• 沒有找到結果。

第六章 研究者的體悟與省思

第二節 研究者的省思

根據本研究的發現,學生的閱讀理解是可以透過一連串的引導與教學,幫助其 成長,以下提出二點關於閱讀教學的省思。

壹、時時進行行動的檢核調整鷹架,避免落入教學主觀

大部份學生在研究之初對於故事結構無概念,研究者在行動歷程中運用鷹架理 論,慢慢建立到穩固學生的故事結構概念。在建立、掌握、穩固故事結構的歷程中,

因研究者長時間專注在閱讀策略與文獻探討,比起學生的空白,更容易落入教學主觀

的陷阱。為避免此陷阱,研究者需要藉著學生的資料與回饋,時時檢核行動目標與調 整策略來建立適當的鷹架。在研究歷程中,曾經出現研究者主觀的認定結構問題,但 學生並不如此認為,對於師生間對結構上的認知差距,最後是學生在課堂上的討論說 服研究者改變想法,這時也浮現鷹架退場的時機。因此,身為教育工作者,應時時由 學生的表現與回饋來檢核教學目標、調整教學策略避免落入教學主觀,這樣對於學生 的學習才能達到事倍功半的效果。

貳、口語與文字表達和真正閱讀理解間的可能差距

本研究絕大部分的資料分析來源,是以學生的學習單為主,配合課堂討論的錄 音、影資料,進行學生的閱讀成長歷程記錄。因研究時間、人力、物力諸多限制下,

僅由文件來分析學生的閱讀理解情況,研究者在進行報告撰寫時,亦有無法全面收集 學生口說資料的遺珠之憾,究竟口說與文字表達和真正閱讀理解之間的差距,到底有 多大?而閱讀理解的歷程,若是讀者不藉文字或口語表達出來,旁人是無法知曉更遑 論進行分析。因為礙於限制,研究者僅能從文件資料,得以窺視部分閱讀理解的歷程,

研究者常反覆思索這個問題「這些是他(她)本來想表達的?是真的不懂?還是不會 寫?」,因此分析資料時,歸類的問題一直困擾著研究者,若能配合口說資料,或許 能縮小和真實理解的差距。

參考文獻

壹、中文部分

王家玲(民 91)。國中不同閱讀能力學生先前知識與文章理解之研究。國立彰化師範 大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。

王瓊珠(民 89)。編選課外閱讀材料指南。學習障礙資訊站,10,29-32。

王瓊珠(民 93)。故事結構教學與分享閱讀。台北:心理出版社。

李連珠譯(民 87)。全語文的全在哪裡?台北:信誼。

吳裕益、林月仙、劉秀丹(民 89) 「閱讀理解策略教學成效」之整合分析。第五屆特 殊教育課程與教學研討會論文集,1-21。

吳慧珠,李長燦(民 91)。維高斯基的認知發展理論及其在教學上的應用。載於張新 仁主編:教學理論新趨勢,105-158。台北:心理出版社。

邱上真(民 82) 。學習輔導-認知學派的學習理論。台北:心理出版社,51-114。

洪秋蘭(民 89)。國中語文學習困難學生閱讀理解與先前知識之評量與診斷。國立高 雄師範大學特殊教育學系碩士班碩士論文,未出版。

宋曜廷(民 89)。先前知識文章結構和多媒體呈現對文章學習的影響。國立台灣師範 大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文,未出版。

柯華葳、范信賢(民 79)。增進國小社會科課文理解度之研究。國教學報,3,33-60。

張蘇美(民 84)。因果類型之激發方式與文章結構對學童閱讀理解的影響。國立新竹 師範學院初等教育學系碩士班碩士論文,未出版。

張春興(民 80)。現代心理學。台北:東華書局。

連啟舜(民 91)。國內閱讀理解教學研究成效之統合分析研究。國立台灣師範大學教 育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版。

許淑玫(民 89)。國小六年級閱讀小組實施交互教學之個案研究。國立台中師範學院 國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。

陳秋芬(民 92)。科學性文章中的時間序列對國小五年級學生閱讀理解的影響。國立 中正大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。

陳李綢(民 81)。認知發展與輔導。台北:心理。

陳姝蓉(民 91)。故事結構教學對增進國小閱讀障礙學生閱讀理解能力之研究。台北 市立師範學院身心障礙教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。

黃瑞珍(民 88)。故事結構分析法在語言學習障礙兒童教學之應用。國小特殊教育,

27,4-10。

黃瓊儀(民 84)。相互教學法對國小高年級學童閱讀理解能力、後設認知能力與閱讀 態度之影響。國立嘉義大學國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。

蔡銘津(民 85)。增進學童閱讀理解的認知結構模式。資優教育季刊,61,19-24。

葉淑美(民 91)。合作故事圖解教學對國小低閱讀能力學生閱讀理解成效之研究。國 立台中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。

鄭妃玲(民 91)。說明文結構對國小六年級學童閱讀理解的影響。國立嘉義大學國民 教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。

鄭美良,李麗娜(民 93)。結合國小低年級學生生活經驗提升閱讀理解能力之行動研 究。教育部九十三年度鼓勵中小學教師從事行動研究報告書。

鄭昭明(民 76)。認知心理學與教學研究---一般介紹。現代教育,2(2),86-114。

錡寶香(民 88)。國小學童閱讀理解能力之分析。國教學報,11,100-133。

錡寶香(民 92)。國小低能力閱讀學童與一般能力閱讀學童的敘事能力:篇章凝聚之 分析。特殊教育研究學刊,24,63-48。

錡寶香(民 93)。國小低能力閱讀學童與一般能力閱讀學童的敘事能力:故事結構之 分析。特殊教育研究學刊,26,247-269。

簡楚瑛(民 77)幼兒說故事能力之發展過程及其教學上之應用。台灣教育,448,

19~21。

顏若映(民 82)。先前知識在閱讀理解上之認知研究。教育與心理研究,16,385-412。

蘇宜芬(民 80)。後設認知訓練課程對國小低閱讀能力學生的閱讀理解能力與後設認 知能力之影響。國立台灣師範大學教育與心理研究所碩士論文,未出版。

鍾聖校(民 79)。認知心理學。台北:心理。

Altrichter H., Posch P., & Somekh B.(民 86)。行動研究方法導論(夏林清譯)。台北:

遠流。(原著為 1993 年版)

Berk, L. E. & Winsler, A.(民 88)。鷹架兒童的學習-維高斯基與幼兒教育(谷瑞勉譯)。 台北:心理出版社。(原著為 1995 年版)

Goodman, K. S.(民 87)。談閱讀(洪月女譯)。台北:心理。(原著為 1996 年版)

Mills, G. E.(民 92)。行動研究法(蔡美華譯)。台北:學富文化。(原著為 2003 年版)

貳、西文部分

Afflerbach, P. P. (1990). The influence of prior knowledge on expert readers’ main idea construction strategies. Reading Research Quarterly, 25(1), 31-46.

Anderson, R. C. (1983). Role of the reader's schema during comprehension, learning, and memory. In R. C. Anderson, J. Osborn, & R. Tierney (Eds.), Learning to read in American schools: Basal readers and content texts(pp. 243-258). Hillsdable, NJ:

Lawrenece Erlbaum Association.

Anderson, R. C., & Pichert, J. W. (1978). Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in time. Journal of Educational Research Journal, 14, 367-381.

Anderson, R. C., & Pichert, J. W., Shirey, L. L. (1983). Effect of the reader's schema at different points in time. Journal of Educational Psychology, 75, 271-279.

Anderson, R. C., Spiro, R. J., & Anderson, M. C. (1978). Schemata as scaffolding for the representation of information in connected discourse. American Educational Research Journal, 15, 433-450.

Anderson, R. C. & Pichert, J. W. (1978). Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavioral, 17, 1-12.

Araujo, L. (2000). Traversing home/school, English/ Portuguese: Young learners path to literacy learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Delaware

Press.

Armbruster, B. B. (1998). Why some children have trouble content area textbooks.

ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 300782.

Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology.

Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Beck, I. L., & McKeown, M. G.. (1981). Developing questions that promote comprehension: The story map. Language Arts, 58(8), 913-918.

Bransford, J. D. & Franks, J. J. (1971). The abstraction of linguistic ideas. Cognitive Science, 2, 331-350.

Bransford, J. D. & Johnson, M. K. (1972). Contextual constraints and discourse processes: A replication study. Reading Research Quarterly, 16, 201-212.

Brown, A. L., & Smiley, S. S. (1977). Rating the importance of structural units of prose passages: A problem of metacognitive development. Child Development, 48, 1-8.

Calderon, M., Slavin, R., & Hertz-Lazarowitz, R. (1998). Effects of bilingual cooperative integrated reading and composition on students marking the transition from Spanish to English reading. The Elementary School Journal, 99(2), 153-165.

Chall, J. S. (1996). Stages of reading development (2nd ed ). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.

Chiesi, H. L., Spilich, G, J., & Voss, J. F. (1979). Acquisition of domain related

information in relation to high and low domain knowledge. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 18, 257-273

Cox, B. E., Shanahan, T., & Sulzby, E. (1990). Good and poor elementary readers’ use of cohesion in writing. Reading Research Quarterly, 25, 47-65.

Dimino, J. A., Gersten, R., Carnine, D., & Blake, G. (1990). Story grammar : An

approach for promoting at-risk secondary students’ comprehension of literature.

Elementary School Journal, 91(1), 19-32.

Fitzgerald, J. & Spiegel, D. L. (1985). Development of children’s knowledge of story structure and content. Journal of Education Research, 79(2), 101-108.

Fitzgerald, J. & Teasley, A. B. (1986). Effects of instruction in narrative structure on children’s writing. Journal of Education Psychology, 78(6), 424-432.

Foley, M. M. (2000). The (un)making of a reader. Language Arts, 77(6), 506-511.

Gambrell, L. B., & Chasen, S. P. (1991). Explicit story structure instruction and the narrative writing of fourth- and fifth-grade below-average readers. Reading Research & Instruction, 31(1), 54-62.

Gernsbacher, M. A. (1997). Two decades of structure building. Discourse Processes, 23, 265-304.

Gersten, R. (1998). Recent advances in instructional research for students with learning disabilities: An overview. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 13(3), 162-170.

Gunning, T. G. (1996). Creating reading instruction for all children(2nd ed). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.

Guthrie, J. H. (1977). Story comprehension. The Reading Teacher, 2, 574-577.

Idol, L. (1987). Group story mapping: A comprehension strategy for both skilled and unskilled readers. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 20(4), 196-205.

Idol, L., & Croll, V. J. (1987). Story-mapping training as a means of improving reading comprehension. Learning Disability Quarterly, 10, 124-229.

Kintsch, W. A. (1977). Reading comprehension as a function of text structure. In A. S.

Reber & D. L. Scarborough (Eds.), In Toward a Psychology of Reading(pp.

227-256). Hillsdable, NJ: Lawrenece Erlbaum Association.

Kuldanek, K. (1998). The effects of using a combination of story frames and retelling strategies with learning disabled students to build their comprehension ability.

ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 416469.

Lehr, S. (1988). The child’s developing sense of theme. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 3, 337-357.

Mandler, J. M. & Johnson, N. S. (1977). Remembrance of things passed: Story structure and recall. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 111-151.

Mathes, P. G. (1997). Cooperative story structure in the classroom. Language Arts, 57(2), 157-165.

Mastropieri, M. A., & Scruggs, T. E. (1997). Best practices in promoting reading comprehension in students with learning disabilities 1976 to 1996. Remedial and Special Education, 18(4), 197-220.

McConaughy, S. H. (1980). Using story structure in the classroom. Language Arts, 59(6), 580-589.

Mealey, D. L. & Nist, S. L. (1989). Postsecondary teacher directed comprehension strategies. Journal of Reading, 32(6), 484-493.

Naremore, R. C. (1997). Making it hang together: Children’s use of mental frameworks to structure. Topics in Language Disorders, 18(1), 16-29.

Pahl, M. M. (1987). The role of story schema in comprehension: A teacher’s perspective of the research and education implications. ERIC Document Reproduction

Service No. ED 288178.

Palincsar, A. S., & Brown, A. L. (1984). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction, 1(2), 117-175.

Page, J. L. & Stewart, S. R. (1985). Story grammar skills in school-age children. Topics in Language Disorders, 5(2), 16-30.

Pearson. P. D., Hansen, J., & Gordon, C. (1979). The effect of background on young children’s comprehension of explicit and implicit information. Journal of Reading Behavior, 11, 201-209.

Pearson, P. D., & Johnson,D. D. (1978). Teaching reading comprehension. New York:

Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Rivard, L., & Yore, L. D. (1992). Review of reading comprehension instruction:

1985-1991. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 354144.

Rumelhart, D. E. (1975). Note on a schema for stories. In D. G. Bobrow & A.

Collins(Eds.), Representation and Understanding. (pp. 211-236). New York:

Academic Press.

Rumelhart, D. E. (1980). Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. In R. J. Spiro, B. Bruce, & W. F. Brewer(Eds.). Theoretical issues in reading and

comprehension (pp. 33-58). Hillsdable, NJ: Lawrenece Erlbaum Association.

Saltz, E. & Johnson, J. (1974). Training for thematic-fantasy play in culturally

disadvantage children: preliminary results. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66(4), 623~630.

Schirmer, B. R., & Bond, W. L. (1990). Enhancing the hearing impaired child’s knowledge of story structure to improve comprehension of narrative text.

Reading Improvement, 27, 242-254.

Short, E. J. & Ryan, E. B. (1984). Metacognitive difference between skilled and less skilled readers: remediating deficits through story grammar and attribution training. Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(2), 225-235.

Singer, H., & Donlan, D. (1982). Active comprehension: Problem-solving schema with question generation for comprehension of completely short stories. Reading Research Quarterly, 17(2), 166-184.

Simmons, D. C. (1993). Integrating narrative reading comprehension and writing instruction for all learners. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.

ED 365943.

Stein, N. L. & Glenn, C. G. (1979). An analysis of story comprehension in elementary school children. In R. O. Freedle (Ed.), New directions in discourse

processing (vol. 2, pp. 53-120). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Stein, N. L. & Glenn, C. G.. (1982). Children’s concept of time: The development of a story schema. In William, J. F. (Ed.), The Developmental Psychology of Time(pp. 255-281), New York: Academic Press.

Thorndyke, P. W. (1977). Cognitive structures in comprehension and memory for narrative discourse. Cognitive Psychology, 9, 77-110.

Wilson, P. T., & Anderson, R. C. (1986). What they don’t know will hurt them: The role of prior knowledge in comprehension. In J. Orasano(Ed.), Reading

Comprehension From Research to Practice(pp. 31-48). Hillsdable, NJ:

Lawrenece Erlbaum Association.

Weaver, P. A. & Dickinson, D. K. (1982). Scratching below the surface structure:

Exploring the usefulness of story grammars. Discourse Processes, 5, 225-243.

Wong, B. Y. L. (1985). Self-questioning instructional research: A review. Review of Educational Research, 55 (22), 227-268.