兒童與青少年發展概述
The definition of development
生命期間
身心 層面
改變與不變
time
生命期間
嬰兒
幼兒
學齡兒童
青少年
成人
老人
domains
physical development( 身體生理發展 ) 身 motor skills development( 動作發展 )
心 sensation and perceptual development( 感覺知覺發展 ) 層 cognitive development( 認知發展 )
面 social cognition development( 社會認知發展 ) social development( 社會發展 )
Cognitive development
Cognition and cognitive development
Cognition : the activity of knowing and th e processes of acquiring knowledge.
Cognitive development : age-related chan ges occur in mental activities.
Approaches to studying cognitive development
Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
Vygotsky’s sociocultrual viewpoint
Information-processing perspectives
Psychometric viewpoints
Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
感覺動作期 (sensorimotor stage, 0-2yr)
前運思期 (preoperation stage, 2-6,7yr)
具體運思期 (concrete operational stage, 6,7- 11,12yr)
形式運思期 (formal operational stage, 11,12y r-)
Vygotsky’s sociocultural perspective
(一) Four interrelated levels of analysis
#個體發展( Ontogenetic development )
#極小發展( Microgenetic development : changes that occur over relatively brief periods of time )
#物種發展( Phylogenetic development )
#社會歷史發展( Sociohistoricaldevelopment )
(二)重要概念
(1) 智能適應的工具
( Tools of intellectual adaptation )
elementary mental function
透過社會文化的轉換,包括:
(1) how to think :傳遞 Tools of
intellectual adaptation (在和他人互動中,內
化思考的方法和解決問題的策略)
(2) what to think: 傳遞社會文化中的信念和價值
higher mental function
(2) 最佳發展區( The zone of proximal development ) (ZPD)
個體可獨力完成 task 這個範圍即是學習發生之所在 促進認知發展的社會互動之特徵
:
scaffolding
guided participation
task 太困難而無法獨力完成,但可藉由成人 或熟練的同儕之協助而完成
鷹架( Scaffolding )
在教導的情境中,依據孩子現有的表現水準,來調整 所提供的支持與協助(在學習情境中,專家對於 新手的學習予以指導或反應,而新手藉此慢慢的 增加對問題的瞭解)
指導參與( Guided participation )
孩子參與文化活動,而文化活動中有技巧較熟練的大 人,透過參與、觀察大人而學習
General models of information processing
(一) The store model
Sensory
register attention
Working memory
Longterm memory
Central executive
Coordination of information Strategy
&
retrieval Response
generator
(二) Connectionism
發展認知神經科學
當熟練新技巧的過程中,大腦確實發生什
麼過程
運用電腦設計 connectionist, or artificial neur al network, models
input
ooutput
Output unit
social cognition development
social cognition:
對社會(自我、他人、關係)的知識或思考
Relation
SELF OTHERS
Knowledge about Self
Self recognition
Self concept
Self esteem
Self identity
Knowledge about others
Perspective taking or role taking
Perceptual perspective taking
Cognitive perspective taking
Affective perspective taking & empathy
Knowledge about social relationships
Conflict understanding
Moral reasoning
Prosocial moral reasoning
Fairness
Friendship
兒童心智論( children’s theory of mind )
瞭解人具有一些心智狀態,像是信念、動機、感 覺、和意圖等,這些狀態導引個人的行為,且他 人不一定知道
Mental states
desires
beliefs intentions emotion
action
Social development
Aggression
Prosocial behavior
Social competence
Interpersonal problem solving
The structure of working memory
Baddeley: tripartite working model:
Three components:
Working memory:
Phonological loop:
phonological store and rehearsal processes ; Visuospatial sketchpad:
visual store and spatial control processes Central executive
Coordination of information Control attention
Select, apply & monitor strategies
工作記憶容量
儲存 處理 儲存 處理