Information Handbook of International Academic Conference of Religion and Politics: A Holy but Controversial Affiliation「宗教與政治：神聖卻充滿爭議的連結」國際學術研討會大會手冊

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「宗教與政治：神聖卻充滿爭議的連結」

Religion and Politics: A Holy but Controversial Affiliation

國際學術研討會

International Academic Conference

大會手冊

Information Handbook

主辦單位：台灣政治學會、中山大學政治學研究所

Hosted By ： Taiwanese Political Science Association, and National Sun Yat-sen University Institute of Political Science

指導單位：行政院國家科學委員會、財團法人臺灣民主基金會、中山大學、高雄市政府、教育部

Sponsored By ： National Science Council, Taiwan Foundation for

Democracy, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung City Government, Ministry of Education

會議時間：九十四年八月十五、十六日（週一、二） Conference Time： 2005/08/15-16 (Monday & Tuesday)

會議地點：中山大學圖資大樓十一樓國際會議廳

Venue ： NSYSU Library Building 11F International Conference Room

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資料夾注意事項

一、資料夾內有： 1. 大會手冊(內含會議規則、議程表、論文摘要、與會人員名單、發言條) 2. 光碟(內含論文，此次研討會不發紙本論文集，請於 10 月 15 日以前，自行上中山大學政治所網站http://www2.nsysu.edu.tw/politics/下載) 3. 發言條(如蒙發言，請填寫發言條擲交報到處) 4. 名牌(請於會後擲交報到處的「名牌回收箱」) 二、主持人、發表人、評論人，請將回程交通票根儘速以所附之回郵信封寄回中山大學政治所。

Note:

1. This folder contains:

i. Information Package (conference rules, agenda, paper abstracts, list of participants, speaking request form)

ii. CD (Hard copies of papers will not be distributed at the conference; please download papers from Institute of Political Science, NSYSU website at http://www2.nsysu.edu.tw/politics/ before October 15, 2005.)

iii. Speaking Request Form (If you would like to speak at the conference, please fill out the request form and submit it to the registration table.)

iv. Name Tag (Please return your name tag to the ‘name tag recycle box’ at the end of the conference.)

2. For all moderators, paper presenters, and discussants, please use the attached stamped envelop to mail your transportation receipt back to Institute of Political Science, NSYSU.

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目次 Content

資料夾注意事項 ... 2

目次 Content ... 3

會議規則 Conference Rule... 4

議程表 Agenda ... 5

論文摘要 Abstract ... 8

Juan Cole ...8

Jose Casanova...9

Min-Hua Huang(黃旻華)...10

Mark Tessler ...11

Daniel H. Levine...12

Aris Ananta ...13

張培新(Peir-shin Chang) ...14

朱肇華(Zhao-hua Chu)...15

洪健庭(Chian-ting Huang)...17

郭承天(Cheng-tian Kuo) / 關秉寅(Ping-yin Kuan) ...19

黃克先(Ke-hsien Huang) ...20

蔡維民(Wei-min Tsai) ...22

與會人員名單 List of Participants... 23

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會議規則 Conference Rule

為順遂本次研討會議程進行，謹訂立下列各項規範，請與會來賓寬諒遵循：一、時間分配(發表與評論順序由主持人自行控制) (一) 主持人引言：每場 3 分鐘。 (二) 論文發表：每篇 15 分鐘。14 分鐘時按第一次鈴，15 分鐘時按第二次鈴，請即結束。 (三) 論文評論：每人 10 分鐘。9 分鐘時按第一次鈴，10 分鐘時按第二次鈴，請即結束。 (四) 自由討論：每場 10-15 分鐘，每人 1-2 分鐘，請主持人控制。 (五) 發表人綜合答覆：每人 5 分鐘。4 分鐘時按第一次鈴，5 分鐘時按第二次鈴，請即結束。二、會場規則 (一) 請提早入場，俾準時宣讀論文。 (二) 研討會進行中，請盡量不要走動、出入會場。 (三) 進入會場，請即關閉行動電話，會場內禁止使用行動電話。三、自由討論時，請發言人先說明單位、職稱、姓名，並填寫發言條，擲交報到台，俾便後續記錄整理。

In order to facilitate the proceedings of the conference, please observe the following conference rules accordingly:

1. Timing (each moderator shall decide the presentation order for paper presenters and discussants.)

a) Introduction by moderator: 3 mins

b) Paper presenter: 15 mins each; first ring will be at the 14th minute and please conclude on the second ring at the 15th minute. c) Discussant: 10 mins each; first ring will be at the 9th minute and please

conclude on the second ring at the 10th minute. d) Q&A: 10-15 mins each; each question 1-2 mins

e) Presenter’s Response: 5 mins each; first ring will be at the 4th minute and please conclude on the second ring at the 5th_minute.

2. Meeting Regulation f) Please be on time.

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議程表 Agenda

2005 年 8 月 15 日(週一)

2005/8/15 (Monday)

8：30～9：00 報到 Registration 9：00～9：40 開幕式貴賓致詞 Opening Remarks

單國璽，樞機主教(Cardinal Paul Shan Kuo-His S.J.)

王金平，立法院院長(Wang, Jin-Pyng. Speaker, Legislative Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

張宗仁，中山大學校長(Chung-cheng Chang. President, National Sun Yat-sen University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

9：40～10：00 Keynote Speech

Mark Tessler (U. of Michigan, USA) 10：00～10：20 茶敘 Coffee break

Panel One：Islam, Politics, and International Relations 10：20～12：10

Chair: Mark Tessler (University of Michigan, USA)

1.1 Paper Presenter: Juan Cole (University of Michigan, USA) Title: Shiite Parties and Political Instability in Iraq

Discussant: Philip Yang (楊永明, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

1.2 Paper Presenter: Jose Casanova (New School University, USA) Title: Muslim and Catholic Politics in Comparative Perspective

Discussant: Hei-yuan Chiu (瞿海源, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

1.3 Paper Presenter: Min-hua Huang (黃旻華, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

Title: Islam and Democracy: A Global Perspective

Discussant: Aris Ananta (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore)

12：10～13：30 午餐 Lunch

Panel Two：Religion, Human Rights, and Democracy 13：30～15：20

Chair: Ching-ping Tang (湯京平, National Chungcheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

2.1 Paper Presenter: Mark Tessler (University of Michigan, USA) Title: Assessing the Influence of Religious Predispositions on

Citizen Values Related to Governance and

Democracy: Findings from Survey Research in Three Dissimilar Arab Societies

Discussant: Cheng-tian Kuo (郭承天, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

2.2 Paper Presenter: Daniel H. Levine (University of Michigan, USA) Title: Religious Transformations and The Language of Rights in

Latin America

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Politiques de Lyon, France)

2.3 Paper Presenter: Aris Ananta (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore)

Title: Newly Found Democracy in Indonesia: Religion and Electoral Behaviour

Discussant: Poon-Kim Shee (Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

15：20～15：40 茶敘 Coffee break

分組三：宗教團體、非政府組織、政府治理 15：40～17：30

主持人：林文程(中山大學大陸所教授、民主基金會副執行長)

(Wen-cheng Lin, Institute of Mainland China Studies, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

3.1 發表人：張培新(建國科技大學應用外語系助理教授) (Peir-shin

Chang, Chienkuo Technology University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

題目：宗教組織的公共事務參與：以慈濟功德會為例(Public

Affair Participation of Religious Organization: Using Tzu Chi Foundation as an Example)

評論人：游謙(慈濟宗教與文化研究所助理教授) (Chien Yu,

Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

3.2 發表人：朱肇華(政大政治系博士生) (Zhao-hua Chu, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

題目：社群組織與集體行動⎯基督教團體錫安山個案探討

(Communal Organization and Collective Action: Case Study of Christian Religious Group Mt. Zion)

評論人：趙星光(東海大學宗教研究所所長) (Hsing-kuang Chao, Tunghai University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

3.3 發表人：洪健庭(台大政研所碩士生) (Chian-ting Hung, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

題目：全球治理與地方治理的新交集：臺灣地區媽祖治理之初

探(The New Crossroad of Global Governance and

Local Governance：The Preliminary Study of Ma-tsu

Governance in Taiwan Region)

評論人：吳重禮(中正大學政治學系暨研究所所長) (Chung-li

Wu, National Chungcheng University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

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2005 年 8 月 16 日(週二)

2005/8/16 (Tuesday)

分組四：台灣政治中的宗教因素 8：30～10：20 主持人：姚朝森(高雄大學政治法律學系主任)(Chao-sen Yao,

National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C.) 4.1 發表人：郭承天(政大政治系教授) / 關秉寅(Cheng-tian Kuo,

and Ping-yin Kuan, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

題目：Religious Factors in Taiwanese Democracy

評論人：林繼文(中央研究院政治學研究所籌備處副研究員)

(Jih-wen Lin, Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

4.2 發表人：黃克先(台大社會學碩士) (Ke-hsien Huang, M. A. in Sociology, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

題目：宗教團體在生物科技政策上的政治參與：以代母合法化爭議為例，兼論台灣天主教與長老教的政治參與模式(When Bio-technology Meets Religions：An

Investigation to the Process of Legalization on Surrogate Motherhood and the patterns of political participation of the Catholic Church and the Presbyterian Church)

評論人：楊婉瑩(政治大學政治學系副教授)(Wan-ying Yang,

National Chengchi University, Taiwan, R.O.C.) 4.3 發表人：蔡維民(真理大學宗教學系助理教授) (Wei-min Tsai,

Aletheia University, Taiwan, R.O.C. )

題目：從「公義與和平宣言」來反省後陳水扁時期長老教會政

教意識之演變(Reflection from “the Justice and Peace

Statement”on the Change of the Religiopolitical Thoughts in the Presbytarian Church during President Chen’s Term.)

評論人：黃旻華(台灣大學政治學系助理教授)(Min-hua Huang,

National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.) 10：20～10：40 茶敘 Coffee break

圓桌論壇：Religion and Politics: A Holy but Controversial Affiliation

10：40～12：10

主持人：廖達琪(Da-chi Liao, TPSA President, Taiwan, R.O.C.) 與談人：Mark Tessler(University of Michigan, USA)

Daniel H. Levine(University of Michigan, USA)

郭承天(Cheng-tian Kuo, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

趙星光(Hsing-kuang Chao, Tunghai University, Taiwan, R.O.C.)

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論文摘要 Abstract

Shiite Parties and Political Instability in Iraq

Juan Cole

(Department of History, University of Michigan USA)

I'll inquire into how the dynamics of the Shiite religious parties based in the south have allowed them to dominate parliament and the executive, and what that has meant for relations with the Sunni Arabs and the Kurds. My argument will be that the popularity in post-Baathist Iraq of religious politics makes it difficult for any new government to establish its national legitimacy.

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Muslim and Catholic Politics in Comparative Perspective

Jose Casanova

(Department of Sociology, New School University, USA) An analysis of the contemporary discourse on Islam as an essentially

fundamentalist anti-modern and un-democratic religion shows striking similarities with the discourse on Catholicism from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. Now, as then, the debates are centered on three inter-related issues: the transnational structure of both religions and the challenges it presents to the world system of nation-states and to the claims of national sovereignty and undivided citizenship; the undemocratic, anti-systemic nature of Catholic and Muslim parties; and the difficulties of integrating Catholic immigrants in Protestant societies and Muslim immigrants in Western “Christian-secular” societies. The radical

transformation of Catholicism and of Catholic politics in the last 50 years has made the old discourse on Catholicism obsolete, but a comparative analysis with the contemporary discourse on Islam and with the ongoing transformations of Muslim politics may serve to put into question the current characterization of Islam as a “fundamentalist” religion.

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Islam and Democracy: A Global Perspective

Min-Hua Huang(黃旻華)

(National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C., 台大政治系助理教授) The western world has a common belief that Islam is incompatible with democracy in nature. An obvious fact strengthening this idea is that very few of the Muslim countries are democratic but most of the Christian ones are democratic instead. This contrast makes Islam as the culprit, especially the supportive attitude toward Islamic guidance on public affairs. Unless the secularization process can speed up, democratization is hardly taken place in the Islamic world.

This paper uses the data from World Value Survey to explore the relationship between Islam and Democracy in a global perspective. Preliminary results show that Islam is not the major factor contributed to the lack of democratic orientation, and that people with higher religiopolitical orientation, regardless what religion is, are indeed more negative toward democracy. The overall finding indicates that cultural factors deeply affect what people think about religion and politics. In the western countries, religion as an ideology runs counter to democracy; however, religion may be

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Assessing the Influence of Religious Predispositions on Citizen Values

Related to Governance and Democracy: Findings from Survey

Research in Three Dissimilar Arab Societies

Mark Tessler

(University of Michigan USA)

The scholarly literature on democracy and democratization emphasizes the importance of citizen attitudes, values, and behavior for the maintenance and successful consolidation of democratic transitions. Among the normative and

behavioral orientations to which this literature calls attention are trust in the electorate, tolerance of cultural and ideological diversity, political interest, participation in civic associations, and a concern for civic rights and responsibilities. Using survey data from representative national surveys in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine (West Bank and Gaza), and Iraq, this paper develops and treats as dependent variables measures of each of these concepts. It then examines within in each of the six countries the degree to which a series of individual-level orientations and assessments relating to Islam are useful in accounting for variance on each of the dependent variables. In addition to evaluating the explanatory power of different categories of individual-level predispositions and assessments, the paper will assess the theoretical implications of differences and similarities among the six countries and, where appropriate, offer insights about country-level conditionalities associated with particular variable relationships.

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Religious Transformations and The Language of Rights in Latin

America

Daniel H. Levine

(University of Michigan, USA)

Latin America has experienced notable religious transformations over the last half century. The long established monopoly of the Catholic Church has disappeared with the emergence of significant religious pluralism. This pluralism is visible both between churches (growth of Protestantism) and within religious communities (new currents of thought, emergence of religiously linked social movements with claims to autonomy). These changes have re cast the relations of religion to politics and social life. A general theme of rights (human rights, rights to life, rights to participation, to land, housing, equality, life etc) is present in many of these changes. The relation between religious transformations and the definition and claim to rights is examined, with particular emphasis on human rights and on the link between religious

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Newly Found Democracy in Indonesia:

Religion and Electoral Behaviour

Aris Ananta

Evi Nurvidya Arifin

(Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore)

Indonesia has emerged as a rising democratic country with the implementation of peaceful and smooth parliamentary and presidential elections in 2004. The two-round presidential elections were carried out after the parliamentary election. This is the third free election, after the first one in 1955 and the second in 1999. More importantly, the 2004 presidential elections are the first direct elections Indonesia have conducted.

Because Indonesia is a very large country, a picture of Indonesia at national level may hide many important feature at regional levels. The implementation of regional autonomy since 2001 may make examination at regional levels a necessary to better understand Indonesian development, including Indonesian politics and

democracy. This paper focuses on the parliamentary election in 2004, including some comparisons with the 1999, parliamentary, election, with a particular attention to the regional variation, both at provincial and district levels. With the analysis of the political landscape at national, provincial, and district levels, the paper will touch on the pilkada (local general elections), electing heads of local government and

parliaments, to be conducted in the middle of 2005.

Another distinguishing feature of this paper is the utilization of the

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宗教組織的公共事務參與：以慈濟功德會為例

Public Affair Participation of Religious Organization: Using Tzu Chi

Foundation as an Example

張培新(Peir-shin Chang)

(建國科技大學應用外語系助理教授, Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Foreign Languages, Chienkuo Technology University.)

非營利組織的社會責任，正在於以理性表達公共的價值訴求和主導公共事務的處理取向，這也是奠立公民社會的重要基礎。本研究選定台灣地區最具組織規模與社會影響力的宗教組織--佛教慈濟功德會，作為個案考察的對象，並從「公民社會」的角度切入，扣緊「公共事務參與」的核心議題，將慈濟功德會的組織運作當成整體社會事實來加以分析，藉由對慈濟功德會的觀察，探討其在公共事務參與方面所展現的特色與意涵。研究結果聚焦於以下五個面向：（一）慈濟精神與人間佛教理念；（二）以中年婦女為主力的社會參與；（三）寂靜的社會運動；（四）社區志工的參與模式；（五）邊緣競爭策略的組織走向；透過這樣的討論，將有助於我們瞭解宗教組織在現代社會的積極角色，並藉著理論與實務的相互印證，來檢視個案對象所蘊含的研究意涵，俾作為公民社會中宗教組織參與公共事務之借鑑。 關鍵詞：公民社會、宗教組織、慈濟功德會、公共事務參與 Abstract

The social responsibility of non-profit organization is to rationally express public value appeal and the management orientation which drives public affair that is the crucial basis of citizen society. This research selected the most organized and socially influential religious organization in Taiwan—Tzu Chi Foundation as the target of case study. From the perspective of “citizen society” and the core issue of “public affair participation”, the research analyzed the organizational operation of Tzu Chi Foundation as the overall social fact. By observing Tzu Chi Foundation, this research explored the organization with respect to its characteristics and significance of public affair participation. The research finding focused upon the following five dimensions: (1)Tzu Chi spirit and worldly Buddhist ideal (2) The social participation mainly based

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社群組織與集體行動⎯基督教團體錫安山個案探討

Communal Organization and Collective Action: Case Study of

Christian Religious Group Mt. Zion

朱肇華(Zhao-hua Chu)

(國立政治大學政治系博士班, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, R.O.C.) 社群(公社)生活是一種成員彼此高度相互依賴的生活模式，打破傳統的私有財制度，落實「公有共享」的模式，要求成員去除自私、貪婪，以公益或共同的目標取代成員的私利及私慾。社群主義的理想要落實在現實中，必然要面對個人行為與集體行動衝突的嚴峻問題，個人的利益如何匯集成為集體的福利？如何解決個人在群體中搭便車的問題？如何監督？這些問題，攸關社群生活的成敗與否，也考驗著制度設計的優劣良窳。在台灣高雄縣，有一個基督教團體，名為錫安山，她的信徒在荒山野嶺中成功建立了一個「凡物公用」、「公有共產」的公社組織。本研究希望藉由了解錫安山個案成功的原因，探討制度所扮演的角色，也試圖了解宗教信仰對集體行動的影響。和所有新制度論學者一樣，本研究發現影響集體行動成敗的主要因素在於制度設計，錫安山中小型的組織、嚴格的成員篩選制度、專業分工的模式，以及允許適度保有私有財產，優異的制度設計使她具備了成功的必要條件。而在制度之外，宗教在人類集體行動中的角色也相當有趣，研究發現：宗教信仰能為集體行動參與者提供足夠的理想性誘因，透過理想性誘因和物質性、社群性誘因的結合，更可以強化集體行動的力量，維持集體行動的進行。此外，宗教經典可以成為制度供給的來源，而且是具有權威與正當性的制度供給，等於是透過信仰的背書，爲制度提供了可信承諾。因此，宗教對於人類克服集體行動的困境，亦有其獨到之處。 關鍵詞：社群主義、公社、集體行動、宗教團體、錫安山 Abstract

Commune is a kind of lifestyle implies deep interdependence among members because private property is eliminated and property is held in common. In a

communal organization, people not only need to eliminate selfish and shirking, but also need to replace self-interests and individual desires with public interests and public good. The practice of communitarianism faces a serious problem of conflict between individual behavior and collective action. How does commune reach social welfare? How to solve Free-riding? How to Monitor? These questions must be solved by well-designed institutions. In Taiwan, there is a Christian religious group- Mt. Zion which builds a successful communal organization in the wild mountain in Kaohsiung County. People there work for the common and share the public ownership. By observing Mt. Zion, this research wants to find out the role of institutions and religion in the common. Like New-institutionalism emphasized, this research finding that the institutions play an important role in collective action and affect the success in the commune. Mt. Zion has four well-designed institutions which make it successful. First, it is a relative small organization. Second, it has serious member selecting

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system. Third, it has specialization. Fourth, it allows having limited private property. Besides the factor of institutions, religion factor play an interesting role in the common. This research also finds two conclusions about religion. First, religion can provide purposive incentives for collective actor, and to combine purposive incentives with materialistic incentives and solidary incentives strengthening the collective action. Second, the religious classic text can provide authoritative institution supply which can be considered as credible commitment. Obviously, religion has the advantages to overcome the tragedy of the common.

Key words: communitarianism, commune, collective action, religious group, Mt. Zion

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全球治理與地方治理的新交集：臺灣地區媽祖治理之初探

The New Crossroad of Global Governance and Local Governance：The

Preliminary Study of Ma-tsu Governance in Taiwan Region

洪健庭(Chian-ting Huang)

(台大政研所碩士班一年級學生, National Taiwan University, Taiwan, R.O.C.) 從一九八○年代開始，學界所提倡的「治理」（governance）取代「政府」（government）的想法，強調不同政策領域其實是由多元組織所構成的網絡關係，逐漸成為顯學而廣為學界投入更細緻的研究。全球網絡關係的形成，強化了國家、企業，甚至人類彼此之間的相互依賴，而在政經社文的訊息交換上有著極為快速的交互影響；另一方面，地方多元主體共同管理居民公共事務的特色亦逐漸鮮明，治理主體彼此間的制度性關係與策略，更直接影響到協力合產關係的成敗。若將全球治理與地方治理兩組相互辯證的理論意涵，放在臺灣地區的時空脈絡下來理解，人民生活中的傳統民間信仰可說體現了有趣的交集，而其中又以媽祖信仰對人民生活與政策產出的影響最值得深究，這樣的治理模式本文又稱之為「媽祖治理」（Ma-tsu governance）。本文首先將回顧媽祖在臺灣宗教史的地位及其歷史發展過程，其次將治理的理論作為分析架構，剖析媽祖廟如何成為區域居民信仰的社經中心，以及隨之發展的宗教事業如何與國家對話；最後，本文論證媽祖信仰結合了全球視野與在地出發的特質，證成了全球在地化的最佳代言人。本文的結論指出，媽祖治理是華人社會中特有的治理模式，說明了治理的概念並非源自西方獨有的特產，而在臺灣地區就有最佳例證可循。 關鍵詞：媽祖治理、全球治理、地方治理

Abstract

What the scholars have proposed the idea of “governance” to replace “government” since 1980’s, focusing on that different policy areas are constituted of dependent network relationship from diverse organizations, gradually becomes the popular study for the scholars to search for more and more. The formation of global network relationship reinforces the interdependence between the nation-state and the corporations, even the human beings are no exception, and has a fast inter-impact on information exchange of politics, economics, society and culture. On the other side, the character of local multi-subjectivity to co-manage the people becomes obvious, furthermore, the institutional relations and strategy between different governing bodies, also influence the outcome of co-production directly.

If we consider the theory of global governance and local governance into the context of Taiwan region, then we will find out some interesting facts about Ma-tsu traditional belief, which I named it “Ma-tsu governance.” In the first place, this article will review the history of Ma-tsu, and then use the governance theory as a framework to analyze how Ma-tsu temples become the regional centers for ordinary people. In

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the end, this article will come to the conclusion that Ma-Tsu governance is a special governance model in Chinese society.

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Religious Factors in Taiwanese Democracy

郭承天(Cheng-tian Kuo) / 關秉寅(Ping-yin Kuan)

(National Chengchi University) / (National Chengchi University)

Current studies of Taiwan’s state-religion relations have identified clear differences among several major religious groups with regard to their political preferences. Strong supporters of the pan-blue parties include the Buddha Light Mountain, the Zhongtai Monastic Order, the Mandarin-speaking Christian denominations, and some Mazu temples. On the side of pan-green parties are the Taiwan Presbyterian Church, the Thousand Buddha Association, and the I-Kuan-Dao. Other religious groups either maintain political neutrality or shift their allegiance from the pan-blue to the pan-green due to practical political concerns.

Although convincing, these studies rely too much on qualitative data and the “belonging” variable, while ignoring quantitative data and the variables of “belief” and “behavior.” Therefore, they cannot explain the large discrepancy in political preferences between religious leaders and lay believers, which many religious scholars and journalists have observed. For instance, most of aboriginal Presbyterians are strong pan-blue supporters, while most local believers of Mazu temples voted for pan-green candidates. Furthermore, none of them has addressed the theological and practical relationship between religion and democracy in Taiwan. Which religion promotes democratic values and behavior? Do traditional Chinese religions continue to encourage anti-democratic values and behavior?

This paper will examine these issues by a statistical analysis of the Citizenship

2004 dataset, which includes religious variables of belief, behavior, and belonging, as

well as political variables of democratic values, political preferences, and democratic behavior. This pioneering analysis will contributes to a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of state-religion relations in Taiwan.

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宗教團體在生物科技政策上的政治參與：

以代母合法化爭議為例，兼論台灣天主教與長老教的政治參與模式

When Bio-technology Meets Religions：

An Investigation to the Process of Legalization on Surrogate

Motherhood and the patterns of political participation of the

Catholic Church and the Presbyterian Church

黃克先(Ke-hsien Huang)

(台灣大學社會學碩士，M. A. in Sociology, National Taiwan University)

生物科技的希望為人們塑造了一個美麗新世界的願景，然而背後卻也隱藏了高度不確定的風險，有賴科學家與社會大眾共謀解決之道。宗教由於教義倫理上的堅持以致有參與生技應用政策的意願，且因具有神聖性、整合度高並握有可觀資源，因此在積極參與之餘可能有助於反身性科學、風險民主化建構。故本文特挑選 1999 年間台灣發生代理孕母合法化與否的爭議中宗教團體參與的過程為例，在第二章中討論宗教團體在生技相關政策上的態度、動作以及產生的影響，本文指出，在阻止代母合法化過程中，天主教雖未扮演決定性的角色，然而卻配合著政治局勢的演變及其他力量的努力，在關鍵時刻助上一臂之力，而這也正是現代世俗化社會中宗教團體可能在公共影響上扮演的角色。第三章更加入長老會為對照，分析決定宗教團體選擇參與政策之議題、發揮影響力之強弱的因素，本文發現教派的教義配合著組織型態使天主教關心生命倫理上的議題，而長老會則對與台灣意識相關議題有興趣，但因歷史經驗緣故使前者培養出相較於後者種種不利於發揮影響力的慣習，但在近年來兩者政教關係皆有所改變，值得未來更進一步的探詢。 關鍵詞：代理孕母、政教關係、生物科技、風險社會、天主教會 Abstract

Biotechnology provides people a hope about perfect future, but it also implies coming with highly uncertain risks that can’t be solved only by scientists. Having a

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leads to the degrees they influence the policy. This paper explore the religious belief interacting with the mode of organization make the Catholic church pay much attention to the issue about bioethics, the Presbyterian church to about the Taiwanese consciousness. And the historical experiences of the Catholic church heavily develop a more unfavorable habitus to exert its influence than the Presbyterian church. However, in the recent years the relations between the two religion and politics have changed, the last part of this paper will engage in the initiatory investigation of it. Keywords：surrogate motherhood、the relation between religion and politics、

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從「公義與和平宣言」來反省後陳水扁時期長老教會政教意識之演變

蔡維民(Wei-min Tsai)

(真理大學宗教學系暨研究所助理教授) 在2000 年以及 2004 年，筆者分別發表了〈基督教改革宗基本政治性格之反省與建議－－以台灣基督長老教會為例〉與〈陳水扁時代之後長老教會政教關係意識的轉變〉兩篇論文，裡面仔細分析了台灣基督長老教會自解嚴以來政治意識形態之演變。我們發現了當重要的政治情勢或重要事件發生時，都會引動長老教會內部的反省與檢討。一般而言，長老教會給台灣社會的印象是「偏綠」；過去數年，教會對執政的民主進步黨的確具有較多的支持與同情，而教會本身也很清楚自己的立場——與民進黨淵源深厚。這幾年來，長老教會就一直處在色彩標籤的矛盾之中，如何調適、如何繼續堅守祭司和先知的角色，成為長老教會的一大挑戰。去年（2004）十二月，即將接任長老教會總幹事的張德謙牧師在長老教會機關報《台灣教會公報》發表了〈顏色之外——展望 2004 年後的長老教會政教關係〉一文，強調教會是「永遠的先知（在野）團體」；而在今年二月扁宋會前夕，長老教會又以總會名義發表了「公義與和平宣言」，堪稱自三大宣言以來最重要的政治性宣言。之所以會發表這樣的宣言，代表基督長老教會的確看到了教會與社會的一些問題——一些足以影響台灣生存與教會發展的問題。長老教會到底是感受到了怎樣的壓力而發表了這樣的宣言？這個宣言對內與對外又具有怎樣的意義？在今年七月新舊任的總幹事即將交接，這是否意味著長老教會政教關係的腳步有再調整的可能？在「綠色光譜」下，長老教會的位置會有怎樣的移動？若長老教會對執政黨的支持度減低了，對於台灣政黨政治的局勢是否會產生衝擊？這些都是本文有意向進行研究的。

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與會人員名單 List of Participants

國內外各大專院校學者專家、政治相關學系學生及民間宗教團體組織約200 人。

國內外各大專院校學者專家、政治相關學系學生

姓名 單位職稱 張宗仁中山大學校長

Juan Cole U. of Michigan，中東和中亞研究專家 Stephen Walt Harvard University，國際結盟專家 Jose Casanova New School University，政教理論專家 Mark Tessler U of Michigan, 北非和中東研究專家

Poon-Kim Shee 文藻外語學院客座教授，東亞和東南亞政治 Shee-Kappelr Ruth

Margrit Lina 文藻外語學院教師

Daniel H. Levine U. of Michigan，天主教、基督教專長

Saiful Mujani Director of Freedom Institute, Indonesia，伊斯蘭政教理論專家

Aris Ananta Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore，伊斯蘭政教理論專家

Stéphane Corcuff 高格孚，法國里昂第二大學政治學院教授(Institute d’Etudes Politiques de Lyon) 游謙慈濟宗教學系，佛教、台灣民俗宗教專長康豹 _{中央研究院近代史研究所副研究員} 廖達琪中山大學政治所教授、台政會會長黃旻華台灣大學政治系助理教授、台政會秘書長吳志中東吳大學政治系助理教授、台政會財務長王業立東海大學政治學系教授、台政會理事吳重禮中正大學政治系教授、台政會理事紀俊臣東海大學政治系教授、台政會理事徐火炎中央研究院政治所研究員、台政會理事盛杏湲政治大學政治系教授、台政會理事

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湯京平中正大學政治系教授、台政會理事黃紀中正大學社科院院長、台政會理事黃秀端東吳大學政治系教授、台政會理事羅致政東吳大學政治系副教授、台政會理事陳文俊輔英人文教育中心教授、台政會監事陳義彥 _{政治大學政治系教授、台政會監事} 劉義周政治大學政治系教授、台政會監事趙星光東海大學宗教研究所副教授兼所長郭承天政治大學政治系，基督教專長黃競涓中山大學政治所副教授 姚朝森 高雄大學政法系副教授 曾國祥中山大學政治所副教授曾怡仁中山大學政治所副教授王群洋中山大學政治所副教授蔡天助實踐高雄校區通識教育分中心助理教授曾安築陸軍官校政治系副教授林佳龍中正大學政治系助理教授劉勝驥政治大學國際關係研究中心研究員林若雩淡江大學東南亞研究所教授兼所長黃默東吳大學政治系教授黃昭堂昭和大學政治系教授黃偉峰中央研究院歐美所副研究員洪永泰臺灣大學政治學系教授

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25 施正鋒淡江大學公共行政學系副教授蔡啟清東海大學政治系教授蔡昌言中正大學政治系助理教授游盈隆民進黨副秘書長游清鑫政治大學選研中心副研究員吳乃德中央研究院社會所副研究員吳釗燮總統府副秘書長王鼎銘成功大學政治系副教授余金樹美和技術學院教授

若林正丈 Professor,Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,College of Arts and Sciences Area Studies Asia Pacific Area Studies

傅恆德東海大學政治系教授鄧中堅政治大學外交系教授田弘華世新大學經濟系助理教授童振源政治大學國關中心劉書彬樹德技術學院通識中心助理教授劉從葦中正大學政治學系助理教授劉淑慧淡江大學公共行政系助理教授李南雄中正大學政治系教授李彩薇嘉義大學通識教育中心講師李酉潭政治大學中山所副教授

林澤民 University of Texas at Austin

林寶安義守大學政學系副教授林景禧雲林縣政府課長梁崇民輔仁大學全人教育中心副教授廖揆祥東吳大學德國文化學系呂建德中正大學社福所高永光政治大學中山所教授郭建中淡江大學大陸研究所副教授耿曙政治大學國關中心助理研究員

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高誓男高雄大學主任秘書黃長玲台灣大學政治系助理教授黃昭弘東吳大學政治系副教授黃錦堂臺灣大學政治學系教授何思因政治大學國際關係研究中心主任江大樹暨南大學公共行政與政策學系教授蔣麗君成功大學政治系助理教授徐振國東吳大學政治系副教授許繼峰中正大學勞工研究所暨勞工關係系副教授謝政道屏東科技大學通識教育中心副教授蕭元哲義守大學公共與管理學系副教授鄭夙芬政治大學選舉研究中心助理研究員張佑宗台灣大學政治系助理教授陳文生高雄大學政治法律系助理教授陳陸輝政治大學選舉研究中心助理研究員陳德禹臺灣大學政治學系教授陳儔美政治大學國關中心副研究員陳淳斌嘉義大學通識中心副教授陳炳楠聯合大學通識教育中心陳世榮中正大學理工學院助理教授陳金貴台北大學公共行政暨政策學系教授陳俊明台北大學公共行政暨政策學系教授宋國誠政治大學國關中心研究員

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27 簡赫琳中山大學政治所博士生孔慶麒中山大學政治所博士生黃肇輝中山大學政治所博士生陳景雲中山大學政治所博士生施少棠中山大學政治所博士生黃鈺淳中山大學政治所博士生劉子昱中山大學政治所碩士生張峻豪中山大學政治所博士生游凱詒中山大學政治所碩士生翁明安中山大學政治學碩士生蔡雨臣中山大學政治所碩士生葉鎮銓中山大學政治所碩士生曹家鳳中山大學政治所碩士生顏建程中山大學政治所碩士生吳立強中山大學政治所碩士生劉志洋中山大學政治所碩士生陳政宏 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 鍾閔諺 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 郭正平 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 劉巧蘭 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 謝建勛 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 丁崑耀 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 廖采吟 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 蔡維心 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 吳政嶸 _{中山大學政治所碩士生} 李惠雯中山大學政治所碩士生邱一峰中山大學政治所碩士生蔡惠芳中山大學政治所碩士生

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許明瑄中山大學政治所碩士生李圭之中山大學政治所碩士生賴妍而中山大學政治所碩士生鄭雅文中山大學政治所碩士生吳珮蒨中山大學政治所碩士生黃馨儀中山大學政治所碩士生吳侑倫中山大學政治所碩士生李韋均中山大學政治所碩士生吳朝聖中山大學政治所碩士生鄭維慶中山大學政治所碩士生林明毅中山大學政治所碩士生陳建廷中山大學政治所碩士生朱元魁中山大學政治所碩士生留英智中山大學政治所碩士生顏欣怡中山大學政治所碩士生賴威宇中山大學政治所碩士生江季剛中山大學政治所碩士生鄭安章中山大學政治所碩專班研究生林長春中山大學政治所碩專班研究生郝心誠中山大學政治所碩專班研究生蔡詳忠中山大學政治所碩專班研究生林清江中山大學政治所碩專班研究生陳肅珍中山大學政治所碩專班研究生

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29 朱燕麗中山大學政治所碩專班研究生羅琍中山大學政治所碩專班研究生何艷堂中山大學政治所碩專班研究生嚴文彬中山大學政治所碩專班研究生羅梅玉中山大學政治所碩專班研究生余偉銘中山大學政治所碩專班研究生許哲霖中山大學政治所碩專班研究生趙東傑中山大學政治所碩專班研究生劉和良中山大學政治所碩專班研究生陳慶順中山大學政治所碩專班研究生連昱程中山大學政治所碩專班研究生林國樑中山大學政治所碩專班研究生羅惠瑩中山大學政治所碩專班研究生邱俊文中山大學政治所碩專班研究生詹淵翔中山大學政治所碩專班研究生郭胤慶中山大學政治所碩專班研究生李大同中山大學政治所碩專班研究生胡中中中山大學中山所碩專班研究生鄭再添中山大學中山所碩專班研究生翁旭樞中山大學中山所碩專班研究生涂雄翔中山大學中山所碩專班研究生郭耀文高雄縣政府警察局交通隊組長許文淵高雄市衛生局人事室股長聶松齡中山大學中山所博士生陳俊昇中山大學政治所博士生陳紹元中山大學政治經濟學系林奕華中山大學中山所碩士生謝碧瑩小港高中教師謝秀英陸軍官校政治系副教授

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陳亞甄中山大學公事所梁潔芬

(Beatrice Leung)

Professor, Department of International Affairs, Wenzao Ursuline College of Languages, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

方嵐萱中山大學大陸所研究生黃豪聖政治大學政治學研究所博士生余家哲中山大學中山所博士生余金樹美和技術學院通識教育中心教授李喬如高雄市議員簡嘉宏遠景基金會國際事務所研究助理林國棟陸官政治系副教授黃婉婷中興大學研究生羅毅君中山大學政治所碩士生武麗芬台北市民族國小教師關秉寅政治大學社會系副教授釋覺承佛光山文化院陳三益台南郵政處理中心專員劉璟薇中山大學中山所碩士生嚴文彬高雄市鼓山區區長、中山大學政治所碩專生劉清芳中山大學政治所碩專生

潘勇志 Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Japan College Student

呂宜勵政治大學政治系碩士生

劉展明中山大學政治所碩專生

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31 施學榮神光普照醫學氣功研究中心趙建中陸軍官校政治系系主任周健中國文化大學史學系副教授王群洋中山大學政治所副教授巫明華高雄房地產開發公司歐欣美高雄房地產開發公司陳銘麟興華國小教師

民間宗教團體組織

負責人 宗教團體名稱 滿意法師高雄普賢寺 堤真壽雄 財團法人中國佛教阿含宗基金會 釋惟覺，釋見康財團法人中台山佛教基金會尾林廣德財團法人中華民國日蓮正宗基金會釋星道財團法人世界宗教博物館發展基金會林釗財團法人台灣日蓮佛教基金會施秀珠（釋覺宗）財團法人地藏悲願基金會陳夏珠財團法人伽耶山基金會聖嚴法師財團法人法鼓山佛教基金會阿底夏.旦增彭措財團法人達賴喇嘛西藏宗教基金會田璧雙財團法人中華民國佛教金剛乘蓮花精舍嚴仲熊財團法人南方寶生佛剎釋星道財團法人靈鷲山佛教基金會邱明亮財團法人萬佛山聖印佛教事業基金會楊銘璋財團法人天中天佛教基金會釋大願（李文達）財團法人慈光山佛教基金會釋妙蓮財團法人靈巖山佛教基金會張益瑞財團法人中國人間淨土功德基金會賴朝明財團法人新生佛教基金會

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鄭家常財團法人基督門徒訓練中心洪英全財團法人中國神召會台灣區議會胡茂生財團法人中華民國基督教視聽聯合會齊彥良財團法人中華基督教行道會劉興民財團法人中華基督教協同會曾紀鴻財團法人中華基督教衛理公會王茂雄財團法人中華福音道路德會張全鋒財團法人世界基督教統一神靈協會廖正行財團法人北部台灣基督長老教會陳勝三財團法人北部台灣基督長老教會台北中會彭志平財團法人台北市基督教台灣貴格會汪群從財團法人台北市基督教校園福音團契克露絲財團法人台北市華亞之聲社中華基督教便以利教會黃國義財團法人台灣中國基督教信義會林元生財團法人台灣基督長老教會宣教基金會陳榮福財團法人台灣基督長老教會原住民宣道會蔡炳火財團法人台灣基督教門諾會賴榮信財團法人台灣聖公會巴漢伯財團法人美南浸信會台北市事務所羅根財團法人美國賓雪法尼亞州守望台聖經書社台灣分社趙民財團法人台灣耶穌基督後期聖徒教會左坤財團法人耶穌基督血水聖靈全備福音佈道團任治平財團法人基督教中國主日學協會

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33 陳典明財團法人基督教路德福音會陳健鐸財團法人基督教漢侯基金會胡子輝財團法人基督復臨安息日會臺灣區會聶文江財團法人臺灣基督教協同會費敦禮財團法人臺灣基督教浸禮聖經會李明安財團法人臺灣基督教道生長老會蘇福履財團法人台灣省中國基督教長老會台灣區會吳永平財團法人基督教耕耘會黃素琦財團法人基督教臺灣福音會吳得坤財團法人台灣基督教神召會許浸吉財團法人台灣省基督教瑪禮遜協會謝明昇財團法人台灣聖教會邱義雄財團法人真耶穌教會台灣總會曾欽堯財團法人基督喜信會劉英祥財團法人真耶穌教會臺灣總會原住民教會吳津銘財團法人中華基督教浸信宣道會聯合會倪道聲財團法人臺灣省美北浸信宣道會黃英財團法人中國平信徒傳道會李佐儀財團法人中華民國臺灣基督教信義會林恭生財團法人台灣基督徒環球佈道團楊明華財團法人台灣基督教救恩會李文榮財團法人基督教中華循理會羅榮光財團法人臺灣基督長老教會林德喜財團法人台灣聖教會總會原住民教會江聰麟財團法人寰宇福音基金會文亮財團法人基督教雅歌基金會王雪紅財團法人基督教中華信望愛基金會安保羅財團法人台灣北區守望台聖經書社彭宜恩財團法人台灣中區守望台聖經書社

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齋藤達夫財團法人台灣南區守望台聖經書社沈介仁財團法人鄉村福音佈道團朱亮光財團法人耶基－臺灣總處黃連成財團法人基督教復臨安息日會台灣原住民教會何正言財團法人天主教方濟各會翟德馨財團法人天主教主徒會劉家正財團法人天主教耶穌會應德耀財團法人天主教博愛基金會狄剛財團法人天主教會台北教區單國璽財團法人天主教會台灣地區主教團金惠財團法人天主教聖本篤女修會廖惠財團法人天主教聖母無原罪傳教女修會杜金換財團法人天主教聖家會文雅德財團法人天主教遣使會蘇嬰珠財團法人台灣省天主教道明傳教修女會鄧秀霞財團法人天主教聖保祿孝女會李碧圓財團法人天主教瑪利亞方濟各傳教女修會劉超南財團法人天主教聖母聖心修女會柯博識財團法人天主教聖言會歐天樂財團法人天主教味增爵會李雅娟財團法人天主教聖母無原罪方濟傳教修女會單國璽財團法人天主教會高雄教區黃金昆財團法人中華道明會

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35 柯焜玉財團法人一貫道寶光紹興崇華聖道基金會曾迺碩財團法人軒轅教李子弋財團法人天帝教張修明財團法人中國天理教總會許龍夫財團法人天理教台北市心勇教會劉鍚銘財團法人真光教團臺灣總會基金會于秀美財團法人彌勒大道總會基金會林慶典財團法人天濟聖道基金會張麗堂財團法人紅卍字會臺灣道慈事業發展基金會李惠蘭財團法人天主教台灣省國籍主顧傳教修女會白麗雪財團法人天主教德來會郭純財團法人天主教聖母痛苦方濟傳教修女會鄧燊昌財團法人天主教救主會陳滿枝財團法人天主教耶穌聖心修女會成亮財團法人基督教中華協力會劉振忠財團法人天主教會嘉義教區蔡來儀財團法人基督教會台灣宣道長老會總會錢志純財團法人天主教會花蓮教區林寶屏財團法人北部台灣基督長老教會東部中會曾政忠財團法人台灣省中華基督教信義會劉獻堂財團法人台灣省天主教會新竹教區蘇鄭瓊璜財團法人北部台灣基督長老教會新竹中會王愈榮財團法人天主教會台中教區威廉遜財團法人台灣省國際宣教會白明道財團法人基督教神召會福音傳播協會梁德勝財團法人天主教耀漢小兄會張貴生財團法人中華基督教福音浸信會武忠森財團法人中華基督教台中浸信會和加迪財團法人天主教聖道明瑪利諾女修會

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馬大衛財團法人台灣省基督教宣道福音會總會黃昆龍財團法人嘉義教會聚會所鄭再發財團法人天主教會台南教區饒孝楫財團法人台灣省台南基督教美意會李士宏財團法人中華基督教復興會總會金清山財團法人台灣省山地基督長老教會江茂松財團法人中華基督教福音信義會洪溫柔財團法人台灣省基督長老教會加利利宣教中心杜勇雄財團法人天主教會高雄教區山地教會蔡碧蘭財團法人天主教聖心基金會邱垂港財團法人台灣省台中聖賢堂柯富章財團法人台灣省台中樂成宮曾蔡美佐財團法人北港朝天宮林泉財團法人道教發展基金會汪炳榮財團法人天恩彌勒佛院莊清旺財團法人台灣省基隆市靈泉禪寺

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發言條 Speaking Request Form

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(If you would like to speak at the conference, please fill out this form and submit to registration table.)

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