第三章 研究方法
第四節 研究工具
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第四節 研究工具
一、知識翻新平台（KF 平台）
知識翻新原則來自知識翻新理論，提出者為加拿大多倫多大學教授 Scardamalia 和 Bereiter，兩位教授設計了此平台幫助學生學習，亦幫助教師 蒐集學生課堂表現的資料，本研究使用KF 平台如下。
(一)研究者將每週學習活動與說明張貼在 KF 平台，如圖 3-2、圖 3-3。
圖3-2 KF 平台的貼文之畫面
圖 3-3 KF 平台的貼文之內容
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(二)學生對於學習活動的回應，如圖 3-4。
(三)反思的提問，依據學生回答，每週微調，如圖 3-5 。 圖 3-4 KF 平台的回文內容之畫面
圖 3-5 KF 平台的反思提問之畫面
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(三)實驗組班級學生對於知識翻新原則的反思，如圖 3-6。
二、十二年國教課綱國民中小學素養導向標準本位評量計畫（SBASA）
圖3-7 為教育部國民及學前教育署指導國立臺灣師範大學心理與教育 測驗研究發展中心，專門為國中小發展的評量標準評量學生聽說讀寫的能力。
圖 3-6 KF 平台的反思回應之畫面
圖 3-7 評量八年級生的口說評量標準
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圖片來源：國立臺灣師範大學心理與教育測驗研究發展中心（2019）。
十二年國教課綱國民中小學素養導向標準本位評量計畫。取自:
https://www.sbasa.ntnu.edu.tw/SBASA/Subject/SubjectEnglish_3.aspx 三、 開放式線上訪談問題－學生
除了關心知識翻新活動對學生在平台上想法發展的歷程及英文寫故事 的表現，研究者亦關切學生的想法，所以根據本研究採用的五個知識翻新 原則-真切的想法與真實的問題（real ideas, authentic problems）、持續改善 的想法（improvable ideas）、想法的多樣化（idea diversity）、想法的昇華
（rise above）、社群共享共創知識的責任（community knowledge, collective responsibility），設計訪談問題，請學生回覆於 google 表單，題目皆與合作 教師及指導教授討論過。
題目以五個知識翻新原則分類，每類共有6 題，呈現於表 3-2。
表 3-2 線上訪談問卷問題範例（詳見附錄七）
1.「校園導覽與巡禮」課程中，哪些活動幫助你改善自己的想法最多？
（A 上網搜尋資料、B 和隔壁同學討論、C 和小組成員討論、D 老師的 引導、E 課堂學習單等）請說明舉例原因。
（寫英文代號就好，可以不只選一種方式）。
2.「校園導覽與巡禮」課程中，還可以增加或是改變什麼部分，幫助你改善 自己的想法呢？請說明舉例。
3.「校園導覽與巡禮」課程中，上課的環境（電腦教室、平台），對你改善 自己的想法有什麼影響？請說明舉例。
4.「校園導覽與巡禮」課程中，同學對你改善自己的想法有什麼影響？
請說明舉例。
5.「校園導覽與巡禮」課程中，兩位老師對你改善自己的想法有什麼影響？
請說明舉例。
6.當你發現自己的想法有改善，你的感覺如何？
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反思內容；並採用Bloom Taxonomy （Anderson & Krathwohl, 2009）為依據歸 類認知相關的反思，以及Krathwohl's Affective Domain Taxonomy（Metfessel, 1969）為依據歸類情意相關的反思。表 3-3 為認知的反思內容之歸納依據，主類別從低層次到高層次為記憶、
了解、應用、分析、評鑑及創造，每個主類別有1-7 個次類別。
表3-3 Bloom Taxonomy
主類別 次類別 相關詞
1.2 回憶（recalling） 搜尋（retrieving）
2.了解
摘要（abstracting）、 建立通則（generalizing）
2.5 推論
（inferring）
推斷（extrapolating）、 歸因於（interpolating）、 預測(predicting）
2.6 比較
（comparing）
對照（contrasting）、類比
（mapping）、配對
（matching）
2.7 解釋
（explaining）
建構（constructing）、
使用模式（models）
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進行（carrying out）
3.2 履行
解構（deconstructing）
5.評鑑
表格來源：Krathwohl &Anderson (2009, pp.66-68).
表3-4 為情意的反思內容之歸納依據，主類別從低層次到高層次為接受或 注意、反應、價值觀的建立、組織、由價值觀或價值體系所塑造的品格，每個 主類別有2-3 個次類別。
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表 3-4 Krathwohl's Affective Domain Taxonomy
主類別 次類別
1.接受或注意
（receiving or attending）
1.1 覺知（awareness)
1.2 願意接受（willingness to receive)
1.3 選擇性的注意（controlled or selected attention) 2.反應（responding) 2.1 勉強反應（acquiescence in responding)
2.2 願意反應（willingness to respond) 2.3 樂於反應（satisfaction in response) 3.價值觀的建立
（valuing)
3.1 價值觀的接納（acceptance of a value) 3.2 價值觀的偏好（preference for a value) 3.3 誓約與堅信（commitment or conviction) 4.組織
（organization)
4.1 價值概念的形成（conceptualization of a value) 4.2 價值系統的組織（organization of a value system) 5.由價值觀或價值體
系所塑造的品格
（characterization by value or value complex）
5.1 類化的心理傾向（generalized set）
5.2 品格的形成（characterization）
表格來源： Metfessel, Michael & Kirsner (1969, pp.4-7)
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I think about my favorite place in our school. I think about lower playground because we have a lot of fun there. C-6-2
比較 學生於反思內容We figured out the difference between our school and the school in the book. I
learned that every school has its
features.C-1-1
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‧ rains. S25-C
2 2 個想法
My school have three playgrounds, but their school have only one playground. One has gym, one has no...
Our school...I don't know. are not happy. It makes me sad when if the people be unhappy. If I had one wish for the new school year, it would be every people be happy. To make the school year a great one, I’d like everyone to sport on the playground.
S2-C 3 3 個想法
their school: has
an indoor
basketball court.
has a school bus. play basketball with friends. I don't like the day when I don't know
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basketball court.
school is in the when classmates laugh.
To make the school year a great one, I'd like everyone to anti-bullying every day.
S37-C 4 4 個想法
the school's activity
center in the story is very big and there
are many
basketball stands the school's playground in the story is very small and there aren't basketball stand the school' first day of the girl in the story is very shy and unhappy but my school's first day is very nice and students play with me. It makes me sad when the students go home. If I had one wish for the new school year would be very special. To make the school year a great one，I'd like everyone to take care of me.
S21-E
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‧ parking lot 4. When I first came to school , I was very happy and looking forward to it . The sunny day after school).
I don't like the day when play basketball, volleyball and play on me. I don't like when it rains.(It makes me feels lonely.) It makes me happy when everyone who exercises on me feels happy. It makes me sad when someone leaves garages on me. If I had a wish for the new school year, it would be I hope there's not a 風
雨操場on me because it will destroy my running track and also the environment and ecology. To make the school year a great one, I'd like everyone to come exercise and play, but don't leave garbage for me.
S1-C
‧ and two basketball courts. cleaning the basketball court. Maybe the school is in America, the man might be a basketball player or a cleaner. And there's an American flag on the wall.
S17-C
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front of them, there
are some children's
name.
the classroom. maybe
those children just
‧ the students do exercise. the students do exercise. the students do exercise. lower playground.
I love play with my friends on lower playground. I don’t like it when it rains. lower playground.
I love play with my friends on lower playground. I don’t like it when it rains.
B-C 3 3 個想法 Our
upper
playground is near a river. playground is near a river.
There are sports filed and running tracks. Students can exercise there. We play basketball, volleyball, even soccer on the playground is near a river.
There are sports filed and running tracks. Students can exercise there. We play basketball, volleyball, even soccer on the upper
playground.
A-C 4 4 個想法 The last place is
our classroom. It’s a place where we can study and sleep on the chairs or our classroom. It’s a place where we can study and sleep on the chairs or tables. We can see the library when we look outside the
寫 出 有
our classroom. It’s a place where we can study and sleep on the chairs or tables. We can see the library when
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‧ students change clean shoes.
D-C
we look outside the windows.
Sometimes, students change clean shoes.
D-C 5 5 個想法 We
want to
introduce upper playground to you.
It’s a place where the students take PE class. We like to play basketball with classmates there during break time. ….. They like to climb the pole there! That’s a cool exercise! On our school day, we hold a celebration here. That’s meaningful! ...
A-E
introduce upper playground to you.
It’s a place where the students take PE class. We like to play basketball with classmates there during break time. ….. They like to climb the pole there! That’s a cool exercise! On our school day, we hold a celebration here. That’s meaningful! ...
A-E
introduce upper playground to you.
It’s a place where the students take PE class. We like to play basketball with classmates there during break time. ….. They like to climb the pole there! That’s a cool exercise! On our school day, we hold a celebration here. That’s meaningful! ...
A-E