• 沒有找到結果。

第四章     譯本翻譯技巧比較

第四節   誤譯的產生和避免

縱使我們都認知到:翻譯作品應該盡可能準確、忠實地傳達原文,但誤譯的情況 仍舊相當普遍,即使職業譯者也難以避免誤譯情形的產生。日本學者河盛好藏曾說:

「沒有誤譯的譯文根本是不存在的。」218並且贊同「翻譯作品中肯定有誤譯存在,這 如同空氣中包含氧氣一樣」219的說法。探究起來,誤譯型態大致可分為兩類:一、無 意識型誤譯,二、有意識型誤譯。前者的產生是由於譯者對來源語的語言內涵或文化 背景缺乏足夠的了解;後者則是為了迎合本民族讀者的文化心態和接受習慣,故意不 用正確手段進行翻譯,抑或是為了強行引入或介紹外來文化的模式和語言方式。

再者,無意識型誤譯的產生有三個緣故:一、因譯者翻譯時的疏忽,大意而造成 的誤譯,二、關涉譯者的外語語言功力,三、原語國與譯語國文化的密切關係。其中 尤以第三類的無意識型誤譯讓誤譯研究極具價值──生動反映不同文化間的碰撞、扭                                                                                                                

218   河盛好藏:《正確對待誤譯》,《中國翻譯》1986 年第三期,見謝天振:《比較文學與翻譯研究》(臺 北:業強,1994),頁 226。

219 同前註,頁 226。  

曲和變形,反映了對外國文化的接受傳播中的誤解與誤釋。在此篇論文中暫將譯文與 (Hsia-yi lou) 這位小姐既有穠桃豔李

之姿,又有璞玉渾金之 度。(P.76)

Hsien-hsien was a beautiful

and graceful girl. (P.29)

有意識型誤譯:略譯

「桃李」豔麗與「金玉」

高雅的意象。

千里鏡(P.83) Thousand-mile mirror (P.31)

註2(P.140) 無意識型誤譯。

柳眉直豎,星眼頻睃

(P.93)

Shocked and angry. (P.34)

有意識型誤譯。

〈歸正樓〉 The Swindler (Kuei-cheng lou) 管當的道:「極說得是。」 pawnbroker, “... I will wait outside with his piece of gilded copper. …” The pawnbroker agreed to the suggestion. (P.41)

無意識型誤譯──情 (Ts’ui-ya lou) 輕輕一割,就丟下地來與

狗兒吃了。(P.143)

Castrate him as though he

was a dog. (P.)

有意識型誤譯:道德因 素。

(二) 韓氏誤譯處

During the Ming dynasty, there was a virtuous widow who lost her husband before

she was twenty years old.

(P.65)

But suddenly a storm arose and turned the tranquil

fifth-moon water of the West

Lake into the turbulent

eighth-moon water of the

Ch’ien-t’ang River in Chekiang. (P.67)

有意識型誤譯:省略日 期,僅譯月份。

獨有兩位佳人,年紀在二 八上下。(P.156)

Among them were two

teenaged girls. (P.68)

有意識型誤譯:未譯出 年紀代稱。

〈鶴歸樓〉 The Stoic Lover (Ho-kuei lou)

〈生我樓〉 Father and Son

While I do not advocate one adopting parents at will, there certainly is no harm in being kind and considerate towards helpless old people.

(P.122)

無意識型誤譯:譯文中 主語變成「我」,突出 說書的角色。

〈夏宜樓〉 A Tower for the Summer Heat

家人所生之子,自十歲以 上者就屏出二門之外。

(P.76)

Servants’ son above the age

of nine were banished

beyond the second gate.

(P.7)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年 紀少一歲。

Since his daughter was nearly fifteen and still without a husband. (P.7)

Serena was only too well aware of how susceptible her heart was now that she had come of age, and she took constant care to banish any unseemly thoughts from her mind. (P.7)

有意識型誤譯:年紀未 明。

十歲之童都走進二門不 得。(P.80)

A nine-year-old boy couldn’t get beyond our inner gate. (P.13)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年 紀少一歲。

千里鏡。(P.82)

Thousand-li glass(P.16) A li is about a third of a servant. (P.18)

無意識型誤譯:主語錯 誤。

我如今年已弱冠,姻事未 偕。(P.85)

Although I’ve come of age, I’m still not engaged. (P.22)

有意識型誤譯:年紀未 明。

〈歸正樓〉 Return-to-Right Hall 山到盡頭猶顧返,水甘獨

死不回頭。(P.99)

Better to attain the heights and then turn back

無 意 識 型 誤 譯 : 誤 將

「甘」願譯成「甘」甜。

Than amid the sweetest waters foully die. (P.41)

正要與她說話,不想烏龜 鴇母一齊喧嚷進來,說他 誘人出家,希圖拐騙。

(P.116)

He was about to say something when the

madam and her husband

burst in, screaming that Bei had enticed Su Yiniang into the Buddhist order to swindle them. (P.66)

無意識型誤譯:烏龜指 開設妓院之男子,鴇母 則是開設妓院之女人,

二者並不一定是夫妻關 係。

註解9:The three Treasures are the three images in the main halls of Buddhist monasteries, representing Sakyamuni, Bhaisajya, and Amitabha. (P.69)

無意識型誤譯:三寶, me that day when the other

two were willing to meet

me? (P.97)

At this thought he could not help wailing and sobbing, which he continued from

three o’clock until dawn.

(P.105)

無意識型誤譯:四更應 是凌晨一點,韓南譯成 凌晨三點。

〈拂雲樓〉 The Cloud- Scraper 明朝有個嫠婦,從二八之 In the Ming dynasty there

lived a chaste widow who

有意識型誤譯:譯文年

                                                                                                               

220   參考(清)李漁著,陶恂若校注,葉經注校閱:《十二樓》(臺北:三民,2008),頁 98。  

年守寡。(P.152) preserved her chastity from the age of fifteen. (P.118)

紀少一歲。

只把丫鬟叫到面前,咬上 幾口。(P.153)

She summoned the

maidservant and denounced

her bitterly. (P.120)

無意識型誤譯:嫠婦咬 whole town was buzzing with talk of his talent.

(P.121)

有意識型誤譯:年紀未 明。

獨有兩位佳人,年紀在二 八上下。(P.156)

There were two genuine beauties among them, both about fifteen. (P.126)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年

The maid, who was actually two years older than her mistress—seventeen to the latter’s fifteen—was originally called Peach Blossom. (P.130)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年 紀少一歲。

七郎一邊說話,一邊把七 尺多長的身子漸漸地矬 將下去。(P.164)

As he spoke, Septimus began slowly to shrink that

six-foot height of his to a

dwarf’s statue. (P.137)

度量衡。

How was it that this mistress and her maid, who had come

of age without receiving a

single proposal of

marriage—except that from Septimus—now found themselves in such demand

有意識型誤譯:年紀未 明。

at the same time? (P.144)

“He’s committed himself,”

said Mother Yu, “and I doubt that he’ll change his mind. I hope that you’ll now wind this up as quickly as possible.” (P.157)

無 意 識 型 誤 譯 :said

They would come to see their hells as heavens and their inns as pleasure domes and enjoy playing the lute beneath the gold thread or

living in a slum. (P.176)

But spent the ten years from

eight through eighteen as a

licentiate without taking the provincial examination.

(P.177)

If that’s your opinion, you

can take these clothes away

and burn them, lest they add to your suspicions. (P.197)

無意識型誤譯:繞翠掌

Because the neighboring

stories are about abduction,

and I want the reader to suppress his feelings a little

無意識型誤譯:邏輯謬 誤。

(P.251) and not apply his most critical standards. (P.223)

不想到三四歲上,隨著幾 個孩童出去嬉耍。(P.252)

However when the boy was only two or three years old, he went out to play with some other children. (P.225)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年

One day when he arrived in Huating county of Songjiang prefecture and sat down at a street corner, a number of ignorant young punks came up and began badgering him, telling him the old people’s home needed a beggar chief and the Tortoise Bordello a head

musician. (P.229)

無意識型誤譯:樂戶為 with a local merchant, Cao Yuyu, to Songjiang selling a yard goods and earned a few taels a year to live on while I learned the trade. (P.232)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年 紀少一歲。

今年二十二歲,還不曾娶 有媳婦。(P.257)

I’m twenty-one but still unmarried. (P.232)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年 survived well enough so far.

(P.232)

有意識型誤譯:譯文年 紀少一歲。

本錢共有三百餘金。 The total comes to over two 無意識型誤譯:數字誤

(P.259)

hundred taels. (P.234)

譯。

二、造成誤譯的因素

語言是文化的承載體,因此每一種語言都無可避免地帶有某一民族文化的積澱和 印證。譯者為了迎合本民族的文化心態,考慮審美趣味和接受可能性,大幅度地改變 原文的語言表達方式、文學形象、文學意境等等,故意使用不等值的語言手段進行翻 譯。

在上述誤譯情形列表中,可以發現茅氏的誤譯情形相較於韓氏減少許多,然而實 則不然。原因有二:一為茅氏大量略譯原文,僅保留原作的三分之一,自然可以降低 詞彙空缺或詞彙衝突的情形產生;二則韓氏譯文多為數字方面的有意識型誤譯,此一 原則貫徹全書,故乍看之下,誤譯數量明顯多於茅氏譯文。

在眾多譯作中,不難發現數字方面的翻譯經常出現與原文相異的情形,筆者推敲 後假定譯者認為只要在不影響全文流暢度的情況下,數字改寫的翻譯策略是可以執行 的。茅氏在

Twelve Towers,採取不直接將年紀年稱譯出,選擇以意譯的方式傳達原意,

譯文仍然通暢自然,不影響原文旨意,雖是歸為誤譯卻無傷大雅;而在

A Tower for the Summer Heat 一書中,韓氏也有中心意識地對數字進行改寫,著在年紀和度量衡的描

述上。在年齡表示方面,我以中英對照的方法發現兩個相當有趣的現象,一為在韓南 的譯文裡凡是提到年歲時,一定比原文少一歲,這樣的譯法貫串全文,無一例外,茲 引數例如下:

這個梅香反大小姐兩歲,小姐二八,她已二九。原名叫做桃花。221

The maid, who was actually two years older than her mistress—seventeen to the latter’s fifteen—was originally called Peach Blossom.222

                                                                                                               

221 浙江古籍出版社編:《李漁全集》,第九卷(杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1992),頁 160。

222 Patrick Hanan, trans., A Tower for the Summer Heat (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992), 130.

七、八歲上失了父母,也還活到如今不曾餓死。223

I lost my parents at the age of six or seven and have survived well enough so far.

224

東亞諸國或中國人計算年齡的方式有實歲與虛歲之分,並以虛歲為準。虛歲的計 算方式是嬰孩甫出生即記為一歲,往後每過一個春節(農曆正月初一)或在冬至節令 時吃湯圓又增加一歲;實歲,又稱周歲,是以當事人的生日為基準點進行演算,即為 現代廣泛社會西方人計算年齡的方法。因此,一般而言,虛歲至少比實歲多出一歲。

以韓南對於中文的了解程度,不可能是誤解數字的值而造成誤譯,反倒是由於深刻認 知東西方文化背景的差異,才採取改寫手法進行數字上的精準翻譯,可以窺見韓南戰 戰兢兢的翻譯態度。只是筆者試想:譯者的這般用心是否有其實際必要?即小說人物 中年紀的一歲之差是否有需要在譯文中進行特別轉換?另一個有趣的現象則是韓南 有時卻不再以少於原文一歲的方式改寫年紀,僅以約略之詞帶過原文所提及的年紀慣 用語,如:〈拂雲樓〉中描述裴七郎「及至到弱冠之歲,才名大噪於裡中」,韓南譯為 When he came of age the whole town was buzzing with talk of his talent. (P.121),便是以 came of age 代稱弱冠之歲──二十歲,並未具體指出年歲。又如:〈夏宜樓〉中,嫻 嫻知道自己不再是稚氣未脫的女童,而是情感思想進入另一個成熟的層次:

她自己也會防閒。自己知道年已及笄,芳心易動,刻刻以懲邪遏欲為心。225

Serena was only too well aware of how susceptible her heart was now that she had come of age, and she took constant care to banish any unseemly thoughts from her mind.226

古代女子年滿十五歲而束髮加笄,表示成年,後世遂稱女子適婚年齡為「及笄之                                                                                                                

223 浙江古籍出版社編:《李漁全集》,第九卷(杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1992),頁 258。

224 Patrick Hanan, trans., A Tower for the Summer Heat (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992), 232.

225 浙江古籍出版社編:《李漁全集》,第九卷(杭州:浙江古籍出版社,1992),頁 76。  

226   Patrick Hanan, trans., A Tower for the Summer Heat (New York: Ballantine Books, 1992), 7.  

年」,因此嫻嫻察覺自己出現少女懷春的情緒波動,情竇初開,憧憬美好的戀情,然 而韓南依舊came of age 代稱及笄之年──十五歲,相信他是在考量了東西方文化的 差異下所進行的改寫行為,依舊是無傷大雅的誤譯行為。

三、誤譯部分的修正

論及誤譯部分的改正,以無意識型誤譯中的第一型與第二型才有其必要,第三型 則是呈顯文化交流間的精彩對話,勉強改正也未必能達到效果。就茅氏譯本而言,無 意識型誤譯的例子如下:〈歸正樓〉中貝去戎存心捉弄這位管當,因為他自信能識破 貝去戎的騙術,因此貝去戎設下此局,讓管當輸得心服口服:管當的道:「極說得是。」

就把金子遞與此人,叫他立在門外,「待我喊叫地方,有了見證之後,你拿進來質對。」

就把金子遞與此人,叫他立在門外,「待我喊叫地方,有了見證之後,你拿進來質對。」