• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 圖書搜尋與孤兒著作的解決之道

第一節 DMCA

第一項 DMCA 之立法目的與內涵

網路服務提供者(Internet Service Provider, ISP)提供了大眾各種便利的網路服務,

並增加人們近用資訊的機會,藉由網路無疆界的特性,使無論身處偏遠地區或是繁華都 市的使用者,都能自由的獲取資訊,並透過網路分享多元化的數位內容,419然而,當使 用者利用該些資訊、服務從事侵權行為時,網路服務提供者是否也要承受相關侵害著作 權的責任?若採肯定見解,則無異於使網路服務提供者必須負擔許多不確定的法律風 險,故美國於 1998 年通過了「數位千禧年著作權法案(The Digital Millenium Copyright Act, DMCA)」,並在美國著作權法中增訂第 512 項規定,網路服務提供者只要符合特 定的條件,即可免除其對於用戶侵權行為的相關法律責任,因此,其亦被稱為網路服務 提供者的「安全港」條款(safe habor)。420

第一款 立法源由

在世界貿易組織(World Trade Organization, WTO)成立,並在「與貿易相關之智 慧財產權協定(TRIPS)」中訂定了保護智慧財產權的最低標準後,在國際間產生了重 要且顯著的影響,而世界智慧財產權組織(World Intellectual Property Organization, WIPO)為了有效的執行 TRIPS 之規定,並落實全球智慧財產權之保護,遂於 1996 年 12 月 2 日於瑞士日內瓦舉行「特定著作權與著作鄰接權相關問題外交會議(Diplomatic Conference on Certain Neighboring Rights Questions)」,針對網路發展與著作權保護等

419 林利芝,「從加拿大最高法院 Society of Composers, Authors and Music Publishers of Canada v. Canadian Assn. of Internet Providers 案探討加拿大網路服務提供者的侵權責任」,智慧財產權月刊,第 149 期,頁 6

(2011)。

420 賴文智,前揭著 10,頁 289-90。

問題展開一系列的討論,並於同年 12 月 20 日,正式通過了在數位時代中,對於著作權 保護極為重要的兩項條約—「世界智慧財產權組織著作權條約(WIPO Copyright Treaty, WCT)」以及「世界智慧財產權組織表演及錄音物條約(WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, WPPT)」,此二項條約更成為國際間網路著作權保障的重要執法依 據。421

在上開國際條約簽訂後,為了履行條約內容之規定,美國國會於 1998 年 10 月 28 日通過了「數位千禧年著作權法案(DMCA)」,並於著作權法中增訂有關規避科技保 護措施之責任,使該國內法能即時且順利的與國際條約接軌。

第二款 DMCA 之內涵

DMCA 的主要立法目的,是處理網路服務提供者(ISP)在其用戶利用其服務或資 訊,而實行侵權行為時,ISP 應否負擔法律責任之問題,並試圖平衡著作權人與 ISP 之 間的利益與權責關係。422該法案增訂美國著作權法中第 512 條,對於網路服務提供者

(ISP)給予責任限制之保障,其主要針對以下四種不同類型的網路服務提供者,設計 了不同的安全港條款,析之如下。

(1)連線服務提供者(Transitory Digital Network Communications)423

此類的 ISP 僅負責資料傳輸,在不變更資料內容的情況下,單純的將使用者指定的 資料在使用者指定的路徑間傳輸,ISP 並非主動發啟傳輸之人,對於所傳輸之內容亦不 了解,因此,由於此類 ISP 僅是被動的提供網路連線傳輸服務,並未介入資料傳輸、重 製等過程,故其對於侵權結果可主張免責。424

(2)快速存取服務提供者(System Caching)425

若資料是由網路蜘蛛抓取或其他自動化技術,而中介或暫時儲存於 ISP 的系統或網 路上,以供之後使用者存取之用,則 ISP 在符合條文規定的情況下,可例外免責。

421 星友康,衝突或妥協?—科技保護措施立法之研究,國立台灣大學法律學研究所碩士論文,頁 27

(2006)。

422 張淑美,前揭著 119,頁 61。

423 17 U.S.C. § 512(a) (2000).

424 陳怡靜、林怡君、孫玉達,「數位時代著作權如何有效保護—美國網際網路服務提供者責任立法及著

作權法第 512 條安全港條款的實務運用」,智慧財產權月刊,第 107 期,頁 34(1997)。

425 17 U.S.C. § 512(b) (2000).

(3)資訊儲存服務提供者(Information Residing on Systems or Networks at Direction of Users)426

此類型專指 ISP 提供網路空間,供使用者於平台上發表文章、上傳檔案或分享圖片,

若該些由使用者主動存放於 ISP 系統、資料庫中的資訊涉及侵權爭議時,ISP 只有在不 了解該侵權行為或內容之存在,且並未透過侵權資料獲取利益,並於被通知有侵權內容 時,迅速移除系爭資訊的情況下,始能主張免責。427

(4)搜尋服務提供者(Information Location Tools)428

本項係針對搜尋引擎等網路資訊搜尋服務提供者,所制定的免責條款,由於 ISP 提 供索引、超連結等工具,讓使用者得以連結到含有侵害著作權資料的網站,在 ISP 不知 該些資料系屬侵權著作、並未直接自侵權行為或有經濟上利益,並於接獲侵權通知後,

立即移除或切斷與侵權網站之連結,始得免責。429

觀諸 Google Book Search 計畫中,Google 身為網路資訊服務提供者,而其提供大眾 利用的數位圖書檔案,係由 Google 主動數位化、索引並提供使用者搜尋,故不符合第 一項「連線服務提供者」中「單純傳輸」,或是第三項「資訊儲存服務提供者」中「由 使用者主動存放於 ISP 系統中的資訊涉及侵權爭議」之要件;此外,由於 Google 並非 單純提供或將使用者連結到含有侵權作品之網站,事實上,Google 是自行違反「授權先 行」原則,而將著作數位化重製並儲存於電子資料庫中,故相較於第四項「搜尋服務提 供者」,Google 似乎更偏向第二項「快速存取服務提供者」之規範。

第二項 DMCA 於 Google Book Search 計畫之適用

如上所述,依 DMCA 所增訂的美國著作權法§ 512(b)中,提供了適用於「快速存取 服務提供者」的安全港條款,以下,筆者將以 Google Book Search 計畫為例,逐一分析 圖書搜尋是否符合§ 512(b)中的法定要件,430及其得否因而主張免責。

426 17 U.S.C. § 512(c) (2000).

427 陳怡靜、林怡君、孫玉達,前揭著 424,頁 34-35。

428 17 U.S.C. § 512(d) (2000).

429 張淑美,前揭著 119,頁 67。

430 17 U.S.C. § 512(b) (2000).

(b) System Caching.

(1) Limitation on liability.— A service provider shall not be liable for monetary relief, or, except as provided in subsection (j), for injunctive or other equitable relief, for infringement of copyright by reason of the intermediate and temporary storage of material on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider in a case in which—

(A) the material is made available online by a person other than the service provider;

(B) the material is transmitted from the person described in subparagraph (A) through the system or network to a person other than the person described in subparagraph (A) at the direction of that other person; and

(C) the storage is carried out through an automatic technical process for the purpose of making the material available to users of the system or network who, after the material is transmitted as described in subparagraph (B), request access to the material from the person described in subparagraph (A),

if the conditions set forth in paragraph (2) are met.

(2) Conditions.— The conditions referred to in paragraph (1) are that—

(A) the material described in paragraph (1) is transmitted to the subsequent users described in paragraph (1)(C) without modification to its content from the manner in which the material was transmitted from the person described in paragraph (1)(A);

(B) the service provider described in paragraph (1) complies with rules concerning the refreshing, reloading, or other updating of the material when specified by the person making the material available online in accordance with a generally accepted industry standard data communications protocol for the system or network through which that person makes the material available, except that this subparagraph applies only if those rules are not used by the person described in paragraph (1)(A) to prevent or unreasonably impair the intermediate storage to which this subsection applies;

(C) the service provider does not interfere with the ability of technology associated with the material to return to the person described in paragraph (1)(A) the information that would have been available to that person if the material had been obtained by the subsequent users described in paragraph (1)(C) directly from that person, except that this subparagraph applies only if that technology—

(i) does not significantly interfere with the performance of the provider’s system or network or with the intermediate storage of the material;

(ii) is consistent with generally accepted industry standard communications protocols; and

(iii) does not extract information from the provider’s system or network other than the information that would have been available to the person described in paragraph (1)(A) if the subsequent users had gained access to the material directly from that person;

(D) if the person described in paragraph (1)(A) has in effect a condition that a person must meet prior to having access to the material, such as a condition based on payment of a fee or provision of a password or other information, the service provider permits access to the stored material in significant part only to users of its system or network that have met those conditions and only in accordance with those conditions; and

(E) if the person described in paragraph (1)(A) makes that material available online without the authorization of the copyright owner of the material, the service provider responds expeditiously to remove, or disable access to, the material that is claimed to be infringing upon notification of claimed infringement as described in subsection (c)(3), except that this subparagraph applies only if—

(i) the material has previously been removed from the originating site or access to it has been disabled, or a court has ordered that the material be removed from the originating site or that access to the material on the originating site be disabled; and

第一款 資料內容係中介且暫時性地(intermediate and temporary)儲存於網路服務提供 者的網路系統中

在 Field 案判決中,由於 Google 並未強制網站經營者必須將網頁內容供 Google 快 取,相反的,網站經營者隨時可以藉由在網頁標記中註明「no-archive」來排除 Google 的快取利用,431且 Google 在得知原告不滿其行為並打算起訴後,便迅速且自動移除系 爭庫存頁面之連結;432此外,對於 Google 的庫存頁面及快取會自動儲存 14-20 天一事,

法院引用了第九巡迴上訴法院的 Ellison v. Robertson 案,433指出該案中 AOL 的線上討論 區文章儲存時間超過 14 天,仍可構成「中介且暫時性」儲存,434故 Jones 法官認為 Field 案中被告 Google 也符合「中介且暫時性」要求,綜合以上情狀考量,法院肯認 Google

「快取」原告 Field 系爭圖片的行為,以及提供的「庫存頁面」服務,屬於中介且暫時 性地利用。435

而在 Google Book Search 計畫中,由於 Google 透過索引程式,將系爭數位圖書檔案 中的每一個字建立索引檔案,便利使用者可以透過輸入作者、書名、ISBN 以及特定關 鍵字等方式進行檢索,故其「索引」可能是永久性利用;惟其掃描、數位化著作之行為 與在 Field 案中的「快取」情形相似,著作權人可以自由的「選擇退出」此計畫,Google 在其退出後也會將書籍檔案自資料庫中移除,故有論者以為,Google 應可主張其複製行 為屬於屬於中介且暫時性地利用資料。

第二款 資料經 ISP 以外之第三人所指示而傳輸436

(ii) the party giving the notification includes in the notification a statement confirming that the material has been removed from the originating site or access to it has been disabled or that a court has ordered that the material be removed from the originating site or that access to the material on the originating site be disabled.

431 Field, 412 F. Supp. 2d at 1122-23.

432 Id. Kociubinski, supra note 174, at 377.

433 Ellison v. Robertson, 357 F.3d 1072, 1081 (9th cir. 2004).

434 楊智傑,前揭註 112,頁 48。

435 See Field, 412 F. Supp. 2d at 1114-15, 1124. “The Court thus concludes that Google makes ‘intermediate and temporary storage’ of the material stored in its cache, within the meaning of the DMCA.”

436 “(A) the material is made available online by a person other than the service provider;

(B) the material is transmitted from the person described in subparagraph (A) through the system or network to a person other than the person described in subparagraph (A) at the direction of that other person; and

(C) the storage is carried out through an automatic technical process for the purpose of making the material available to users of the system or network who, after the material is transmitted as described in subparagraph (B), request access to the material from the person described in subparagraph (A).”

由於系爭資料並非由第三人放置於網路上,而是 Google 自行將實體著作透過數位 化方式重製,並儲存於資料庫中,故通見認為 Google 不符此項要件,無法主張§ 512(b) 的安全港條款而免責。惟少數說以為,雖然在 Google 初始的數位化重製圖書行為後,

該些數位檔案被其系統自動地逐字索引並儲存於資料庫中,但當使用者輸入關鍵字搜尋

該些數位檔案被其系統自動地逐字索引並儲存於資料庫中,但當使用者輸入關鍵字搜尋