第三章 歐盟相關指令與法院見解
第一節 歐盟相關指令
「資料保護指令」（the Data Protection Directive40）時，即提及個人資料於 電子郵件之使用，於該指令之前言第 47 點41規定：「鑒於包含有個人資料 之信息以電信或電子郵件服務方式傳送，而該類服務之唯一目的在於傳輸 此類信息者，就信息中所包含之個人資料，原則上認定其控制者為發出該 信息之人，而非提供傳輸服務者；然而，若附加個人資料之處理對服務之 運行為必要，則認定提供服務之人即為控制者。」於 1997 年頒布之「遠 距契約銷售指令」（the Distance Selling Directive42），規範遠距交易所應盡 之義務框架，以電子方式完成之交易亦包括在內，其於前言第 13 點43規定：
39 Ian Walden, Regulating electronic commerce: Europe in the global E-conomy, 26(6) E.L. Rev. 529, 530(2001); Patrick van Eecke & Maarten Truyens, Recent Events in EU Internet Law, 14(1) J. Internet L.
20, 21(2010).
40 Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.
41 Directive 95/46/EC, Recital (47): “Whereas where a message containing personal data is transmitted by means of a telecommunications or electronic mail service, the sole purpose of which is the transmission of such messages, the controller in respect of the personal data contained in the
message will normally be considered to be the person from whom the message originates, rather than the person offering the transmission services; whereas, nevertheless, those offering such services will normally be considered controllers in respect of the processing of the additional personal data necessary for the operation of the service”.
42 Directive 97/7/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 May 1997 on the protection of consumers in respect of distance contracts.
43 Directive 97/7/EC, Recital (13): “Whereas information disseminated by certain electronic technologies is often ephemeral in nature insofar as it is not received on a permanent medium;
whereas the consumer must therefore receive written notice in good time of the information necessary for proper performance of the contract”.
44 Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations.
45 Directive 98/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 July 1998 amending Directive 98/34/EC laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations.
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Society Service）即係指：「以電子方法、達到個別服務接收者的需求，且 通常為有償提供之遠距服務46」；其後於 1999 年「電子簽章指令」（the Electronic Signatures Directive47）規定關於認證、授權以及電子簽章之安全 等問題；2000 年「電子商務指令」（the Electronic Commerce Directive48） 係至今規範電子商務最重要之基礎框架；同年「電子貨幣指令」（ the Electronic Money Directive49）則於網路環境中，提供使用電子貨幣之保障 基礎；2001 年之「著作權指令」（the Copyright Directive50）在上述指令之 基礎上更進一步保護著作權人，提供權利人於網路媒介者（Intermediaries）所提供之服務中有侵害其權利時，向法院請求禁制令（Injunction）之法律 基礎51； 2004 年的「智慧財產權執行指令」（the Enforcement Directive52） 中重申成員國必須確保智慧財產權利人有得向法院請求禁制令之權利53。
46 Art. 1(2)(a) of Directive 98/48/EC: “any service normally provided for remuneration, at a distance, by electronic means and at the individual request of a recipient of services.”
47 Directive 1999/93/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 on a Community framework for electronic signatures.
48 Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market.
49 Directive 2000/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the taking up, pursuit of and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions.
50 Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society.
51 Art. 8(3) of 2001/29/EC: “Member States shall ensure that rightholders are in a position to apply for an injunction against intermediaries whose services are used by a third party to infringe a copyright or related right.”
52 Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights.
53 Art. 9(1)(a) of the Enforcement Directive: “Member States shall ensure that the judicial authorities may, at the request of the applicant: injunctions against intermediaries whose services are used by a third party to infringe a copyright or a related right are covered by Directive 2001/29/EC”
54 Council Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of 20 December 1993 on the Community trade mark.此後本規則 歷經多次修正，最近一次版本於 2009 年所公布，為 Council Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of 26 February 2009 on the Community Trade Mark.
55 Art. 14(1) of 40/94/EC: “The effects of Community trade marks shall be governed solely by the provisions of this Regulation. In other respects, infringement of a Community trade mark shall be governed by the national law relating to infringement of a national trade mark in accordance with the
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體商標權應依第十章之規定，適用與侵害內國商標有關之內國法。」由於 歐盟成員國眾多，兼且作者研究能力有限，本文中未如我國法之討論一 般，另論述可能使線上拍賣網站成立侵權行為責任之歐洲各國國內法規，
以下僅分別就涉及線上拍賣網站經營者之歐盟指令條文內容為介紹。
一、 2000 年電子商務指令
電子商務發展在歐盟區域提供大量之就業機會，特別是中小企業因而 蓬勃發展，刺激經濟增長、投資以及工業競爭56，然資訊社會服務在歐盟 境內卻必須面對眾多法律阻礙，包括各國法制間差異、適用之不確定性等 均對資訊社會服務之建立與發展有所妨害，因此希冀藉由指令之制訂、歐 洲法院之判決先例消除各類法律障礙57，以確保資訊社會服務在成員國區 域內自由流通促進歐盟內部市場之良好運作58。
2000 年制定之電子商務指令即於此背景下產生，其內容涵蓋範圍甚 廣，例如第 3 條資訊社會服務在歐盟內部市場中之自由流通、第 5、6、10 條不同類型之資訊公開要求、第 7 條有關主動提供之商業訊息、第 12 條 以下之媒介服務提供者責任、第 17 條之訴訟外紛爭解決機制等等59。 本指令所稱「資訊社會服務」意義同於 1998 年資訊社會服務技術標 準及規範指令中所稱之資訊社會服務60，其範圍涵蓋在線上進行之經濟活 動，特別是線上買賣商品之交易，惟不含商品之交付或非線上服務；不限 於促成線上交易者，亦包含未向服務接收者收費之經濟活動，例如提供線 上資訊、商業通訊、搜尋、資料近用等服務，以及透過通訊網路傳送資訊、
連接至通訊網路或依服務接收者之要求代管資訊。至於廣播電視因非基於 個別之要求而傳播，不屬於本指令之資訊社會服務；自然人之間使用電子 信件或其他類似通訊方式而非用作交易、商業或專業用途，包含當事人間 契約之訂定，不屬於資訊社會服務；本質上不能以遠距或電子方式完成之
provisions of Title X.” 本條項於 2009 年版本並未更動。
56 Directive 2000/31/EC, Recital (2).
57 Directive 2000/31/EC, Recital (5).
58 Art. 1(1) of Directive 2000/31/EC.
59 Patrick van Eecke & Barbara Ooms, ISP Liability and the E-commerce Directive: A Growing Trend toward Greater Responsibility for ISPs, 11 No. 4 J. Internet L. 3, 3(2007).
60 Directive 2000/31/EC, Recital (17).
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事項，例如公司帳目之法定審計、醫療行為等也並非資訊社會服務61。 本指令之第二章第四節標題題名為「媒介服務提供者之責任」（Liability of Intermediary Service Providers），綜觀整部電子商務指令，雖曾於前言中 提及媒介服務提供者數次，然未就「媒介服務提供者」一詞做出定義。
第四節內容事實上並未規範媒介服務提供者所應負擔之責任，反而係 將媒介服務提供者區分為單純傳輸、快取服務和代管服務三種類型而為責 任之限制，或為義務之免除62，其特色係採取水平立法方式，亦即是無論 第三人提供之不法資訊涉及何種責任，媒介服務提供者之行為只要符合指 令所設計之要件，均一體適用免責之規定，免除一切民刑事或行政責任63。 本節之立法目的在限制媒介服務提供者在內國法下可能負擔之責任，即於 符合一定要件之情況下，不得以內國法追究媒介服務提供者之責任64，然 只有在資訊社會服務運作及提供進入通訊網路之技術傳送或暫存第三人 上傳之資訊，其唯一目的在使資訊之傳送更具效率，且該活動具有單純技 術、自動及被動之本質，亦即資訊社會服務提供者對於其所傳送及儲存之 資訊並不知悉，亦未加以控制時，方能適用免責之規定65。以下就各條文 內容分述之：
61 Directive 2000/31/EC, Recital (18).
62 Cyril van der Net, Civil Liability of Internet Providers Following the Directive on Electronic Commerce, in E-COMMERCE LAW 49, 49 (Henk Snijders & Stephen Weatherill eds., 2003).
63 Commission of the European Communities, First Report on the Application of Directive on Electronic Commerce, 16(2003), available at
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52003DC0702:EN:HTML (06/05/2012
visited) ；財團法人資訊工業策進會科技法律中心（以下簡稱：資策會），網際網路服務提供者法
律責任與相關法制之研究，行政院經濟建設委員會委託研究，頁 67，2003 年 12 月，
http://www.cepd.gov.tw/dn.aspx?uid=2522，瀏覽日期：2012 年 4 月 10 日。
64 ECJ, Judgment of 23/03/2010, joined cases C-236/08- 238/08, Google France S.A.R.L, Google Inc. v.
Louis Vuitton Malletiere SA (C-236/08), Viaticum SA, Lucetiel S.A.R.L (C-237/08), and Centre National de Recherché en Relations Humaines (CNRRH) S.A.R.L (C-238/08), 2010 E.C.R. I-02417 [hereinafter Google AdWords Case], at 107.
65 Directive 2000/31/EC, Recital (42).
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（一）單純傳輸服務提供者（Mere Conduit）66
電子商務指令第 12 條所稱之單純傳輸服務提供者，指所提供之服務 內容係就服務接受者所提供之資訊，在通訊網路上進行傳輸，或提供進入 通訊網路者，包括在通訊網路中，以傳輸為單一目的之範圍內，自動地、
居間地及短暫地儲存執行該傳輸的資訊內容，且若該儲存未超過傳輸所必 需的合理期間之情形。此類單純傳輸服務提供者若並未主動發起該項傳 輸、未選擇該傳輸之之接收者或是未選擇或修改該傳輸之資訊內容時，電 子商務指令即要求成員國應確保內國法之規定不得因傳輸資訊之內容不 法，要求單純傳輸服務提供者為之負責。
本條第 3 項則規定，本條款不影響法院或行政機關依據成員國之法律 規定要求服務提供者終止或防止損害之可能性。
當服務提供者並未涉及所傳輸之資訊且未修改其內容時，可享有「單 純傳輸」及「快取服務」之免責利益，而所謂修改傳輸資訊，不包括發生 在傳輸過程中基於技術本質而對資訊有所影響之操作，蓋該等操作並不改 變所傳輸資訊之本質67。
66 Directive 2000/31/EC, Art. 12 “Mere conduit”:
1. Where an information society service is provided that consists of the transmission in a communication network of information provided by a recipient of the service, or the provision of access to a communication network, Member States shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for the information transmitted, on condition that the provider:
(a) does not initiate the transmission;
(b) does not select the receiver of the transmission; and
(c) does not select or modify the information contained in the transmission.
2. The acts of transmission and of provision of access referred to in paragraph 1 include the automatic, intermediate and transient storage of the information transmitted in so far as this takes place for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission in the communication network, and provided that the information is not stored for any period longer than is reasonably necessary for the transmission.
3. This Article shall not affect the possibility for a court or administrative authority, in accordance with Member States' legal systems, of requiring the service provider to terminate or prevent an infringement.
67 Directive 2000/31/EC, Recital (43).
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（二）快取服務提供者（Caching）68
快取服務提供者所提供之服務內容是就服務接受者所提供之資訊，在
68 Directive 2000/31/EC, Art. 13 “Caching”:
1. Where an information society service is provided that consists of the transmission in a communication network of information provided by a recipient of the service, Member States shall ensure that the service provider is not liable for the automatic, intermediate and temporary storage of that information, performed for the sole purpose of making more efficient the information's onward transmission to other recipients of the service upon their request, on condition that:
(a) the provider does not modify the information;
(b) the provider complies with conditions on access to the information;
(c) the provider complies with rules regarding the updating of the information, specified in a manner
(c) the provider complies with rules regarding the updating of the information, specified in a manner