The study of the relationship between kinship and distributive justice and job involvement 楊新生、謝安田
E-mail: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Most business operators prefer to hire employees with kinship ties assuming that such employees have higher active motivation and job involvement, previous studies on job involvement have not focused on kinship context variables, in order to extend the
knowledge field of job involvement, this present study tried to test the kinship and job involvement, On the one hand, this study controlled three variable, organizational con-tinuance commitment, organizational affective commitment, and gender, to purify the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. On the other hand, the study used distributed justice, job satisfaction, and group cohesiveness as modera-tors to test the conditional relationship between independent variable and dependent va-riable. Two hundred and twenty-three data were analyzed to test the research hypothes-es. The research results were as below: 1.
The relationship between kinship and job involvement were not mediated by distributed justice. 2. The relationship between distributed justice and job involvement were mediated by. job satisfaction. 3. The relationship between distributed justice and job involvement were not me-diated by group cohesiveness. 4. The relationship between job satisfaction and job involvement were not me-diated by group cohesiveness.
Keywords : kinship、distributed justice、job involvement、group cohesiveness Table of Contents
內容目錄 中文摘要 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． iii 英文摘要 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
．．． iv 誌謝辭 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． v 內容目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
．．． vi 表目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． viii 圖目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
．．． xi 第一章 緒論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1 第一節 研究背景與問題．．．．．．．．
．．．． 1 第二節 研究目的．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 5 第三節 研究架構．．．．．．．．．．．．
．．． 6 第四節 研究重要性．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 8 第二章 文獻探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 9 第一節 員工－雇主之親屬關係之相關研究．．．． 9 第二節 組織分配正義之相關研究．．．．．．．． 17 第三節 工作滿意之相關研究．．．．．．．．．． 23 第四節 群體凝聚力之相關研究．．．．．．．．． 25 第五節 工作投入之相關研究．．．．．．．．．． 29 第六節 組織繼續承諾之相關研究．．．．．．．． 35 第七節 組織情感承 諾之相關研究．．．．．．．． 39 第三章 研究假設．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 42 第一節 員工－雇主之親屬 關係與工作投入之關係． 43 第二節 分配正義認知對於親屬關係與工作投入之中 介效果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
． 43 第三節 工作滿意對於分配正義認知與工作投入之中 介效果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 46 第四節 群體凝聚 力對於分配正義認知與工作投入之 中介效果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 47 第五節 群體凝聚力對於工作滿意與工作 投入之中介 效果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 49 第四章 研究設計．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 51 第 一節 變數定義與衡量工具．．．．．．．．．． 51 第二節 樣本與資料蒐集．．．．．．．．．．．． 56 第三節 資料分 析方法與分析架構．．．．．．．． 60 第四節 信度與效度分析．．．．．．．．．．．． 62 第五章 實證資料分析．
．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 71 第一節 親屬關係之實證資料分析．．．．．．．． 71 第二節 工作投入之實證資 料分析．．．．．．．． 72 第三節 中介變數之實證資料分析．．．．．．．． 73 第四節 繼續承諾與情感承諾之實證資 料分析．．． 76 第五節 分配正義認知為親屬關係與工作投入中介效 果之實證資料分析．．．．．．．．．．． 78 第六 節 工作滿意為分配正義認知與工作投入中介效 果之實證資料分析．．．．．．．．．．． 82 第七節 群體凝聚力為分配正 義認知與工作投入中介 效果之實證資料分析．．．．．．．．．． 85 第八節 群體凝聚力為工作滿意與工作投入中介效果 之實證資料分析．．．．．．．．．．．． 88 第六章 結論與建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 91 第一節 結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 91 第二節 建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 99 參考文獻．．．
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 104 附錄 問卷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 142 表目錄 表 2- 1 親屬關係的分類．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 10 表 2- 2 親屬關係之行為研究．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 10 表 2- 3 群體凝聚力的定義．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 27 表 2- 4 工作投入的定義．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
． 31 表 2- 5 組織承諾的定義．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 36 表 4- 1 樣本性別分佈．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
．．． 57 表 4- 2 樣本年齡分布．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 58 表 4- 3 樣本教育程度分布．．．．．．．．．．
．．．．． 58 表 4- 4 樣本婚姻分布．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 58 表 4- 5 樣本所得分布．．．．．．．．．．
．．．．．．． 59 表 4- 6 樣本職業分布．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 59 表 4- 7 樣本地理分布．．．．．．．．
．．．．．．．．． 60 表 4- 8 樣本親屬關係分布．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 60 表 4- 9 分配正義量表之效度與信度 分析．．．．．．．．． 63 表 4-10 工作滿意量表之效度與信度分析．．．．．．．．． 64 表 4-11 群體凝聚力量表之效 度與信度分析．．．．．．．． 65 表 4-12 工作投入量表之效度與信度分析．．．．．．．．． 66 表 4-13 組織繼續承諾 量表之效度與信度分析．．．．．．． 67 表 4-14 組織情感承諾量表之效度與信度分析．．．．．．． 69 表 5- 1 研究變 數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 72 表 5- 2 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 73 表 5- 3 婚 姻與工作投入之獨立樣本ｔ檢定．．．．．．．． 73 表 5- 4 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 74 表 5- 5 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 74 表 5- 6 婚姻與工作滿意之獨立樣本ｔ檢定．．．．．．．． 75 表 5- 7 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 75 表 5- 8 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．
． 76 表 5- 9 婚姻與繼續承諾之獨立樣本ｔ檢定．．．．．．．． 76 表 5-10 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．
．．．． 77 表 5-11 婚姻與情感承諾之獨立樣本ｔ檢定．．．．．．．． 77 表 5-12 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．
．．．．．．． 78 表 5-13 工作投入與親屬關係之層級迴歸分析．．．．．．． 79 表 5-14 研究變數之相關分析．．．．
．．．．．．．．．． 79 表 5-15 親屬關係與分配正義認知之迴歸分析．．．．．．． 80 表 5-16 研究變數之相關分析．
．．．．．．．．．．．．． 80 表 5-17 工作投入與分配正義認知之層級迴歸分析．．．．． 81 表 5-18 工作投入與親屬 關係與分配正義認知之複迴歸分析． 82 表 5-19 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 83 表 5-20 分配正義 認知與工作滿意之迴歸分析．．．．．．． 83 表 5-21 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 84 表 5-22 工 作投入與工作滿意之層級迴歸分析．．．．．．． 84 表 5-23 工作投入與分配正義認知與工作滿意之複迴歸分析． 85 表 5-24 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 86 表 5-25 分配正義認知與群體凝聚力之迴歸分析．．．．．．
86 表 5-26 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 87 表 5-27 工作投入與群體凝聚力之層級迴歸分析．．．
．．． 87 表 5-28 工作投入與分配正義認知與群體凝聚力之複迴歸分 析．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
88 表 5-29 研究變數之相關分析．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 89 表 5-30 工作滿意與群體凝聚力之迴歸分析．．．．．
．．． 89 表 5-31 工作投入與工作滿意與群體凝聚力之複迴歸分析．． 90 表 6- 1 研究假設H1、H2-1、H2-2、H2-3檢定結 果彙整表 ． 91 表 6- 2 研究假設H3-1、H3-2、H3-3檢定結果彙整表．．．． 94 表 6- 3 研究假設H4-1、H4-2、H4-3檢定 結果彙整表．．．． 95 表 6- 4 研究假設H5-1、H5-2檢定結果彙整表．．．．．．． 97 圖目錄 圖 1-1 研究架構圖．．．
．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 7 圖 4-1 統計分析架構．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 62 REFERENCES
一、中文部份 李培銘(2005)，職場友誼與工作投入關係之研究，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。 卓政良(2009)，
組織正義對領導效能影響之研究，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。 林英顏(2004)，員工工作投入、工作壓力與休 閒需求關係之研究，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。 趙哲言(2006)，內部稽核群組效力與團隊凝聚力對內部稽核 品質影響之研究，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。 二、英文部分 Abbott, J. B., Boyd, N. G., & Miles, G. (2006).
Does type of team matter? An investigation of the relationships between job characteristics and outcomes within a team-based environment.
Journal of Social Psychology, 146(4), 485-507. Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317-334. Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67, 422-436. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990).The measure and asntecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18. Amos, E. A., & Weathington, B. L.
(2008). An analysis of the relation between employee-organization value congruence and employee attitudes. The Journal of Psychology, 142(6), 615-631. Anantharaman, R., & Kaliapan, K. (1982). Job involvement and its correlates. Psychological Studies, 27, 81-82. Andrews, M. C., Kacmar, K. M., Blakely, G. L., & Bucklew, N. S. (2008). Group cohesion as an enhancement to the justice-affective commitment relationship.
Group & Organizational Managemen,. 33(6), 736-755. Applebaum, E., & Batt, R. (1994). The new American workplace. Ithaca, New York: ILR Press. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992).Inclusion of the other in the self scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 596-612. Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20-39. Atkinson, J. W. (Ed.)(1958). Motives in fantasy, action, and society. Princeton, New Jersey.: Van Nostrand.
Barners, J. A. (1961). Physical and social kinship. Philosophy of Science, 28, 296-299. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Bartkus, K. R. (1995). Group cohesiveness and performance in the salesforce: The impact of active and passive mechanisms of direction. Journal of Professional Services Marketing, 13(1), 145-154. Bateman, T. S., & Strasser, S. (1984). A longitudinal analysis of the antecedents of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Journal, 27, 95-112. Batman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee citizenship. Academy of management Journal, 26(4), 587-595.
Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Batson, C. D., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Rubchinsky, K., & Dawson, K. (1991). Is empathy-induced helping due to self-other merging? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 495-509. Beauchamp, Y. L., & Bowie, N. E. (2004). Ethical theory and business. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Becker, G.
S. (1985). Human capital, effort and the sextual division of labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3, S33-S58. Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40. Biggart, N. W., & Delbridge, R. (2004). Systems of exchange. Academy of Management Review, 29(1), 28-49. Blau, G. J. (1985). A multiple study investigation of the dimensionality of job involvement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 27, 19-36. Blau, G. J., & Boal, K. B. (1987). Conceptualizing how job involvement and organizational commitment affect turnover and absenteeism. Academy of Management Review, 12(2), 288-300. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York:
Wiley. Bloch, M. (1973). The long term and the short term: The economic and political significance of the morality of kinship. In J. Goody (Ed.), the character of kinship (pp. 75-88). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boisot, M., & Child, J. (1988). The iron law of fiefs: Bureaucratic failure and the problem of governance in the Chinese economic order. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 507-527. Boonzaier, B., Ficker, B., &
Rust, B. (2001). A review of research on the job characteristics model and the attendant job diagnostic survey. South African Journal of Business Management, 32(11), 11-34. Brief, A. P. (1998). Attitudes in and around organizations. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage. Brockner, J., & Wiesenfeld, B.
M. (1996). An integrative framework for explaining reactions to decisions: The interactive effects of outcomes and procedures. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 189-208. Brooks, G. R., & Wallace, J. P. (2006). A discursive examination of the nature, determinants and impact of organizational commitment. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 44(2), 222-239. Brown, M. E. (1969). Identification and some conditions of organizational involvement. Administrative Science Quarterly, 14(3), 346-355. Brown, S. P. (1996). A meta-analysis and review of organizational research on job involvement. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 235-255. Bruce, N., & Waldman, M. (1990). The Rotten kid and theorem meets the Samaritan’s dilemma. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105, 155-165. Burkart, M., Panunzi, F., & Shleifer, A. (2003). Family firm. The Journal of Finance.
LVIII(5), 2167-2201. Burke, P. J., & Franzoi, S. L. (1988). Studying situations and identities using experiential sampling methodology. American Sociological Review, 53, 559-568. Burke, P. J. (1991). Identity processes and social stress. American Sociological Review, 56, 836-849. Buttery, E.
A., & Wong, Y. H. (1999). The development of guanxi framework. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 17, 147-154. Camerman, J., Cropanzano, R., & Vandenberghe, C. (2007). The benefit of justice for temporary workers. Group & Organization Management, 32(2), 176-207. Campion, M.
A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46, 823-850. Carmeli, A., Gilat, G., & Weisberg, J. (2006). Perceived external prestige, organizational identification and affective commitment: A stakeholder approach. Corporate Reputation Review, 9(2), 92-104. Carron, A. V., & Brawley, L. R. (2000). Cohesion:
Conceptual and measurement issues. Small Group Research, 31, 89-106. Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The group environment questinnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 244-266.
Chadha, N. & Kaur, R. (1987). Correlation study of demographic variables with jog involvement and job saftisfaction, Perspectives in Psychological Research, 10, 11-18. Chen, M. (1995). Asian management systems. London: Routledge. Choi, J. N. (2002). External activities and team
effectiveness: Review and theoretical development. Small Group Research, 33(2), 181-202. Chow, I. H. S., & Ng, I. (2004). The characteristics of Chinese personal ties(guanxi): Evidence from Hong Kong. Organization Studies, 25(7), 1075-1093. Clough, P. (2007). The relevance of kinship to moral reasoning in culture and in the philosophy of ethics. Social Analysis, 51(1), 135-155. Cohen, A. (1999). Relationships among five forms of commitment: An Empirical assessment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(3), 285-308. Cohen-Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2001).The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, 86, 278-321. Collard, D. A. (1975). Edgeworth
’s propositions on altruism, Economic Journal, 85, 355-360. Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386-400. Cowherd, D. M., & Levine, D. I. (1992). Product quality and pay equity between lower-level employees and top management: An investigation of distributive justice theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 302-320.
Cropanzano, R., Prehar, C. A., & Chen, P. Y. (2002). Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Group &
Organization Management, 27, 324-351. Daily, C. M., & Dollinger, M. J. (1992). An empirical examination of ownership structure in family and professionally-managed firms. Family Business Review, 5, 117-136. Danes, S. M., & Olson, P. D. (2003). Women’s role involvement in family business, business tension, and business success. Family Business Review, 16(1), 53-68. Danes, S. M., Zuiker, V., Kean, R., & Arbuthnot, J. (1999).
Predictors of family business tension and goal achievement. Family Business Review, 12(3), 241-252. Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., & Donaldson, L. (1997). Toward a stewardship theory of management. Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 20-47. Deci, E. I., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The
‘what’ and ‘why’ of global pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. Deci, E. I., Ryan, R. M., Gagne, M., Leone, D. R., Usunov, J., & Kornazheva, B. P. (2001). Need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being in the work organizations of former eastern bloc country: A cross-cultural study of self-determination. Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 930-942.
DeConinck, James B, Bachmann ＆ Duane P. (1994). Organizational commitment and turnover intentions of marketing manager. Journal of Applied Business Research. Laramie:Summer, 10(3), 87-95. Deutch, M. (1985) Distributive justice: A social-psychological perspective. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Diefendorff, J. M., Brown, D. J., Kamin, A. M., & Lord, R. G. (2002). Examining the roles of job involvement and work centrality in predicting organizational citizenship behaviors and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 93-108.
Donaldson, L., & Davis, J. H. (1991). Stewardship theory or agency theory: CEO governance and shareholder return. Australian Journal of Management, 16, 49-64. Donnelley, R. (1964). The family business. Harvard Business Review, 42(2), 93-105. Dorstein, M. (1988). Wage reference groups and their determinants: A study of blue-collar and white-collar employees in Israel. Journal of Occupational Psychology. 61, 221-235.
Druskat, V. U., & Wheeler, J. V. (2004). How to lead a self-managing team. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(4), 65-71. Dubinsky, A. J., &
Hartley, S. W. (1986). A path-analytic study of a model of salesperson performance. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 14(1), 36-46.
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth, TX: Harcout Brace. Edwards, M. R. (2005). Organizational identification: A conceptual and operational review. International Journal of Management Review, 7(4), 207-230. Elstak, M. N., & Van Riel, C. B.
M. (2005). Organizational identity change: An alliance between organizational identity and identification. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Best Conference Paper 2005. Ely, R., & Thomas, D. (2001). Cultural diversity at work: The effects of diversity perspectives on work group processes and outcomes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 229-273. Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C., & Kraimer, M. L. (2006). The moderating role of organizational culture. A Academy of Management Journal, 49, 395-406. Evans, C. R., & Dion, K. L. (1991). Group cohesion and performance: A meta-analysis. Small Group Research, 22, 175-186. Ewin, R. E. (1993). Corporate loyalty: Its objects and its gronds. Journal of Ethics, 12, 387-396. Farrell, D., & Rusbult, C. E. (1981). Exchange variables as predictors of job satisfaction, job commitment, and turnover: The impact of rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28, 78-95. Festinger, L. (1950).
Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57, 271-282. Festinger, L., Schachter, S., & Back, K. (1950). Social pressures in informal groups. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1974). Attitudes towards objects as predictors of single and multiple behavioral criteria. Psychological Review, 81, 59-74. Fisher, A. (1992). Sociobiology: Science or ideology? Society, 29(5), 67-79. Foote, N. N.
(1951). Identification as the basis for a theory of motivation. American Sociological Review, 16, 14-21. Fried, Y., & Ferris, G. R. (1987). The validity of the job characteristics model. Personnel Psychology, 40, 287-322. Friedkin, N. E. (2004). Social cohesioh. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 409-425. Frone, M. R., & Russell, M. (1995). Job stressors, job involvement and employee health: A test of identity theory. Journal of
Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68, 1-11. Geddes, L. A., & Heywood, J. S. (2003). Gender and piece rates, commissions and bonuses.
Industrial Relations, 42, 419-444. Gellner, E. (1960). The concept of kinship. Philosophy of Science, 27, 187-204. Gilbert, J. A., & Tang, T. L. P.
(1998). An examination of organizational trust antecedents. Public Personnel Management, 27(3), 321-336. Gist, M. E., Locke, E. A., & Taylor, M.
S. (1987). Organizational behavior: Group structure, process, and effectiveness. Journal of Management, 13(2), 237-257. Glisson, C. and Durick, M.(1998). Predictors of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in human service organization. Administrative Quarterly, 33, 61-81. Gorn, G. J., & Kanungo, R. N. (1980). Job involvement and motivation: Are intrinsically motivated managers more job involved? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 26, 265-277. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178. Green, C., & Heywood, J. S. (2008). Does performance pay increase job satisfaction. Economica, 75, 710-728.
Greenberg, J. (1987). A taxonomy of organizational justice theories. Academy of Management Review, 12, 9-22. Greenberg, J. (1990).
Organizational justice: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Journal of Management, 16, 561-568. Greengerg, J. (1993). The social side of fairness:
Interpersonal and informational classes of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano(Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management (pp.79-103). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. Gross, N., & Martin, W. E. (1952). On group cohesiveness. The American Journal of Sociology, 57, 546-554. Grube, A. G., Schroer, J., Hentzschel, C., & Hertel, Guido. (2008). The event reconstruction method:
An efficient measure of experience-based job satisfaction. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81, 669-689. Gulati, R. (1995).
Social structure and alliance formation: A longitudinal analysis. Administrative Science Quarterly, 40, 619-652. Habbershon, T. G., & Williams, M. L. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12, 1-25. Hackman, J. R.
(1976). Group influence on individuals. In M. D. Dunnette (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology(pp.1455-1525). Chicago:
Rand-McNally. Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 32, 393-417.
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). The genetical theory of social behavior. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 1-52. Hart, D. W., & Thompson, J. A. (2007).
Untangling employee loyalty: A psychological contract perspective. Business Ethics Quarterly, 17(2), 297-323. Hennesssy J., & West, M. A. (1999).
Intergroup behavior in organizations: A field test of social identity theory. Small Group Research, 30(3), 361-382. Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the nature of man. New York: World Publishing. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related value.
CA: Sage-Publication. Hogg, M. A. (1992). The social psychology of group cohesiveness. New York: New York Univ. Press. Hong, J., &
Engestrom, Y. (2004). Changing principles of communication between Chinese managers and workers. Management Communication Quarterly, 17, 552-585. Hui, C. H., Triandis, H. C., & Yee, C. (1991). Cultural differences in reward allocation: Is collectivism the explanation? British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 145-157. Hwang, K. K. (1987). Face and favor: The Chinese power game. American Journal of Sociology, 92(4), 944-974. Jackson, C. K., Colquitt, J. A., Wesson, M. J., & Zapata-Phelan, C. P. (2006). Psychological collectivism: A measurement validation and linkage to group member performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 884-899. Janis, I., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making. New York: Free Press. Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-360. Johnson, R. E., & Jackson, E. M. (2009). Appeal of organizational values is in the eye of the beholder: The moderating role of employee identity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 915-933. Jones, T. M., Fekos, W., & Bigley, G.
A. (2007). Ethical theory and stakeholder-related decisions: The role of stakeholder culture, Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 137-155.
Kabanoff, B. (1991). Equity, equality, power, and conflict. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 416-441. Kanter, R. M. (1968). Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 33, 555-573. Kanungo, R.
N. (1979). The concept of alienation and involvement revisited. Psychological bulletin, 86, 119-138. Kanungo, R. N. (1981). Work alienation and involvement: Problems and prospects. International Review of Applied Psychology, 30, 1-15. Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measure of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 341-349. Kaye, K. (1997). Caveat emptor: Commentary by Kenneth Kaye. Family Business Review, 10(2), 127-129. Keller, R. (1997). Job involvement and organizational commitment as longitudinal predictor of job performance: A study
of scientists and engineers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 539-545. Kennedy, P. W. (1995). Performance pay, productivity and morale.
Economic Record, 71, 240-247. Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22(3), 375-403. Ket de Vries, M. (1993). The dynamics of family controlled firms: the good and bad news.
Organizational Dynamics, 21(3), 59-71. Kipnis, A. B. (1997). Producing guanxi. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Kirchhoff, B. A., &
Kirchhoff, J. J. (1987). Family contribution to productivity and profitability in small business. Journal of Small Business Management Review, 5(3), 237-256. Kulik, C. T., & Ambrose, M. L. (1992). Personal and situatinal determinants of referent choice. Academy of Management Review. 17(2), 212-237. Lassk, F. G., Marshall, G. W., Cravens, D. W., & Moncrief, W. C. (2001). Salesperson job involvement: A modern perspective and a new scale. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, XXI(4), 291-302. Lawler, E. E., & Hall, D. T. (1970). Relationship of job characteristics to job involvement, satisfaction, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(4), 305-312. Lawler, E. E., & Mohrman, S. A. (1985).
Quality circles after the fad. Harvard Business Review, 53(1):65-71. Lee, D. Y., & Dawes, P. (2005). Guanxi, trust and long-term orientation in Chinese business markets. Journal of International Marketing, 13(2), 28-56. Leung, T. K. P., Heung, V. C. S., & Wong, Y. H. (2008). One possible consequence of guanxi for an insider: How to obtain and maintain it? European Journal of Marketing, 42(1/2), 23-34. Leventhal, G. S. (1976). The distribution of rewards and resources in groups and organizations. In L. Berkowitz & W. Walster (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 91-131). New York: Academic Press. Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? New approach to the study of fairness in social relationships. In K. Gergen, M. Greenberg, & R. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research(pp.27-55). New York:
Plenum. Levine, D. I. (1991). Cohesiveness, productivity, and wage dispersion. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 15, 237-255. Libo, L. (1953). Measuring group cohesiveness. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Inst. Soc. Res. Lipnack, J., & Stamps, J. (1993). The teamnet factor: Bringing the power of boundary crossing into the heart of your business. Essex Junction, Vermont: Oliver Wight Publishers. Lipponen, J., Bard, A., &
Haapamaki, J. (2008). The interaction between values and organizational identification in predicting suggestion-making at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(2), 241-248. Locke, E. A. (1976).The nature and the cause of job satisfaction. Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally. Locke, E. A. (1997).The motivation to work: What we know. In M. L. Maehr
& P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement(Vol.10, pp. 375-412). Greenwich, CT JAI Press. Lodahl, T. M., & Kejner, M.
(1965). The definition and measurement of job involvement. Journal o Applied Psychology, 49(1), 24-33. Lott, A. J., & Lott, B. E. (1965). Group cohesiveness as interpersonal attraction: a review of relationships with antecedent and consequent variables. Psychology Bulletin, 64(4), 259-309.
Lott, B. E. (1961). Group cohesiveness: A learning phenomenon. Journal of Social Psychology, 55, 275-286. Lovett, S., Lee, C. S. & Raja, K.
(1999). Guanxi versus the market: Ethics and efficiency. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(2), 231-248. Madsen, A. E., Tunney, R. J., Fieldman, G., Plotkin, H. C., Dunbar, R. I. M., Richardson, J., & McFarland, D. (2007). Kinship and altruism: A cross-cultural experimental study.
British Journal of Psychology, 98(2), 339-359. Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. (1992). Alumni and their Alma Mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123. Maloney, W. F., Cameron, I., & Hare, B.(2007).
Tradesmen involvement in health and safety. Journal of Construction Engineering and Manegement, 133(4), 297-305. Maner, J. K., & Gailliot, M.
T. (2007). Altruism and egoism: Prosocial motivations for helping depend on relationship context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 347-358. Mannix, E., & Neale, M. A. (2005). What differences make a diference? The promise and reality of diverse teams in organizations.
Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 6(2), 31-55. Manucial, G., Baumann, D., & Cialdini, R. (1984). Mood influences on helping: Direct effects or side effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 357-364. Martha, C. A., Kacmar, K. M., Blakely, G. L., & Bucklew, N. S.
(2008). Group cohesion as an enhancement to the justice-affective commitment relationship. Group & Organization Management, 33(6), 736-755.
Martin, J. (1981). Relative deprivation: A theory of distributive injustice for an era of shrinking resources. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw(Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (vol. 3, pp. 53-107). Greenwich, Connecticut: JAI Press. McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (1992).
Distributive and procedural justice as predictors of satisfaction with personal and organizational outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 626-637. McKnight, D. H. (1997). Motivating critical computer systems operators: Job characteristics, controls, and relatinships. unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. McNeese-Smith, D. J. (1999). A content analysis of staff nurse descriptions of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 29(6), 1332-1342. Meindl, J. R. (1989). Managing to be fair: An exploration of values, motives and leadership. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 252-276. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J.(1991). A Three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89. Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J., & Smith. C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 538- 551. Meyer, J. P., Becker, T. E., & Vandenbwerghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A conceptual analysis and integrative model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 991-1007. Miller, J. G. (1978). Living system. New York: McGraw-Hill. Misener, T. R., Haddock, K. S., Gleaton, J. U.,
& Ajamieh, A. R. (1996). Toward an international measure of job satisfaction. Nursing Research, 45, 87-91. Mishra, J., & Morrissey, M. A. (1990).
Trust in employee/employer relationships: A survey of West Michigan managers. Public Personnel Management, 19(4), 25-31. Morck, R., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1988). Management ownership and market valuation: An Empirical analysis. Journal of Financial Economics, 20, 293-316.
Morris, M. H., Williams, R. O. Allen, J. A., & Avila, R. A. (1997). Correlates of success in family business transitions. Journal of Business Venturing, 12(5), 385-401. Morrow, P. C. (1983). Concept redundancy in organizational research: The case of work commitment. Academy of Management Review, 8(3), 486-500. Moslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row. Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W.,
& Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee- organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York: Academic Press.
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (1982). Employee- organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism and turnover. New York: Academic Press. Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measure of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14, 224-247. Mudrack, P. E. (1989). Group cohesiveness and productivity: A closer look. Human Relations, 42(9), 771-785.
Needham, R. (1960). Descent systems and ideal language. Philosophy of Science, 27, 96-101. Nyambegera, S. M., Daniels, K., & Sparrow, P.
(2001). Why fit doesn’t always matter: The impact of HRM and cultural fit on job involvement of Kenyan employees. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(1), 109-140. O’Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1986). Organizational commitment and psychological attachment: The effects of compliance, identification, and internalization on prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 492-499. Oakes, P. J., Turner, J. C.,
& Haslam, S. A. (1999). Perceiving people and group members: The role of fit in the salience of social categorization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 125-144. Olson, P. D., Zuiker, V. S., Danes, S. M., Stafford, K. Ramon K. Z. H., & Duncan, K. A. (2003). The impact of the family and the business on family business sustainability. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 639-666. Organ, D. W., & Hamner, W. C. (1982).
Organizational behavior. Plano, Texas: Business Publications. Peredo, A. M. (2003). Nothing thicker than blood? Commentary on ‘Help one another, Use one another: Toward an Anthropology of family business. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27(4), 397-400. Pfeffer, J. (1994).
Competitive advantage through people: Unleashing the power of the work force. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Pfeffer, J., & Langton, N.
(1988). Wage inequality and the organization of work: The case of academic departments. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 588-606. Pinder, C. (1998). Work motivation in organizational behavior. Uper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Piper, W., Marrache, M., Lacroix, R., Richardsen, A., & Jones, B. (1983). Cohesion as a basic bond in groups. Human Relation, 36, 93-108. Pope, S. J. (1991). The order of love and recent catholic ethics: A constructive proposal. Theological Studies, 52, 255-288. Porter, L. W., Lawler, E., & Hackman, R. (1975). Behavior in organizations. New York, Mc Graw Hill Book Comp. Rabinowitz, S. & Hall, D. T. (1977). Organizational research on job involvement.
Psychological Bulletin, 84, 265-288. Rabinowitz, S. & Hall, D. T. (1981). Changing correlation of job involvement in three career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(2) 138-144. Rad, A. M. M., & De Moraes, A. (2009). Factors affecting exployees’ job satisfaction in public hospitals.
Journal of General Management, 34(4), 51-66. Reade, C. (2001). Dual identification in multinational corporations: Local managers and their psychological attachment to the subsidiary versus the global organization, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 12(3), 405-424.
Reinganum, J., & Helsell, T. (1994).To market, to market. China Business Review, (January/February), 30-34. Remondet, J., & Hanson, R. (1991).
Job-related threats to control among older employees, Journal of Social Issues, 47, 851-858. Robert, C., & Wasti, S. A. (2002). Organizational individualism and collectivism: Theoretical development and an empirical test of a measure. Journal of Management, 28, 544-566. Rothbart, M., &
Taylor, M. (1992). Category labels and social reality: Do we view social categories as natural kinds? In G. Semin & F. Fiedler (Eds), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp.11-36). Newbury Park, California: Sage. Rupp, D. E., & Cropanzano, R. (2002). The mediating effects of social exchange relationships in predicting workplace outcomes from multifoci organizational justice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 925-946. Saleh, S. D., & Hosek, J. (1976). Job involvement: Concepts and measurements. Academy of Management Journal, 19, 213-224. Schachter, S. (1952). Comment. American Journal of Sociology, 57, 554-562. Schluchter, W. (1981). The rise of western rationalism: Max Weber’s developmental history. Berkeley: University of California Press. Schneider, D. (1965). Kinship and biology. In H. J. Coale (Ed.), Aspects of the analysis of family structure. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., & Dino, R. N. (2003). Toward a theory of agency and altruism in family firms. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 473-490. Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. N., & Buchholtz, A.
K. (2001). Agency relationships in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12, 99-116. Schwartz, S. H., & Boehnke, K. (2004).
Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of research in Personality, 38, 230-255. Seashore, S. E., Lawler, E. E., Mirvis, P., Cammann, C. (1982). Observing and measuring organizational change: A guide to field practice. New York: Wiley. Shanker, M.
C., & Astrachan, J. H. (1996). Myths and realities: Family businesses’ contribution to the U.S. economy. Family Business Review, 9(2), 107-119.
Shaw, M. E. (1981). Group dynamics (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill. Singh, P., Gupra, U., & Rastogi, M. (1981).
