第五章 結論與建議
第四節 研究限制
二、 外文部分
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蘇麗華、王明鳳 (1998)。〈台北市寄養服務工作的現況與展望〉，《社區發展季刊》， 第 84 期，頁 112-118。
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Sallnäs, M., B. VinnerIjung and P. K. Westermark (2004). ’Breakdown of Teenage Placements in Swedish Foster and Residential Care’, Child and Family Social
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Sinclair, I. and K. Wilson (2003). ‘ Matches and Mismatches: The Contribution of Cares and Children to the Success of Foster Placements’, British Journal of
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Smith, D. K., E. Stormshak, P. Chamberlain and R. B. Whaley (2001). ‘ Placement Disruption in Treatment Foster Care’, Journal of Emotional and Behavioral
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Staff, I. and E. Fein (1995). ‘ Stability and Change: Initial Findings in A Study of Treatment Foster Care Placements’, Children and Youth Services Review, 17 (3):
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Stone, N. and S. Stone (1983). ‘ The Prediction of Successful Foster Placement’,
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Unrau, Y. A. (2007). ‘ Research on Placement Moves: Seeking the Perspective of Foster Children’, Children and Youth Services Review, 29 (1): 122-137.
Unrau, Y. U., J. R. Seita and K. S. Putney (2008). ‘Former Foster Youth Remember Multiple Placement Moves: A Journey of Loss and Hope’, Children and Youth
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也較為親密(Colton,1988a；Colton,1989； Delfabbro et al.,2002；Wilson &Conroy,1999)。然而，林玉潔(2005)在針對安置機構青少年的滿意度進行的研究 指出，在機構中同儕之間因同病相憐而發展出的同理、相互關懷的友誼，是有助 於提高機構式寄養青少年的滿意度。
表七 寄養家庭與安置機構的比較
篇名 作者 研究方法 研究發現
Determinants of Substitute Child Care Practice
Colton (1988b)
‧
Foster and Residential Children’s Perceptions of Their Social Environments
Colton (1989)
Children’s Satisfaction with
Out-of-Home Care in South Australia
Delfabbro, Barber &
Bentham (2002)
Foster and Residential Care Practices Compared
Colton (1988a)
‧
Satisfaction of Children in Out-of-Home Care
Wilson &
Conroy (1999)
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兒童與青少年 為樣本。
本表由研究者自行整理 貳、 轉換安置的原因
由於目前國內並無以轉換安置青少年為對象的研究，因此研究者蒐集國外 的實證研究，分析促使青少年轉換安置環境(從寄養家庭轉換至寄養家庭或安置 機構)的因素(表八)。從研究發現中，可以將青少年轉換安置的原因區分為五大 層面。首先，青少年個人層面，研究一致認為青少年個人的行為與情緒問題，是 導致轉換安置的主因(Pardeck,1984；Pardeck,1985；Palmer,1996；Newton et al.,2000；Sallnäs et al.,2004；Oosterman et al.,2007；Eggertsen,2008；
Egelund & Vitus,2009；Christiansen et al.,2010)。其他還包含青少年的年 齡、種族與年齡(Pardeck,1985；Sallnäs et al.,2004)。其次，在寄養家庭層 面，照顧者是否具有高度的照顧能力與動機，也是影響青少年轉換安置與否的主 因(Pardeck,1985；Oosterman et al.,2007；Christiansen et al.,2010)。此 外，Kalland & Sinkkonen(2001)的研究還指出，當寄養家庭本身有親生子女時，
寄養青少年容易因為照顧者不平等的待遇而導致安置失敗。第三，在社會工作員 及其機構層面，多數研究均同意個案工作者頻繁的輪調，將導致青少年轉換安置 (Pardeck,1984；Pardeck,1985；Eggertsen,2008；Egelund & Vitus,2009；
Ward,2009)。而 Egelund & Vitus(2009)更指出，隨著政府的財政短缺，也可能 導致青少年發生轉換安置的情況。第四，在照顧經歷方面，曾接受過家外安置的 青少年，也有比較高的可能性再度經歷轉換安置(Newton et al.,2000；Sallnäs et al.,2004；Oosterman et al.,2007)。第五，在原生家庭層面，原生父母有 酗酒或虐待背景，則容易造成青少年的安置失敗(Pardeck,1985；Sallnäs et al.,2004)。然而，若原生父母能與寄養家庭及個案工作者合作，則將可減少轉 換安置發生的頻率，反之，則可能增加轉換安置的風險(Palmer,1996；
Christiansen et al.,2010)。其他還包含青少年停留在家外安置時間的長短，
‧
尚未獲得共識(Pardeck,1985；Baker & Curtis,2006)。表八 影響青少年轉換安置的原因
篇名 作者 研究方法 研究發現
Multiple Placement of Children in Foster Family Care: An Empirical Analysis
Pardeck (1984) Experience Unstable Foster Care
Pardeck (1985)
‧
Placement Stability and Inclusive Practice in Foster Care: An Empirical Study
Palmer (1996)
Children and Youth in Foster Care:
Disentangling the
Relationship between Problem
Behaviors and Numbers of Placements
Newton, Litrownik &
Landsverk (2000)
Finnish Children in Foster Care:
Evaluating the Breakdown of Long-Term Placement
Kalland &
Sinkkonen (2001)
Breakdown of teenage
placements in Swedish foster and
residential
Sallnäs, VinnerIjung &
Westermark (2004)
‧
Placements of Youth Admitted to Therapeutic Foster Care and Residential Treatment Centers: The Odyssey Project Population
Baker &
Curtis (2006)
Disruptions in Foster Care: A Review and Meta-analysis
Oosterman, Schuengel, Slot, Bullens
& Doreleijers (2007)
‧
Factors Related to Multiple
Placements for Children in Out-of-Home Care
Breakdown of Care: The Case of Danish Teenage Placements
Egelund, Vitus
Patterns of Instability:
Moves within the Care System, Their Reasons, Contexts and Consequences
Ward
Arranging Stability for Children in Long-term Out-of-home Care
Christiansen , Havik &
Anderssen (2010)
‧
不易信任他人等(Penzerro & Lein,1995；Unrau et al.,2008；Hyde &Kammerer,2009)。然而，在 Unrau et al(2008)的研究中，同時指出轉換安置也 可能有利於青少年發展樂觀心態，且找出協助自己能在逆境中成長的優勢，進而 朝復元之路邁進(表九)。
表九 轉換安置對青少年的影響
篇名 作者 研究方法 研究發現
Burning Their Bridges:
Disordered Attachment and Foster Care Discharge
Penzerro &
Lein
Research on Placement Moves: Seeking the
Unrau, Seita &
Putney (2008)
‧
Perspective of Foster
Children
年滿 18 歲、已
Adolescents’
Perspectives on Placement Moves and Congregate Settings:
Complex and Cumulative Instabilities in Out-of-Home Care
Hyde &
Kammerer (2009)
國內外鮮少研究直接探討青少年因應轉換安置的方法，僅 Browne(2002)曾
‧
Coping Alone:
Examining the Prospects of Adolescent Victims of Child Abuse Placed in Foster Care
Browne (2002)
Understanding Social Network Disruption:
The Case of Youth in Foster Care Langner 指標測 量青少年的心
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綜合上述，目前在轉換安置的研究上，較多著墨於引起青少年轉換安置的 原因及其影響上，鮮少從青少年的觀點，探討青少年如何看待轉換安置事件，以 及他們採取的因應方法。而國內的相關研究，除了探討青少年對寄養家庭與安置 機構觀感外，對於以經歷轉換安置青少年為對象的研究尚付之闕如。因此，本研 究擬以經歷過轉換安置的青少年為對象，探討導致他們轉換安置的因素、產生的 影響，以及因應的策略。從青少年的角度，探究他們對轉換安置環境事件的看法 與期待。
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