第五章 研究結論與建議
第三節 研究限制與未來建議
首先，針對本研究的理論架構，本研究企圖整合多位社會學者的理論，建構 出一個管理者(供)和當地社群(需)雙方的社會影響架構。但是，社會層面的理論 多以論述分析為主，著重於描述個案的現象與狀態，且狀態還是處於流動變遷，
較難建構出理論框架。例如地方感理論擁有「非絕對性」特質，使之隨著時間及 所處的環境去變化，因此，鑲嵌在不同時代社會情境，地方感可能因為不同人群 而產生多元意涵，故此本論文採用大量訪談資料做社會影響的論述分析。此外，
社會層面影響議題屬於近年來較新的議題，未有太多直接結合工業遺產的綜合討 論，以及實際的案例可供驗證，須挑選其他相關的文獻作補充，端看目前的研究 發現，參考文獻確實能為本研究理論提供不少佐證，然而這些文獻的適切性，未 來仍必須經過其他個案研究的不斷驗證。
再者，針對研究執行方面，本研究直觀社會影響在西瓦斯廠與當地居民互動 下的成因脈絡，131 年之久的時間軸(1883 年到 2014 年)、社會影響三個理論、居 民及管理者兩類主客體之複雜層次中抽絲剝繭，提取社會意義的建構。但是，西 瓦斯廠文化公園於 2004 才剛成立，仍算是比較新的工業遺產轉型，在政府報告 書、統計資料、圖表資料仍舊匱乏，在數據資料取得實有困難。此外，雖然筆者 在阿姆斯特丹研究場域到訪兩次，並於第二次到訪住進居民家裡進行人類學研究 的深入觀察，且每次都停留 7 天以上並蹲點十次進行實際田野調查;但不諱言地，
時間、語言、經費和體力消耗對研究者造成不小阻力，也間接影響研究格局。
本研究的研究貢獻是彙整社會理論運用於工業遺產的規劃要點，並建立出一 個供需雙方的工業遺產社會影響框架，以提供未來研究近一步的方向。筆者透過 訪談資料，根據Bagnall(1989)社群參與、Putnam(2000)社會資本、Brick&
Kerstetter(2000)地方感三個社會理論基礎，建構出管理者如何透過文化再生所採 取的軟硬體建設建構出社會影響，並以三個社會理論檢驗西瓦斯廠文化公園的居 民觀感。透過了解社會影響的建構模式，提供城市規劃者一個工業遺產活化的框
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架，讓後工業城市能營造社會文化永續發展，並透過大量的訪談實證去補強社會 理論普遍缺乏實務架構的現象。
針對未來的研究方向，歐洲在工業遺產的活化再生已行之有年，然而亞洲的 工業遺產轉型再利用近年來才逐漸受到重視而成為新興熱門議題，2012 年工業 遺產保存委員會在台北舉行年度大會，並通過以亞洲工業遺產為主軸的台北宣言，
彰顯了國際對於亞洲日益受威脅的工業遺產的重視，建議之後研究者能擴大社會 影響理論，像是 Deborah Linnell (2003)提出評估社區能力理論，社區能力是社區 服務的核心理念，也往往成為社區發展的重要方針，社群有權作決定，能形成居 民的培力(empowering)；或是採取法國都市理論家 Lefebvre(1991,1993, 2003)提出的 社會空間概念，空間理論中社會的空間實踐（spatial practice），即人們在空間內 的行為活動，是塑造人們日常生活空間結構的重要元素。透過更多元的社會影響 評估指標，不斷的修補擴展後，能讓理論框架更趨成熟。此外，未來研究者也可 以透過更多不同的工業遺產實際案例，來驗證社會影響的框架，確認本研究的發 現與結果，為工業遺產的社會文化永續框架作出學術貢獻。
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附錄一
THE NIZHNY TAGIL CHARTER FOR THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE July 2003
TICCIH is the world organisation representing industrial heritage and is special adviser to ICOMOS on industrial heritage. This charter was originated by TICCIH and will be presented to ICOMOS for ratification and for eventual approval by UNESCO.
Preamble
The earliest periods of human history are defined by the archaeological evidence for fundamental changes in the ways in which people made objects, and the importance of conserving and studying the evidence of these changes is universally accepted.
From the Middle Ages, innovations in Europe in the use of energy and in trade and commerce led to a change towards the end of the 18 th century just as profound as that between the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, with developments in the social, technical and economic circumstances of manufacturing sufficiently rapid and profound to be called a revolution. The Industrial Revolution was the beginning of a historical phenomenon that has affected an ever-greater part of the human population, as well as all the other forms of life on our planet, and that continues to the present day.
The material evidence of these profound changes is of universal human value, and the importance of the study and conservation of this evidence must be recognised.
The delegates assembled for the 2003 TICCIH Congress in Russia wish therefore to assert that the buildings and structures built for industrial activities, the processes and tools used within them and the towns and landscapes in which they are located, along with all their other tangible and intangible manifestations, are of fundamental importance. They should be studied, their history should be taught, their meaning and significance should be probed and made clear for everyone, and the most significant and characteristic examples should be identified, protected and maintained, in accordance with the spirit of the Venice Charter [1], for the use and benefit of today and of the future.
1. Definition of industrial heritage
Industrial heritage consists of the remains of industrial culture which are of historical, technological, social, architectural or scientific value. These remains consist of buildings and machinery, workshops, mills and factories, mines and sites for processing and refining, warehouses and stores, places where energy is generated, transmitted and used, transport and all its infrastructure, as well as places used for social activities related to industry such as housing, religious worship or education.
Industrial archaeology is an interdisciplinary method of studying all the evidence, material and immaterial, of documents, artefacts, stratigraphy and structures, human settlements and natural and urban landscapes [2], created for or by industrial processes. It makes use of those methods of investigation that are most suitable to increase understanding of the industrial past and present.
The historical period of principal interest extends forward from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the second half of the eighteenth century up to and including the present day, while also
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examining its earlier pre-industrial and proto-industrial roots. In addition it draws on the study of work and working techniques encompassed by the history of technology.
2. Values of industrial heritage
I. The industrial heritage is the evidence of activities which had and continue to have profound historical consequences. The motives for protecting the industrial heritage are based on the universal value of this evidence, rather than on the singularity of unique sites.
II. The industrial heritage is of social value as part of the record of the lives of ordinary men and women, and as such it provides an important sense of identity. It is of technological and scientific value in the history of manufacturing, engineering, construction, and it may have considerable aesthetic value for the quality of its architecture, design or planning.
III. These values are intrinsic to the site itself, its fabric, components, machinery and setting, in the industrial landscape, in written documentation, and also in the intangible records of industry contained in human memories and customs.
IV. Rarity, in terms of the survival of particular processes, site typologies or landscapes, adds particular value and should be carefully assessed. Early or pioneering examples are of especial value.
3. The importance of identification, recording and research
I. Every territory should identify, record and protect the industrial remains that it wants to preserve for future generations.
II. Surveys of areas and of different industrial typologies should identify the extent of the industrial heritage. Using this information, inventories should be created of all the sites that have been identified.
They should be devised to be easily searchable and should be freely accessible to the public.
Computerisation and on-line access are valuable objectives.
III. Recording is a fundamental part of the study of industrial heritage. A full record of the physical features and condition of a site should be made and placed in a public archive before any interventions are made. Much information can be gained if recording is carried out before a process or site has ceased operation. Records should include descriptions, drawings, photographs and video film of moving objects, with references to supporting documentation. Peoples' memories are a unique and irreplaceable resource which should also be recorded when they are available.
IV. Archaeological investigation of historic industrial sites is a fundamental technique for their study. It should be carried out to the same high standards as that of sites from other historical or cultural periods.
V. Programmes of historical research are needed to support policies for the protection of the industrial heritage. Because of the interdependency of many industrial activities, international studies can help identify sites and types of sites of world importance.
VI. The criteria for assessing industrial buildings should be defined and published so as to achieve general public acceptance of rational and consistent standards. On the basis of appropriate research, these criteria should be used to identify the most important surviving landscapes, settlements, sites, typologies, buildings, structures, machines and processes.
VII. Those sites and structures that are identified as important should be protected by legal measures
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that are sufficiently strong to ensure the conservation of their significance. The World Heritage List of UNESCO should give due recognition to the tremendous impact that industrialisation has had on human culture.
VIII. The value of significant sites should be defined and guidelines for future interventions established.
Any legal, administrative and financial measures that are necessary to maintain their value should be put in place.
IX. Sites that are at risk should be identified so that appropriate measures can be taken to reduce that risk and facilitate suitable schemes for repairing or re-using them.
X. International co-operation is a particularly appropriate approach to the conservation of the industrial heritage through co-ordinated initiatives and sharing resources. Compatible criteria should be
developed to compile international inventories and databases.
4. Legal protection
I. The industrial heritage should be seen as an integral part of the cultural heritage in general.
Nevertheless, its legal protection should take into account the special nature of the industrial heritage.
It should be capable of protecting plant and machinery, below-ground elements, standing structures, complexes and ensembles of buildings, and industrial landscapes. Areas of industrial waste should be considered for their potential archaeological as well as ecological value.
II. Programmes for the conservation of the industrial heritage should be integrated into policies for economic development and into regional and national planning.
III. The most important sites should be fully protected and no interventions allowed that compromise their historical integrity or the authenticity of their fabric. Sympathetic adaptation and re-use may be an appropriate and a cost-effective way of ensuring the survival of industrial buildings, and should be encouraged by appropriate legal controls, technical advice, tax incentives and grants.
IV. Industrial communities which are threatened by rapid structural change should be supported by central and local government authorities. Potential threats to the industrial heritage from such changes should be anticipated and plans prepared to avoid the need for emergency actions.
V. Procedures should be established for responding quickly to the closure of important industrial sites to prevent the removal or destruction of significant elements. The competent authorities should have statutory powers to intervene when necessary to protect important threatened sites.
VI. Government should have specialist advisory bodies that can give independent advice on questions relating to the protection and conservation of industrial heritage, and their opinions should be sought on all important cases.
VII. Every effort should be made to ensure the consultation and participation of local communities in the protection and conservation of their local industrial heritage.
VIII. Associations and societies of volunteers have an important role in identifying sites, promoting public participation in industrial conservation and disseminating information and research, and as such are indispensable actors in the theatre of industrial heritage.
5. Maintenance and conservation
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I. Conservation of the industrial heritage depends on preserving functional integrity, and interventions to an industrial site should therefore aim to maintain this as far as possible. The value and authenticity of an industrial site may be greatly reduced if machinery or components are removed, or if subsidiary elements which form part of a whole site are destroyed.
II. The conservation of industrial sites requires a thorough knowledge of the purpose or purposes to which they were put, and of the various industrial processes which may have taken place there. These may have changed over time, but all former uses should be examined and assessed.
III. Preservation in situ should always be given priority consideration. Dismantling and relocating a building or structure are only acceptable when the destruction of the site is required by overwhelming economic or social needs.
IV. The adaptation of an industrial site to a new use to ensure its conservation is usually acceptable except in the case of sites of especial historical significance. New uses should respect the significant material and maintain original patterns of circulation and activity, and should be compatible as much as possible with the original or principal use. An area that interprets the former use is recommended.
V. Continuing to adapt and use industrial buildings avoids wasting energy and contributes to
sustainable development. Industrial heritage can have an important role in the economic regeneration of decayed or declining areas. The continuity that re-use implies may provide psychological stability for communities facing the sudden end a long-standing sources of employment.
VI. Interventions should be reversible and have a minimal impact. Any unavoidable changes should be documented and significant elements that are removed should be recorded and stored safely. Many industrial processes confer a patina that is integral to the integrity and interest of the site.
VII. Reconstruction, or returning to a previous known state, should be considered an exceptional intervention and one which is only appropriate if it benefits the integrity of the whole site, or in the case of the destruction of a major site by violence.
VIII. The human skills involved in many old or obsolete industrial processes are a critically important resource whose loss may be irreplaceable. They need to be carefully recorded and transmitted to younger generations.
IX. Preservation of documentary records, company archives, building plans, as well as sample specimens of industrial products should be encouraged.
6. Education and training
I. Specialist professional training in the methodological, theoretical and historical aspects of industrial heritage should be taught at technical and university levels.
II. Specific educational material about the industrial past and its heritage should be produced by and for students at primary and secondary level.
7. Presentation and interpretation
I. Public interest and affection for the industrial heritage and appreciation of its values are the surest ways to conserve it. Public authorities should actively explain the meaning and value of industrial sites through publications, exhibitions, television, the Internet and other media, by providing sustainable