• 沒有找到結果。

第七章 結論與建議

第二節 建議

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

56

最後,以台灣為出口企業的角度來看,中國大陸為一龐大的市場,但 是台灣與中國大陸尚有政治上的爭議風險,如果將來雙方政府處理政治上 的紛爭不佳,甚至於惡化,將直接影響到經濟上的發展,且中國大陸政府 對消費者的權益保護越來越好,老百姓對金錢的強大誘惑不減,利用機械 產品自殘和捏造假的產品責任損害,詐騙廠商的損害賠償金時有所聞,所 以也應注重大陸市場的產品責任保障的重視。因此企業還是要有分散市場 風險的考量,且過去台灣企業也一向以歐美外銷市場為主,所以歐美市場 不容忽視。但是面對歐美各國對產品責任的重視與索賠金額的龐大,所以 筆者才會提供台灣企業分兩個不同的面向,提供先前的防患規劃,和事後 的面對和處理,進而促使台灣企業可以永續發展。

第二節 建議

由於產品責任的問題愈來愈複雜,在資訊不對稱的時代裡,台灣製造 廠商只知道在兼顧產品品質的情況下,如何生產出成本低廉的產品來造福 全世界的消費者,一旦對各國的司法訴訟的認識不清,將使產品責任的求 償造成公司巨大的災難,甚至於倒閉。以下是筆者對廠商的建議和對保險 公司與政府的期許。

一、落實的產品安全工作

製造廠商要將產品的安全落實在產品的設計、製造、研發和行銷 上,並做好內部的教育訓練,讓所有的員工對產品的安全有所重視,對產 品責任有所認知,建立書面的產品安全手冊,並成立風險管理部門,做好 損害防阻工作。

二、外在環境的認知與作法

外銷產品到國外,產品必須要符合當地國的工業安全標準,如 UL,

“E”mark, JIS , FDA 等。了解各國對產品責任的立法和司法執行,對該產品 使用的了解程度和使用習性等,製作完整的使用說明書和警告標示。聘用 法律顧問的諮詢,萬一發生產品責任求償訴訟時,公司的法律顧問可發揮 其專材,幫被保險人在理賠其訴訟上保護企業的權益。另外保險的妥善安 排也是相當的重要,應該買足夠的保險理賠額度,從本文第四章得知,美 國產品責任的判賠金額平均數為約一百二十五萬元,因此保險保障額度最 少應為二百萬美元。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

57

三、保險公司能提供完全的保險保障

由於國內保險公司對外銷產品責任保險的核保看法保守,國際理賠網 建立的困難,沒有一定的核保準則可依循,龐大的索賠金額,和高賠償金 額的保單要求,所有保險公司只能求助於數家特定再保險市場的支持,另 外,國際保險市場的起伏不定,在承保能量不足,保險費高漲的保險市場 艱難的年代,衝擊到廠商的保險意願和負擔,在多數大連鎖零售商- Wa-mart, Home depot, Target,沒保險就沒訂單的要求下,進而影響到台灣 製造商的外銷實績。2001 年 911 恐怖攻擊以後,多家台商企業買不到保險 保障,到落後國家購買產品責任險保障,結果造成國外買主不接受這類保 險公司因信用評等太低,海外保單之保險費無法認列為國內會計的費用 帳,出險後保險公司也不理賠的窘境。

因此,國內應集結多家保險公司的承保能量,以聯合承保(Pooling)

的方式,提供國內廠商有較為穩定的保險和合理的保險費負擔,協助廠商 擴展外銷。

四、政府法令和政策的配合

由於一些國外的買主在採購商品的合約內,常有對產品責任險承保公 司的要求為 A.M.Best A- or better(附件三),國內保險公司多數未申請此 種評等,部份台灣廠商會到國外找知名保險公司購買本保險,此外,購買 保單之保險費無法列為國內會計上的費用項目,故建議主管機關應修法將 一些具有國際性保險屬性的保險單,如同運輸水險一樣,使境外保險單合 法化,進而得在會計上認列費用。再者,政府應加快腳步修法准許專屬保 險(Captive Insurance)的設立。讓一些大型企業購買高額產品責任險時,

支付高達數百萬美元的保險費,提供另一選擇的機會。或者由於產品的特 性,危險程度極高,過去的損失紀錄不良等,也可以專屬保險的方式,得 到某種程序的保障。

另一方面,應該利用政府的資源,將海外的政府機構,包括經濟部,

外貿協會等駐外單位,在協助廠商擴展外銷的同時,也應收集有關各國政 府對輸入產品的品質、安全、規格等的新要求和其相關法令的頒布等資 訊,提供給我們的廠商有所依循和掌控。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

58

參考文獻

壹、 中文部份

1. 王利明,2005,美國懲罰性賠償制度研究,中國政法大學民商法經濟 網。

2. 王澤鑑,2004,民法學說與判例研究第一冊,自版。

3. 何玉麗,1997,”我國產品責任制度對產業及消費者的影響”,台灣經 濟研究月刊,第 20 卷,第 9 期。

4. 呂沐基,1990,論無過失責任兼談無過失責任保險,財團法人中華民 國責任保險研究基金會編印。

5. 宋明哲,1996,風險管理,五南圖書出版公司。

6. 李伸一,1995,消費者保護法論,凱侖出版社。

7. 李欽賢、劉春堂,1998,產品責任險與消費者保護法配合之研究,財 團法人保險事業發展中心。

8. 林勳發,1991,保險法論著譯文選集,自版。

9. 姚玉麟,1998,產品責任保險,保險實務,三民書局。

10. 姚志明,2003,侵權行為法研究(一),元照出版社。

11. 施文森,1999,譯美國加州保險法,財團法人保險事業發展中心。

12. 計畫主持人-鄭濟世,2005,設置專屬保險之可行性委託研究報告,財 團法人保險事業發展中心。

13. 孫宏濤,2002,美國保險法中懲罰性賠償責任的可保性,河北科技大 學學報(社會科學版),第 7 卷,第 2 期。

14. 柴松林、劉春堂等,2001,消費者保護研究,行政院消保會編印。

15. 袁宗蔚,1993,保險學,自版。

16. 馮大同,1992,歐洲產品責任法的新發展,中國法學第一卷。

17. 黃慧琳,2008,企業對產品責任保險的需求因素之分析- 以我國上市 公司為例,政治大學風險管理與保險研究所碩士論文。

18. 楊誠對,2005,意外保險-理論與實務,三民書局。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

59

19. 楊誠對、陳燦煌等譯述,1996,商業風險與管理,中華民國產物保險 核保學會。

20. 瑞士再保險公司,2004,”責任保險損失的經濟學: 如何承保日益增長 的責任風險”, Sigma,第 6 期。

21. 蕭鶴賢,1996”美國責任保險契約內保險人之辯護責任”,保險專刊第 44 輯。

22. 薛波,2003,元照英美法辭典,北京法律出版社。

23. 謝以倫,1994,美國法實例及美國法學會侵權法整編 402A 產品責任 之研究_兼論我國消保法第七、八條,東吳大學法律研究所碩士班論文。

貳、 外文部份

1. Bernabei III, E.J., 2001, “Product Liability Claims”, Risk Management 48, 52-9.

2. Cathryn Q. Westover, 2002 ,Captives and the Management of Risk, International Risk Management Institute, Inc.

3. Chris Marrison, PH.D, 2003, 「The Fundamentals of Risk Measurement」, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

4. Donald S. Malecki, Ronald C. Horn, Eric A. Wiening, Arthur L. Flitner, 1995, Commercial Liability Insurance and Risk Management, 3rd Edition, American Institute for CPCU.

5. Goodden, R., 2005, “Understanding the focus of Products Liability Prevention”, The CEO Refersher, http://www.refresher.com/!liability.html.

6. Hammer, W., 1993, “Product Safety Management and Engineering”, 2nd ed. Des Plaines, IL: ASSE.

7. Kenneth S. Abraham, 1990,Insurance Law and Regulation: Cases and Materials, westbury, New York, The Foundation Press Inc.

8. Michel Crouhy, Robert Mark, Dan Galai, 2003,Risk Management, McGraw-Hill, Inc..

9. Rowland H. Long, LLM., 1992, The Law of Liability Insurance, 4 vols.

United States of America: Matthew Bender & Co., Inc., vol 1.

CERTIFICATE OF LIABILITY INSURANCE DATE(MM/DD/YY) 8/10/10 THIS CERTIFICATE IS ISSUED AS A MATTER OF INFORMATION ONLY AND CONFERS NO RIGHTS UPON THE CERTIFICATE HOLDER. THIS CERTIFICATE DOEDNOT AMEND, EXTENDOR ALTER THE COVERAGE AFFORDED BY THE POLICY BELOW.

PRODUCER

INSURERS AFFORDING COVERAGE INSURER A:

INSURER B:

INSURER C:

INSURER D:

INSURED

INSURER E:

COVERAGERS

THE POLICIES OF INSURANCE LISTED BELOW HAVE BEEN ISSUED TO THE INSURED NAMED ABOVE FOR THE POLICY PERIOD INDICATED. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY REQUIRMENT, TERM OR CONDITION OF ANY CONTRACT OR OTHER DOCUMENT WITH RESPECT TO WHICH THIS CERTIFICATE MAY BE ISSUED OR MAY PERTAIN, THE INSURANCE AFFORDEDBY THE POLICIES DECSRIBED HEREIN IS SUBJECT TO ALL THE TERMS, EXCLUSION AND CONDITIONS OF SUCH POLICIES.

AGGREGATE LIMITS SHOWN MAY HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY PAID CLAIMS.

INSR

LTR TYPE OF INSURANCE

POLICY NUMBER

PLOICY EFFECTIVE DATE (MM/DD/YY)

POLICY EXPIRATION

DATE(MM/DD/YY) LIMITS

GENERAL LIABILITY EACH OCCURRENCE $2,000,000

X COMERCIAL GERNERAL LIABILITY FIRE DAMAGE(Any one fire)

CLAIMS MADE X OCCUR MED EXP(Any one person)

PERSONAL & ADV INJURY X PRODUCTS LIABILITY

GENERAL AGGREGATE

GEN’L AGGREGATE LIMIT APPLIES PER. PRODUCTS. COMP/OP AGG $2,000,000

A

POLICY PRO.

JECT LOC

xxxxxxxx 10/01/2005 10/01/2006

AUTOMOBILE LIABILITY ANY AUTO

COMBINED SINGLE LIMIT

(Ea accident) $

ALL OWNED AUTOS SCHEDULED AUTOS

BODILY INJURY

(Per person) $

HIRED AUTOS NON-OWNED AUTOS

BODILY INJURY

(Per accident) $

PROPERTY DAMAGE

(Per accident) $

GARAGE LIABILITY AUTO ONLY – ACCIDENT $

ANY AUTO EA ACC $

OTHER THAN AUTO ONLY:

AGG $

EXCESS LIABILITY EACH OCCURRENCE $10,000,000

OCCUR CLAIMS MADE AGGREGATE $10,000,000

$

DEDUCTIBLE $

B

RETENTION $

xxxxxxxx 10/01/2005 10/01/2006

$ E.L. DISEASE-EA EMPLOYEE $ WORKS COMPENSATION AND

EMPLOYERS’ LIABILITY

E.L. DISEASE- POLICY LIMIT $ DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONS/LOCATIONS/VEHICLES/EXCLUSIONS ADDED BY ENDORSMENT/SPECIAL PROVISIONS

The certificate holder is named as an additional insured vendor per the vendors endorsement attached to the above referenced policy.

CERTIFICATE HOLDER CANCELLATION

SHOULD ANY OF THE ABOVE DESCRIBED POLICIES BE CANCELLED BEFORE THE EXPIRATION DATE THEREOF, THE ISSUING INSURER WILL ENDEAVOR TO MAIL 30 DAYS WRITTEN NOTICE TO THE CERTIFICATE HOLDER NAMED TO THE LEFT, BUT FAILURE TO DO SO SHALL IMPOSE NO OBLIGATION OR LIABILITY OF ANY KIND UPON THE INSURER, ITS AGENTS OR REPRESENTATIVES.

AUTHORIZED REPRESENTIVE

Do it Best

Fort Wayne, IN 46801 Vendor Development MN 55422 U.S.A.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

61

附 件 二 INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT

INDEMNIFICATION AGREEMENT

This Indemnification Agreement ( hereinafter “ AGREEMENT”) is made this ________, by and between _____________whose principal place of business is at ________________________________, (hereinafter “ “), and ____________

whose principal place of business is at _________________________( hereinafter”

Supplier”)

Indemnification. SUPPLIER will indemnify and hold harmless______ from any and all liability, damage, loss, cost or expense ( including, without limitation, court costs, litigation expenses and attorneys fees) resulting from any claims, demands, suits, or regulatory action sustained or initiated against __________ relating to or arising from Supplier’s breach of any of the warranties contained herein.

SUPPLER agrees to defend at its own cost and expense any claim or action against ____________its subsidiaries and /or affiliated companies, for actual or alleged negligence, infringement of any patent, copyright or other property right based on any of the Products furnished to __________by SUPPLIER pursuant to the terms of this Agreement. SUPPLIER further agrees to indemnify and hold _________, it subsidiaries and/or affiliated companies, harmless from and against any and all liabilities, losses, and expenses ( including, but not limited to, attorney’s fees)

associated with any such claim or action. SUPPLIER agrees to indemnify _______, its subsidiaries and/or affiliated companies, for any liability or expense due to claims for personal injury to property arising out of the furnishing or performance of the Products provided hereunder as well as any claim for payment of compensation or salary asserted by any employee of SUPPLIER. SUPPLIER further agrees to indemnify ________ for all loss to physical property owned by ___________, or ___________’s customers, while in the care, custody or control of SUPPLIER. Said property shall be valued at selling price for purposes of indemnification to

_____________

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned parties hereto have duly executed this Agreement on the date first above written.

____________ (Suppliers Name)

By:_____________________ By: ______________

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

62

附 件 三 PRODUCT LIABILITY INSURANCE (PLI) POLICY CERTIFICATE

TO: Vendors

FR: Import Department

RE: PRODUCT LIABILITY INSURANCE (PLI) POLICY CERTIFICATE With regards to Costco’s Import Vendor Agreement, Section 22, this is a clarification of the Costco Product Liability Insurance (PLI) if you are obtaining this coverage through your own insurance underwriter or broker, and not through the Costco Marsh program.

Please make sure your PLI Policy Certificate states the following requirements for shipments to all applicable Costco destination countries:

1. Commercial General Liability insurance, including product and completed operations, personal and advertising injury liability coverage, with:

• A minimum of U.S.$1,000,000 each occurrence

• U.S.$2,000,000 General Aggregate limit

• U.S.$2,000,000 Products and Completed Operations Aggregate limit 2. Insurance carrier must be rated in the AM Best Guide B+ VII or better. For

insurance carriers not rated by AM Best, please provide us with rating information from a recognizable firm acceptable to Costco.

3. Certificate must state that it is an “Occurrence Form” policy. Costco does not accept Claims-made policies. Please note that “Per Occurrence” and “Each Occurrence Limit” does NOT mean that the policy is an “Occurrence-Based”

policy. The word “Occurrence Form” must be clearly indicated on the PLI Certificate for it to be acceptable to Costco.

4. An “Additional Insured” clause is required with the following wording:

“Costco Wholesale Corporation and/or any subsidiary, proprietary company or corporation, partnership or joint venture thereof shall be named as additional insureds including the Broad Form Vendor Endorsement (ISO CG 2015).”

“Costco Wholesale Corporation and/or any subsidiary, proprietary company or corporation, partnership or joint venture thereof shall be named as additional insureds including the Broad Form Vendor Endorsement (ISO CG 2015).”