• 沒有找到結果。

第七章 結論

7.2 建議

就前述所提出的問題,加上我國現行奈米科技的發展,在結論的部份筆者提 出幾項建議:

首先,我國應該建立專司奈米研究的機構。雖然說目前國內產官學界對奈米 科技的發展皆抱以無限的期待,但奈米科技的發展散見於各個領域,雖說有奈米 國家型計畫做初步的統整,但仍需要一個專門機構,負責引導國內奈米科技的發 展、政策方向及資源共享,同時這個機構也要隨時掌握奈米科技的風險評估,透 過這個機構,隨時因應需求來制定新的規範,以保障奈米科技的安全應用。本國 目前雖然已存有如英美國家之相當法規,但對於奈米化的物質,萬一產生毒性時 該如何處理,或是處理原則為何,仍無明確的規範,在此,政府可借鏡歐美的做 法,要求奈米科技產業本身對於所生產的奈米物件,提出完整安全性報告,甚至 毒性產生的可能情況,並加強勞工的訓練以避免災害的發生。但必須注意的是,

奈米科技除了面對極小的物質微粒之外,也可能產生無法預期的危機風險,因此,

設立一專責機構負責,並藉由此專責機構不斷研究,成立奈米科學諮詢單位,一

旦發生事故時可立即處理,此專責專業的政府團隊將要負責監督、管理、甚至協 助奈米科技的災害處理。

最後,為使我國的奈米科技能獲的全面性的進步,政府應建立奈米科技的教 育資訊系統,目前國內對於奈米科技的教育,在某些方面而言是是十分積極的,

特別是在一些大專院校的科系中,由於與產業界或與政府研究單位的合作,因此 對於奈米科技的發展十分熱烈,但奈米科技本身是一項跨學門領域的應用科學,

奈米科技的教育也應該推廣到各不同領域的教學中,讓不同領域的學者都能了解 此一新興科技的內涵,並能結合各不同領域的學識,創造出最好的奈米發展環境,

例如,人文學門的奈米教育,就可針對社會倫理的角度來研究奈米科技可能產生 的相關問題與衝擊,並對相關產業進行風險評估,這對我國奈米科技的健全發展 會有相當大的助益。

政府做為一行動者,應主動支持 EHS、ELSI 的研究計畫,並將這些研究成果 整合納入風險投資的研究方案與計畫中,對奈米技術的發展編制長遠的規劃與願 景,在風險管制的基礎上發展前瞻性的措施,評估管制與創新之間的關係;發展 溝通策略平台,以便業界、消費者與市民組織能交換新科技在 EHS、ELSI 方面的 訊息,政府組織在此的角色則類似情報交換所。而在資源分布上,政府可提供獎 勵措施以減低風險,如:發展奈米技術應用取代污染性材料、鼓勵業界培養可處 理意外與其他非預期狀況的能力、鼓勵風險管制的國際合作等。在社會系統層面 上,政府應準備並執行新的風險管制策略,短期來說,對奈米科技的發展採取目 前現有且合適的法令,在現有國內法制、專業規範、命名標準、人權與國際協議 的基礎上支持奈米科技的應用;最後是公眾的部份,政府應對公眾感知進行長時 間的研究,透明並納入公眾參予的監督模式,促進公眾在社會影響與倫理考量討 論上的參予,並將公眾的意見列入法案或政策制定上的重要參考依據。

本研究的主題「奈米科技」,根據科學家們的說法,它也會進一步地改善人們 現在的生活品質,也就是說,它將對人們的日常生活造成直接的影響,因此,如

何善用此科技、如何建立一個安全且完善的發展空間,就成為在致力於發展「奈 米科技」的同時應該付出關心的議題,以避免過去發生在生物科技上的爭議。目 前有許多組織皆針對奈米風險進行研究與呼籲,諸如 ETC group、Friends of the Earth 等,當中有持較為激進的觀點,認為在風險未定的情形下不應貿然進行奈米 科技的研發,但也有觀點較為溫和的,認為科技研發不能也無法停止,因此應該 要在研發的同時,同步累積奈米材料的毒理學研究、奈米技術的安全應用模式等 資訊。從過去累積的科技研發經驗告訴我們,倘若放任科學無止盡地發展,受害 的風險承擔者不僅包括生態環境,也會對人類的生活造成影響,例如頗受爭議的 複製生物研究,原始的用意是為了保留動物體內有用的基因而進行的研究,在起 初動物實驗時就已經引起一些宗教團體及動物團體的注意,隨著技術更加精進到 有辦法進行人體實驗時,更是引發各式宗教團體及人權團體的抗議。同樣的,奈 米科技現在處於新興發展階段,沒有人知道未來會發展到什麼樣的局面,更不會 有人知道會對人體或人權造成什麼樣的影響。

若要對新興科技進行風險研究及治理,國內目前可運用的資源較少,主要是 因為,進行風險相關研究的研究人員在數量上比起技術研發的人員而言要遠少得 多,國外則對此已經一段時間的研究,相較之下累積了較多可資運用的訊息,雖 然在本文的受訪者的談話中可發現,國內學者對於我國在風險研究上面的努力持 正面且樂觀的態度,認為國內的研究並不輸給外國,然而,光從風險管理的歷史 來看,英美等國尤其歐盟國家就比台灣累積了更多風險管理的經驗可供參考,雖 然說我國可在各大型會議上與其他國家進行資訊交換與學術交流,但這樣的交流 所獲得的資訊若沒有妥善運用,終究只是空談。

最後,本文還是要強調,科技發展固然重要,但「以人為本」的信念更為重 要,在發展國家型計畫的同時,更要關照到對人類的福祉,而所謂的福祉也不該 只是經濟上的利益,應該包含更抽象的人權、健康等議題,奈米科技發展風險管 制的重要性在此便彰顯了。

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