炻㚰⧇嬗炻˪㔯㖶䘬ẋ₡˫ 炷The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity炸炻⎘⊿ⶪ烉怈夳⣑ᶳ㔯⊾炻2013 ⸜炻䫔ℕ 䪈ˤ
∯ ね ḇ⛐ ㉱ᶩ 伶㳚 ᶲ 㺼ˤ 䳸 㝄㗗 炻䔞 ᶨᾳ ⚳ ⭞⽆ IMF恋墉䌚⼿グ ⣂ 䘬䳸 㥳婧㔜屠㫦炻℞䴻㾇ⳑ㼘䘬⎗傥⿏⯙グ檀ˤ28 恋 湤 炻 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䘬 冒 䓙 ⶪ ⟜ 伶 ⣊ 䁢 ỽ 㚫 ㆸ 䁢 屏 䩖 ⚳ ⭞ 䘬 ⣊ 欀 ␊烎 㟡 㒂 大 ⭊ 䫱 Ṣ 䘬 ↮ 㜸 炻 忁 㗗 ⚈ 䁢 大 㕡 㕘 冒 䓙 ᷣ 佑 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ ⬀ ⛐ 叿 暁 慵 㧁 㸾 烉 大 㕡 㰢 䫾 侭 天 㯪 䘤 ⯽ ᷕ ⚳ ⭞ 䴻 㾇 橼 ⽭ 枰 冒 䓙 ⊾ ẍ ⇑ ㆸ 攟 炻 Ữ ⛐ 大 㕡 ᶾ 䓴 䴻 㾇 䘤 ⯽ 䘬 㬟 䦳 ᷕ 炻 Ṿ Ᾱ 冒 䘬 ⌣ 㗗 ⬴ ℐ 䚠 ⍵ 䘬 ḳ ˤ ⽆ 㬟⎚ᶲ䚳炻ảỽ⚳⭞悥㗗德忶ᾅ嬟ᷣ佑䘬䴻㾇㍒㕥嬻冒㚱崟Ἦ䘬炻 ⮎ 晃 ᶲ 䚜 ⇘ Ṳ 㖍 炻 伶 ⚳ 劙 ⚳ 怬 㗗 ᶾ 䓴 㚨 ℟ Ὕ 䔍 ⿏ 䘬 ᾅ 嬟 ᷣ 佑 ⚳ ⭞ 炻 Ṿ Ᾱ 忂 忶 㓧 ⹄ 墄 層 ˣ 屧 㖻 ⡩ ⢀ ˣ 㘢 ㄏ 屉 䓊 㪲 旸 ⇞ 䫱 ㍒ 㕥 ⺢ 㥳 冒 幓 䘬 䴻 㾇≃慷ņņ侴忁ṃ㍒㕥⌣悥㗗㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑♜⍚嬜屔䘬ˤ29 ⎗夳 㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ᶳ䘬冒䓙ⶪ⟜炻㛔岒ᶲ㗗⣏✳屉⛀⢇㕟䘬䴻㾇橼䲣炻䚖 䘬⛐䁢⣏屉⛀⾓忇䳗䧵樂Ṣ䘬屉炻᷎ᶵ㗗䛇㬋䘬冒䓙ˤ⛐㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㓧䫾䘬 ⼙枧ᷳᶳ炻⛘䎫ᶲ㚨㚱䘬 358 Ṣ㎉㚱ℐ䎫㚨䩖䘬 45%Ṣ⎋炷䲬 23 €炸⎴ 㧋䘬屉ˤ㚜樂Ṣ䘬㗗炻ᶾ䓴⇵ᶱ⣏€叔尒㑩㚱䘬屉䚠䔞㕤㚨Ỷ攳䘤⚳⭞ 炷Lowest Developed Countries炸Ṣ⎋䷥㔠 6 €Ṣ屉䘬䷥ˤ忁ṃ䴙妰㔠㒂ẋ 堐叿⣏慷䘬屉屯㸸⽆䩖⚳廱䦣⇘⚳ˤṲ㖍炻Ỽᶾ䓴Ṣ⎋ 1%⛐㚨㚱拊 䘬Ṣ㍏⇞ 40%䘬屉炻㚨㚱拊䘬 10%Ṣ⎋㍏⇞ 85%䘬ᶾ䓴屉炻侴㚨䩖䘬 50% Ṣ⎋⎒㑩㚱 1%䘬屉ˤ忁ṃ䴙妰㔠㒂ẋ堐叿⣏慷䘬屉屯㸸⽆䩖⚳廱䦣⇘ ⚳ˤ⮵忁䧖ね⼊炻伶⚳䴻㾇⬠⭞Lant Pritchett⮯℞⼊⭡䁢ˬ⣏暊㔋炷divergence, big time炸˭炻⌛䎦ẋ䴻㾇⎚䘬ᷣ天䈡⽝㗗塽⚳⭞冯屏䩖⚳⭞ᷳ攻Ṣ⛯㓞ℍ 䘬庫⣏暊㔋炻㬌ᶨⶖ嶅⤪Ṳ怬⛐两临㒜⣏ˤ30
28
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
29
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
30
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စǵཥԾҗЬကᆶଯ௲ػౢϯ!
ġ 㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⮵伶⚳㔁做䘬㚨䚜㍍⼙枧⯙㗗檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾炻侴檀䫱㔁做天 䓊㤕⊾椾⃰䘬天㯪⯙㗗檀䫱㔁做㘖⍲⊾ˤ ℞⮎伶⚳檀䫱㔁做䘬㘖⍲⊾ᶵ㗗⛐ 1980 ⸜ẋ㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ⳃ崟ᷳ⼴炻侴㗗 ⛐ 1940 濜炻䈡⇍㗗↙】㕗䎮婾㍸↢⼴炻檀䫱㔁做冯⣏⬠䓇㔠慷彭忇ᶲ⋯ˤ1940 ⸜伶⚳檀䫱㔁做䷥㔠慷䁢 1800 炻1965 ⸜䁢 2230 炻1978 ⸜⡆䁢 3360 ˤ 1940 ⸜炻伶⚳⣏⬠䓇䁢 150 叔Ṣ炻⇘Ḯ 1975 ⸜⯙䨩䟜 1100 叔⣏斄ˤ1955 ⸜ 䞼䨞䓇䁢 25 叔⎵炻⇘Ḯ 1975 ⸜⇯㍍役 85 叔⎵ˤ㒂⬠侭↮㜸炻⛐䫔Ḵ㫉ᶾ䓴 ⣏㇘⼴⇘ 1970 濜攻炻大㕡檀䫱㔁做䘬㒜⻝冯⚳⭞⮵㕤䷥橼潽≽㓧䫾㚱⭮↯敿 Ὢ烊⽆潽≽濘䘬䳈岒Ἦ婒炻㓧⹄德忶㈽屯檀䫱㔁做炻➡梲瀈潏⣂檀㈨埻䘬潽≽ 濘炻檀䫱㔁做⯙ㆸḮ潽≽濘ⶪ⟜䘬㳣㯜㸸柕ˤ⽆慷䘬㕡朊Ἦ婒炻⛐㓧⹄䴻㾇妰 䔓ᷕ炻⣏⬠䓇澷濌䘬⡆≈ẋ堐瀈潽≽濘忚↢ⶪ⟜䘬䷥濌䭉⇞䌚⼿瀈庫⣏䘬Ỡ䷖ 冯婧䭨䨢攻炻⮵㕤㇘⼴䘬大㕡䣦㚫侴妨炻⣏⬠⯙ㆸḮ⚳⭞婧䭨潽≽濘忚↢ⶪ⟜ 䘬呬㯜㰈炷reserving pool炸ˤ31 ὅ䄏⎚⭮㕗炷David N.Smith炸䘬䞼䨞ḇ栗䣢炻⽆ 1950 濜⇘ 1970 濜炻潽 ⶍⰔ⿏↮瀞ㆸ攟㚨彭忇䘬澳㗗ˬ⮰㤕冯㈨埻潽ⶍ ˭炷 professional and technical workers炸忁ᶨ昶Ⰼ炻侴忁㮓䃉䔹⓷㗗⮵ㅱ瀈⣏
⬠㒜⻝冯℞⯙㤕Ṣ⎋⣏濌⊾䘬ὃ䴎ˤ忁ὧ㗗㇘⼴↢䎦䘬ˬ㕘ᷕ䓊昶䳂˭炷New Middle Class炸炻忁ᶨ㈡㕘∝忈↢潻䘬ˬᷕⰌ佌橼˭䘬瀘≽㧉⺷᷎朆ẘ岜䇞䣾检 哕侴⼿䘬屉澝䧵炻侴㗗ὅ月ᾳṢ䞍灊冯倚㛃䘬ˬ⮰㤕娵⎗˭⍾⼿庫⃒⊊䘬䣦
No.1522,1995, 炷Washington炸. 31⏛㋢扺炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑檀䫱㔁做ˬ㓡朑˭⍲℞㈡⇌˩炻炻䘤堐㕤˪2006 濜⣏⬠➢䢶㔁 做˫⚳晃⬠埻䞼妶㚫炻㟫⚺炻攳⋿⣏⬠忂嬀ᷕ⽫炻2006 濜ˤ
㚫ỵ伖炻侴㚱⇍㕤⁛䴙潱瀂䘬䓇㳣㕡⺷ˤ32 䃞侴炻⣏⬠㔁做䘬㘖⍲⊾怬ᶵ㗗檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾烊ㅱ娚婒炻檀䫱㔁做䘬㒜 ⻝ᷫ㗗䎦ẋⶍ㤕䘤⯽䘬ℏ⛐暨㯪炻䃞侴炻忁䧖暨㯪⌣忈ㆸ⚳⭞⛐䴻屣ᶲ漸⣏䘬 ⡻≃炻⽆侴ḇ㌺㒈Ḯ℞⬫枸䬿ˤℵ≈ᶲ炻㇘⼴⣏⬠㔁做䘬㒜⻝⼴炻⣏悐↮℔䩳 ⣏⬠䘬䴻䆇冯屯㸸䘬忳䓐⚈䁢⭀₂ᷣ佑䘬㈕㚚炻忈ㆸ⚳⭞㚱旸屯㸸䘬⣏慷㴒屣 冯攺伖炻ⰊⰊ怕⇘⎬䓴䘬㩊妶冯㓣㑲ˤ⚈㬌炻伶⚳㓧⹄ḇ▿娎⮳㯪⎬䧖㕡㟰⮵ 㰺㚱㓰䌯ⶐ⣏㴒屣䘬檀䫱㔁做忚埴㓡朑ˤ㚨⼴⬫Ᾱ⛐⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠炷Stanford University炸幓ᶲ䚳⇘㓡朑䘬⣹㨇ˤ ẍ䛇㬋䘬檀㔁䓊㤕⊾怬㗗㸸冒 1980 ⸜ẋ䘬⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠䘬䓊㤕⊾ˤ 1891 ⸜ 10 㚰 1 㖍炻⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠㬋⺷攳⬠ˤ∝彎Ṣ㛶嗕•⎚ᷡἃ炷Leland Stanford炸⛐攳⬠℠䥖ᶲ婒烉ˬ䓇㳣㬠㟡⇘⸽㗗⮎晃䘬炻ἈᾹ⇘㬌㗗䁢冒媨㯪 ᶨᾳ㚱䓐䘬借㤕ˤ忁⊭⏓叿∝㕘ˣ忚⍾䘬栀㛃炻列⤥䘬姕妰㚨䳪ἧᷳ⮎䎦䘬 ≒≃˭ˤ㬋㗗⎚ᷡἃ䘬忁ᶨ⮎䓐㔁做䱦䤆炻∝忈Ḯ⼴Ἦ䘬䞥察⁛⣯ˤ⤪㝄婒 1920 ⸜⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠怬⎒㗗ᶨˬ悱㛹⣏⬠˭炻Ữ⇘Ḯ 1960 ⸜⤡ὧ⎵↿⇵劭炻⇘ 1985 ⸜塓姽䁢ℐ伶ᶨ㳩⣏⬠ˤ⬫䘬斄挝㗗 1951 ⸜䓙䔞㗪䘬∗㟉攟⺿䐆⽟炽䈡䇦 㚤炷Frederick Terman炸㔁㌰∝⺢Ḯ⎚ᷡἃ䥹⬠⚺⋨炻攳┇Ḯ檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾ 䘬⃰㱛炻䈡䇦㚤⼴Ἦḇ塓℔娵䁢ˬ䞥察ᷳ䇞˭ˤ⇘Ḯ 1980 ⸜ẋ⎚ᷡἃᶵ⏠⺽ Ḯ⬠埻Ṣㇵ∝㤕檀ㇳ炻⎴㗪炻䥹⬠⚺⋨⮵⬠埻ⶪ⟜⊾䘬㑵ἄ㧉⺷怬⁔䓇Ḯᶨ 䧖㚱⇑㕤⫽做㕘ẩ㤕䘬䴻㾇䑘⠫炻㬋㗗忁䧖檀䥹㈨ˣ檀桐晒Ữ檀⇑㼌䘬䴻㾇䑘 ⠫⛐⏠⺽叿⎬䧖⎬㧋䘬∝㤕侭ˤ33 ⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠䘬ⳃ崟䁢䞥察炷Silicon Valley炸暣⫸䓊㤕∝忈Ḯ㡅ẞ炻⎴㗪炻
32
David N. Smith, Who Rules the University? An Essay in Class Analysis. New York: MonthlyReview Press. 1974.
33侩拊炻˨䟭察Ỉ⣯——䟭察ᷳ䇞烉⺿慴⽟慴•䈡㚤炷Frederick Terman炸˩炻˪侩拊
㔯普˫䘤堐㕤 2014 ⸜ 2 㚰 5 㖍ˤ⺽冒 lao-qian.hxwk.org/.../侩摙烉䟭察Ỉ⣯-䟭察ᷳ䇞烉 ⺿慴⽟...
䞥察䘬䘤⯽ḇ⸓≑Ḯ⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠炻ἧ⤡⼿ẍ㚱Ṳ⣑䘬ㆸ⯙ˤ⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠䘤⯽䘬 忁䧖㧉⺷ἧ⼿⣏⬠ˣ䥹⬠⚺⋨ẩ㤕ᷳ攻⺢䩳⚢⭂䘬倗⎰橼炻㈲ᶱ侭䘬⃒⊊嬲 ㆸᶨᾳ䷥橼⃒⊊ˤ忁䧖㧉⺷㚜㚱⇑㕤䞼䨞ᶨṃ慵⣏䘬䵄⎰嬘柴炻䈡⇍㗗䎦ẋ䓊 㤕䘤⯽悥⽭枰㗗嶐柀➇䘬䞼䨞ˤ侴ᶼ⣏⬠⎹ẩ㤕廱嬻⃰忚䘬䥹㈨ㆸ㝄炻䁢ẩ㤕 ㍸ὃ⭂㛇媖娊ㆾ㈨埻㊯⮶炻䁢ẩ㤕➡梲Ṣㇵ炻㚱⇑㕤䷖䞕㕘㈨埻䓙䞼䨞⇘㈽ℍ 䓇䓊䘬忙㛇炻㚵䓊⬠句ⶖ炻ḇᾅ嫱㕘㈨埻ẩ㤕䌚⼿攟㛇䨑⭂䘬䘤⯽ˤ⛐忁䧖 ね㱩ᶳ炻℔⎠ẩ㤕ḇ悥栀シ⎹⣏⬠㈽屯ˤ⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠䘤⯽䘬㧉⺷嬻ᶾ䓴䞍忻炻 䥹㈨㗗䓇䓊≃炻䞍嬀㗗䥹㈨䘬➢䢶炻⣏⬠㗗䓇䓊䞍嬀䘬㚨慵天䘬⛘㕡炻忁ᶨ䲣 ↿䘬怷廗斄Ὢ㍐≽叿⣏⬠㈲䞍嬀㈽⎹ⶍ㤕炻ἧⶍ㤕ẍ䥹㈨⍾⼿䘤⯽ˣ∝㕘ˤ忁 䧖怷廗斄Ὢ㬋㗗伶⚳ˬ⮎䓐㔁做˭奨⾝䘬橼䎦ˤ ᾅ㊩㊩临ᶵ㕟䘬⣏⬠ņ䓊㤕䘬⎰ἄ斄Ὢ炻忁㗗⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠䘬⁛䴙炻䁢㍸⋯ ⬠埻㯜㸾农≃㕤℔ℙ㚵⊁慵天㧉⺷ˤ忁䧖 㱽⼿⇘Ḯ伶⚳㓧⹄䘬岲姙㓗㊩ˤ ⛐ 1983 ⸜ 5 㚰炻伶⚳䷥⮑妰⯨⎹⚳㚫㍸↢䘬⟙⏲⯙㊯↢炻⛐ṾᾹ忈姒䘬䥹 ⬠⚺⋨ᷕ炻䘤䎦㚱ℑ䧖㕡㱽⎗ẍ㈲⣏⬠冯ⶍ㤕ᾅ㊩㊩临䘬倗专䵕嬟⣏⬠⁛䴙 借屔冯䚖㧁䳸⎰崟Ἦˤ䫔ᶨ䧖㕡㱽㗗⇞⭂⣏⬠䘬䘤⯽夷∫ˣ㓧䫾㗪炻㈲冯ⶍ㤕 䘬⎰ἄ斄Ὢἄ䁢㍸檀ᾅ㊩⣏⬠檀㯜⸛䘬⬠埻ˣ䞼䨞冯攳䘤妰∫䘬ᶨ悐↮ˤ䫔 Ḵ䧖㕡㱽㗗攳彎䥹⬠⚺⋨炻᷎㈲⬫↿䁢⣏⬠℔ℙ㚵⊁借傥䘬ᶨᾳ悐↮ˤ㒂䴙妰炻 伶⚳䞥察 60%焍70%䘬ẩ㤕㗗⎚ᷡ䤷⣏⬠⬠䓇㔁㌰∝彎䘬炻1986焍1996 ⸜ 䞥察䷥㓞ℍᷕ军⮹㚱ᶨ⋲㗗⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠ⷓ䓇∝彎ẩ㤕届䌣䘬ˤ伶⚳℞⬫⣏⬠ḇ 攳⥳Ḯ⤪㬌䓊⬠⎰ἄ㧉⺷炻ἳ⤪炻㟡㒂伶⚳㲊⢓枻戨埴㬟㗪 7 ⸜䘬䞼䨞⟙⏲炻 ⯙湣䚩䎮ⶍ⬠昊炷Massachusetts Institute of Technology炸ᶨ㟉Ἦ婒炻冒 1990 ⸜ẍἮ炻娚⬠昊䘬䔊㤕䓇㔁ⷓ⸛⛯㭷⸜∝彎 150 ⭞㕘℔⎠炻╖㗗 1994 忁ᶨ ⸜炻忁ṃ℔⎠⯙景⁕ 110 叔Ṣ炻∝忈Ḯ 2320 €伶⃫䘬䴻㾇夷㧉炻⮵伶⚳䈡⇍
㗗⮵湣⠆媠⠆ⶆ䘬䴻㾇䘤⯽ Ḯ慵天届䌣ˤ34
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Bank of Boston , MIT. The Impact of Innovation. Economics Department, Bank of Boston, Boston .1997.
冒㬌炻⎚ᷡἃ⣏⬠䫱伶⚳檀䫱㔁做攳∝䘬檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾䘬ἄ㱽炻䈡⇍㗗 䞥察䘬ㆸ⯙冯MIT䓊⬠⎰ἄ䶈忈樂Ṣ䘬䴻㾇夷㧉炻⛐ℐᶾ䓴㌨崟䃉旸䘬桐暚炻 㚜⏠⺽䃉㔠Ἦ冒ᶾ䓴⎬⛘⃒䥨Ṣㇵ⇵⼨伶⚳⍾䴻⬠佺炻⃒䥨⣏⬠⏠⺽䥨䔘Ṣㇵ ⍰⼊ㆸ⎎ᶨ䧖漸⣏㔁做䓊㤕夷㧉炻Ṣㇵ冯⣏⬠䘬列⿏⽒䑘炻佉䄆℞⬫⚳⭞ˤ
2005 濜 9 㚰 10 㖍炻劙⚳˪䴻㾇⬠Ṣ˫炷The Economist炸⯙㚦ẍˬ儎濘
ḳ㤕˭炷The Brains Business炸䁢⮰柴忚灖ℐ䎫檀䫱㔁做䘬婧㞍冯↮㜸ˤ⛐忁ᾳ
⮰柴瀶㚱⣂䭯㔯䪈↮⇍⮵澵⎴⛘⋨炷伶⚳ˣ㫸㳚ˣ攳䘤ᷕ⚳⭞炸䘬⣏⬠㧉⺷冯 䘤⯽䎦㱩 ↢瀈⃒⊅濫㓿䘬姽₡炻伶⚳檀㔁㧉⺷⛐㬌䌚⼿瀈㤝檀䘬姽₡炻℞⬫ ⛘⋨㧉⺷悥潦ℍḮ㓿悐ˤ⯙ᷕᶨ䭯˨ㆸ≇䘬䦀⭮˩炷Secrets of success炸ᶨ㔯炻 ὧ㊯↢瀈伶⚳⣏⬠ᷳẍ傥僓䧶侴↢䘬ᶱᾳ䳬䷼⍇⇯烉䫔ᶨ炻濥恎㓧⹄㈖㺼ᶨ ᾳ㚱旸䘬奺刚烊䫔Ḵᾳ⍇⇯㗗⻟婧䪞䇕烊䫔ᶱᾳ⍇⇯㗗⣏⬠䘬⮎䓐㧉⺷侴朆⮩ 攱⛐⬠埻尉䈁⟼墉柕ˤ德忶忁ᶱᾳ农⊅⍇⇯炻伶⚳檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾㧉⺷⼿ẍ⣏ 㓦䔘⼑炻ㆸ䁢冒䓙䴻㾇⬠⭞䛤ᷕ⺽柀ᶾ䓴桐榺䘬㤟㧉ˤ35 昌Ḯ忁ᶱᾳ⍇⇯ㆸ䁢ᶾ䓴⎬⚳忚埴檀䫱㔁做㓡朑䘬ὅ⽒㕡⎹⢾炻⬠侭㚜⽆ 伶⚳檀䫱㔁做䘤⯽䘬䴻槿ᷕ炻⼿↢⸦ᾳ䳸婾炻ᶨˣ檀䫱㔁做天慷⊾⮔檮炻䈡⇍ 㗗天攳㓦䥩Ṣ冰⬠炻⤪㬌ㇵ⼿ẍ∝忈↢冒䓙䪞䇕䘬ⶪ⟜烊Ḵˣ㓧⹄㔁做䴻屣枸 䬿徸⸜怆㷃炻⻟従⣏⬠攳㸸䭨㳩炻㚱㓰䴻䆇烊ᶱˣ攳㓦婧㻚⣏⬠⬠屣炻ẍⶪ⟜ 㨇⇞㍸檀㔁做⑩岒烊⚃ˣἧ䓐侭Ẁ屣炻⬠佺侭天↮㓌㔁做ㆸ㛔烊Ḽˣ㍸ὃ⻙⊊ ⬠䓇Ḱẍ⬠屣墄≑炻䵕嬟䣦㚫㬋佑烊36 ䷥ᷳ炻⯙㗗檀䫱㔁做䘬䥩㚱⊾冯冒䓙⊾炻 嬻檀䫱㔁做ㆸ䁢䪞䇕⿏ⶪ⟜䘬䓊⑩ˤ ℞ᷕ䈡⇍㗗⛐婧㻚⬠屣㕡朊炻嬻ᶨ凔Ṣデ⍿㚨䁢㶙⇣炻⁷⎘䀋㻚ⷭ䬿㗗㚨 ⮷䘬炻㭼崟Ḵ⋩⸜⇵Ἦ炻⣏⬠⬠屣⣏䲬ᶱ⇘⚃炻⌛ὧ⤪㬌炻⚳Ṣ怬㗗㶙デ䖃
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The Ecomomist , The brains business : A survey of higher education, The Ecomomist, Sep 8th, 2005. www.economist.com/node/4339960
36 惕㵹厗炻˪1990 ⸜⼴⣏⬠⬠屣㓧䫾ᷳ㭼庫䞼䨞—ẍㆹ⚳ˣ伶⚳⍲⽟⚳䁢ἳ˫炻⎘⊿炻
劎烊℞⬫⚳⭞㻚ⷭ㚜㗗⎗⾽炻ἳ⤪㖍㛔⚳䩳⣏⬠䘬⬠屣⸛⛯慹柵⽆ 1975 ⸜⹎ 䘬 3 叔 6 ⋫⃫㖍⚻炻㻚䁢 2014 ⸜䘬 53 叔 5800 㖍⚻炷䲬 16 叔⎘⸋炸炻㻚ⷭ檀 忼 15 ᷳ⣂ˤ37⛐檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾ᶳ炻ᷕ⚳䘬檀䫱㔁做⬠屣㻚⊊ḇ㗗㑳ᶵỷ炻 ẍ 2006 ⸜䘬䴙妰Ἦ婒炻㚨役 18 ⸜Ἦ炻⚳㮹Ṣ⛯㓞ℍ⡆攟ḇᶵ忶⸦炻Ữ⣏⬠ 䘬㓞屣⌣⽆ 200 ⃫炷Ṣ㮹⸋炻ᶳ⎴炸炻㍸檀⇘Ḽ⋫⣂⃫军ᶨ叔⣂⃫ᷳ攻炻忼⇘ Ḯ 25 ⇘ 50 ᷳ樂Ṣⷭ⹎ˤ38 ⛐伶⚳炻䓙㕤役Ḵ⋩⸜Ἦ炻ᶨ凔Ṣ㮹⮵㔁做㈽屯ⷞἮ䘬⼿⚆棳ᶵ㕟㍸檀炻 ⮶农⮵檀䫱㔁做䘬暨㯪⡆≈ˤ⤪㬌ᶨἮ炻ᶵ㍐≽Ḯ伶⚳⣏⬠⬠屣䘬⾓忇⡆≈炻 ḇ㍸檀Ḯ⍇㛔⯙⋩↮㽨䁰䘬䪞䇕䦳⹎ˤ⛐忶⍣⋩⸦⸜ᷕ炻伶⚳檀䫱㔁做⬠屣䘬 㻚ⷭ檀忼㴰屣侭₡㟤㊯㔠䘬ᶱˤὅ䄏˪伶⚳㕘倆冯ᶾ䓴⟙忻˫炷U.S.NEWS炸 ⛐ 2015 㚨㕘℔ⶫ伶⚳⎬⣏⬠䘬⬠屣炻⣏䲬悥句⛐㭷⸜⚃叔伶慹⇘ℕ叔伶慹ᷳ 攻炻39⤪㝄≈ᶲ㚠䯵屣ˣỷ⭧屣ˣ䓇㳣屣䫱䫱屣䓐䚠≈炻㚨䭨䚩䘬⬠䓇炻ᶨ⸜ ḇ天剙ᶲᾳḼ⇘ℕ叔伶慹炻⚃⸜ᶳἮ炻Ḵ⋩叔伶慹嵹ᶵ㌱炻忁ἧ伶⚳Ṣ役⸜Ἦ炻 屠㫦嬨㚠朆ⷠ㘖念炻ẍ农ᾳṢ⁝冢檀䭱炻䃉≃⁝䘬ね⼊Ṏ⛐䘮㗗ˤ40 ⌛ὧ 㗗℔䩳䘬⣏⬠炻⽆ 1980 ⸜ẋẍ⼴炻䓙㕤⎬ⶆ㓧⹄䘬屉⊁墄層㊩临㷃⮹炻ⶆ䩳 ⣏⬠ᶵ⼿ᶵ㭷⸜⡆≈⬠屣暄屣炻冒⽆ 1982-83 ⬠⸜崟炻⬠暄屣㭷⸜䘬㻚ⷭ⣏ 䲬䁢 5%ˤ41
37 䶐廗䲨抬炻˨䁢Ḯ僓暊屏䩖侴⋯⬠ņņ⬠䓇朊冐䘬⌣㗗檀㻚䘬⬠屣冯㰱慵䘬⬠屠屈 㑼 ˩炻˪ ⬌ Ⲟ 湹 㼖 ˫炻 2014 ⸜ 12 㚰 28 㖍 炻 ⺽ 冒 https://www.facebook.com/tw. antimonopolynea/.../ 765817056842845:0 38 湍⎗⿅䞼䨞昊炻˪Ḵ˧˧ℕ⸜烉ᷕ⚳㔁做䘬廱✳冯䘤⯽˫炻⊿Ṕ炻䣦㚫䥹⬠㔯䌣↢䇰 䣦炻2007 ⸜ˤ 39 ∱㜦㜿䶐炻˨2015 ⸜ USNEWS 伶⚳⣏⬠䵄⎰㌺⎵⍲⬠屣ᶨ奥堐˩炻˪㕘忂䔁⬠䵚˫炻 2015 ⸜ 8 㚰 17 㖍 炻 ⺽ 冒 http://www.igo.cn/2010/news/lxxw/dxpm/2015/08/ 17/162236.shtml 40 唕暾炻˨伶⚳⣏⬠⬠屣冯屯≑㍒㕥⮵冢䀋⬠屣㓧䫾䘬┇䣢冯⼙枧˩炻˪㔁做埴㓧䞼 䨞˫炷⎘⊿炸炻2015 ⸜ 6 㚰䫔 5 ⌟䫔 1 㛇ˤ 41 㕤㗪婆炻˨伶⚳⣏⬠䓇屠㫦烉ᶳᶨᾳ⁝⊁㲉㱓烎˩炻˪⊿Ṕ㕘㴒䵚˫炻2015 ⸜ 06 㚰 5 㖍ˤ. http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20150605/14491150.html
ᶵ忶炻䷙䃞㚱ṃ⮷⓷柴炻伶⚳檀䫱㔁做䓊㤕⊾怬㗗㘖⍿㍐ⲯ炻役⸜Ἦ炻㚜 䓙㕤喳㝄ˣfacebookˣGoogle∝㤕䘬㧉⺷ˬ⣒ㆸ≇˭Ḯ炻㚜ẌᶾṢ㘖念㶙ᾉ伶 ⚳檀䫱㔁做㧉⺷⯙㗗ⓗᶨ䌳忻ˤ42⛐䴻㾇⻟⊊ᶳ炻℞⬫埵䓇䘬⓷柴Ụ᷶悥⎒ 㗗㝅䭨䳘㛓炻䏽ᶵ㍑䐄ˤ⽆㬌炻⛐㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬ᷣ⮶ᶳ炻 檀䫱㔁做柀➇䘤䓇 Ḯᶨ䲣↿慵⣏嬲朑炻䴻㾇怷廗⍾ẋḮ㔁做怷廗炻 ẩ㤕怷廗⍾ẋḮ⣏⬠怷廗炻 屯㛔怷廗⍾ẋḮ⬠埻怷廗, 檀䫱㔁做㖍䙲崘⎹ⶪ⟜⊾ˣ䓊㤕⊾⓮㤕⊾ˤ ġ
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⛐㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ℐ䎫⊾䘬忶䦳炻⎘䀋ḇᶵ⎗性⛘塓㌚ℍ℞ᷕ炻㔠⋩⸜Ἦ⎘ 䀋㬟ả㓧⹄冯䞍嬀䓴⬴ℐ⣱冒䓙⊾ᷳ⎵忚埴⎬䧖㓡朑ˤ㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㚜ᷣ⮶Ḯ⎘ 䀋役Ἦ䘬㔁做㓧䫾炻嬻⎘䀋㔁做⸦᷶⬴ℐ䵲層屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬傰≽ˤ ἳ⤪ㆹ⚳埴㓧昊⯙䈡⇍㛇㛃ˬ嬻⎚ᷡἃ⺢㟉⁛⣯炻⛐冢䀋䎦崟˭炻2014 ⸜埴㓧昊怨婳⎘⣏㔁㌰昛列➢ 䘬⟙⏲ᷕ⯙㊯↢烉 ଯ௲ػӧ௲ػ୍ܺύനڀ୯ሞѱᝡݾ܄Ǵ಄ӝȨԾҗᔮҢጄȩ ޑਡЈۺ——ȨԾҗϯǵ୯ሞϯǵᘳ܄ȩǴჹ୯ϣεᏢԶقǴόՠёᙖЇ ബཥᔼኳԄගϲԾЬ܄ǵ،ࠔ፦ϷਏǴӢᔈϣѦᕉნᡂᎂǴ׳ૈග ٮଯࠔ፦௲ػ୍ܺǴჹѦᒡрബਏǴߦΓԾҗࢬǶ43 ⎘䀋㔁做䁢ỽ㶙⍿㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬⼙枧烎 忁天婒⇘Ḵ㫉⣏㇘ᷳ⼴炻⚳晃ね⊊䘬㺼嬲炻⛘䶋㓧㱣䘬⼙枧炻㰢⭂Ḯ⎘䀋 䘬␥忳炻ḇ嬻⎘䀋⬠埻㔁做⍿⇘伶⚳㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬ᷣ⭘炻℞㟡㛔⍇⚈㗗⛐⣏㇘42㛶Ἱ䍲炻˨∝㕘∝㤕㔁做 映㭼⎘䀋㘂 20 ⸜˩炻˪ᷕ㗪暣⫸⟙˫炷⎘⊿炸炻2015 ⸜ 11 㚰 25 㖍ˤ 43 昛列➢炻⣏⬠䥹䞼䓊㤕⊾冯₡ῤ∝忈炻埴㓧昊䫔 31 㫉䥹㈨栏⓷㚫嬘ᶲ䘬⟙⏲炻埴 㓧昊䘤妨Ṣ彎℔⭌㔜䎮㑘徘炻˨嬻⎚ᷡἃ⺢㟉⁛⣯炻⛐冢䀋䎦崟˩炻103 ⸜ 05 㚰 13 㖍ˤ ⺽冒 www.edu.tw/FileUpload/1075
ᷳ⼴炻㮹ᷣℙ䓊ℑ㤝⮵䩳ᶾ䓴橼䲣徸㻠⼊ㆸ炻⯌℞㗗杻㇘䘬䆮䘤㚜㗗⾓忇⼊⟹ Ḯℐ䎫⿏⅟㇘橼⇞ˤ⛐㜙Ṇ⛘⋨炻䁢Ḯ⚵⟝喯倗ℙ䓊ᷣ佑普⛀⎹⢾廠↢朑␥炻 伶⚳⺢㥳Ḯ屯㛔ᷣ佑ᶾ䓴䘬⍵ℙ旚䶂炻↮⇍冯大⣒⸛㲳⎬⚳忚埴幵ḳ⎰ἄ炻⮯ 㖍㛔ˣ⋿杻ˣ䎱䎫ˣ⎘䀋ˣ厚⼳屻䫱⛘䲵ℍ℞Ṇ㳚䫔ᶨⲞ捰䶂幵ḳ旚䥎倗䚇ᷳ ᷕˤᶵ⤪㬌炻⛐ 1960 ⸜ẋ炻Ṇ㳚䴻㾇⊊≃攳⥳䘤⯽炻⯌℞㗗楁㷗ˣ⎘䀋ˣ ⋿杻炻䳃䳃≈ℍẍℐ䎫ⶪ⟜䁢➢䢶䘬岒㖻橼䲣炻㬉彶伶⚳ˣ㫸㳚㖍㛔䫱⚳⇵ Ἦ㈽屯炻姕䩳↢⎋≈ⶍ⋨炻⺢䩳ẍ↢⎋䁢⮶⎹䘬䓇䓊䶂ˤ44 䃞侴炻㔠⋩⸜䘬⅟ ㇘䦑⸷炻伶⚳冯ᶾ䓴⎬⚳᷎朆⎒㗗⛐幵ḳ⍲⚳晃㓧㱣䘬Ⰼ㫉忳ἄ烊䓙㕤攟㛇㕥 埴⍵ℙ奒伶㓧䫾炻⎘䀋冯伶⚳⛐幵ḳˣ㓧㱣冯䴻㾇⣂怲䘬⎰ἄ冯Ṍ㳩炻农ἧ伶 ⚳₡ῤ㶙ℍṢ⽫炻⮵⎘䀋䘬㓧㱣ˣ䣦㚫ˣ㔯⊾忈ㆸ㶙怈䘬㓰ㅱ炻䓂军㶙ℍㆹᾹ 䘬⿅゛ˣ幓橼冯㫚㛃䔞ᷕˤ䈡⇍㗗⛐㔯⊾ᶲ炻⎘䀋⛘⋨⛐㇘⼴䘬⅟㇘䳸㥳冯⚳ ℙℏ㇘䘬⺞临炻≈ᶲ➟㓧源⻟䁰䘬奒伶⍵ℙね䳸炻⍲杻㇘⼴⋿⊿杻↮塪䘬䡢䩳炻 䈡⇍㗗⛐ 1972 ⸜ᷕ伶⺢Ṍˣ1976 ⸜⎘伶㬋⺷㕟Ṍᷳ⼴炻⎘䀋⾓忇⛘╒⣙⚳晃 㳣≽䨢攻炻伶⚳德忶℞幵ḳˣ䴻㾇冯㓧㱣⼙枧≃两临㑵㍏⎘䀋炻ἧ⼿伶⚳ㆸ䁢 嗽㕤⚳晃⬌䩳䘬⎘䀋ⓗᶨᷣ⮶⿏䘬⮵⢾斄Ὢˤ㟡㒂㔁做悐℔Ự䘬䴙妰㔠⫿炻⛐ 1990 ⸜ẍ⇵炻⎘䀋 80-90%ẍᶲ䘬䔁⬠䓇㗗䔁伶䘬炻⛐䔞㗪㗗伶⚳㚨⣏䘬⢾䯵 ⬠䓇佌橼ˤ⚈㬌炻㇘⼴䘬⎘䀋檀䳂䞍嬀↮⫸卩劙⣏悐↮㚱忶伶⚳嬨㚠䓇㳣䘬䴻 槿炻⛐㓧㱣ᶲ伶⚳⺷䘬冒䓙㮹ᷣㆸ䁢⎘䀋ᷣ天䘬゛⁷烊昌Ḯ⣏䛦㳩埴㔯⊾䘬ⶪ ⟜塓⤥厲⠊䰈休ᷳ⢾炻⯙忋䘬⍵⮵㔯⊾炻悥㛔傥⛘ẍ伶⚳楔椾㗗䝣ˤ䷥ᷳ炻 ㇘⼴⎘䀋䘬伶⚳⊾炻ㆾ㗗婒⮵㕤伶⚳䘬㶙⹎ὅ岜炻㗗䷥橼侴ℐ朊⿏䘬ˤ⎘䀋䘬 ⬠埻䓇䓊冯檀䫱㔁做炻⯙㗗⛐㬌ᶨ⚳晃㳒㳩ᷕ塓従䲵ℍḮ伶⚳䘬䲣䴙ˤ45
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Jeffrey D. Sachs ⍇叿炻㚰⧇嬗炻˪㔯㖶䘬ẋ₡˫ 炷The Price of Civilization: Reawakening American Virtue and Prosperity炸炻⎘⊿ⶪ烉怈夳⣑ᶳ㔯⊾炻2013 ⸜炻䫔ℕ 䪈ˤ
45昛冰ˣ拊㯠䤍炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ℐ䎫⊾ᷳᶳ䘬⬠埻䓇䓊˩炻庱⍵⿅㚫嬘ⶍἄ⮷䳬䶐炻˪ℐ
ḇ㬋㗗⛐㬌ᶨ㳒㳩ᶳ炻⎘䀋冒 1990 ⸜攳⥳Ḯᶨ⟜㔁做㓡朑炻⛐恋⟜㔁㓡 ᷕ炻堐朊ᶲ㗗枮ㅱḮ䣦㚫忳≽⍲⭞攟Ᾱ㘖念䘬㛇⼭炻㘖姕檀ᷕˣ⣏⬠炻妋㰢䔞 㗪⋯⬠ᶵ㖻䘬⓷柴炻ẍ农⽆㖑㛇䘬Ḵ⋩⸦⣏⬠炻䞕㛇ℏ児僡⇘⮯役ᶨ䘦ᶫ⋩ ⣏⬠炻⮎晃ᶲ炻恋⟜弇弇䁰䁰㔁做檮䴩℞Ἦ㚱冒炻⌛㸸冒ᶨḅℓż⸜ẋẍἮ炻 姙⣂㫸伶⚳⭞忚埴Ḯᶨ⟜⎵䁢㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬㔁做㓡朑炻㬌ℐ䎫屯㛔ᷣ佑ᶾ䓴 䘬㘖念䎦尉炻㕤 1980 ⸜ẋ⼴㛇炻⛐⎘䀋㬋⤥忯ᶲ妋昌ㆺ♜䘬㬟⎚㗪⇣烊46䔞 㗪炻⛐㓧㱣ˣ䣦㚫冯㔯⊾⎬柀➇悥憅⮵⦩㪲橼⇞忚埴⽡⸽䘬㈡⇌炻天㯪䣦㚫䘬 妋㓦炻侴⛐㔁做㓡朑⃭ᷕ㺧Ḯˬ冒䓙⊾˭䘬婾徘炻㈡⇌䃎溆ḇ㗗ㆺ♜㗪㛇⚳㮹 源源⚳㔁做䘬⿅゛㝟挾ˤ⬫⻟婧炻㔠⋩⸜䘬源⚳⠓泐⺷㔁做⡻㈹ḮṢ㟤䘬㬋ⷠ 䘤⯽炻暨ẍˬ冒䓙妋㓦˭䘬㔁做䎮゛≈ẍ㓡朑ˤ47 ẍ⤪⬠侭㊯↢炻妋㓦婾 徘⸓⾁㊧崘Ḯ源⚳㔁做䘬揝味炻䃞⼴炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑枮⊊䘬䁢㔁做㲐ℍⶪ⟜䪞䇕 䘬㳣㯜ˤ48 㚱⬠侭㊯↢炻忁偉㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⿅㼖℞⮎㶙⍿䤷㞗炷Michael Foucault炸䘬 ⼙枧炻49 䈡⇍㗗䤷㞗⮵ˬᷣ橼˭奨⾝䘬娖慳冯⁛䴙䘬冒䓙ᷣ佑㚱ᶵ⎴炻⛐℞
˪䓇␥㓧㱣䘬娽䓇˫炷The Birth of Biopolitics炸ᶨ㚠ᷕ炻䤷㞗娖慳㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑
䘬ᷣ橼㚜⣂䘬⻟婧䘬㗗ᷣ橼ˬ冒ㆹ䭉⇞˭炷self-governmentality炸冒ㆹ夷妻ˤ50 ℞⮎忁ᾳ奨溆㍍役⽟⮵冒䓙䘬䓴⭂ˤ ⛐㬌ᶨ䎮⾝⸽ᶳ炻⛐䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ᷕ炻㓧⹄ᶵℵ⁷⁛䴙冒䓙ᷣ佑恋㧋 ㈖㺼⬰⣄侭䘬㴰㤝奺刚炻侴㗗天䧵㤝⛘⍣ᾅ嬟ㆾ∝忈冒䓙ⶪ⟜䪞䇕䘬⎬䧖㡅ẞ炻
46昛㓧Ṗˣ㜿㓷倘炻˨斄㕤檀㔁ⶪ⟜⊾䘬㈡⇌˩炻˪⎘䀋䣦㚫䞼䨞⬋↲˫炻䫔ℓ⋩ḅ 㛇炻 2012 ⸜ 12 㚰炻枩 272ˤ 47昛㓧Ṗˣ㜿㓷倘炻˨斄㕤檀㔁ⶪ⟜⊾䘬㈡⇌˩炻˪⎘䀋䣦㚫䞼䨞⬋↲˫炻䫔ℓ⋩ḅ 㛇炻 2012 ⸜ 12 㚰炻枩 270ˤ 48昛㓧Ṗˣ㜿㓷倘炻˨斄㕤檀㔁ⶪ⟜⊾䘬㈡⇌˩炻˪⎘䀋䣦㚫䞼䨞⬋↲˫炻䫔ℓ⋩ḅ 㛇炻 2012 ⸜ 12 㚰炻枩 273ˤ 49␐䤅䐃炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⮵檀䫱㔁做ᷳ⼙枧-ẍ䲸大嗕䇚ἳ˩炻˪㔁做䞼䨞㚰↲˫炻2005 ⸜炻136 㛇ˤ 50
Michel Foucault, trans. Graham Burchell, Palgrave Macmillan The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France 1978–1979, ,Basingstoke and New York, 2008.
⚈㬌炻ᾳ橼塓⺢㥳ㆸ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫ᷕˬṢ≃屯㛔˭炻㕤㗗炻ᷣ橼䘬⺢㥳嬲ㆸ➡ 梲ᾳ橼䘬㹅忂傥≃䣦㚫斄Ὢˤḇ⯙㗗婒炻屯㛔ᶵℵ旸㕤∅⇲⊆≽≃炻侴㗗 忂忶∝忈㹅忂䘬傥≃Ἦ䨧德䣦㚫斄Ὢ炻ᷣ橼䘬⺢㥳㗗冒ㆹ㈨埻䘬䓋䈑ˤ51 䯉╖⛘婒炻⁛䴙冒䓙ᷣ佑⮵ⶍṢ䘬㛇姙㗗ⶍ⺈⺷普ᷕ⊾夷妻炻⬫天㯪ᾳṢ ⁷㨇㡘凔⛘㚵⽆ˣ䱦㸾ˣ⊆≽炻⁷ⷠ夳䘬䳉䷼ⶍ⺈ⶍṢ䘮㗗⤪㬌烊Ữ䔞ẋ忁䧖 㕘䘬䭉⇞㕡⺷㗗↮㔋䘬ˣ⻰⿏䘬ˣ攳㓦䘬㍏⇞炻⬫⻟婧ᾳṢ⽭枰㔜⎰冒䓙ˣ桐 晒ˣ㪲≃ˣ屔ả冯奺刚炻ᾳṢ塓⺢㥳䁢天ᷣ≽㈧㑼⯙⬠ˣ⯙㤕ˣ怠㑯屔ả䘬 ⎬䧖桐晒炻᷎≒≃攳䘤冒䘬㼃≃烊㖻妨ᷳ炻⛐忁㧋䘬ᶨᾳ䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䣦㚫炻 㭷ᶨᾳ橼悥塓妻䶜ㆸ䁢惵⎰叿屯㛔ᷣ佑ẩ㤕怷廗䘬冒ㆹ䭉䎮冯冒埴䓇䓊䘬⮷ 㨇☐炻㚨℠✳䘬⯙Ⱄ檀䥹㈨䓊㤕䓴墉䘬ˬ屔ả⇞˭炻恋ṃ媪䘬ˬ䥹㈨㕘屜˭炻 ⛐ˬ屔ả⇞˭䘬⡻従ᶳ炻冒ᷣ⛘䃉旸⛘≈䎕炻䚜⇘⛐㗪旸ℏ⬴ㆸṾ塓ṌẀ䘬ˬ屔 ả˭ˤ 忁䧖㕘䘬䭉⇞㈨埻堐⽝叿㕘⼊ン䘬㪲≃ᷣ橼䳸⎰䘬娽䓇炻㒜⯽Ḯ䴻㾇䎮 ⿏䘬䭬䔯炻⮯⍇㛔⛐ⶪ⟜ᷕ䘬䪞䇕シ嬀㺚德⇘䓇㳣䘬㭷ᾳ柀➇ᷳᷕ炻ᾳ橼ḇ塓 ⼊⟹䁢⽭枰冒䘬埴䁢怠㑯屈屔炻᷎⮯㚱⎗傥䘬桐晒⼴㝄⎰䎮⊾䁢⮎䎦 ᾳṢ冒䓙⽭枰天Ẁ↢䘬ẋ₡ˤ⽆忁ᾳ奺⹎Ἦ䚳炻⍇㛔Ⱄ㕤㓧⹄⚳⭞䭉⇞䘬 䴻㾇柀➇塓ˬᾳ橼⊾˭Ḯ炻Ṍ䓙ᾳṢ冒ㆹ屈屔炻⌛⓷柴䘬妋㰢㕡⺷句⛐䘤⯽ᾳ Ṣ䘬ΐ䎮㕡朊ˤᾳ橼暨天堐䎦⼿䎮⿏ˣ䧵㤝ˣ傥⣈冒䓙怠㑯ˣ冒ㆹ䭉䎮ˣ冒ㆹ ∝忈ˣ冒ㆹ䲬㜇炻冯㬌⎴㗪炻冒䓙怠㑯䘬㪲≃冒ᷣ⿏ḇ⯙ㆸ䁢⺢㥳ᷣ橼䘬㟠 ⽫ˤᾳ橼㚱佑⊁忂忶冒䘬怠㑯㍸檀冒䘬䓇㳣⑩岒炻ˬ⛐忁䧖㕘䘬ˮ冒ㆹ奨 䄏˯ᷕ炻㭷ᾳṢ悥ㅱ娚⮵冒䝕劍㊯㌴炻⮯冒䘬Ṣ≃屯㛔䘤㎖⇘㚨⣏䘬旸⹎˭ˤ 忁ḇシ␛叿屯㛔ᷣ佑䘤⯽⇘Ḯ⮯ᷣ橼䘬㼃傥ˣ⁛㑕㹅忂傥≃ˣ⿅侫∝忈傥≃ˣ デ⍿傥≃廱⊾䁢䓇䓋≃䘬㕘䘬昶㭝炻ᷣ橼䘬⺢㥳ᶵ㗗䓙⚳⭞䴻㾇㰢⭂䘬炻
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Michel Foucault , Governmentality 炷trans. R. Braidotti炸. Ideology and Consciousness, 6炷autumn炸, 5-28.1979.
侴㗗ᾳ橼䘬冒ㆹ䭉⇞炻㗗ᾳ橼⮯夷妻冯ⷠ夷⊾ℏ⊾䁢冒ㆹ䘬ᶨ䧖堐䎦ˤ52 ⛐忁䧖㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ᶳ⚳⭞䴙㱣⯙⯽䎦䁢ᶨ䧖⬠侭䧙䘬ˬ㘢⿏㱣䎮˭ 炷Governmentality炸炻⌛㓧⹄娎⚾⟹忈㚨怑⎰⚳⭞㓧⹄㓧䫾䘬℔㮹炻䴙㱣侭䲣 䴙⊾⛘德忶⬫㌴㎉䘬⚳⭞㨇☐⽆⽫ンˣ㈨埻䫱⎬㕡朊妻做Ṣ㮹ㆸ䁢℔㮹炻㚨 䳪嬻忁ṃ⎰㟤䘬℔㮹㍍⍿㓧⹄䭉䎮ˤ53 ⬠侭娵䁢炻⛐䊡佑ᶲ炻㘢⿏㱣䎮⎗ẍ䓐Ἦ㍷徘㓧⹄⬀⛐㗗䁢䚳⇘➟㓧㪲≃ ⃒⊾ˣἧ䓐炻➡做ἄ䁢䣦㚫佌橼ㆸ⒉䘬ᾳ橼⍲㓧⹄䘬䎮⿏奨⾝炻ˬ㘢⿏㱣䎮烉 ⛐ᶨ⺋㲃䘬⎬⺷側㘗ᶳ炻天㯪ㆹᾹ⬠㚫⤪ỽ䭉䎮⇍Ṣ冒…˭ˤ劍天↮㜸㓧 ⹄⯙天↮㜸恋ṃ娎⚾⟹忈ˣ≽⒉㑵䷙——忂忶ᾳṢ佌橼䘬怠㑯炻㫚㛃炻栀 㛃炻暨㯪䓇㳣㕡⺷——䘬㨇⇞ˤ㬌㗪㘢⿏㱣䎮㍸ὃ⮵㪲≃㕘䘬娖慳䎮妋炻 㪲≃⊭㊔⛐䲨⼳橼䲣ᷕ䘬䣦㚫㍏⇞⼊⺷炷⤪⬠㟉炻慓昊炻䱦䤆䕭昊䫱炸ẍ⍲䞍 嬀䘬⼊⺷炷シ㊯シ嬀⼊ン䫱炸ˤ54 䯉╖⛘婒炻忁䧖㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑娵䁢㓧⹄⯙㗗天⍣⟹忈ᾳṢ䘬奨⾝Ἦ惵⎰䔞ẋ 屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬冒䓙ⶪ⟜暨㯪炻ẍ㓧⹄⽭枰䡢ᾅ㔁做䲣䴙傥⮯⬫゛天䘬奨⾝㢵 ℍ㭷ᾳṢ䘬儎㴟ᷳᷕ炻⮯㭷ᶨᾳṢ悥➡做ㆸẩ㤕⭞䛤ᷕ㚱䓐䘬ˬṢ≃屯㛔˭ˤ 忁䧖㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑嵐⊊堐䎦⛐檀䫱㔁做墉炻⯙㗗⇵㔁做悐攟㣲㛅䤍婒䘬 ˬ㔁做䓊㤕⊾˭嵐⊊炻⌛⇑䓐ⶪ⟜ㇳ㭝㒜⣏㔁做屯㸸ˣ⇑䓐ⶪ⟜㨇⇞䴻䆇㔁做 ⎬枭㍒㕥炻᷎ᶼ⮯⬠㟉㔁做䘬䞍嬀㈨埻⃒⊊䚜㍍廱⊾䁢䣦㚫䓇䓊≃䘬㔁做㼖 㳩ˤ55 役⸦⸜Ἦ炻⎘䀋⎬⣏⬠悥⛐㍍⍿㔁做悐䘬⎬䧖姽揹炻檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫忻↢ 姽揹䘬㛔岒ℏ㵝⌛烉ˬ䳸⎰ˮℐ朊⑩岒䭉䎮˯䘬㤪⾝炻⮶ℍ䲣姽揹⮎㕥䘬娵
52⎚ⓗˣ∱ᶾ溶炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬ᷣ橼烉㽛攨岕⟜匟⭀䘬䞃䚦橼槿˩炻䘤堐㕤ㆸ≇⣏⬠ 冱彎䘬Ḵ炿ᶨ炿⸜⎘䀋㔯⊾䞼䨞⸜㚫炷㔯⊾䓇シ烉慵㍊䫎嘇炾屯㛔炾㪲≃䘬㕘斄Ὢ炸ˤ ⺽冒 www.csat.org.tw/paper/C2-2 53
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DEAN M.Governmentality:Power and Rule in Modern Society[M].London: Sage, 1999.
55㣲㛅䤍炻˨⎘䀋檀䫱㔁做䘬㊹㇘ˣ崭崲冯⋻崲˩炻˪㔁做屯㕁普↲˫炻2009 ⸜炻䫔 44
⎗㨇⇞炻…ㆹ⚳䘬⣏⬠姽揹⇞⹎傥ẍˮ⑩岒ᾅ嫱˯䁢ὅ㬠˭ˤ56 忁⯙㗗㈲㔁做䔞ẩ㤕⛐䴻䆇炻忁⯙㗗㔁做䓊㤕⊾炻⬠䓇⛐㔁做ᷕ⎒㗗ᶨ䧖 ⓮⑩炻⣏⬠姽揹䘬䚖䘬⯙㗗天姽揹⣏⬠忈⯙䘬⬠䓇ᷳ⑩岒㗗⏎傥䁢ẩ㤕䓐ˣ 䁢ẩ㤕ᷣ㺧シ炻忁⽆ẍᶳ䘬ḳ⮎⼿⇘䡢嫱烉㚨役⸦⸜Ἦ炻⎘䀋⎬⣏⬠⸦᷶悥 ㈲ẩ㤕ᷣ㺧シ⹎䔞ἄ彎⬠㚨慵天䘬㊯㧁炻㮹攻暄娴⤪˪怈夳暄娴˫㭷⸜ḇ悥㚫 婧㞍⎬⣏ẩ㤕⮵⣏⬠➡做⬠䓇䘬㺧シ⹎炻᷎≈ẍ℔ⶫ啱ẍ㽨⊝⎬⣏⬠慵夾㔁 做ᷕ䘬屯㛔シ⽿炻ἳ⤪ 2015 ⸜㚨㕘℔ⶫ䘬䳸㝄㗗ˬㆸ≇⣏⬠慵㕘⤒ⅈ炻⎘⊿ 䥹㈨⣏⬠椾⹎崭崲⎘䀋䥹㈨⣏⬠炻ỵ⯭䫔Ḵ炻⎘䀋⣏⬠シ⢾嵴↢ᶱ⎵⢾炻䌚 ⼿䫔⚃˭ˤ57 䳸㝄炻⛐䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑婾徘⸽ᶳ炻檀䫱㔁做⽭枰⮲慵屯㛔シ ⽿炻⣏⬠ḇ⯙ㆸḮ⣏ẩ㤕䘬借⇵妻䶜ᷕ⽫ˤ
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ഌǵཥԾҗЬကޑԾҗЄຝ!
ġ 䵄⎰ẍᶲ炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑娵䁢炻䁢Ὣ忚䴻㾇䘤⯽炻⽭枰㚱ᶨᾳ⬴ℐ攳㓦冒䓙 䪞䇕䘬ⶪ⟜炻⮵㬌ᶨⶪ⟜ᶵㅱ䴎⬫ảỽ䭉⇞炻㚜ᶵㅱ㚱ảỽ喑䰔旣䣁屯慹䘬㳩 忂ˤ忁ᾳ㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䚳Ụ⻟婧ˬ冒䓙˭㬌ᶨ㘖ᶾ₡ῤ炻⤪㝄娵䛇㶙䨞炻⮎晃ᶲ ⎒㗗ᶨ䧖⬫呬シ墥忈↢Ἦ䘬⸣尉ˤ 堐朊ᶲ炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䚠䔞⻟婧ᾳṢ冒䓙冯冒䓙䪞䇕䘬屯㛔ᷣ佑⇞⹎䘬䵕嬟炻 㧁冱Ḯ冒䓙忁ᾳ䎮⾝炻⮎岒ᶲ炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑㗗ᶨ䧖䴻㾇冒䓙ᷣ佑⛐䔞ẋ䘬⽑䓎 ⼊⺷炻⬫㗗ᶨ䧖䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬㓧㱣冯䴻㾇⒚⬠炻⬫嶇⎌℠冒䓙ᷣ佑ᶨ㧋炻⻟56䶐廗悐炻˨䡢ᾅ⃒岒⬠佺䑘⠫⺢䩳⽆䲣⮰㤕⇘㔜橼㟉⊁䘤⯽䘬⣏⬠姽揹⇞⹎˩炻˪姽 揹暁㚰↲˫2010 ⸜ 1 㚰䫔 23 㛇炻屉⛀㱽Ṣ檀㔁姽揹ᷕ⽫↢䇰炻枩 8ˤ 57˪怈夳暄娴˫㕘倆䧧炻˨婧㞍烉ẩ㤕㚨ッ⣏⬠䓇ġ ⎘⣏椾㫉嵴↢⇵ᶱ⎵⮞⹏˩炻2015 ⸜ 2 㚰 13 㖍炻⺽冒 www.gvm.com.tw/webonly_content_4458.html
婧冒䓙ⶪ⟜䘬㨇⇞炻⍵⮵⚳⭞⮵⚳ℏ䴻㾇䘬⸚枸ˣ⮵⓮㤕埴䁢屉䓊㪲䘬䭉 ⇞ˤ58 侴⛐⚳晃ⶪ⟜ᶲ炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑德忶䔞ẋ䘬㡅ẞ炻 ⇘Ḯ⎌℠冒䓙ᷣ佑䃉㱽 ⇘忼䘬⠫䓴炻⬫䎦⛐⎗ẍ德忶⚳晃䳬䷼冯㡅䲬炷⤪倗⎰⚳ㆾᶾ䓴屧㖻䳬䷼䫱炸 ⮵⬫⚳㕥≈⣂怲䘬㓧㱣⡻≃炻䓂军䓐䴻㾇ˣ⢾Ṍ⡻≃䓂军㗗幵ḳṳℍ䫱ㇳ㭝Ἦ 㒜⯽⚳晃ⶪ⟜炻忼ㆸ冒䓙屧㖻⚳晃⿏↮ⶍ䘬䚖䘬烊⛐䴻㾇ᶲ炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑ᷣ ⻝䥩㚱⊾炻⍵⮵䓙⚳⭞⮵䴻㾇䓇㳣䘬⸚枸ẩ㤕䘬䓇䓊㳣≽烊㬌⢾炻䁢㍸檀䓇 䓊㓰䌯炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⍵⮵䣦㚫ᷣ佑ˣ屧㖻ᾅ嬟ᷣ佑ˣ䑘⠫ᾅ嬟ᷣ佑炻娵䁢ẍᶲ 忁ṃᾅ⬰シ嬀⼊ン悥㚫⥐䣁䴻㾇䘤⯽冯㮹ᷣ㓧㱣ˤ59 Ữ㗗炻ㆹ⽭枰婒炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬忁ᾳ冒䓙ⶪ⟜ᷣ⻝㗗ᾳ媲妨炻⚈䁢炻恋ṃ 㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑侭悥⎒㗗怠㑯⿏⛘ἧ䓐㚱⇑㕤䴻㾇⻟㪲䘬冒䓙ⶪ⟜⍇⇯炻冒䓙ⶪ⟜ ⮵ṾᾹ侴妨ᶵ㗗ᾉẘ炻侴㗗䌚⍾㙜⇑䘬ㇳ㭝ˤ 伶⚳㰢䫾侭ᶨ㕡朊⎹⢾⣏≃㍐扟ⶪ⟜冒䓙炻⚈䁢忁傥嬻ṾᾹ䘬ẩ㤕∅⇲㴟 ⢾₡⊆ⶍˣ䒎妋ⶍ㚫䳬䷼烊Ữ⮎晃ᶲ炻⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻ṾᾹ⌣㉺䳽WTO天㯪Ṿ Ᾱ㓦㡬䘬⣏慷彚㤕墄層炷忁㈕㚚Ḯ䫔ᶱᶾ䓴䘬㭼庫⇑䙲炸炻⚈䁢忁⮯忽⍵⚳ℏ 㚱⼙枧≃䘬忲婒⛀橼䘬⇑䙲ˤ2008 ⸜慹圵㴟◗㗪炻伶⚳⮵戨埴㓹㾇䘬埴䁢ḇ 㗗⎎ᶨᾳ暁慵㧁㸾炻⚈䁢䛇㬋䘬冒䓙ⶪ⟜㚫嬻戨埴䁢ṾᾹ冒䘬拗婌Ẁ↢ẋ₡炻 㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⛐㬌㗪⯙嬲ㆸ⚳⭞ṳℍ㊗㓹Ṣˣ侴㈲冒䓙ⶪ⟜䔁䴎䩖Ṣˤ60 㬌⢾炻冒䓙ⶪ⟜䎮婾側⼴㚱ᶨᾳ`⭂烉恋⯙㗗ⶪ⟜ᶲ⣏⣂㔠䘬㰢䫾侭悥㗗 䎮⿏䘬炻冒䓙ⶪ⟜Ụ᷶㗗屯㛔ᷣ佑䘬㚱⃒溆ᷕ炻㚨䁢Ṣ䧙忻侭炻ㆹᾹ䚳䚳 ⽆ 1980 ⸜ẋ攳⥳ᶾ䓴⎬⚳䣦㚫ᷣ佑㌨崟Ḯ㓡朑忳≽炻䳃䳃⺽忚Ḯⶪ⟜䴻㾇Ἦ ⡆忚℞䴻㾇㳣≃炻ἳ⤪ᷕ⚳⣏映䷥䳸℞㓡朑䴻㾇⼴ㆸḮˬ䣦㚫ᷣ佑ⶪ⟜䴻㾇˭炻 䓙㬌⎗夳ⶪ⟜䴻㾇䘬櫭≃烊ḇ㗗⛐慹圵㴟◗䔞⸜炻⎘䀋ᶨỵ䴻㾇⬠侭㈽㚠䁢屯
58ỽ䥱⬇炻˨㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑䘬㸸㳩冯㛔岒˩炻˪ᷕ⚳䣦㚫䥹⬠⟙˫炻2015 ⸜ 5 㚰 27 㖍ˤ 59⺽冒䵕➢䘦䥹炻㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑 https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/㕘㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑 60
Jason Hickel and Arsalan Khan, A Brief History of Neoliberalism, London: Oxford University Press, 2012.
㛔ᷣ佑ἄ䘬彗嬟炻⛐℞ᷕṾ⯙檀⹎姽₡ⶪ⟜䴻㾇炻Ṿ婒烉 ѸமፓǴѱᔮޑЬᡏࢂίίࢲғғǵԖᡫሲǵࡘԵޑȨঁΓȩǴ ԶӧΓᜪԖΓᆶΓϐ໔ϕаٰǴࣁΑଓғࢲޑനεᅈىǴठȨݯ೭Ӧǵ ғᎦӭǵၹᅈӦय़ȩޑნࣚளаၲԋ٠ᆢᛠǴวѱᔮࢂനӳޑڋࡋǶ61 忁墉⻟婧ˬⶪ⟜䴻㾇䘬ᷣ橼㗗⋫⋫叔叔㳣䓇䓇ˣ㚱曰櫪ˣ㚫⿅侫䘬ˮᾳṢ˯˭炻 㬌䁢冒Ṇ䔞炽㕗⭮ẍἮ䘬ˬ䴻㾇䎮⿏˭炻忁ᾳ奨溆ḇ㗗䔞ẋ冒䓙䴻㾇⬠䎮婾䘬 ⇵㍸炻㬋㗗`⭂㚱Ṣ悥㗗傥⣈忚埴䎮⿏⇌㕟䘬ᷣ橼炻冒䓙䴻㾇⬠⭞ㇵ㔊㋗㋗ 㚱娆⛘婒炻屯㛔ᷣ佑ⶪ⟜䴻㾇㗗Ṣ栆㚱⎚ẍἮ㚨⤥䘬⇞⹎ˤ 㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⎎ᶨ↮㓗䎮⿏枸㛇炷Rational Expectations炸⬠㳦ḇ㬋㗗䩳➢㕤 忁ᾳ䎮⿏ᷣ橼炻⚈侴䚠ᾉṢᾹ⛐䎮⿏䘬ね㱩ᶳ炻憅⮵㝸ᾳ䴻㾇䎦尉炷ἳ⤪ⶪ⟜ ₡㟤炸忚埴䘬枸㛇炻ṾᾹ㚫㚨⣏旸⹎䘬⃭↮⇑䓐⼿⇘䘬ᾉ〗Ἦἄ↢埴≽侴ᶵ 㚫䉗䲣䴙⿏䘬拗婌ˤ㚱䘬⬠侭䓂军娵䁢㓧⹄朊⮵忁㧋䘬ⶪ⟜䴻㾇ㅱ娚✪㊙侴㱣炻 倥ảⶪ⟜䴻㾇䘬怠㑯ˤ62 ⎗㗗炻ㆹ娵䁢ⶪ⟜䴻㾇`⭂䘬忁ᾳ䎮⿏䘬ᷣ橼㗗㚱⓷柴䘬ˤ ἳ⤪䔞ẋ⽫䎮⬠䞼䨞⌛堐㖶炻䎦⮎䓇㳣ᷕ䘬ᾳṢ⼨⼨ᶵ㗗㊱䄏冒䓙䴻㾇⬠ ⭞゛⁷䘬恋㧋ˬ䎮⿏˭埴ḳ烊ṢᾹ䘬埴䁢ᶵᶵ䫎⎰冒䓙䴻㾇䎮婾䘬枸㷔炻 侴ᶼ⎬䧖朆ˬ䎮⿏˭䘬埴䁢㗗䴻ⷠ⿏䘬ˣ䲣䴙⿏䘬ˤ63 ᶵ⤪㬌炻㘂役冰崟䘬 埴䁢䴻㾇⬠炷Behavioral Economics炸ḇ斄㲐⇘Ṣ䘬埴䁢㚱朆䎮⿏䘬朊⎹炻᷎ ⮯℞⺽ℍ℞䴻㾇↮㜸㟮㝞炻⬫Ᾱℙ㚱烉炷1炸娵䞍ᶵ⋼婧炼C-D gap烊炷2炸幓ấ 炼䣦㚫⛘ỵ烊炷3炸Ṣ㟤炼ね䵺⭂⊊烊炷4炸ᾳ⿏炼ῷ⤥㺼⊾烊炷5炸ね⠫䎮⿏冯⯨
61 ⏛よ㜿炻˨⓷柴ᶵ⛐屯㛔ᷣ佑 ⛐ⶪ⟜ΐ䎮˩炻˪倗⎰⟙˫2008-10-24/倗⎰⟙/A23 䇰/ 㮹シ婾⡯ˤ 62 湬 ⚳ 䞛 炻 ˨ 䎮 ⿏ 枸 㛇 ⬠ 㳦 䘬 䴻 㾇 䎮 婾 冯 㓧 䫾 ᷣ ⻝ ˩ 炻 http://www.jjxj.com.cn/articles/375.html 63惕㭻䃴ˣ喯ᷡ炻˪䎮⿏䘬朆䎮⿏烉婘悥徫ᶵ忶䘬 10 ⣏⽫䎮星旙˫炻2015 ⸜炻㘢⊅㔯 ⊾ˤ
悐䞍嬀ˤ64 ᶵ忶炻㚨㚱⎵䘬⯙㗗楔⿅ᷣ佑炻Ṿ娵䁢炻ᾳṢ⛐ⶪ⟜ᷕ℞⮎㗗䚚䚖䘬炻 Ṿ婒忻烉ˬ屯䓊昶䳂䣦㚫䘬䘍䳸㬋㗗⛐㕤炻⮵䓇䓊冒⥳⯙ᶵ⬀⛐㚱シ嬀䘬䣦㚫 婧䭨ˤ⎰䎮䘬㜙大冒䃞⽭暨䘬㜙大悥⎒㗗ἄ䁢䚚䚖崟ἄ䓐䘬⸛⛯㔠侴⮎ 䎦˭烊65 忁ᾳ奨溆⍵㗈⛐ᷕℙ䔞ẋ⮎㕥䘬䣦㚫ᷣ佑ⶪ⟜䴻㾇㓧䫾ᶲ炻㬋㗗⮵ ⶪ⟜ṵ㉙㊩叿檀⹎ㆺヶ⿸ㆤ䘬⽫ン炻ẍ⻟婧㓧⹄⽭枰䴻ⷠ⿏⛘⮵ⶪ⟜䴻㾇忚 埴⬷奨婧㍏炻䓐ẍ性ⶪ⟜ṢᾹ冒⇑埴䁢⣙㍏㗪忈ㆸ䘬ˬⶪ⟜⣙曰˭ẍ⍲ˬ䚳 ᶵ夳䘬ㇳ˭䘬䃉怑⽆ˤ66 㚨㖶栗䘬ἳ⫸⯙㗗ᷕℙ⚳㚱ẩ㤕⛐⮎㕥䣦㚫ᷣ佑ⶪ⟜䴻㾇ᷳ⼴᷎㰺㚱⬴ ℐ㴰⣙炻⍇㛔侩冲ˣ㰺㚱㓰䌯䘬⚳㚱ẩ㤕䴻忶㔜Ἕ慵䳬炻⼊ㆸḮ䓙⚳⭞㌴㍏䘬 崭䳂ẩ㤕普⛀炻᷎Ỽ㒂Ḯ姙⣂ᶲ㷠ˣ斄挝⿏ˣ㇘䔍⿏䘬ỵ伖炻⛐媠⤪慹圵ˣ暣 ≃ˣ㯜⇑ˣ揝嶗ˣ暣ᾉˣ䞛㱡炷傥㸸炸ˣ䣎䓊ˣㆾ檀䥹㈨䫱䴻㾇悐攨⼊ㆸḮ⢇ 㕟⿏䘬䓊㤕䳸㥳烊㬌⢾炻⛐⎬䲣䴙⎬Ⰼ䳂䘬㓧⹄╖ỵᶳ䓊䓇Ḯ㕘䘬⚳㚱ẩ㤕炻 䓙⭀㕡姕䩳⎬䧖℔⎠炻ẍ䚜㍍㈽屯ˣ廱㈽屯ˣ㊩偉ˣ⎰屯ˣㆾ⥼妿䴻䆇䫱⣂㧋 㕡⺷炻ẍ⎬䧖㶟䘬㚱⇞炻⍫冯ᶨ凔䘬䴻㾇㳣≽ˤẍᷕ⚳䘬⚳㚱ẩ㤕炻᷎ 㰺㚱⚈䁢⮎㕥媪ˬ䣦㚫ᷣ佑ⶪ⟜䴻㾇˭侴ᶵ夳ㆾ⻙⊾炻䚠⍵⛘炻⛐ⶪ⟜䴻㾇 㡅ẞᶳ炻⬫ẍ㚜㚱㓰䌯ˣ㚜㚱≃慷䘬㕡⺷⍫冯ⶪ⟜䴻㾇䘬䪞䇕炻᷎ẍ⭀㕡䘬⛘ ỵ⍾⼿㔜ᾳ䴻㾇䘤⯽䘬㓗惵㪲炻ḇ⼊ㆸḮᷕℙ⮵ⶪ⟜䴻㾇⬷奨婧㍏䘬ᷣ天ㇳ 㭝ˤ67 䓙㕤ᷕℙ⮵冒䓙䴻㾇䘬忁凔ン⹎炻ẍ⻟婧ᷕ⣖㓧⹄⮵ⶪ⟜䴻㾇忚埴⬷ 奨婧㍏䘬慵天⿏炻㚱Ṣ娵䁢炻忁ㆾ姙㗗ᷕ⚳⣏映䴻㾇橼䁢ỽ傥徫忶 2008 ⸜慹
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Sendhil Mullainathan 炵 Bichard Thailer, Behavioral Economics Working Paper, 2000, pp.1-27. 65 楔⿅烉˪农嶗·⹓㟤㚤˫炷1868 ⸜ 7 㚰 11 㖍炸炻˪ᷕℙᷕ⣖源㟉㔁㛸烉楔↿叿ἄ怠䶐 炷ᾖ妪㛔炸˫炻⊿Ṕ炻ᷕ⣖源㟉↢䇰䣦炻2011 ⸜ˤ 66∱㔯䐆ˣ⬓䤧夳炻˪䴻㾇埴㓧㱽㔁䦳˫炻㶭厗⣏⬠↢䇰䣦炻2005 ⸜炻枩 27-30ˤ 67 ⼸㕗₱炻˨䁢ỽᶵ傥⮵攻墉䘬⣏尉墅⎗ッ烎ᷕℙ源⚳屯㛔ᷣ佑冯㚵屧˩炻⺽⺽冒剕㦪 Ṣ栆⬠ http://guavanthropology.tw/article/5831
圵桐㙜䘬堅㑲䘬⍇⚈ˤ68 䔞ẋ䴻㾇⬠⭞ⶫ伭⇑炷Dniel W. Bromley炸ḇ娵䁢炻⮵㕤ⶪ⟜ˬ冒䘤䦑⸷˭ 䘬䚚䚖ⲯ㔔㬋䴙㱣叿䔞ẋ屯㛔ᷣ佑ᶾ䓴炻᷎ㆸ䁢䔞⇵グ㺼グ䁰䘬屯㛔ᷣ佑橼⇞ ⌙㨇䘬㶙⇣㟡㸸ˤṾ娵䁢炻ⶪ⟜䴻㾇忁䧖䚚䚖䘬冒䘤⋼婧᷎ᶵ㗗普橼朆䎮⿏䘬炻 侴㗗ᶨ䧖唬⻙䘬普橼䎮⿏炷thin rationality炸炻℞ᷕ㚨䁢℠✳䘬⯙㗗Ṇ䔞炽㕗⭮ 炷A. Smith炸斄㕤ⶪ⟜忁暁䚳ᶵ夳䘬ㇳ䘬婾嫱炻⬫`姕䎮⿏䘬ᷣ橼冒⇑埴≽炻 㚨䳪⮯冒≽Ὣ忚䣦㚫㔜橼⇑䙲䘬⮎䎦炻⼴Ἦ㴟俞炷Friedrich von Hayek炸䫱
Ṣ㚜忚ᶨ㬍⮯忁ᶨ䧖⋼婧㕡⺷㤪㊔䁢ˬ冒䘤䦑⸷˭炻⛐℞䎮婾ᷕ炻₡㟤⋼婧㨇
⇞⯙⤪⎴䴻㾇⬠ᷕ䘬ᶨ⎘㯠≽㨇ᶨ㧋炻⎗ẍ冒䘤䘬㯠怈忳廱ᶳ⍣ˤ69℞⮎炻忁
⯙㗗⽆暟㟡ẍἮ㕘冒䓙ᷣ佑⣱埴䘬ˬ㴻㺜㓰ㅱ䴻㾇⬠˭炻㚱Ṣ䓂军䧙⬫㗗ˬ⎚
ᶲ㚨℟䟜⢆⿏䘬䓐婆˭炷The most destructive phrase of all time炸ˤ70
ḳ⮎ᶲ炻⬫ ᷳẍ㶙℟䟜⢆⿏炻㬋⤪䳊伭㕗炷George Soros炸婒䘬炻⛐ⶪ⟜忁ᾳ䃉⼊䘬 ㇳᷳ⼴㼃ặ叿㓧⹄忁ᾳ㚱⼊䘬ㇳˤⶪ⟜㓧⹄悥㗗ᶵ⎗月䘬炻忁ḇ㗗䁢Ṩ湤⛐ ⬫Ᾱ䘬䚠Ḻἄ䓐ᶳ㚫↢䎦冒⍵炷reflexive炸䎦尉炻71 忁䧖ね㱩⛐ 2008 ⸜慹圵桐 㙜ẍ⍲ 2012 ⸜㫸⁝桐㙜ᷕᶨℵ⼿⇘⌘嫱ˤ ⎗夳炻冒䓙䴻㾇枸姕䘬䎮⿏ᷣ橼⚢㚱℞䇕嬘ˤ
68 䞛 掉 㱱 炻˨ ᷕ ℙ ⾶ ㅱ ⮵ 2008 慹 圵 㴟 ◗ ˩炻˪ 䴻 㾇 㖍 ⟙ ˫ 楁 㷗 炻 2011 ⸜ 6 㚰 2 㖍 ˤ 69
Daniel W. Bromley, Sufficient Reason: Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.
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George Leef, "Trickle-Down Economics" -- The Most Destructive Phrase Of All Time?, Forbes,Dec 6, 2013.
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George Soros,The Future of Europe: Remarks delivered at the Global Economic Symposium, 10/01/2013 in Kiel, Germany. http://www.georgesoros.com/interviews-speeches/entry/the_future_of_europe/
