第五章 結論與建議
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議
由於小品牌相關的研究文獻較少,本研究較屬於初探性研究,基於時間及金 錢等問題的侷限,提出以下幾項研究限制,並且提出建議給予後續研究者參考。
一、廣告實驗物的設計及前測
本研究企圖透過使用真實的品牌,以便能區分出大、小品牌在品牌知名度上的 差別,進而驗證兩者利用不同廣告類型對於廣告態度和分享意願的影響。然而廣告 影片的內容設計,僅理性訴求廣告是直接選用兩個耳機品牌所出品的廣告,而礙於 廣告影片製作的能力限制,感性高、低產品整合廣告則以網路影片進行剪接替代,
此部分也可能導致在感性高整合廣告中,大品牌出現品牌整合度相對偏低的情況,
如此將會影響後續對於廣告態度和分享意願的影響效果。
另外,由於本次研究使用的感性低產品整合的影片是選擇動畫影片進行測試,
而感性高產品整合的影片則是選用真人的影片。在本次研究的實驗物前測時僅有 測試操弄的變數(廣告訴求、品牌知名度和產品整合度),對於廣告真實性和其他 非本次探討卻可能會對廣告態度或分享意願造成直接或間接的關鍵變項多做控制,
以至於可能因感性低整合廣告為動畫影片,導致消費者可能認為廣告真實性較低,
進而降低對廣告的正面評價,讓感性低產品整合廣告對分享意願的影響效果偏低,
與文獻和預期假設不相符。未來在進行相關研究時,對於廣告影片前測應更加嚴謹 控制,以確保所探討的變項之因果關係得以被釐清。
二、分享驅動力的測驗量表發展
本研究係透過自行發展的不同分享驅動力之量表進行變項測量,然「獨特展現」
驅動力之變項概念與「自我增強」概念重疊性較高(區辨效度偏低)、「解決問題」
驅動力在設計上沒有詢問到「分享特定廣告內容是為了協助他人解決問題」之關鍵 題幹敘述(內容效度不足),且分享驅動力的量表皆有出現「一題多問」的狀況,
導致量表的內容效度受到影響。上述之效度不盡理想的狀況也使得部分研究假設 無法有效被驗證,此為本研究的缺失。由於本次研究分享驅動力的量表發展,除了 自我增強構面是引用過去既有的量表之外,其餘變項之測量問題皆透過擷取文獻 對於不同變項的定義描述進行量表的發展,因此也可能忽略不同構面中較關鍵的 影響機制,若未來研究可針對不同面向的分享機制進行探討並發展相對應的測量 量表,對於產、學的應用都會有更大的貢獻。
三、樣本限制
由於本研究樣本皆是來自Facebook 的台大、政大學生交流版社團上募集自願 樣本而來,並且在受試者的結構中,女性的學生佔大多數,或許對結果的推論將 可能造成一些偏誤。
針對研究結果不盡理想之處,例如解決問題和尋求建議在利用不同廣告類型 進行觸發,並進而提高分享意願的影響不如預期,推測原因為消費者在進行人際溝 通的訊息交換,除了考量廣告內容之外,可能也會考慮與互動對象之間的社會關係,
建議未來研究者可以延伸探討針對不同廣告內容和不同社會關係之間的整合影響,
如此對於內容分享行為的影響機制將有更深刻的理解。
四、給後續研究者的建議
在研究主題方面,小品牌利用訊息內容創造病毒行銷的案例並不僅限於廣告 訊息特性(如本次研究的廣告訴求和產品整合程度),未來也可以納入訊息傳播者 和接收者的特性,如:什麼特質的消費者對於小品牌有較高的訊息分享意圖;以及 消費者在社群中與他人的關係進行整合性的探討,如:如何創造與社群成員之間的 關係連結以及背後的訊息分享動機,如此將更能適用於現今網路社群蓬勃發展的 新媒體環境下,如此對於小品牌業者進行行銷操作時將更有助益。
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附錄 附錄一 實際廣告觀察資料分析
本研究參考Akpinar 和 Berger(2017)的病毒廣告影片的觀察和影片編碼方式,
並針對網路廣告公司 Unruly 於 2011 年至 2016 年所公布的每年前 20 名分享次數 最高的病毒影片,共120 則。根據廣告影片的內容進行「廣告訴求(理性/感性)」
和「廣告產品整合度」進行編碼,並且依照廣告品牌的社群媒體粉絲專頁的粉絲人 數,進行大/小品牌的分類。進一步分析大、小品牌在廣告內容策略操作的差異。
一、 變數編碼
(一) 廣告訴求變數編碼
根據Akpinar 和 Berger(2017)的編碼方式,對於感性訴求定義為:廣告之設 計主要透過劇情、音樂或其他情緒觸發物來訴諸於閱聽眾的情緒,通常感性廣告會 利用溫暖的訴求或能激發情緒的劇情(包含:令人愉悅的圖片、受人喜愛的音樂等)
而非透過說理式的形式呈現;理性訴求的定義為:廣告設計主要透過使用客觀的資 訊描述品牌的屬性或利益點,並且訴諸於閱聽眾之理性觀點,通常理性訴求使用品 牌差異化的訊息、利益或屬性的訴求,並且具有大量的訊息論點。
依據上述的定義,本研究針對廣告內容的廣告訴求進行編碼評分,透過 7 點 語意差異量表進行評分,當廣告內容之廣告訴求愈靠近理性訴求的定義敘述,則評 為1 分;若愈接近感性訴求的定義敘述,則評為 7 分。
(二) 廣告產品整合度變數編碼
當廣告劇情與廣告產品之間具有高度整合,即該廣告產品清楚地與廣告劇情
當廣告劇情與廣告產品之間具有高度整合,即該廣告產品清楚地與廣告劇情