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第一款、國家對羈押中被告之特別勤勉義務
關於被羈押的被告,歐洲人權法院自 1992 年的 Abdoella v. the Netherlands 案判 決以來即一貫認為:「被羈押候審的人有權得到主管當局的『特別注意』」201。此 外,歐洲人權法院在 2002 年的 Kalashnikov v. Russia 案判決中指出:「在整個訴訟 過程中, 聲請人一直被羈押這一事實要求處理案件的法院特別努力迅速執法司法 程序。」202相反的,歐洲人權法院有時會認為,如果被告沒有被羈押或已被釋放,
一定程度的程序遲延是合理的203。
歐洲人權法院的考量主要是因為當被告已遭受國家程度最嚴重的強制處分,對 於被告而言這樣的影響是嚴重的,因而容許的合理期間也會隨之減短204。就急迫性 的判斷而言,刑事案件最重要的判斷標準,在於被告是否受羈押,一旦處於羈押狀 態,案件即可判定具有特別急迫的嚴重性,國家具有特別勤勉義務來加速205。歐洲 人權法院尤其會觀察締約國法院開庭次數、間隔之密集程度上,且若是數度被發回 更審之案件,越是後期之更審程序,歐洲人權法院對於特別勤勉之要求也將越為強 烈206。
第三項、當事人的作為與態度
此處所謂的「當事人」(the parties),包括了「被告」(the accused)、「共 同被告」(the co-defendants)及「起訴方」(the prosecuting authority)207。此處需 特別說明的是,雖然在許多國家,所謂的「控訴方」亦可能為國家機關的一環,然
201 See ECtHR. Abdoella v. the Netherlands, Judgment of 25 November 1992, Appl. 12728/87, para. 24.
202 See ECtHR. Kalashnikov v. Russia, Judgment of 15 July 2002, Appl. 47095/99, para. 132
203 See ECtHR. Gast and Popp v. Germany, Judgment of 25 February 2000, Appl. 29357/95, para. 80; ECtHR.
Boddaert v. Belgium, Judgment of 12 October 1992, Appl. 12919/87, para. 38.
204 林鈺雄,同註 150,頁 101。
205 林鈺雄,同註 150,頁 101。
206 林鈺雄,同註 150,頁 101-102、104-105。
207 Ivana Roagna, supra note 193, p. 31-32.
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208 Frédéric Edel, supra note 149, p. 50; See also ECtHR. Buchholz v. Germany, Judgment of 6 May 1981, Appl.
7759/77, para. 49.
209 Frédéric Edel, supra note 149, p. 51.
210 See ECtHR. Wiesinger v. Austria, Judgment of 30 October 1991, Appl. 11796/85, para. 57.
211Frédéric Edel, supra note 149, p. 52-54.
212 See ECtHR. Beaumartin v. France, Judgment of 24 January 1994, Appl. 15287/89, para. 12-13 and 33.
213 See ECtHR. Eckle v. Germany, Judgment of 15 July 1982, Appl. 8130/78, para. 90.
214 See ECtHR. König v. Germany, Judgment of 28 June 1978, Appl. 6232/73, para. 103 and 108; ECtHR.
Lechner and Hess v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9316/81, para. 45; ECtHR. Bock v. Germany, Judgment of 29 March 1989, Appl. 11118/84, para. 41.
215 See ECtHR. Buchholz v. Germany, Judgment of 6 May 1981, Appl. 7759/77, para. 57.
216 See ECtHR. Buchholz v. Germany, Judgment of 6 May 1981, Appl. 7759/77, para. 56 and 59.
217 See ECtHR. Kemmache v. France (No.1 and 2), Judgment of 27 November 1991, Appl. 12325/86; 14992/89, para. 63-64.
218 See ECtHR. Girolami v. Italy, Judgment of 19 February 1991, Appl. 13324/87, para. 15.
219 See ECtHR. Boddaert v. Belgium, Judgment of 12 October 1992, Appl. 12919/87, para. 38.
220 See ECtHR. Manifattura FL v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12407/86, para. 18.
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221 See ECtHR. Allenet de Ribemont v. France, Judgment of 10 February 1995, Appl. 15175/89, para. 52-53.
222 See ECtHR. Idrocalce S.R.L. v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12088/86, para. 18.
223 See ECtHR. Allenet de Ribemont v. France, Judgment of 10 February 1995, Appl. 15175/89, para. 52-53.
224 See ECtHR. Cardarelli v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12148/86, para. 17.
225 See ECtHR. Buchholz v. Germany, Judgment of 6 May 1981, Appl. 7759/77, para. 57.
226 See ECtHR. Capuano v. Italy, Judgment of 25 June 1987, Appl. 9381/81, para. 28.
227 See ECtHR. Ruotolo v. Italy, Judgment of 27 February 1992, Appl. 12460/86, para. 17.
228 See ECtHR. Trevisan v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1993, Appl. 13688/88, para. 18.
229 See ECtHR. Ringeisen v. Austria, Judgment of 16 July 1971, Appl. 2614/65, para. 110; ECtHR. König v.
Germany, Judgment of 28 June 1978, Appl. 6232/73, para. 103 and 108; ECtHR. Eckle v. Germany, Judgment of 15 July 1982, Appl. 8130/78, para. 82 and 90;
230 See Eckle v. Germany, Judgment of 15 July 1982, Appl. 8130/78, para. 82; ECtHR. Corigliano v. Italy, Judgment of 10 December 1982, Appl. 8304/78, para. 42; ECtHR. Pretto and others v. Italy, Judgment of 8 December 1983, Appl. 7984/77, para. 34
231 See ECtHR. Vendittelli v. Italy, Judgment of 18 July 1994, Appl. 14804/89, para. 28.
232 See ECtHR. Borgese v. Italy, Judgment of 26 February 1992, Appl. 12870/87, para. 18.
233 See ECtHR. Jablonski v. Poland, Judgment of 21 December 2000, Appl. 33492/96, para. 104; ECtHR. Eckle v. Germany, Judgment of 15 July 1982, Appl. 8130/78, para. 82; ECtHR. Corigliano v. Italy, Judgment of 10 December 1982, Appl. 8304/78, para. 41; ECtHR. Deumeland v. Germany, Judgment of 29 May 1986, Appl.
9384/81, para. 80; Erkner and Hofauer v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9616/81, para. 68; ECtHR.
Lechner and Hess v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9316/81, para. 47.
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234 See ECtHR. Eckle v. Germany, Judgment of 15 July 1982, Appl. 8130/78, para. 82.
235 See ECtHR. König v. Germany, Judgment of 28 June 1978, Appl. 6232/73, para. 103.
236 See ECtHR. Foti and others v. Italy, Judgment of 10 December 1982, App. 7604/76; 7719/76; 7781/77;
7913/77, para. 59.
237 Frédéric Edel, supra note 149, p. 57. See also ECtHR. Zimmermann and Steiner v. Switzerland, Judgment of 13 July 1983, Appl. 8737/79, para. 26; ECtHR. Pretto and others v. Italy, Judgment of 8 December 1983, Appl.
7984/77, para. 34; ECtHR. Lechner and Hess v. Austria, Judgment of 23 April 1987, Appl. 9316/81, para. 47, 49, 55 and 57.
238 See European Commission of Human Rights, Bonnechaux v. Switzerland, Decision of 5 December 1978, Appl. 8224/78, para. 84; European Commission of Human Rights, Schertenleib v. Switzerland, Decision of 12 July 1979, Appl. 8339/78; European Commission of Human Rights, Levy v. Germany, Decision of 17 December 1973, Appl. 6066/73, para. 40.
239 參前一款所列舉之客觀事實,其餘請參吳志光,適當期間接受裁判權之實踐—以歐洲人權法院 Kudla
v.Poland 案暨相關裁判為核心,台灣法學雜誌,第 70 期,2005 年 5 月,頁 102-103。
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在許多案例中,歐洲人權法院認為羈押期間的延長可歸責於聲請人,因而判決 國家沒有違反《歐洲人權公約》所要求的「特別勤勉義務」。以 W. v. Switzerland 案為例,聲請人為瑞士商人,被指控涉嫌操控 60 間公司的國際性詐欺犯罪。本案 涉及被告 17 間銀行、多達 200 個帳戶的資產及信用資料240。此外,對於聲請人的 訊問達 350 次,聲請人皆保持緘默。歐洲人權法院認為,瑞士法院已考量到羈押期 間過長的可能性,並已持續要求檢調機關加速偵查,但調查的緩慢進行應歸責於聲 請人,理由在於:重建聲請人的公司賬戶資料特別困難,並且當聲請人拒絕陳述時 顯得更加困難,因而導致案件的進程較慢。因此,在瑞士法院已善盡勤勉義務的情 況下,聲請人需承擔其在程序中的態度所導致的遲延241。