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第五章 結論
能源安全牽涉國家安全、總體經濟及人民福祉等國家重大公共利益，對各國之 重要性不言而喻。各國往往須於其國家安全或能源之法律框架下，透過政府管制或 國營事業介入市場之方式保障其能源安全。經本文第二章之措施盤點後可知，大部 分國家對於能源安全利益之關切優先於自由貿易，故能源安全措施之實施確實可能 因限制能源產品之自由流通或能源服務提供，而涉及WTO之法律原則。若一WTO會 員之能源安全措施遭WTO其他會員控訴，其可能透過一般例外條款與國家安全例外 條款正當化之。由於一般例外條款之法律要件相當嚴苛，各會員於該款下實施公共 政策之空間相當限縮，故本文著重於探究會員透過國家安全例外條款正當化其能源 安全措施之可行性。
由本文第三章關於國家安全例外條款法律要件及審理方式之介紹可知，雖然相 較於一般例外條款，國家安全例外條款似乎賦予會員更多自行裁定之空間，然其使 用上仍存在相當之困難度。尤其國家安全例外條款將其使用之條件限縮於若干極為 特殊之條件下，如涉及戰爭或軍事建置物資輸送、戰爭或國際關係緊急情況。本文 第四章審視能源安全措施於國家安全例外條款下之適用後發現，多數能源安全措施 實施之對象或背景未必能與國家安全例外條款所列舉之條件相吻合。小組認定會員 是否滿足各目之法律要件時係採客觀審理之方式，會員於該階段進行抗辯時，勢必 會面臨相當高之舉證門檻。若一能源安全措施之實施不符國家安全例外條款（b）款 各目所列舉之特殊情況，即無法適用於國家安全例外條款。另外，即便能源安全措 施得以滿足（b）款各目所列舉之條件，其也未必得以滿足（b）款前言之法律要件，
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尤其措施若未於該國國家安全之法律框架下實施時，可能遭質疑其保護之利益與會 員之重大安全利益無關。此外，在措施具有歧視性或其手段與目的不相稱之情況下，
亦可能遭質疑其對於達成政策目的之貢獻度。綜上所述，相較於一般例外條款，能 源安全措施於國家安全例外條款取得正當性之可行性未必較高。尤其近期美國不斷 地基於國家安全之事由，大量採行可能涉及WTO法律原則貿易限制措施277。本文推 測，該現象更可能導致WTO對於國家安全例外條款及重大安全利益一詞之解讀趨於 保守，以避免各會員因浮濫援引國家安全例外條款而扭曲貿易。在該等情況下，國 家安全例外條款援引之困難度可能隨之提升，會員援引國家安全例外條款時，勢必 會面臨更嚴苛之舉證門檻。本文建議，會員於擬定可能涉及WTO法律原則之能源安 全措施時，應於其法律文件或相關立法資料中闡明若干與國家安全例外條款相關之 事由，例如特別載明該措施對於進出口之限制係針對以作戰或軍事建置為目的所進 行之能源輸送或能源服務提供；並且載明其措施採行係於國家關係緊急情況之時空 背景；或特別強調其措施係基於國家安全之考量，使會員在未來欲依該條款提出抗 辯時，得以出具有利之事證，以示其符合國家安全例外條款之法律要件。
277 Spencer Toubia, Cherie Walterman & Edward Goetz, President Imposes Section 232 Steel and Aluminum Duties on Imports from the European Union, Canada, and Mexico, CROWELL &MORING (June 4, 2018), https://www.cmtradelaw.com/2018/06/president-imposes-section-232-steel-and-aluminum-duties-on-imports-from-the-european-union-canada-and-mexico/; Frances Hadfield & Yun Gao, President Imposes Section 232 Steel and Aluminum Duties on Imports from the European Union, Canada, and Mexico, CROWELL &MORING (June 22, 2018), https://www.cmtradelaw.com/2018/06/section-232-investigation-on-imports-of-autos-and-auto-parts-comment-period-extended/.
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