第六章 結論
第三節 研究總結與未來研究方向
茶看似一項簡單的飲品，卻在具有「英國並不產茶」的認知之後，發現茶與 英國如此的密切關係必有許多值得討論之處。歷史景點的發展讓人們在閱讀史料 書籍之外，能有實際的場景去還原與想像過去的社會，比起純粹的文字與圖片，
有時更具影響力與說服力。同時參訪英國各茶文化歷史景點，從幾個世紀前的茶 店、過去的工廠、平民的房子、生活與醫療環境，到貿易的商船、貴族的莊園等 等，平民、商人、貴族這些上下階級的區分、生活條件的兩極差異，其實會帶給 人們很大的文化衝擊，去思考與檢視同樣的飲品對不同地區的人民生活截然不同 的影響。相較於亞洲地區發展的茶園、製茶工廠觀光活動，英國由於不產茶，發 展出的茶觀光並非帶人們參觀採茶工作、製茶方式，而是從社會層面觀看各階級 的人所受到的茶的影響，以及衍生出來的特殊文化。
一項文化唯有當地的獨特特質與環境才能衍生出來，筆者從景點與景點之間 地理位置的幅員廣闊體會英國茶文化的蔓延無遠弗屆，並且了解英國茶文化是經 由當地的獨特地理環境與社會關係所衍生出來。作家余秋雨也曾說，中國文化人 千萬不要再洋洋得意的證明中國文化對歐洲的征服，他們喝茶已剝除了中國詩意 和中國文化，因此每日不離的原因要從別處來尋找。307英國茶文化歷史景點闡明
307 余秋雨，(2001)，p.325。
圖 6-2 2014 年景點 春季活動通知
119
了英國飲茶與中國的差異，儘管一開始為對中國文化的推崇，其後演變卻深深受 到英國生活環境與社交需求所影響，茶具、禮儀逐漸改變，增添了英國平民的鄉 村風情，或貴族的閒情優雅；如今英國人的日常飲茶習慣更是他們獨有的文化特 色，也是為何英國能發展與中國迥異的觀光景點。
英國茶文化觀光景點十分豐富，不亞於亞洲地區的發展。本研究探討的範圍 僅在歷史景點層面上，期望能透過歷史景點對於英國茶歷史文化的保存與推廣，
了解今日英國茶文化形成與受到遊客喜愛的原因，鑑古知今。然而，以學者 Jolliffe 所提出的茶文化觀光組成要素來看，英國的茶文化觀光還有許多可以持續探討的 部分，如英國的茶會、茶舞、茶節慶、倫敦的茶旅行團等，或是英國各地不同的 飲茶方式與習俗等，都是值得更深入了解的主題。在世界各地文觀光發展下，本 研究期能在茶文化觀光領域上有所貢獻，也期望未來能看到更多關於歐洲地區茶 文化旅遊發展的研究。
120
參考文獻
Alcott, WM. A. (1839). Tea and Coffee. Boston: Goldsmiths.
Alley, R.，(1985)。瓷國遊歷記。北京：輕工業出版社。
Barringer, T. (1998). The South Kensington Museum and the colonial project. In Barringer, T. & Flynn, T. (ed.) Colonialism and the Object; Empire, Material Culture and the Museum. London: Routledge, p.11-27.
Barnett, R. (2011). The Book of Gin: A Spirited World History from Alchemists‟ Stills and Colonial Outposts to Gin Palaces, Bathtub Gin, and Artisanal Cocktails. New York: Grove Press.
Baudrillard, J. (1988). Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Baylay, C. A. (1989). Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1840. London: Longman.
Bennett, A. W. & Bonnie K. B. (2001). The World of Caffeine. London: Routledge.
Bitgood, S. (2006). An Analysis of Visitor Circulation: Movement Patterns and the General Value Principle. Curator, 49(4).
Boniface, P. (2003). Tasting Tourism: Travelling for Food and Drink. Hampshire:
Ashgate Publishing.
Bowen, H. V., Lincoln, M., Rigby, N. (ed.). (2002). The Worlds of the East India Company, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
Bowers, J. Z. (1970). Western medical pioneers in feudal Japan. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
Bowman, M. & Phaedra, C. P. (2009). What‟s so „dark‟ about „dark tourism‟? Death, Tours, and Performance. Tourist Studies. Vol 9(3): 187-202.
Bozovic, L. (2013). Maritime Treasure: Visit a Historic Vessel Restored to its former glory. Professional Engineering.
Bramwell, B. & L. Rawding (1996). Tourism Marketing Images of Industrial Cities.
Annals of Tourism Research 23.
Bruner, E. (1994). Abraham Lincoln as authentic reproduction: a critique of postmodernism. American Anthropologist, Vol.96, p. 397-415.
Bryman, A. (1955). Disney and his worlds. London: Routledge.
Burnett, J. (1999). Liquid Pleasures: Social History of Drinks in Modern Britain.
London: Routledge.
Chaudhuri, K. N. (1985). Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Chen, Y., & Morrison, A. (2004). Manufacturing a new source of visitors: A pilot
121
study of industrial tourism in the U.S. Annual ISTTE Conference. Hong Kong:
International Society of Travel and Tourism Educators.
Clark, G. (2001). The Artful Teapot. London: Thames & Hudson.
Clifford, S., & A. King. (1993). Losing Your Place. In Local Distinctiveness: Place, Particularity and Identity. S. Clifford & A. King, eds.. London: Common Ground.
Compendium of Tea Quotations. (2010). United Kingdom Tea Council. Retrieved Apr.
28, 2013. From:
http://www.tea.co.uk/news-article/Compendium-of-Tea-Quotations
Crawshaw, C. & Urry, J. (1997). Tourism and the Photographic Eye. In Rojek, C. &
Urry, J. (ed.) Touring Cultures: Transformations in Travel and Theory. London:
Routledge: 176-195.
Davies, D. (1795). The Case of Labourers in Husbandry. London: G. G. & J.
Robinson.
Davis, J. F. (1840). The Chinese: A General Description of the Empire of China and Its Inhabitants. London: Charles Knight.
Drury, P. & McPherson, A. (2008). Conservation Principles Policies and Guidance for the Sustanible Management of the Historic Environment. London: English Heritage.
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie B. J. R. (1991). The Meaning and Measurement of Destination Image. Journal of Tourism Studies 2.
Edensor, T. (2002). National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life. Oxford:
Berg.
Edensor, T. (2011). Tourism and Performance. In Jamal, T. & Robinson, M. (ed.) Sage Handbook of Tourism Studies. London: Sage, p.543-557.
Ellis, M. (ed.). (2010). Tea and the tea-table in eighteenth-century England. London:
Pickering & Chatto.
Endless Queries: or, An End to Queries, Laid down in 36 Merry Mad Queries for the Peoples Information. (1659). London: Thomason Tracts E.986 (10).
English China – a Bone China History. (2013). Insights into Figure Making, Sculpture and Antique China. Retrieved Jan. 17, 2014. From:
http://www.figurines-sculpture.com/english-china.html
Fortnum & Mason: The First Three Hundred Years. (2007). London: Fortnum &
Mason plc.
Foucault, M. (1986). Of Other Spaces. Diacritics, Vol. 16, No. 1, p.22-27..
Frew, E. (2000). Industrial tourism: A conceptual and empirical analysis. PhD Thesis, Victoria University.
Gay, P., Hall, S., Janes, L., Mackay, H., Negus, K. (1997). Doing Cultural Studies:
The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: The Open University.
122
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. London: Fontana.
Goss, S. (2000). British Tea and Coffee Cups. Oxford: Shire Publications.
Goss, S. (2005). British Teapots and Coffee Pots. Oxford: Shire Publications.
Griffiths, J. (2011). Tea: A history of the drink that changed the world. London:
Carlton Publishing Group.
Hall, D. & Boyne, S. (2007). Teapot Trails in the UK: Just a Handle or Something Worth Spouting about? In Jolliffe, L. (ed.) Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions, and Transformations, p.206-223. Tourism and Cultural Change 11: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Hall, S. (1996). Critical Dailogues in Cultural Studies. Morley D. and Chen, K. H.
(eds), On postmodernism and articulation. London : Routledge.
Han, P. L. K.. (2007). Tea Traditions in Taiwan and Yunnan. In Jolliffe, L. (ed.) Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions, and Transformations. Tourism and Cultural Change 11: Multilingual Matters Ltd., p.53-68.
Han, P. L. K.. (2007). Tracing the History of Tea Culture. In Jolliffe, L. (ed.) Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions, and Transformations. Tourism and Cultural Change 11: Multilingual Matters Ltd., p.23-37.
Hattox, R. (1985). Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Heron, P. (1991). Ecomuseums: A New Museology. Alberta Museums Review, 17(2).
Hewison, R. (1987). The Heritage Industry: Britain in a Climate of Decline. London:
Methven.
History of Twinings. (2011). Twinings. Retrieved March. 07, 2014. From:
http://twinings.co.uk/about-twinings/history-of-twinings
Hitchcock, M. & Teague, K. (ed.) (2000). The Material Culture of Tourism. Aldershot:
Ashgate.
Horne, D. (1984). The Great Museum. London: Pluto Press.
Imrie, R. (1991). Industrial Change and Local Economic Fragmentation: the Case of Stoke-on-Trent. Geoforum: 22(4), p.433-453.
Isobuchi Takeshi，(2009)。紅茶瘋─從中國、英國到全世界。(譯者：三千)。台 北：麥田，城邦。
Johnson, S., Murphy, A. (1823). The Works of Smauel Johnson, LL.D, Volume the Second. London: Oxford University.
Jolliffe, L. (ed.) (2007). Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions and Transformations.
Tourism and Cultural Change 11: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
Jolliffe, L. (2007), Connecting Tea and Tourism. In Jolliffe, L. (ed.) Tea and Tourism:
Tourists, Traditions and Transformations. Tourism and Cultural Change 11:
123
Multilingual Matters Ltd, p.3-20.
Jolliffe, L. (2007), Tea and Travel: Transforming the Material Culture of Tea. In Jolliffe, L. (ed.) Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions and Transformations.
Tourism and Cultural Change 11: Multilingual Matters Ltd, p.38-52.
Jolliffe, L. & Zhuang, P. (2007). Tourism Development and the Tea Gardens of Fuding, China. In Jolliffe, L. (ed.) Tea and Tourism: Tourists, Traditions and
Transformations. Tourism and Cultural Change 11: Multilingual Matters Ltd, p.133-144.
Kentley, E. (2012). Cutty Sark Souvenir Guide. Northampton: Belmont Press.
Lim, H. (1993). Cultural Strategies for Revitalizing the City: A Review and Evaluation. Regional Studies 27: p.589-595.
Linschoten, J. H. (1974). Discours of Voyages into Easte and Weste Indies, in Lu Yu, The Classic of Tea. Boston: Little Brown.
Lowenthal, D. (1985). The Past is A Foreign Country. Cambridge: Cambridge Universoty Press.
Lumley, R. (ed.) (1988). The Museum Time-Machine: Putting Cultures on Display.
London: Routledge.
Lury, C. (1997). The Objects of Travel. Rojek C. & Urry, J. eds. Touring Cultures:
Transformations in Travel and Theory. London: Routledge, p.75-95.
MacCannell, D. (1976). The Tourist. London: Macmillan.
MacCannell, D. (1989). The Tourist. New York: Schocken Books.
MacDonald, S. (2011). Difficult Heritage: Negotiating the Nazi Past in Nuremberg and beyond. London: Routledge.
Macfarlane, A. & Macfarlane, I.，(2005)。綠色黃金：茶葉的故事。(譯者：楊淑玲、
沈桂鳳)。台北：商周出版。
Macleod, N. E. (2004). Seeing Places: A critique of the heritage trail as a visual interpretation of place. LSA Newsletter 67, p. 35-42.
Maher, M. (1997). Starting and Sustaining a Children‟s Museum. Washington:
Association of Children‟s Museums.
Marcuse, H. (1964). One Dimensional Man. London: Routledge.
Martin. L. C. (2007). Tea: The Drink That Changed the World. Clarendon: Tuttle Publishing.
Mason, S. (1745). The Good and Bad Effects of tea considered. London: M. Cooper.
Meyers, J. (2008). Samuel Johnson: The Struggle. New York: Basic Books.
Mintz, S. W.，(2010)。甜與權力：糖在近代歷史上的地位。(譯者：王超、朱建 剛)。北京：商務印書館。
124
Molotch, H. (2005). Place in Product. Where Stuff Comes From. London: Routledge.
Money, E. (1878). The Cultivation and Manufacture of Tea. 3d ed. London:
Whittingham & co.
Morris, M. (1988). Panorama: The live, the dead and the living. In P. Foss (ed.) Island in the Stream. Sydney: Pluto Press, p.160-227.
Moulin, C. & Boniface, P. (2001). Routeing heritage for tourism: Making heritage and cultural tourism networks for socio-cultural development. International Journal of Heritage Studies 7(3), p.237-248.
Musgrave, T. & Musgrave, W.，(2006)。改變世界的植物。(譯者：董曉黎)。台北：
高談文化。
Musgrave, T. & Musgrave, W.，(2008)。植物帝國─七大經濟綠寶石與世界權力史。
(譯者：董曉黎)。台北：信實文化。
Nye, G. JR. (1850). Tea: And The Tea Trade. New York: Geo. W. Wood.
Otgaar, A. (2012). Towards a common agenda for the development of industrial tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives 4, p. 86-91.
Palmer, C. A. (1998). From Theory to Practice: Experiencing the Nation in Everyday Life. Journal of Material Culture, Vol.3(2), p.175-199.
Panati, C. (1987). Extraordinary Origins of Everyday Things. New York: Harper and Row.
Park, H. Y. (2010). Heritage Tourism: Emotional Journeys into Nationhood. Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 37(1), p.116-135.
Pomeranz, K. & Topik, S.，(2008)。貿易打造的世界。(譯者：黃中憲)。西安：
陝西師範大學出版社。
Relph, E. (1976). Place and Placelessness. London: Pion.
Ritzer, G. & Liska, A. (1997). „MacDisneyzation‟ and „Post-Tourism‟:
Complementary Perspectives on Contemporary Tourism. In Rojek & Urry, J. (ed.) Touring Cultures: Transformations in Travel and Theory. London: Routledge, p.96-109.
Schmitt, B. H. (1999). Experiential marketing, New York: The Free Press.
Shapira, J., Shapira, D. & Shapira, K. (1975). The Book of Coffee and Tea. New York:
St. Martin‟s Press.
Short, T. (1730). A Dissertation Upon Tea, Explaining Its Nature and Properties by Many New Experiments; and Demonstrating from Philosophical Principles, the Various Effects it Has on Different Constitutions. London: Biblio Bazaar.
Shove, E. (2007). The Design of Everyday Life. Oxford: Berg publishers.
Silbergh, D. (1994). A strategy for theme trails. In Fladmark J. M. (ed.) Cultural
125
Tourism. London: Donhead, p.123-146
Sklair, L. (2010). Iconic Architecture and the Culture-ideology of Consumerism.
Theory, Culture & Society: vol. 27 no.5, p.135-159.
Smith, A. D. (1991). National Identity. London: Penguin.
Smith, M. (1986). Micharl Smith‟s Afternoon Tea. London: Macmillan.
Soyez, D. (1986). Industrietourismus. Erdkunde, 40, 105-111.
Spector, R. D. (1997). Samuel Johnson and the Essay. Westport: Greenwood Press.
Standage, T.，(2006)。歷史六瓶裝：啤酒、葡萄酒、烈酒、咖啡、茶與可口可樂 的文明史。(譯者：吳平、葛文聰、滿海霞、鄭堅、楊惠君)。台北市：聯 經。
Tea Glossary and FAQ‟s. (2010). United Kingdom Tea Council. Retrieved Apr. 26, 2013. From: http://www.tea.co.uk/page.php?id=237
The Nibble, (2010). The History of Tea. Gourmet Food Magazine Website. Retrieved May. 20, 2013. From:
http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/beverages/teas/history4.asp
The Pride of the Potteries? (2006). Stoke and Staffordshire. Retrieved Mar. 18, 2014.
From:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2006/09/12/bottle_kiln_iconic_struct ure_project_feature.shtml
Tracey, J. D. (1990). The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long Distance Trade in the Early Modern World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Twinings Collectables. (2013). Twinings. Retrieved March. 08, 2014. From:
http://shop.twinings.co.uk/shop/tea-gifts-1/twinings-collectables.html
UK Tea Council. (2010). A Social History of the Nation‟s Favorite Drink. Retrieved Feb. 22, 2014. From: http://www.tea.co.uk/a-social-history
UK Tea Council. (2010). Tea in the first and Second World Wars. Retrieved Feb. 24, 2014. From: http://www.tea.co.uk/a-social-history
Unger, H. G. (2010). Lion of Liberty: Patrick Henry and the Call to a New Nation.
Cambridge: Da Capo Press.
Urry, J. (1995). The Making of the Lake District. Consuming Places. London: Sage.
Urry, J. & Larsen, J. (2011). The Tourist Gaze 3.0. London: Sage.
Waidacher, F.，(2005)。博物館學：德語系世界觀點。(譯者：曾于珍等)。南投：
五觀藝術管理。
Waldron, J. (1733). Satyr Against Tea. Ovington‟s Essay upon the Nature and Qualities of Tea, &c. Dissected, and Burlesq‟d. Dublin: Sylvanus Pepyat.
126
Warde, A. (1997). Consumption, Food and Taste: Culinary Antinomies and Commodity Culture. London: Sage.
Weekly Journal and Saturday Post, 76. (1720). Reprinted in A Collection of Miscellany Letters: Selected out of Mist‟s Weekly Journal. London: N. Mist.
Vol.1.
Wesley, J. (1748) A Letter to A Friend, Concerning Tea. London: Oxford University.
White, D. (1987). The Born-again Museum. New Society, 1. May: p.10-14.
Xie, P. F. (2006). Developing industrial heritage tourism: A case study of the proposed jeep museum in Toledo, Ohio. Tourism Management 27, 1321-1330.
土屋守，(2000)。紅茶風景：走訪英國的紅茶生活。(譯者：羅爕)。台北市：麥 662001%22.&searchmode=basic
127
馬洁，(2013)。文化資源支撐旅遊跨越。今日民族，第 3 期，頁 16-20。
袁紅梅，(2009)。淺析含食物詞的英語習語喻義。廣西教育學院學報，第 5 期。
張利、馮敏，(2005)。飲食資源的旅遊開發價值─以成都茶館為例。南寧職業 技術學院學報，第 10 卷第 3 期，頁 17-22。
郭雅玲、馮會、鄭明芬、黃曉敏，(2011)。茶文化旅遊資源類型與產品發展探 討。福建茶葉，第 2 期，頁 43-47。
黃美玲，(2011)。中國茶與英國‧鴉片與中國。出國與就業：第 14 期。
馮國福，(1913)。中國茶與英國貿易沿革史。東方雜誌，第九期。
馮學敏（2001）。感受英倫陶瓷美。人民日報。線上檢索日期：2013 年 6 月 26 日。網址：http://shoucang.hexun.com.tw/2011-09-30/133877000.html
趙丹丹，(2009)。茶語言文化初探。黑龍江科技信息，第 17 期。
楊妮、李小明、楊駿，(2007)。茶文化旅遊初探─以杭州茶文化旅遊發展為例。
楊凌職業技術學院學報，第 6 卷第 1 期，頁 29-31。
趙翼，(1982)。簷曝雜記。北京：中華書局。
漢寶德，(2000)。博物館管理。台北市：田園城市文化。
劉章才，(2008)。十八世紀中英茶葉貿易及其對英國社會的影響。北京：首都 師範大學博士學位論文。
鄭雯嫣，(2003)。論維多利亞時代紅茶文化的形成與發展。農業考古，第 2 期。
關詩珮，(2012)。翻譯與調解衝突：第一次鴉片戰爭的英方譯者費倫(Samual T.
Fearon, 1819-1854)。中央研究院近代史研究所集刊，第 76 期，頁 41-80。
128
圖片參考文獻
圖 1-1 Gay, P., Hall, S., Janes, L., Mackay, H., Negus, K. (1997). Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman. London: The Open University, p.3.
圖 2-1: Rothstein, E. (2012). Throwing Tyranny Overboard. The New York Times.
Retrieved Feb. 22, 2014. From:
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/04/arts/design/boston-tea-party-ships-museum-reopens-with-new-exhibits.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
圖 2-2: Isobuchi Takeshi，(2009)。紅茶瘋─從中國、英國到全世界。(譯者：三千)。
台北：麥田，城邦，頁 115。
圖 3-10: Cutty Sark Greenwich. (2013). London: Royal Museums Greenwich.
圖 3-19: 白頔，(2013)。虎門煙槍雕塑：反抗外來侵略的見證。東莞時報。線上 檢索日期：2014 年 5 月 16 日。網址：
http://big5.ce.cn/gate/big5/art.ce.cn/fxds/201303/15/t20130315_664650.shtml 圖 3-20: 李熙慧，(2010)。“虎門銷菸”要加情節林則徐紀念館徵方案。台海網。
http://big5.ce.cn/gate/big5/art.ce.cn/fxds/201303/15/t20130315_664650.shtml 圖 3-20: 李熙慧，(2010)。“虎門銷菸”要加情節林則徐紀念館徵方案。台海網。