୯ҥᆵύ௲ػεᏢኧᏢ௲ػᏢس!
ӧᙍঅ௲ᏢᅺγᏢՏᅺγᏢՏፕЎ!
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ࡰᏤ௲ǺϺᆢ!റγ!
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၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬᆶᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍ!
ӧఊय़ᑈཷۺკϐບᘐϩ!
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!!
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !ࣴزғǺЦᜩૠ!ኗ!
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ύ!!҇!୯!ΐ!Μ!Ζ!ԃ!Ϥ!Д!
ᄔ ा
ҁࣴزԑӧᔈҔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤ(IRS)ᆶ LFT-extended ϩݤǴບᘐόӕભ ୯λᏢғޑఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬǶаᆵύѱࢌ୯λٿϤԃભᏢูࣁࣴزჹຝǴࡼෳࡕǴ ᙖҗ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤٰᕇளӚᏢғӧఊय़ᑈཷۺ၂ᚒϐ໘ቫ่ᄬკǹ٠ၮҔ LFT-extendedำԄՉ၂ᚒޑ໘ቫ่ᄬკᆶৎޕ่ᄬკКჹπբǴӕਔΞीᆉډၲ ࡋ(reachability measure)Ϸৡ౦ࡋ(discrepancy index)ǴᙖаΑှӚޕ่ᄬკϐᜪ՟ำ ࡋǴ٠ගٮံ௱௲ᏢޑჴࡼׇǶਥᏵࣴزޑ่݀ǴᕇளаΠޑ่ፕǺ ǵόӕભᏢғӧόӕఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკǴӸӧόӕޑৡ౦Ƕ Βǵ٩Ᏽ LFT-extended ำԄϩډၲࡋϐ่݀Ǻ ()ಃᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკȨ٬ҔఊϦԄఊय़ᑈȩǴΌᓬܭ ҘǶ (Β)ಃΒᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკȨஒఊय़ᑈϪപԋٿঁΟفǴఊ य़ᑈȩǴΌᓬܭҘǶ (Ο)ಃΟᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკȨஒఊय़ᑈϪപԋΟفکѳՉѤᜐ Ǵఊय़ᑈȩǴҘᓬܭΌǶ (Ѥ)ಃѤᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკȨϪപఊԋѳՉѤᜐǴఊय़ᑈ ȩǴΌᓬܭҘǶ (ϖ)ಃϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკȨஒٿӄఊԋѳՉѤᜐǴఊ य़ᑈȩǴҘᓬܭΌǶ (Ϥ)ᡏٰ࣮ǴΌᏢูޑޕ่ᄬკၨௗ߈ৎޕ่ᄬკǶ Οǵ٩Ᏽ LFT-extended ำԄϩৡ౦ࡋϐ่݀ǴόӕભᏢғჴࡼံ௱௲ᏢޑᓬӃ ၡ৩ҭόӕǶ ҁࣴزϐ่݀ᆶวǴԖշܭ௲ᏢޣᕕှᏢูϐఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკǴ٠ਥᏵ Ԝ่݀ගрऩυࡌǴаբࣁ௲ᏢޣϷ҂ٰࣴزϐୖԵǶ ᜢᗖຒǺޕ่ᄬǵ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤǵᘉкᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍݤ
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to apply the item relation structure analysis (IRS) and
LFT-extended analysis to diagnose sixth graders’ concept structures of trapezoid area.Two
classes of sixth graders in Taichung County participated in this study. After testing, the
researcher obtained the examinees’ graphs of concept structures on “trapezoid area” by using
item relation structure analysis.Then,the researcher made a contrast between the examinees’
graphs of the test and those of the experts’, and calculated the examinees’ reachability
measure and the discrepancy index to understand the similarity of concept structures graphs
among different classes so that to provide them the suitable remedial instructions. According
to the result of this research, it obtains the following conclusions:
1. The students who are in the different classes have the diverse situations in each kind
of different knowledge structure of trapezoid area concept.
2. According to the analysis of reachability measureǺ
(1) In the first kind of knowledge structure of trapezoid area concept ”using
trapezoid area formula to calculate the trapezoid area”, class B is better than
class A.
(2) In the second of knowledge structure of trapezoid area concept ”dividing the
trapezoid area into two triangles to calculate the trapezoid area”, class B is
better than class A.
(3) In the third of knowledge structure of trapezoid area concept ”dividing the
trapezoid area into the triangle and the parallelogram to calculate the trapezoidal
area”, class A is better than class B.
(4) In the fourth of knowledge structure of trapezoid area concept ”dividing the
trapezoid area”, class B is better than class A.
(5) In the fifth of knowledge structure of trapezoid area concept “combining the
same trapezoid to become a parallelogram and calculate the trapezoid area”,
class A is better than class B.
(6) Overall, the knowledge structure of the class B is more likely closer to the
expert’s knowledge structure.
3. According to the analysis of the largest difference measure, there are different
priority path of remedial instruction by different class.
The results and findings of this research are beneficial for teachers to understand the
students’ knowledge structure of trapezoid area concept. According to this result, there are
some suggestions for the reference of instructor and future researches.
Key wordsǺKnowledge Structure, Item Relational Structure Analysis, Extended Logical Flow Text
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ಃക ᆣፕ... 1 ಃ ࣴزᐒᆶҞޑ... 1 ಃΒ ࡑเୢᚒ... 3 ಃΟ Ӝຒۓက... 4 ಃѤ ࣴزጄൎᆶज़ڋ... 5 ಃΒക Ў... 7 ಃ ٽูय़ᑈཷۺᇡޕวϷ࣬ᜢࣴز... 7 ಃΒ ఊय़ᑈཷۺ... 18 ಃΟ ୯ϣኧᏢፐำྗϐय़ᑈፐำϷ௲ϩ... 21 ಃѤ ޕ่ᄬ... 30 ಃϖ ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤ... 35 ಃϤ ᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍϩݤ... 44 ಃΟക ࣴزБݤᆶᡯ... 47 ಃ ࣴزࢎᄬ... 47 ಃΒ ࣴزჹຝ... 47 ಃΟ ࣴزπڀ... 48 ಃѤ ࣴزࢬำ... 54 ಃϖ ၗೀᆶϩ... 55 ಃѤക ࣴز่݀ᆶϩ... 57 ಃ ၂ᚒ܄፦ϩ... 57 ಃΒ ᛤᇙόӕભᏢғఊय़ᑈཷۺϐ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ... 61 ಃΟ όӕભᏢูޕ่ᄬკᆶৎޕ่ᄬკϐډၲࡋ... 75 ಃѤ όӕભᏢูޕ่ᄬკᆶৎޕ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ... 81ಃϖക ่ፕᆶࡌ... 91 ಃ ่ፕ... 91 ಃΒ ࡌ... 95 ୖԵЎ... 97 ǵύЎҽ... 97 ΒǵՋЎҽ... 101 ΟǵВЎҽ... 102 ߕᒵ ୯λϤԃભᏢูኧᏢሦୱఊय़ᑈཷۺԾጓෳᡍ... 103 ߕᒵΒ ၂ᚒᔠਡ߄... 110 ߕᒵΟ ୯λᏢูఊय़ᑈཷۺෳᡍৎਏࡋፓୢڔ...111
߄ Ҟ ᒵ
߄ 2-1 Ꮲูय़ᑈࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ ... 15 ߄ 2-2 य़ᑈཷۺ(ໆཷۺ)ᇡޕวԋޑϖঁ໘ࢤ... 22 ߄ 2-3 82 ԃހኧᏢࣽޑȨय़ᑈȩ௲ᆜा ... 24 ߄ 2-4 ኧᏢሦୱໆᆶჴෳȨय़ᑈȩ௲ϐૈΚࡰ ... 26 ߄ 2-5 ΐԃೣኧᏢሦୱय़ᑈཷۺ࣬ᜢϐϩԃಒҞ ... 27 ߄ 2-6 82 ԃހᆶΐԃೣፐำय़ᑈ௲ϐৡ౦ ... 29 ߄ 2-7 Їрޕ่ᄬϐБݤ ... 30 ߄ 2-8 ߄ቻޕ่ᄬϐБݤ ... 32 ߄ 2-9 ຑໆޕ่ᄬϐБݤ ... 33 ߄ 2-10-A AಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸ... 35 ߄ 2-10-B BಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸ... 35 ߄ 2-11-A AಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸᙁ߄... 36 ߄ 2-11-B BಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸᙁ߄ ... 36 ߄ 2-12-A AಔᏢғளϩ௨ׇ߄... 36 ߄ 2-12-B BಔᏢғளϩ௨ׇ߄... 36 ߄ 2-13-A AಔᏢғSɡP߄ ... 37 ߄ 2-13-B BಔᏢғSɡP߄ ... 37 ߄ 2-14 ၂ᚒׇ߯ኧ ... 40 ߄ 2-15 ၂ᚒׇ 0-1 ߄ ... 41 ߄ 2-16 ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬޑҔჹຝ ... 44 ߄ 3-1 ఊय़ᑈཷۺෳᡍ၂ᚒϐᚈӛಒҞ߄ ... 50 ߄ 3-2 ఊय़ᑈཷۺηཷۺϷԛཷۺ၂ᚒϐᚈӛಒҞ߄ ... 51 ߄ 3-3 Ⴃ၂၂ᚒϩᕴ߄ ... 53߄ 4-1 Ҙ၂ᚒϩᕴ߄ ... 59 ߄ 4-2 Ό၂ᚒϩᕴ߄ ... 60 ߄ 4-3 Ӛཷۺᗺޑж߄၂ᚒϷڗ،ྗ ... 61 ߄ 4-4 Ҙಃᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 62 ߄ 4-5 Όಃᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 64 ߄ 4-6 ҘಃΒᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 65 ߄ 4-7 ΌಃΒᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 66 ߄ 4-8 ҘಃΟᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 68 ߄ 4-9 ΌಃΟᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 69 ߄ 4-10 ҘಃѤᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 70 ߄ 4-11 ΌಃѤᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ... 72 ߄ 4-12 Ҙಃϖᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 73 ߄ 4-13 Όಃϖᅿཷۺ่ᄬკϐ၂ᚒเჹ ... 74 ߄ 4-14 όӕભᏢูఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკډၲࡋϩ ... 80 ߄ 4-15 Ҙಃᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 81 ߄ 4-16 Όಃᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 82 ߄ 4-17 ҘಃΒᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 83 ߄ 4-18 ΌಃΒᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 84 ߄ 4-19 ҘಃΟᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 85 ߄ 4-20 ΌಃΟᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 86 ߄ 4-21 ҘಃѤᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 87 ߄ 4-22 ΌಃѤᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 88 ߄ 4-23 Ҙಃϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 89 ߄ 4-24 Όಃϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 90
߄ 5-1 Ӛϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐډၲࡋ ... 93 ߄ 5-2 Ӛϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋ ... 94
კ Ҟ ᒵ
კ 2-1 ФӞޑय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺჴᡍ ... 10 კ 2-2 კٯᇥܴ୷ҁय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ ... 10 კ 2-3 კٯᇥܴϕံय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ ... 11 კ 2-4 კٯᇥܴ୷ҁय़ᑈෳໆཷۺ ... 12 კ 2-5 ᠄ݤय़ᑈෳໆཷۺჴᡍ ... 13 კ 2-6 ൂՏෳໆݤय़ᑈෳໆཷۺჴᡍ ... 14 კ 2-7 კٯᇥܴᗺኧࢲ ... 19 კ 2-8-A Aಔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ ... 38 კ 2-8-B Bಔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ... 38 კ 2-9 ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკϐᙁϯ ... 42 კ 3-1 ࣴزࢎᄬკ ... 47 კ 3-2 ఊय़ᑈཷۺკ ... 49 კ 3-3 ࣴزࢬำკ ... 54 კ 4-1 Ҙಃᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 62 კ 4-2 Όಃᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 63 კ 4-3 ҘಃΒᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 65 კ 4-4 ΌಃΒᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 66 კ 4-5 ҘಃΟᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 67 კ 4-6 ΌಃΟᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 69 კ 4-7 ҘಃѤᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 70 კ 4-8 ΌಃѤᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 71 კ 4-9 Ҙಃϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 72 კ 4-10 Όಃϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ ... 73კ 4-11 ಃᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺϐৎ่ᄬკ... 75
კ 4-12 ಃΒᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺϐৎ่ᄬკ ... 76
კ 4-13 ಃΟఊय़ᑈᅿཷۺϐৎ่ᄬკ ... 77
კ 4-14 ಃѤᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺϐৎ่ᄬკ ... 78
ಃക ᆣፕ
ȨຑໆȩനεޑфૈࢂӧวᏢಞБय़ޑલѨǴаߡՉံ௱௲ᏢǴܭ௲Ꮲࢲ ่״ࡕǴ௲ৣࢂၸԋ܄ޑຑໆٰᔠຎᏢูޑᏢಞԋਏǴϩᏢғޑᏢಞୢᚒǶ ӢԜǴԖਏǵϪޑ௲ᏢຑໆǴаϷֹޑບᘐኳԄǴёаڐշ௲ৣᕇள࣬ᜢૻ৲Ǵᕕ ှᏢғޑޕ่ᄬǴаߡբޑບᘐǶҁࣴزճҔҽၸᝄᙣጓᇙำׇޑఊय़ᑈ ཷۺ၂ᚒǴՉࡼෳࡕԶᕇளޑၗǴၸ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩаϷᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍϩݤ (ᙁᆀ LFT-extended)ǴٰϩόӕભᏢูޑբเϸᔈǴບᘐᏢғޑࡘཷۺǴפрံ ௱௲ᏢޑᓬӃׇǶࣁၲԋԜҞޑǴҁകϩࣁѤǺȨࣴزᐒᆶҞޑǵࡑเୢᚒǵ Ӝຒှញǵࣴزጄൎᆶज़ڋȩǴٰуаᇥܴǶಃ ࣴزᐒᆶҞޑ
ǵࣴزᐒ य़ᑈࢂ߄Ңঁ࠾ഈԔጕϣѳय़ୱޑελǴӧ୯λኧᏢሦୱ߯ឦܭȨໆᆶჴෳȩ ޑጄൎǴӧ୯λፐำύय़ᑈ௲՞Ԗ࣬εޑКख़ǴࢂᏢғӧВதғࢲύதௗډޑ ᡍǶฅԶǴ௲ৣჹܭय़ᑈཷۺޑ௲ᏢϣதࢂୃሥόӄǴၸࡋख़ӧ҅БǵߏБ ǵѳՉѤᜐǵఊǵ༝ೕ߾კޑय़ᑈϦԄᏫᆶीᆉǴ২ԖዕግޑמѯᆶᔈҔ (ഋ㼮ຽǴ1996ǹֆቺٖǴ1997)ǶҗܭᏢғ҂ૈ҅Αှ܈ࢂό٬Ҕय़ᑈϦԄǴԋ ཷۺޑషౄǴККࣣࢂǶԖϼӭޑٯηᡉҢय़ᑈ௲ᏢޑѨ௳ǴᏢғჹय़ᑈཷۺޑགѝ ଶ੮ೱՍϦԄޑᏫǴԿܭय़ᑈ܌ж߄ޑཀကǴόӕय़ᑈϦԄ໔ޑᜢᖄ܄Ǵ۳۳ԋ ࣁ۹ౣޑϩǴᏤठय़ᑈཷۺޑࡘԶቹៜВࡕޑᏢಞ(ჱ։Ǵ1995)Ƕӭࣴزว ΑᏢғޑЬाࡘཷۺǴхࡴ 1.όΑှय़ᑈϦԄǹ2.લЮय़ᑈൂՏໆޑඓඝǹ3.य़ᑈᆶ ڬߏޑషౄǹ4.ჹय़ᑈޑှࡌҥӧຎޑޕǴԶόࢂӧᙟᇂޑࢲ(ჱ։Ǵ1998 ǹᔎࡹӓǴ2001ǹЦᒧวǴ1998ǹBaturo ȿ Nason, 1996ǹLynne ȿ Michael, 2000ǹOuthredȿ Mitchelmore, 2000 )ǶҗԜёޕǴय़ᑈ௲ӧ୯λኧᏢ௲Ꮲޑख़ा܄ǴӢԜҁࣴزஒ ଞჹٽูఊय़ᑈཷۺՉزǶ
Kopp & Vardever(1979)ޑࣴزࡰрճҔᒱᇤϩ܌ளޑૻ৲ǴٰՉ௲ᏢǴᏢғޑ ԋᕮԖܴᡉޑǶϩᏢғᒱᇤᜪࠠၸำჹᏢғаϷ௲ᏢޣԖࡐεᔅշǴၸᒱ ᇤᜪࠠޑϩǴ௲ৣёаวᏢғᏢಞ֚ᜤϐೀǶᅞ(1992)ҭࡰрǺȨᒱᇤౢғޑ ӕਔǴΨബঁཥޑᏢಞᐒǴ೭ঁᐒࢂߚதԖཀကޑǶӢࣁჹᏢғԶقǴૈว ᒱᇤǴ٠ЪѐᕕှᒱᇤǴωૈᗉխᒱᇤޑӆԛวғǹჹ௲ᏢޣԶقǴஒᏢูёૈวғ ޑᒱᇤǴբࣁ௲Ꮲीޑ٩ᏵǴёаႣٛᏢูԋӕኬޑᒱᇤǴӢԜҗϩԶளޑૻ ৲ԖځӸӧޑሽॶ܄Ƕȩ ӧ௲ᏢύǴ௲ৣදၹ௦ҔરෳᡍٰΑှᏢғᏢಞޑ߄ǴаঁΓளϩ܈ޣ ભѳ֡ϩኧٰፕᘐᏢғᏢಞޑԋਏǴԜᅿБԄᗨࢂᙁߡǴฅԶࠅࢂӸӧӭୢᚒǶӧѝ ԖঁྗเਢޑݩΠǴᏢғเᚒᒱᇤਔǴ௲ৣคݤவύΑှᏢғှᚒޑᐕำǴջ ٬Ꮲғޑᕴϩ࣬ӕǴځբเϸᔈಔࠠёૈԖόӕޑຝǴٗሶ܌ևޑޕ่ᄬҭόӕ ǴऩૈуаϩᏢғޑޕ่ᄬǴ൩ёᕕှ׳ӭᏢғޑᏢಞރݩаϷᏢಞ߄Ƕ ВҁᏢޣԮك၈(1980)ׯؼԛׇፕޑલᗺǴԶගр၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬǴ٠ჴሞၮҔӧ ௲ػޑࣴزǴၸЎޑࣴز่݀ǴܴΑԜ၂ᚒϩБݤޑфૈ܄ϷځᗺǶࣗԿВ ҁኧᏢ௲ػᏢ׳ᔈҔኳጋፕ(fuzzy theory)ܭ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬ၂ᚒϩǴᡉҢ၀ፕ ሥڙख़ຎ٠ڀว܄(Ԯك၈, 1991)ǶҗܭᏢูޑኧᏢޕڀԖԛׇ܄ޑ໘ቫ่ᄬǴࡺԜ ፕёҔٰϩኧᏢ၂ᚒޑ໘ቫ่ᄬǶԮك၈ǵЕ(1997)ගрᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍϩ ݤ(Logical Flow Test Analysis MethodǹᙁᆀࣁLFTϩݤ)Ǵᙖҗ࣬ჹᔈޑٿঁഗᗺ܌ ԋޑೱ่ᜢٰ߯ෳໆόӕޑᡄᒠࢬໆკ(Logical Flow GraphǹᙁᆀࣁLFG)ϐ໔ޑৡ౦Ǵ ԜϩݤёҔٰຑሽޕ่ᄬკǶӧ୯ϣޑࣴزБय़Ǵླྀذॳ(2003)ճҔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬ ϩݤǴٰ୯λϖǵϤԃભၗᓬғఊय़ᑈޑཷۺ่ᄬǴќѦǴഋᅽ҅(2007)ᙖҗ ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤǴᕕှ୯λϤԃભᏢғӧఊय़ᑈཷۺკޑཷۺ่ᄬǶ
୯ϣࣴزჹܭᏢูఊय़ᑈޑزεӭճҔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤࣁЬǴࡺҁࣴزጓ ᇙҽఊय़ᑈཷۺບᘐෳᡍǴаఊय़ᑈόӕཷۺ่ᄬკࣁࣴزख़ᗺǴନΑၸ၂ᚒ ᜢᖄ่ᄬϩǴٰᛤᇙᏢғཷۺ่ᄬკǴ٠ၮҔڑᐋኬ(2005)LFT-extended ϩำԄ ǴКၨৎᆶᏢғཷۺ่ᄬޑ໘ቫ܄Ǵीᆉځډၲࡋکৡ౦ࡋǴפрჹᏢғံ௱ ௲ᏢޑᓬӃၡ৩Ǵයٮ௲ৣՉԖਏޑံ௱௲ᏢፐำǶ ΒǵࣴزҞޑ ҁࣴزԑӧ่ӝ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬᆶᘉкᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍǴ୯λϤԃભᏢูӧఊय़ ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკǴ٠ᆶৎཷۺ่ᄬკКၨǴפрჹᏢғՉံ௱௲ᏢޑᓬӃׇǶ୷ ܭॊǴҁࣴزޑҞޑӈӵΠǺ ()ၸ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩᛤᇙ୯λϤԃભᏢғఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკǶ (Β)ၮҔᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍϩݤǴीᆉόӕભᏢูӧఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკ่ᄬკᆶ ৎཷۺ่ᄬკϐډၲࡋǶ (Ο)ၮҔᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍϩݤǴीᆉόӕભᏢูӧఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკᆶৎཷ ۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋǴ٠ගрჴࡼံ௱௲ᏢϐᓬӃׇǶ
ಃΒ ࡑเୢᚒ
ҁࣴزਥᏵॊࣴزҞޑගраΠࡑเୢᚒǺ ()ၮҔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩ೬ᡏǴᛤрٿঁભᏢғӧఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკϩձࣁ Ֆǻ (Β)ၸ LFT-extended program ำԄǴीᆉόӕભᏢูӧఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკᆶ ৎཷۺ่ᄬკϐډၲࡋࣁՖǻ (Ο)ၸ LFT-extended program ำԄǴीᆉόӕભᏢูӧఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკᆶ ৎཷۺ่ᄬკϐৡ౦ࡋࣁՖǴ٠ϩჴࡼံ௱௲ᏢޑᓬӃၡ৩ǻಃΟ Ӝຒۓက
൩ҁࣴزύ܌٬Ҕޑख़ाӜຒǴϩձᇥܴϷࣚۓӵΠǺ ǵ୯λϤԃભᏢғ ҁࣴز୯λϤԃભᏢғࡰޑࢂΐΜΎᏢԃࡋௗڙΐԃೣፐำϐѠύѱࢌ୯ λٿঁભϤԃભᏢғǴځύ٠όхࡴਸભᏢғǶ Βǵఊय़ᑈ ၸϪപǵǵӝԋǵፄᇙౣٰࡌᄬఊय़ᑈϦԄǴҁࣴزϖᅿఊय़ᑈ ཷۺკीЬືӵΠ: ()ճҔఊϦԄय़ᑈǶ (Β)ճҔϪപԋٿঁΟفय़ᑈǶ (Ο)ճҔϪപԋΟفᆶѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈǶ (Ѥ)ճҔϪപԋѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈǶ (ϖ)ճҔӄఊѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈǶ Οǵޕ่ᄬ ޕ่ᄬ(Knowledge Structure)ࡰᏢಞޣၸϣӧᇡޕᐕำǴஒኧঁཷۺಔӝ ࡕ܌ԋޑಔᙃ่ᄬ(ऍࣰǴ2004)ǶѤǵ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩ(Item relational structure analysisǹIRS)
ВҁᏢޣԮك၈ठΚׯؼԛׇፕޑલᗺǴ٠ܭ 1980 ԃว߄Ȩ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬ ϩݤȩǴаෳᡍ၂ᚒޑ่݀ǴᇙԋڀԖࡰӛ܄ޑკ่ᄬǴٰϩ၂ᚒޑ܄Ƕ ϖǵᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍीϩ(Logical Flow TestǹLFT)
җВҁᏢޣԮك၈ǵЕ(1997)ගрǶԶ୯ϣᏢޣϷࣴزޣ(Ϻᆢǵचᙦ ᄪǵڑᐋኬǴ҇ 93)ଞჹ LFT ޑόӝຝǴуаׯԶวрཥԄीϩፕǴᆀ ࣁ LFT-extendedǶ
ಃѤ ࣴزጄൎᆶज़ڋ
ǵҁࣴزԵໆΓΚǵނΚǵਔ໔ϐज़ڋǴӢԜڙ၂ኬҁज़ܭѠύѱࢌ୯λϤԃભ ᏢูǶ Βǵҁࣴزጄൎज़ܭڙ၂ભޑჴሞᏢಞރݩǴ่݀όەፕځдᏢਠ܈ࢂભǴ ٮࣴزޣ܈ࢂ၀௲ৣՉఊय़ᑈཷۺ௲ᏢਔޑୖԵǶ Οǵҁࣴزጄൎज़ܭບᘐᏢูϐఊय़ᑈཷۺ่ᄬკǴࣴز่݀ҭόەፕځдൂϡ ܈ЬᚒǶಃΒക Ў
ҁࣴزၸጓᇙޑఊय़ᑈཷۺෳᡍǴٰຑໆڙ၂ޣӧఊय़ᑈޑᏢಞǴ٠ᕕ ှ୯λϤԃભᏢูӧఊय़ᑈޑཷۺ่ᄬǶҁകϩԋϤǴ२Ӄٽูय़ᑈཷۺᇡޕ วϷ࣬ᜢࣴزǴځԛࣁఊय़ᑈཷۺаϷ୯λय़ᑈፐำϷ௲ϩǹฅࡕޕ่ ᄬǹനࡕϟಏ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬᆶᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍፕǶಃ ٽูय़ᑈཷۺᇡޕวϷ࣬ᜢࣴز
ҁଞჹ୯ϣѦࣴزԖᜢय़ᑈޑۓကǵय़ᑈཷۺวǵᏢูय़ᑈࡘཷۺуаز ௶ॊӵΠǺ ǵय़ᑈۓက 1982ԃрހޑȠѴྰኧᏢεᜏڂȡύࡰрǺȨय़ᑈ߯ΒᆢԔय़Ǵ܈ځϐୱǴ ܈ѳय़ୱϐελޑෳࡋǴջаᅿଷۓൂՏϐय़Ǵ߄ҢҺՖ߄य़܌ϐᑈǶໆࡋय़ ᑈൂՏ೯தࣁ҅БǴځᜐϐߏջࣁໆޔጕϐൂՏǶȩ ቺ୯ኧᏢৎVon LeibnizჹԖय़ᑈޑკୱΠޑۓကǺȨԖय़ᑈޑკୱࢂҗጕࢤ ԋޑǴጕࢤࢂڀԖߏࡋؒԖቨࡋޑǴӵ݀ஒคज़ӭጕࢤԋଆٰǴߡԋࣁঁԖय़ᑈޑ ୱǶȩഋ㼮ຽଞჹԜۓကှញǺȨచԖڰۓߏࡋޑጕࢤ܈ԔጕǴ܌рٰޑ ࠾ഈୱёаჹᔈډঁೱុޑໆǴᆀࣁय़ᑈ(ഋ㼮ຽǴ1998)Ƕȩ ჱ։(1998)ࡰрय़ᑈࡰޑࢂࢌ࠾ഈΒᆢୱޑελǴӕਔҭ߄ҢჹԜࢌ ۓୱޑᙟᇂำࡋǴཀջᙟᇂय़ޑελǶ೭ኬޑᙟᇂࢲǴѸڀഢΠӈٿঁѸाచ ҹǺ1ǵय़ᑈࢂԖڬࣚޑǴԖጄൎޑǴࡺᙟᇂނόૈຬၸ๏ۓޑᜐࣚǶ2ǵय़ᑈࢂவᆢ ډΒᆢඔޑ่݀Ǵࡺᙟᇂނࢂόૈख़᠄ޑ(୯ҥጓᓔኧᏢ௲ᏢࡰЇಃϖнǴ1999)Ƕ ٯӵǺߐёҔѤൔરᇂᅈ܈ਫηёҔϤҁፐҁᇂᅈǴ߾߄Ңߐޑय़ᑈԖѤൔરӝଆ ٰ೭ሶεǴԶਫηޑय़ᑈ߾ԖϤҁፐҁӝଆٰ೭ሶεǶᆕӝॊޑۓကǴय़ᑈࡰޑࢂӧѳय़җޔጕ܈Ԕጕ܌ൎԋ࠾ഈୱޑελǴҭջ ࢂԖᜐࣚǵԖጄൎЪࣁ࠾ഈკϣୱޑελǴၸঁձൂՏѳय़ޑᙟᇂᆶᗺኧаඔ ॊځ܌՞ԖޑໆǶ Βǵय़ᑈཷۺว ჱ։(1995)ࡰрதஒय़ᑈᏢಞޑख़ᗺܫӧკޑᒣᇡǴ܈ϩှᆶӝԋǴࡑ ރዴᇡࡕջᒧҔനܜຝޑࠠԄɡҭջόӕޑϦԄीᆉаှǴࡺᇤᇡࣁय़ᑈឦܭკ ᆶޜ໔ޑሦୱǴԶ۹ౣय़ᑈឦܭෳໆޑҁ፦ɡໆགޑᎦϷໆཷۺޑࡌҥǶ٣ჴǴय़ ᑈཷۺޑวவय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺޑԋډय़ᑈෳໆཷۺϷय़ᑈෳཷۺޑࡌҥࢂว ǴԶෳໆཷۺѸӧڀԖߥ੮ཷۺࡕӆՉ௲ᏢωԖཀကǶय़ᑈཷۺх֖ΟঁϩǴ аΠ൩य़ᑈޑߥ੮ཷۺǵෳໆཷۺᆶෳཷۺϩॊϐǶ ()य़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ ߥ੮ཷۺࢂྷγЈᏢৎҜ٥ണӧᇡޕૈΚวፕύ܌ගрޑख़ाཷۺǴӧ ٽูޑᇡޕၸำύǴᕕှ٣ނޑࢌ٤ឦ܄ׯᡂਔǴځдޑឦ܄ϝߥόᡂǶߥ੮ ཷۺࢂᅿᏢಞຝǴჹٽูԶقࢂᅿٽูаԾךࣁύЈޑ߄Ǵ೭ᅿ߄ࢂٽ ูတύགྷݤޑԾฅ(ߎដǴ1997)ǶԶჱ։(1997)ࡰрߥ੮ཷۺࡰޑࢂٽู य़ჹނᡏޑࢌᅿᙯඤǴӵՏޑ౽ǵБӛޑᙯǵރޑϪപᡂࢲǴૈᕕ ှځচԖ፦ߥ੮όᡂޑᇡޕૈΚǴӵय़ᑈޑελόӢϪപࡕԖ܌ׯᡂǶߥ੮ཷۺ ޑวࢂόᘐԋߏޑᐕำǴሡҗӭԛޑᡍಕᑈࡌҥԋޑǶߥ੮ۺޑวࢂଆ ྍܭགբයޑނᡏࡡӸ(object permanence)ཷۺޑǴډڀᡏၮࡘයऊΎྃѰѓ ໒ۈ߄рٰ(ጰࡾऍǴ1892)Ƕय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺΞёх֖ΒঁόӕޑቫԛǺ 1ǵ୷ҁय़ᑈߥ੮ Ԝቫԛж߄ҺՖ࠾ഈጄൎϣय़ޑελόӢՏׯᡂԶόӕǴΨόӢࣁѳ ౽܈ᙯࢲԶԖ܌ׯᡂǴӵ ک ᗨฅБӛόӕǴՠय़ᑈελόӢԶ ׯᡂǶӵঁ҅Б ࣁӝԋკǴࢂҗٿঁΟفಔӝԶԋǴஒځύ
ঁΟف౽ԋঁεΟف! ! ! ! ǴԜਔ! ! ک! ! ! य़ᑈϝฅ࣬Ǵ ٿޣय़ᑈόӢࣁѳ౽܈ᙯࢲԖ܌ׯᡂǶΞӵஒ༝ϩԋѤҽࡕǴஒځύ ᙌᙯӵǺ! ! ! ! Æ ǴԜਔٿკѦᢀᗨᄒฅόӕǴՠځय़ᑈࠅؒԖ ׯᡂ(ჱ։Ǵ1995)Ƕ
Piaget,Inhelder & Szemillska (1960)ࣁࣴزٽูޑय़ᑈ୷ҁߥ੮ཷۺǴමी ΑٿঁӜޑჴᡍǺФӞޑჴᡍک൳ՖკޑჴᡍǶಃঁȨФӞȩޑჴᡍ (ӵკ 2-1)ǺԜჴᡍࢂӧٽูय़ܫٿӚ 20cm × 30cm ޑᆘՅર݈аж߄ށ ޑӦǴٽูё᠄ӝКჹǴаዴۓٿ༧ર݈ࢂኬεޑǴฅࡕӧΒર݈Ӛܫ ވڀФǴୢٽู೭ٿᓐФૈӞޑᆘࢂցኬӭǴٽูӣเȨࢂȩϐࡕǴЬ၂ޣ ນٽูǴӦޑၭϻЬΓाӧӦᇂ܊ηǴ܊ηа 1cm×1cm ޑЕᓐኳࠠ ж߄ǴЬ၂ޣܫ໔܊ηܭځύ༧ӦਔǴٽูࣣӣเӧؒԖ܊ηޑӦޑ ФԖၨӭޑёаӞǹௗஒќঁֹӄ࣬ӕޑЕࡂኳࠠܫӧќӦǴ߾ٽ ูӣเٿᓐФӞޑᡂԋኬӭΑǶႽ೭ኬǴЬ၂ޣעλЕࡂޑኧҞӧٿ༧ ӦԋჹޑᄌᄌޑቚуǴ٠ϸᙟ၌ୢФӞޑࢂցኬӭǴ܌όӕޑࢂǺಃ༧ ӦޑλЕࡂࢂᆙஏ௨ӈǴಃΒ༧ޑλЕࡂࢂϩණܫ(ӵკ 2-1)ǴԜਔԖ ϩٽูڙډᆙஏ௨ӈᆶϩණܫޑቹៜǴᇡࣁЕࡂϩණܫޑٗᜐФёаӞޑ ӦᡂϿΑǶԜჴᡍҜ٥ണޑҞޑӧᢀჸٽูவՖਔܫకȨໆ෧ໆǴ่݀ ࣬ȩޑཷۺǴԶۙܺܭޕࠠᄊޑᇨൽǶځჴᡍ่݀วǺϖྃаΠόڀഢߥ ੮ཷۺǹϖྃъډΎྃǴখ໒ۈᇡࣁ࣬ǴՠډۓኧໆϐࡕǴڙޕޑЇᇨ Ǵᇡࣁٿ༧ӦόኬεǹΎྃъаωᅌڀഢߥ੮ཷۺǶ
კ 2-1 ФӞޑय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺჴᡍ (ЇԾ Piaget,Inhelder & Szemillska,1960,p262)
ќঁࣁȨ൳Ֆკᡂϯȩޑჴᡍ(ӵკ 2-2)ǺஒٿঁӄޑߏБરьǴ ϩԋᑈޑϤ༧҅БǴЬ၂ޣஒځύϐޑߏБᐉܫǴӆஒځനѓᜐޑٿঁ λ҅Б౽ډБǴ܈ஒϤ༧҅Б௨ԋ༣ރǴฅࡕୢٽูᡂϯࡕޑკᆶচӃ ޑќঁߏБελࢂցኬǻॊޑ൳ՖკჴᡍЬाӧᢀჸٽูࢂցૈڀ ഢϩಔԋӄᡏǴԶϩคፕӵՖ௨ӈ٠όቹៜᕴय़ᑈޑय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺǶ่݀ว ǺϤྃаΠǴаࣁރׯᡂǴय़ᑈҭၟᡂϯǹϤྃډΎྃᏧޔӣเୢᚒǴ ᗨ܍ᇡӕኬԖϤ༧λ҅БǴՠࠅό܍ᇡय़ᑈ࣬ǹΎྃаǴόᆅკӵՖᡂ ςᅌԋय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺǶ კ 2-2 კٯᇥܴ୷ҁय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ
2ǵϕံय़ᑈߥ੮Ǻ ϕံय़ᑈߥ੮ࣁӛޑᡄᒠࡘԵǴࡰӧय़ᑈ࣬ޑٿঁय़Ǵ෧ѐރό ӕՠय़ᑈ࣬ӕޑٿ༧λѳय़ࡕǴځ܌ഭᎩޑय़ᑈϝฅ࣬Ǵҭջໆ෧ໆ่݀ ࣬(ჱ։Ǵ1995)Ǵӵკ2-3Ǵٿঁय़ᑈ࣬ޑय़Ǵϩձ෧ѐय़ᑈޑߏБϷ ҅БǴഭΠޑय़ᑈελ࣬Ƕ Ҙკ Όკ კ 2-3 კٯᇥܴϕံय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ
Piaget,Inhelder & Szemillska (1960)ଞჹय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺीΑȨӦϣଭႍ ᖘ༜ȩޑჴᡍǴᔠᡍٽูՖਔ໒ۈڀഢϕံय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺǶٿ༧ᆘՅર݈ж߄ٿ ༧ӄޑޑӦA1کA2ǴЬ၂ޣќрҢٿ༧ලՅӄ҅Бર݈B1کB2Ǵаж ߄ٿ༧ӄޑଭႍᖘ༜ǴஒB1ܫӧA1ϣǴஒB2ԋऩυϩǴЪԋόӕܭচ ҅БޑރܫӧA2ϣǴฅࡕୢٽูǺٿ༧Ӧޑଭႍᖘ༜ኬε༏ǻ(Ҟޑӧ ၌ٽูࢂցڀԖ୷ҁय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ)ǶӆୢǺচٰޑٿଫФӧٿ༧ςൎԖଭႍ ᖘ༜ޑӦǴࢂցԖኬӭޑёаӞګǻ(Ҟޑӧ၌ٽูࢂցڀԖϕံय़ ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ)Ƕ่݀วǺΎྃаΠٽูٿᅿय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ֡คǹΎྃԿΖྃڀ Ԗ୷ҁय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺǴՠόڀԖϕံय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺǹΖྃаωԋϕံय़ ᑈߥ੮ཷۺǶ (Β)य़ᑈෳໆཷۺ ჱ։(1995)ගрय़ᑈෳໆޑ୷ҁཷۺջӧ࠾ഈጄൎϣޑΒᆢᙟᇂǴ ᏹբόӕൂՏໆٰඔॊय़ᑈޑελǴ٬ٽูᡍډᡏय़ᑈࢂኧঁൂՏय़ᑈᙟᇂϐ
ᕴکǶෳໆय़ᑈޑελёၸόӕޑБݤෳໆԶளǴՠऩ҂ၸᙟᇂǵǵబံ ǵፄᇙᆶКၨࢲǴࢂόૈ҅Αှډय़ᑈޑཷۺ(୯ҥጓᓔǴ1999)Ƕय़ᑈޑ ෳໆཷۺёϩࣁΟঁόӕቫԛǴϩॊӵΠǶ 1ǵ୷ҁෳໆय़ᑈཷۺ ෳໆཷۺޑԋࡌҥӧঁձൂՏޑඓඝǴճҔൂՏໆޑᙟᇂᆶᗺኧٰᕕှय़ ᑈǶ୷ҁय़ᑈཷۺ߄Ңӧ๏ۓޑѳБൂՏϣᗺኧൂՏय़ᑈޑঁኧ(ӵკ2-4)ǶҘ კ௹ጕय़ᑈэΑ3ঁѳБൂՏǴՠΌკ௹ጕय़ᑈх֖ߚኧঁѳБൂՏኧǴ ջԋय़ᑈޑံᓭբҔǴΌკޑ௹ጕय़ᑈࣁ7.5ѳБൂՏǴऩѝၸϩှࢲό ܰрǶ Ҙ Ό კ 2-4 კٯᇥܴ୷ҁय़ᑈෳໆཷۺ 2ǵൂՏෳໆय़ᑈཷۺ ൂՏय़ᑈޑෳໆࢂၸӚঁόӕൂՏໆޑᙟᇂ܈Զԋ(ჱ։Ǵ1995)Ƕ ӵ҅Бёҗ16ঁɍᇂᅈǴ߾҅Бޑय़ᑈࣁ16ঁѳБൂՏǹऩҔɺٰᙟᇂǴ ߾32ঁɺωૈᇂᅈǴ߾߄Ң҅Бޑय़ᑈ֖Ԗ32ঁѳБൂՏǶԜਔᗨࣁෳໆӕ ঁ҅Бޑय़ᑈελǴՠҗܭൂՏໆޑόӕ(ࣁɍǴࣁɺ)ǴࡺځൂՏኧҭ Ԗ܌όӕ(ࣁ16ঁǴࣁ32ঁ)ǶՠԜਔൂՏໆ໔ޑϯᆫǴѸၸໆགޑᙯඤ ωԖཀက(ჱ։Ǵ1995)Ƕ PiagetΓ(1960)මीჴᡍҔаᕕှᏢูޑൂՏय़ᑈཷۺǴځჴᡍᇥܴϩ ॊӵΠǺ
(1)᠄ݤ Ь၂ޣрҢޔفΟفکঁόೕ߾ޑკ(ӵკ2-5)Ǵ๏ٽู٤ၨ λޑෳໆરьǴхࡴ҅БǵޔفΟفکߏБǴ೭٤રь҅ӳёаᙟᇂ চӃϐޔفΟفکόೕ߾ޑკǴٿঁλޔفΟفરьܭঁ҅Б રьǴٿঁ҅БરьܭঁߏБરьǶԜჴᡍᔠᡍٿঁख़ाޑཷۺǺ Ʉ1 ෳໆરТޑӝٳǴٿঁԛભൂՏёаӝٳࣁঁൂՏǶ Ʉ2 ऩٿঁკ֡࣬ӕൂՏໆޑરь܌ᙟᇂǴջ߄Ңٿঁკय़ᑈελ ࣬ǴࣁኧᏢ࣬ޑሀ౽ᜢ߯(A=BǴB=CǴ߾A=C)Ƕ ჴᡍ่݀วǴΎྃъаࡕޑٽูдॺς໒ۈΑှൂՏໆᆶൂՏኧޑᜢ ߯ໆǴ٠Ъڀഢ࣬ᜢ߯ޑሀ౽܄Ƕ კ 2-5 ᠄ݤय़ᑈෳໆཷۺჴᡍ
(ЇԾPiaget, Inhelder & Szemillska, 1960, p262) (2)ൂՏෳໆݤ ीAǵBǵCǵDǵEϖঁόӕރޑკ(ӵკ2-6)ǴӚკрҢ๏ٽู ਔؒԖฝጕǶჴᡍՉӵΠǺ Ʉ1๏ٽูঁλ҅БરьǴЬ၂ޣ৾р݄ႉाٽูҔλ҅Бર ьӧAǵBǵCკඔฝǴໆໆ࣮೭Οঁკࢂց࣬Ƕ Ʉ2๏ٽูΟᅿෳໆൂՏરьǴঁࢂߏБરь(λ҅Бરьޑٿ७ε )ǴঁޔفΟفરь(λ҅Бરьޑъε)Ǵೱӕচٰޑλ҅Б
રьǶௗΠٰǴЬ၂ޣाٽูКၨDǵEٿკࢂցኬεǻ ჴᡍ่݀วǴΎྃъډΖྃъаޑٽูૈ҅ዴӣเЪܴқ୷ҁෳໆ ൂՏޑᜢ߯Ƕ
კ 2-6 ൂՏෳໆݤय़ᑈෳໆཷۺჴᡍ (ЇԾPiaget,Inhelder & Szemillska,1960,p262) 3ǵޔጕෳໆय़ᑈཷۺ ޔጕෳໆхࡴൂՏӧኧᏢޑ࣬४ᜢ߯ǴԶ୷ҁय़ᑈᆶൂՏय़ᑈ߾ѝࢂӧൂ ՏኧޑಕуᆶൂՏໆޑКၨǴࡺ܌ᒏޑय़ᑈϦԄӵߏБय़ᑈܭߏ४аቨ ǴΟفय़ᑈܭۭ४аଯନаΒǴឦܭԜጄൎ(ჱ։Ǵ1995)ǶԶ୯λᏢู ٩ᒘय़ᑈϦԄٰှ،य़ᑈෳໆୢᚒǴࠅค҅ΑှҗٰکཀကǶ (Ο)य़ᑈෳཷۺ य़ᑈෳໆᗨឦܭჴෳޑϩǴԶෳཷۺݙख़ޑࢂໆགޑᎦǶෳޑࢲࢂ ௲Ꮲύόё܈લޑҽǶෳёϩԋٿᜪǺᜪࢂໆ(estimating measures and estimating numerosity)ǴӧόᙖշҺՖෳໆπڀޑΠǴаࢌᅿБݤѐᆉ၀ໆࡋ ޑᅿၸำǹќᜪࢂᆉ(comptutational estimation)Ǵࢂᅿрӝ߈՟ॶޑמ ૈ (Bright,1976)ǶHall(1984)ᇡࣁǺȨෳࢂᅿёа૽ግෳޑࢲǴѬૈӧ҂ޕ ኧໆǴՉໆޑࢲǶךॺՉໆਔǴךॺаЈύࡽۓޑྗٰՉໆ Ƕȩ܌а௲ᏢਔǴёӃճҔҞෳ܈Ћෳ(Ծฅޑπڀ)ǴаགޑБԄՉෳǴӵ ࣮৻ߐԖӭεǴෳࢲࡕӆճҔπڀჴሞѐෳໆᔠᡍǴӃෳࡕӆၸπ ڀჴሞෳໆǴࡽёаЇଆᏢғޑᑫ፪ǴΞёᎦٽูෳޑૈΚ(ჱ։Ǵ1995)Ƕ
ΟǵᏢูय़ᑈࡘཷۺ ࡘཷۺࡰޑࢂᏢғӧࢌۓޑᏢࣽϐύǴჹࢌҹ٣܈ຝ܌Ԗޑ٤Ԗ ձܭҞࣽᏢৎ܌Ϧᇡޑགྷݤ(ᖴߙᓪǴ1995)ǶќѦഋ㼮ຽ(1996)Ψࡰрࡘཷۺࢂ ࡘԵᆶղᘐᒱᇤ܌ԋޑǴΨࢂԋᏢಞምᛖޑനεচӢǶ܌а௲ৣѸၸᏢғ ཷۺޑ߄ǵှᚒޑౣǴٰᕕှᏢғჹܭ܌ಞளޑޕࢂցΑှǴ٠Ъ٩ᏵᏢ ғޑբเϸᔈीံ௱௲ᏢፐำǴᏤ҅ᏢғޑᒱᇤᢀۺϷགྷݤǶ ਥᏵӭࣴزᡉҢǴᏢғӧय़ᑈཷۺޑᏢಞౢғӭޑࡘཷۺǴᘜય рӭՏᏢޣϷࣴزޣଞჹᏢูय़ᑈᏢಞޑࣴز܌วޑࡘཷۺǴϩॊӵΠǺ ߄2-1 Ꮲูय़ᑈࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ य़ᑈ ࡘཷۺ ࣴ ز ޣ ࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ Цᒧว(2002) ϤԃભᏢูܰஒȨڀԖय़ᑈȩޑკᆶȨԾρ ૈցᆉрय़ᑈȩൎԋޑ࠾ഈკόڀԖय़ᑈޑკ షౄǴӢԜᇤᇡߚ༝ϐԔጕ܌ൎԋޑ࠾ഈ კόڀԖय़ᑈǶ य़ ᑈ ߃ ཷ ۺ ഋ㼮ຽ(1996ǵ1997) ϤԃભᏢғჹय़ᑈޑೌᇟόΑှǴຬၸ 60 ʘჹ ȨԖय़ᑈޑკȩޑཷۺ٠όమཱǶคݤᒣձ ୱᆶڬࣚޑόӕǴϩᏢғᇡࣁȨय़ȩ൩ࢂȨ ୱȩǴࡺόΑှȨୱȩᆶȨໆȩޑᜢ߯Ƕ य़ ᑈ ߥ ੮ ཷ ۺ ଯལЎȐ1989ȑ Ѡ 1,635 Ӝ 11~12 ྃޑᏢูځ೯ၸࣁ 66.7% ǴԖ 33.3%ᏢูคݤΑှໆ෧ໆय़ᑈόᡂޑ ߥ੮܄፦Ƕ
߄2-1 Ꮲูय़ᑈࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ य़ᑈ ࡘཷۺ ࣴ ز ޣ ࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ ଯལЎǵߎដȐ1992ȑ ଯԃભᏢูԖ23%લЮय़ᑈޑߥ੮ཷۺǶ ЦᒧวȐ2002ȑ ࡰр୯λϤԃભᏢูεӭςڀഢय़ᑈߥ੮ཷۺ ǴՠϝԖ13%ޑᏢูલЮԜཷۺǶ ჱ։Ȑ1995ȑ ᏢูԖڬߏ࣬ӕय़ᑈ൩ۓ࣬ӕǴ܈ࢂڬߏཇߏ Ǵ߾य़ᑈ൩ཇεޑᒱᇤᢀۺǶ ଯལЎǵߎដȐ1992ȑ ᏢғҔߏуቨޑБݤय़ᑈǴԖ٤Ꮲғᇡࣁय़ᑈ ࣬ޑߏБڬߏҭ࣬Ƕ Dickson et .al(1989) Ꮲғதаᜐߏٰࡋໆय़ᑈǶ ࢫကቺȐ2001ȑ ൂՏᒱǵᅅቪ܈ᙯඤᒱᇤǶ
Lynne & Michael.(2000) ҅Бޑᜐߏࣁচٰޑ2७ਔǴय़ᑈΨᡂࣁচ ٰޑ2७Ƕ ჱ։(1998)ǵᔎࡹӓ(2001) Ꮲูӧаԭ݈ᗺኧय़ᑈਔǴ҂ᅈޑа ीᆉǴ܈ֹӄ۹ౣόीǶ ൫൛(2003) ऊѤԋޑᏢғӧԜҽԖࡘཷۺǶ य़ ᑈ ෳ ໆ ཷ ۺ ࢫကቺ(2002) Babbitt(1990) Newman(1997) ٯӵ၀ҔȨΟفय़ᑈϦԄǺۭØଯø2ȩǴࠅӈ ԄԋǺۭØଯǴ܈ࢂᇤҔԋȨѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈϦ ԄǺۭØଯȩǴ܈ࢂ၀ҔѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈϦԄࠅ ҔԋΟفय़ᑈϦԄᒱᇤǶ )ុ*
߄2-1 Ꮲูय़ᑈࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ य़ᑈ ࡘཷۺ ࣴ ز ޣ ࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ ᔎࡹӓ(2001) ϩᏢูჹय़ᑈޑໆགόىǴᏤठෳрᒱᇤޑ เਢǶ ჱ։Ȑ1998ȑ ᏢูӧؒԖज़ڋπڀޑݩΠෳǴෳঁ ߏБǴᏢғޑ೯ၸѝԖϤԋǶ य़ ᑈ ෳ ཷ ۺ ЦᒧวȐ2002ȑ Ꮲูჹܭ1Ϧϩ܈1ѳБϦϩޑໆགඓඝό٫Ǵத ԋեނҹय़ᑈޑຝǶ ഋ㼮ຽȐ1997ȑ ϩᏢғᇡࣁǺ (1)ೕ߾ޑკωԖय़ᑈ (2)ԖفࡋǵԖߏࡋޑკ൩Ԗय़ᑈ (3)ԖଯǵԖۭޑკωԖय़ᑈ ᔎࡹӓȐ2001ȑ (1)Ԗ٤ᏢูӧКၨٿঁკޑय़ᑈελਔǴ аȨଯࡋȩεޣࣁय़ᑈεޑკǴԖ٤а ȨቨࡋȩȐკѰѓߏࡋȑεޣࣁय़ᑈεޑ კǶ (2)ᇡࣁԖ٤ᏢูӧрှᚒਔǴѝаკр ޑኧӷय़ᑈǶ ځ Ѭ ཷ ۺ ഋ㼮ຽ (1997)ǵЦᒧว (2002ȑ ϩᏢғჹܭۭکଯޑᇡۓሼϯ܈ᒱᇤǴӵᏢғ தᇡۓ൳ՖკޑۭۓाӧНѳय़Ǵଯۓ ाӧႉޔጕǴӵ݀კୁܫ܈௹ܫǴ߾Ꮲғޑ ۭکଯϐᇡۓߡౢғ֚ᜤǴԶ٬ளӧीᆉय़ᑈ คݤֹԋǶ )ុ*
߄2-1 Ꮲูय़ᑈࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ य़ᑈ ࡘཷۺ ࣴ ز ޣ ࡘཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠ ჱ։Ȑ1998ȑ (1) ௦ҔൂޑཷۺკȐ҂ᅈаъीȑٰ ှ،ӭϡୢᚒǶ (2)аკރࣁղᘐྗǴ όࢂаय़ᑈελٰ ᑽໆǶ ჱ։(҇88)ࡰрǴᏢғޑय़ᑈࡘཷۺǴ۳۳ӧፐҁᜪ՟ޑୢᚒǴόܰวǴ ௲ৣԖख़ຎৣғϕǴၸᜢᗖ܄ޑୢ၉ǴᕕှᏢғୢᚒ܌ӧǴωૈᕕှᏢғޑࡘ ཷۺǶவय़ޑЎύёޕǴόፕӧߥ੮ཷۺǵෳໆཷۺǵෳཷۺ܈ࢂځдय़ᑈ࣬ᜢ ཷۺǴࣣԖᏢғܰౢғޑࡘཷۺǴ௲ᏢޣѸਥᏵᏢғวғࡘཷۺޑচӢǴ ी௲ᏢࢲǴ٬ᏢғޑࡘཷۺளډዂమǴԶፓࣁ҅ዴޑཷۺǴ٬ᏢғၲډԖਏޑ ᏢಞǶ
ಃΒ ఊय़ᑈཷۺ
ߏБǵѳՉѤᜐǵΟفǵఊޑय़ᑈୢᚒҗᡄᒠૈΚٰှᚒǴԶߚ ᐱҥӸӧǴҺՖఊёϪപԋΟفᆶѳՉѤᜐǴ܌аऩૈкϩᕕှკ໔ޑᜢ߯Ǵ аϷӚკय़ᑈϦԄޑҗٰǴջૈೀఊय़ᑈୢᚒǶ ǵᗺኧࢲ ๏ۓѳБൂՏϣᗺኧय़ᑈޑঁኧǴᡣᏢғᡍϪപǵǵϩှǵӝԋࢲٰ य़ᑈǶӵკ 2-7 ύҘკኧԖ 7 ǴъԖ 4 ǴӅԖ 9 ঁѳБൂՏǶΌკኧ Ԗ 6 ǴъԖ 3 ǴӅԖ 9 ঁѳБൂՏǶ )ុ*Ҙკ Όკ კ 2-7 კٯᇥܴᗺኧࢲ ΒǵϪപࢲ ஒఊϪപԋΟفǵߏБᆶѳՉѤᜐǴၸϪപᏹբࢲǴᡣᏢғᡍډय़ ᑈޑёϩപ܄Ǵӕਔᢀჸځឦ܄ԶԖόӕޑӝԋϷϩപБԄǶှ،ఊय़ᑈޑόӕϪപ БݤӵΠǺ ()Ȝఊय़ᑈёϪപԋٿঁΟفȝ (Β)Ȝఊय़ᑈёϪപԋΟفکѳՉѤᜐȝ (Ο)ȜϪപఊय़ᑈǴԋѳՉѤᜐȝ
(Ѥ)ȜٿঁӄఊԋঁѳՉѤᜐȝ ΟǵۭΠۭᆶଯޑڮӜϷฝݤ ఊԖᚈѳՉޑჹᜐǴ೭ᚈѳՉჹᜐόߏǴࡺஒόߏޑٿۭᜐϩձڮӜ ࣁۭᆶΠۭǴԶଯࣚۓࣁٿѳՉጕ໔ޑຯᚆǴԜຯᚆࣁۭکΠۭޑࠟޔጕǴఊѝ Ԗಔ࣬ჹޑଯǶ Ѥǵࡌᄬఊय़ᑈϦԄ ()ఊय़ᑈёϪപԋٿঁΟفǴࡺఊय़ᑈࣁǺ ۭØଯø2ɠΠۭØଯø2ɨ(ۭɠΠۭ)Øଯø2 (Β)ఊय़ᑈёϪപԋΟفکѳՉѤᜐǴࡺఊय़ᑈࣁǺ (Πۭɡۭ)ØଯɠۭØଯø2 ɨΠۭØଯɡۭØଯɠۭØଯø2 ɨ(ۭɠΠۭ)Øଯø2 (Ο)Ϫപఊय़ᑈǴԋѳՉѤᜐǴࡺఊय़ᑈɨѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈǶѳՉѤᜐ ޑۭᜐࣁఊޑۭᆶΠۭکǴଯࣁఊଯࡋޑъǴఊय़ᑈࣁǺ (ۭɠΠۭ)Ø(ଯø2)ɨ(ۭɠΠۭ)Øଯø2 (Ѥ)ٿঁӄఊԋঁѳՉѤᜐǴѳՉѤᜐޑۭࣁఊۭᆶΠۭޑک Ǵࡺఊय़ᑈࣁѳՉѤᜐޑъǴఊय़ᑈࣁǺ [(ۭɠΠۭ)Øଯ]ø2ɨ(ۭɠΠۭ)Øଯø2 ୷ܭॊϩǴளޕఊय़ᑈϦԄޑளࢂٰԾΟفکѤᜐკፄᇙӝԋޑǴ ఊय़ᑈၸϪപǵǵӝԋǵፄᇙౣǴᏤठрᏢғȨᑈ౦ȩޑཷۺǴ
ᕕှఊय़ᑈޑٰᓪѐેǴᏀᘜ่ҁࣴزᔕϖᅿఊय़ᑈཷۺკǴϖᅿఊय़ ᑈཷۺკीЬືӵΠ: 1ǵճҔఊϦԄय़ᑈǶ 2ǵճҔϪപԋٿঁΟفय़ᑈǶ 3ǵճҔϪപԋΟفᆶѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈǶ 4ǵճҔϪപԋѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈǶ 5ǵճҔӄఊѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈǶ
ಃΟ ୯ϣኧᏢፐำྗϐय़ᑈፐำϷ௲ϩ
୯ϣኧᏢፐำྗЬाԖ 82 ԃހኧᏢፐำྗᆶΐԃೣኧᏢፐำᆜाǶҁࣴز ЬाаΐԃೣኧᏢፐำᆜाύޑय़ᑈཷۺǴբࣁఊय़ᑈཷۺϣ఼ϐፕ୷ᘵǶ аΠଞჹ 82 ԃހኧᏢፐำྗᆶΐԃೣኧᏢፐำᆜाϐय़ᑈཷۺϩǶ ǵ82 ԃހኧᏢፐำྗ ()82 ԃހኧᏢፐำय़ᑈཷۺ໘ࢤ 82ԃހ୯҇λᏢፐำྗኧᏢፐำύໆᆶჴෳሦୱගϷߏࡋǵख़ໆǵໆǵਔ ໔ǵفࡋǵय़ᑈǵᡏᑈᆶೲࡋࣁВதғࢲύதҔޑໆǴฅԶȨໆགȩࢂࡌҥӧȨჴ ނޑགӸԖ፦ȩǶٽูჹܭໆཷۺᇡޕวޑԋǴѸҗΠӈϖঁ໘ࢤ ωᆉֹԋǺ1ǵໆޑ߃ཷۺǹ2ǵໆޑ໔ௗКၨǹ3ǵໆޑදၹൂՏКၨǹ4ǵໆޑ ෳໆൂՏڋࡋཷۺǹ5ǵໆޑෳໆϦԄཷۺ(௲ػǴ2003)Ƕ82 ԃހኧᏢፐำύय़ᑈ ཷۺวϩࣁΠӈϖঁቫԛǺ߄ 2-2 य़ᑈཷۺ(ໆཷۺ)ᇡޕวԋޑϖঁ໘ࢤ ቫԛ ໘ ࢤ ϣ य़ᑈޑᇡ ၸڀᡏᏹբࢲǴ٬ٽูޕၰय़ᑈޑໆǴ٠ ᕕှय़ᑈӧໆϙሶǶ य़ᑈޑޔௗКၨ ٽูҗޔௗКჹჴނޑӕᜪໆǴૈඔॊКၨ ޑ่݀Ƕ ǵ य़ ᑈ ߃ ཷ ۺ ٬ҔѳБϦϩ݈ࣁڅࡋൂՏ ޑπڀ ٽูҗޔௗКჹჴނय़ᑈᆶπڀޑڅࡋǴૈ ᠐рπڀޑڅࡋǶ य़ᑈޑ໔ௗКၨ ၸ൞ϟނٰКၨٿঁคݤޔௗКၨޑӕᜪ ໆǴճҔ൞ϟނᆶځύໆӃՉޔௗКၨǴ עКၨ่݀ፕԋٿໆКၨ่݀ǶԜ໘ࢤѸ ڀԖໆޑߥ੮ཷۺǵໆޑ࣬ǵελሀ౽ࡓǶ Β ǵ य़ ᑈ ޑ ໔ ௗ К ၨ य़ᑈޑঁձൂՏКၨᆶჴෳ аঁໆբࣁ୷ྗǴѐᄒപঁෳໆޑໆǴ Ҕᄒപޑԛኧࣁෳໆ่݀ǴӆՉКၨǶ ᇡදၹൂՏໆޑཀက ஒғࢲύදၹ٬ҔޑൂՏໆǴբࣁঁձൂՏᆶ ჴෳޑ୷ྗǶٯӵǺѳБϦЁǵѳБϦϩǶ Ο ǵ य़ ᑈ ޑ ද ၹ ൂ Տ аय़ᑈදၹൂՏໆࣁൂՏǴ Չჴෳᆶෳޑࢲ ٽูૈעදၹ٬ҔޑൂՏໆբࣁൂՏǴٰՉ ჴෳᆶෳޑࢲǶ ᇡҘදၹൂՏໆᆶΌදၹ ൂՏໆޑᜢ߯ עҘදၹൂՏໆ(ӵѳБϦЁ)کΌදၹൂՏ ໆ(ӵѳБϦϩ)ٿޣϐ໔ޑᜢ߯Ǵவჴෳࢲ ύڗрٰǶ Ѥ ǵ य़ ᑈ ޑ ෳ ໆ ൂ ҘදၹൂՏໆᆶΌදၹൂՏ עҘදၹൂՏໆǵΌදၹൂՏໆٿޣϐ໔ޑᜢ
߄ 2-2 य़ᑈཷۺ(ໆཷۺ)ᇡޕวԋޑϖঁ໘ࢤ ቫԛ ໘ ࢤ ϣ Տ ڋ ࡋ ཷ ۺ ໆޑϯᆫ ߯ҔܭჴෳࢲύǴٰှ،ໆޑϩӝୢᚒǶ ၸჹѳय़კޑᆕӝϩ Ǵᇡ၀य़ᑈޑݤ (1)Ϫപѳय़კϣǴஒϪപޑ่݀ख़ಔԋ ࢌঁ܈ኧঁදၹൂՏໆޑѳय़კϣ ǶٯӵǺঁߏБૈӭϿঁᜐߏࣁ 1 Ϧϩޑλ҅БൂՏᙟᇂǻ (2)ϩѳय़კޑᜐࣚǴஒϩޑ่݀ख़ಔ ԋঁ܈ኧঁςޕጕࢤ܈ѳय़კޑϣ ǶٯӵǺय़ᑈѳБൂՏɨߏᜐޑൂՏኧØቨ ᜐޑൂՏኧǶ ϖ ǵ य़ ᑈ ޑ ෳ ໆ Ϧ Ԅ ࢌѳय़य़ᑈϦԄޑᔈҔ ૈஒࢌѳय़კय़ᑈݤǴ٬Ҕӧჴෳࢲ ύǴှ،ໆޑϩှᆶӝԋୢᚒǶஒѳՉѤᜐ ǵΟفǵఊϪപख़ಔԋߏБԶᆉځय़ ᑈǶ(Ԝೀх֖ஒӭᜐϪപԋ൳ঁΟ فǴᆉ೭٤Οفޑय़ᑈࡕǴᆉрځکǶ )ӧᆉय़ᑈޑၸำύǴаϦԄඔॊ٠ஒ೭٤ ϦԄӝԋঁཷۺǶ(ӧԜӝཷۺύǴఊ ࢂǴΟفёຎࣁۭࣁ 0 ޑఊǴ ԶߏБǵѳՉѤᜐ߾ёຎࣁΠۭߏޑ ఊǴӧ೭ᅿ࣮ݤΠǴॊӚޑϦԄǴځჴ ࢂϕ೯ޑǶ) )ុ*
(Β)82 ԃހኧᏢፐำय़ᑈ௲ 82ԃހኧᏢፐำय़ᑈཷۺϖঁ໘ࢤǴϩѲӧΒɡϤԃભٰჴࡼ௲ᏢǶ௲ᆜा ӵΠ߄ 2-3Ǻ ߄ 2-3 82 ԃހኧᏢࣽޑȨय़ᑈȩ௲ᆜा(ЇԾЦᒧวǴ2002) ໘ ࢤ ௲ ᆜ ा Βԃભ 1ǵय़ᑈޑᇡǶ 2ǵय़ᑈޑޔௗКၨǶ 3ǵаѳБϦϩࣁൂՏǴՉჴෳϷෳޑࢲǶ Οԃભ 1ǵय़ᑈޑ໔ௗКၨǶ 2ǵय़ᑈޑঁձൂՏКၨᆶჴෳǶ Ѥԃભ 1ǵᇡѳБϦϩǵѳБϦЁޑཀကǶ 2ǵаѳБϦЁࣁൂՏǴՉჴෳϷෳޑࢲǶ 3ǵᇡѳБϦϩϷѳБϦЁ໔ޑᜢ߯Ƕ 4ǵѳБϦϩϷѳБϦЁޑϯᆫǶ 5ǵၸჹߏБǵ҅БޑϩᆕӝǶᇡߏБǵ҅Бय़ᑈ ޑݤǶ 6ǵߏБǵ҅Бय़ᑈݤϦԄޑᔈҔǶ ϖԃભ 1ǵၸჹѳՉѤᜐǵΟفǵఊޑϩᆕӝǴᇡѳՉѤᜐ ǵΟفǵఊय़ᑈޑݤǶ 2ǵѳՉѤᜐǵΟفǵఊय़ᑈݤϦԄޑᔈҔǶ 3ǵၸჹ༝ޑϩᆕӝǴᇡ༝य़ᑈޑݤǶ 4ǵ༝य़ᑈݤϦԄޑᔈҔǶ 5ǵᇡ༝ڬޑཀကǶ 6ǵа༝ڬՉჴෳϷෳޑࢲǶ
߄ 2-3 82 ԃހኧᏢࣽޑȨय़ᑈȩ௲ᆜा(ЇԾЦᒧวǴ2002) ໘ ࢤ ௲ ᆜ ा Ϥԃભ 1ǵၸჹ 2 1 ༝ǵ 4 1 ༝ਸ৻ޑϩᆕӝǴᇡ 2 1 ༝ǵ 4 1 ༝ ਸ৻य़ᑈޑݤǶ 2ǵᇡϦഘǵϦ੫ޑཀကǶ 3ǵаϦഘǵϦ੫ࣁൂՏǴՉჴෳϷෳޑࢲǶ 4ǵᇡϦഘϷϦ੫ޑᜢ߯Ƕ ΒǵΐԃೣፐำኧᏢሦୱय़ᑈ௲ ΐԃೣፐำᒳाኧᏢሦୱਥᏵᏢғޑᏢಞБԄᆶࡘԵࠠᄊٿቻǴஒΐԃ୯҇ ௲ػϩࣁѤঁ໘ࢤǴ໘ࢤ(l-3 ԃભ)ǵ໘ࢤΒ(4-5 ԃભ)ǵ໘ࢤΟ(6-7 ԃભ)ک໘ࢤѤ (8-9ԃભ)Ƕय़ᑈ௲ឦܭȨኧᆶໆȩϣȨໆᆶჴෳȩޑηЬᚒ(௲ػǴ2000)Ƕஒय़ᑈ ௲ૈΚࡰӈܭΠ߄ 2-4 ύǺ )ុ*
߄ 2-4 ኧᏢሦୱໆᆶჴෳȨय़ᑈȩ௲ϐૈΚࡰ(ЇԾ௲ػǴ2003) ໘ ࢤ ࡰжဦ ૈ Κ ࡰ N-1-14 ૈჹٿঁӕᜪໆբޔௗКၨǶ N-1-15 ૈբٿঁӕᜪໆբ໔ௗКၨᆶঁձൂՏޑКၨǶ N-1-16 ૈ٬ҔВதෳໆπڀՉჴ ෳࢲǴှځൂՏکڅࡋ ่ᄬǴ٠ှ،ӕൂՏໆޑКၨǵу෧ᆶᙁൂኧ७ޑୢᚒ Ƕ ໘ࢤ N-1-17 ૈໆޑෳǶ N-2-15 ૈᇡෳໆޑදၹൂՏǴ٠ೀ࣬ᜢޑीᆉୢᚒǶ N-2-16 ૈှදၹൂՏ໔ޑᜢ߯Ǵ٠ӧඔॊঁໆਔǴբόӕൂ Տ໔ޑඤᆉǶ N-2-17 ૈှߏБय़ᑈǵڬߏᆶߏБᡏᡏᑈޑϦԄǶ ໘ࢤΒ N-2-19 ૈၮҔϪപख़ಔǴှΟفǵѳՉѤᜐᆶఊޑय़ᑈ ϦԄǶ N-3-15 ૈаޑ҅БൂՏǴჹԔጕൎԋޑѳय़ୱᆉځय़ ᑈǶ N-3-16 ૈှ༝य़ᑈᆶ༝ڬߏޑϦԄǴ٠ीᆉᙁൂ৻य़ᑈǶ ໘ࢤΟ N-3-17 ૈှᙁൂޔҥࢊᡏޑᡏᑈࣁۭय़ᑈᆶଯޑ४ᑈǶ ΐԃೣ 92 ԃހኧᏢሦୱቚуҗ໘ࢤૈΚࡰᄽᛢр׳ಒጏޑϩԃಒҞϷ၍ញǴ аճ௲ৣჹܭ௲ᏢࡋҞૈ׳ܴዴޑඓඝǶஒΐԃೣኧᏢሦୱय़ᑈཷۺ࣬ᜢϐϩ ԃಒҞӈܭΠ߄ 2-5Ǻ
߄ 2-5 ΐԃೣኧᏢሦୱय़ᑈཷۺ࣬ᜢϐϩԃಒҞ(ЇԾ௲ػǴ2003) ԃ ભ ϩԃಒҞ ૈ Κ ࡰ ჹྣࡰ 2-n-17 ૈᇡय़ᑈǴ٠բޔௗКၨǶ(ӕ 2-s-05) N-1-14 S-1-03 Βԃભ 2-s-05 ૈᇡय़ᑈǴ٠բޔௗКၨǶ(ӕ 2-n-17) N-1-14 S-1-03 3-s-05 ૈճҔ໔ௗКၨ܈аঁձൂՏჴෳޑБݤКၨ όӕय़ᑈޑελǴ٠ᇡय़ᑈൂՏȨѳБϦϩ ȩǶ(ӕ3-n-18) N-1-15 N-1-16 3-s-06 ૈၸᏹբǴஒᙁൂკϪപख़ಔԋќςޕ ᙁൂკǶ S-1-05 Οԃભ 3-n-18 ૈճҔ໔ௗКၨ܈аঁձൂՏჴෳޑБݤКၨ όӕय़ᑈޑελǴ٠ᇡय़ᑈൂՏȨѳБϦϩ ȩǶ(ӕ3-s-05) N-1-15 N-1-16 4-n-15 ૈᇡय़ᑈൂՏȨѳБϦЁȩǴϷȨѳБϦϩ ȩǵȨѳБϦЁȩ໔ޑᜢ߯Ǵ٠բ࣬ᜢीᆉǶ N-2-15 4-n-16 ૈှߏБک҅Бޑय़ᑈϦԄᆶڬߏϦԄ Ƕ(ӕ 4-s-09) N-2-17 S-2-07 4-s-09 ૈှߏБک҅Бޑय़ᑈϦԄᆶڬߏϦԄ Ƕ(ӕ 4-n-16) N-2-17 S-2-07 Ѥԃભ 4-a-04 ૈҔύЎᙁԄ߄ҢߏБک҅Бޑय़ᑈϦ ԄᆶڬߏϦԄǶ A-2-04 ϖԃભ 5-n-15 ૈᇡय़ᑈൂՏȨϦ੫ȩǵȨϦഘȩǵȨѳБ ϦٚȩϷځᜢ߯Ǵ٠բ࣬ᜢीᆉǶ N-2-15 N-2-16
߄ 2-5 ΐԃೣኧᏢሦୱय़ᑈཷۺ࣬ᜢϐϩԃಒҞ(ЇԾ௲ػǴ2003) ԃ ભ ϩԃಒҞ ૈ Κ ࡰ ჹྣࡰ 5-n-16 ૈၮҔϪപख़ಔǴှΟفǵѳՉѤᜐᆶ ఊޑय़ᑈϦԄǶ(ӕ5-s-05) N-2-19 S-2-08 5-a-04 ૈҔύЎᙁԄ߄Ңᙁൂѳय़კޑय़ᑈǴ٠ ᇥܴკύᜐߏ܈ଯᡂϯਔჹय़ᑈޑቹៜǶ N-2-19 S-2-08 6-n-11 ૈаޑ҅БൂՏǴჹԔጕൎԋޑѳय़ ୱᆉځय़ᑈǶ(ӕ6-s-03) N-3-15 S-3-03 6-n-12 ૈှ༝य़ᑈᆶ༝ڬߏޑϦԄǴ٠ीᆉᙁൂ৻ य़ᑈǶ(ӕ 6-s-04) N-3-16 S-3-04 6-s-01 ૈճҔ൳Ֆᡏޑ܄፦ှ،ᙁൂޑ൳ՖୢᚒǶ S-3-0 6-s-03 ૈаޑ҅БൂՏǴჹԔጕൎԋޑѳय़ ୱᆉځय़ᑈǶ(ӕ6-n-11) N-3-15 S-3-03 Ϥԃભ 6-s-04 ૈှ༝य़ᑈᆶ༝ڬߏޑϦԄǴ٠ीᆉᙁൂ৻ य़ᑈǶ(ӕ 6-n-12) N-3-16 S-3-04 Οǵ82 ԃހᆶΐԃೣፐำय़ᑈ௲ϐКၨ ϩ 82 ԃހᆶΐԃೣፐำय़ᑈ௲Ǵёޕ 82 ԃހᆶΐԃೣፐำӧय़ᑈ௲ ጓ௨ׇǴԖаΠޑৡ౦(ಷϘےǴ҇ 1997aǵ1997bǵ1997cǹЦᒧวǴ2002)Ǵӵ ߄ 2-6Ǻ )ុ*
߄ 2-6 82 ԃހᆶΐԃೣፐำय़ᑈ௲ϐৡ౦ ৡ ౦ ೀ 82 ԃހ ΐԃೣፐำ य़ᑈελޑКၨࢲɡ ޔௗКၨǵୢௗКၨǵঁ ձൂՏКၨ ӧΒǵΟǵѤԃભΟঁԃભ ύՉ௲ᏢǴ௲Ꮲࢲҗభ ΕుǴൻׇᅌǶ ጓ௨ᆶ 82 ԃހᜪ՟Ǵӧ໘ ࢤǵ໘ࢤΒՉ௲Ꮲࢲ Ƕ य़ᑈޑჴෳࢲ ᡣᏢғӃᡍϪപǵ ࢲǴωᅌЇΕϦԄǶ வදၹൂՏޑᇡϷঁձ ൂՏޑෳໆΕǴӆஒԜ ᔈҔӧғࢲύޑჴෳࢲ ǴᙖԜΨёᎦᏢғޑໆ ࠍǶ य़ᑈޑෳࢲ ख़ຎᏢғޑෳૈΚǴӧӚ ԃભޑ௲ᏢࢲࣣԖӼ௨ य़ᑈޑෳǶ ᇡໆޑදၹൂՏǴϷӚ ᅿෳໆπڀڅࡋୢޑ่ ᄬǴӆஒԜЇΕᔈҔӧғ ࢲύޑෳࢲǴᙖԜ ᎦᏢғޑໆགǶ य़ᑈޑϦԄЇΕࢲ ӃᡣᏢғᡍڀᡏᏹբǵᗺ ኧǵϪപǵǵКၨࢲ ࡕǴωЇΕय़ᑈϦԄǴҗ ܭਏচ߾ωЇΕϦԄǶ ගٮၨӭޑᏹբࢲǴ ၸϪപࡕख़ཥಔӝޑ БԄǴٰᕕှკय़ᑈᆶ ᜐޑᜢ߯Ǵӆԋय़ᑈϦ ԄǶ ᙖҗ 82 ԃހᆶΐԃೣፐำय़ᑈ௲ϐКၨ่݀วǴӧՉय़ᑈ௲ᏢǴᔈග ٮᏢಞޣၨӭޑᏹբࢲǴᡣᏢғкϩᡍᗺኧǵϪപǵǵКၨࢲǴԖൻׇᅌ ޑ௲ᏢωૈԖؼӳޑᏢಞԋਏǶ
ಃѤ ޕ่ᄬ
ޕࢂΓᜪࡘԵǵղᘐޑਥྍǴӢࣁԖΑޕǴΓᜪωૈ٩Ᏽಕᑈޑޕബр ϞޑЎܴޗǶṅߎ(2000)ᇡࣁޕ่ᄬ(Knowledge Structure)߯ࡰᓯӸӧߏයᏫύ ޑᅿ่ᄬಔᙃǴ೭ᅿಔᙃૈమཱޑᡉҢӚཷۺ໔ޑᜢ߯Ƕӧ 1962 ԃǴᇂᙎ(Gagne) २ӃගрᏢಞ໘ቫፕǴࡰрᏢಞࢂԖׇ܄ޑǴᅿᏢಞࣁࡕᅿᏢಞޑӃഢచҹ Ǵ௲ৣӧ௲ᏢѸΑှᏢғന୷ҁޑޕ่ᄬǴբࣁ௲ᏢଆᗺǴ٠ൻׇᅌЇᏤᏢғ ᏢಞǶԶ໘ࢤΐԃೣፐำமፓፐำӝǴջࢂ٬ᏢғૈᏢಞঁԖسޑޕ่ ᄬǶGoldsmith, Johnson & Acton (1991)ࡰрෳໆޕ่ᄬޑϩᡯЬाԖΟঁǴϩձ ᇥܴӵΠǺ ǵЇрޕ(knowledge elicitaion) ЇрޕޑҞޑӧܭຑໆঁΓჹܭཷۺ໔ᜢ߯ޑᕕှǴҞёЇрཷۺᜢ ߯ޑБݤӵ߄ 2-7Ǻ ߄ 2-7 Їрޕ่ᄬϐБݤ Б ݤ ჴ ࡼ Б Ԅ ࣬ ᜢ ࣴ ز ӷຒᖄགྷݤ (Word Associations) ڙ၂ޣҗࢌᅿڈᐟࡕǴ߄ ၲрд܌ᖄགྷډޑཷۺǶ
Gesslin & Shavelson(1975)а ӷຒᖄགྷݤύᏢғӧᐒ Ꮲಞޑᇡޕ่ᄬǶ ཷۺᄬკݤ (Concept Mapping) ӧ௲ᏢࡕӚ๏ϒڙ၂ޣ ಔཷۺǴӆाڙ၂ޣஒ೭ ٤ཷۺၮҔޑᖄ่ᇟஒ ځᖄ่ଆٰǶ ഋߪඵکλ(2002)ᔈҔ ཷۺᄬკݤٰزፐำ ௲Ꮲ
߄ 2-7 Їрޕ่ᄬϐБݤ Б ݤ ჴ ࡼ Б Ԅ ࣬ ᜢ ࣴ ز ԾҗӣᏫݤ (Free Recall) ڙ၂ޣவߏයᏫύӣᏫ࣬ ᜢޕཷۺਔǴჹӣᏫၗ ޑׇόуज़ڋǴ٠Չϩ Ϸፕወӧޑޕ่ᄬǶ ݅ߪሎ(1988)ᇟཀೀౣ ჹඵૈόىᏢғᇟЎԾҗӣ ᏫϐቹៜǶ ьТϩᜪݤ (Card Sorting) Ь၂ޣஒཷۺቪӧьТǴ ڙ၂ޣӆҔԾρޑᡄᒠஒ܌ ԖьТϩᜪǶ
Stein, Baxter, & Leinhardt
(1990)аьТϩᜪݤزኧ Ꮲ௲ৣᜢܭڄኧޑޕ่ᄬ Ƕ ࣬՟܄ຑۓݤ (Similarity ratings) ჹܭٿٿଛჹޑཷۺǴҔໆ Ёղᘐཷۺ໔ޑ࣬՟ࡋ܈ᜢ ߯மࡋǶ ֺቺ۸ǵ݅Шǵഋలǵ ୯ৱ(1998)ၸ࣬՟܄ຑ ۓݤᆶၡ৩ཛྷ൨ݤຑໆεᏢ ғჹܭᏢಞፕޑޕ่ᄬ Ƕ ഩҥБמೌంፋݤ (Repertory Grid Technique) ೯தаΟϡಔݤஒཷۺЇр Ǵҗڙ၂ޣ٩ྣঁΓᇡޕղ ᘐٰჹӚϡનᆶӚঁЇрཷ ۺޑ࣬ᜢำࡋՉຑКǶ ݅ഋکླྀᄪ౺(1988)ճҔ ഩճБంፋݤ௲ৣჹ ࣽᏢҁ፦ޑᢀᗺɡঁਢࣴز Ƕ ԾǺէ҇ჱǴ1997ǹֺቺ۸ΓǴ1997ǹڑᐋኬǴ2005ǹgoldsmith et al.,1991ǹJonassen ,Beissner & Yacci,1993Ƕ
Βǵ߄ቻޕ่ᄬ(knowledge representaion) ޕ่ᄬޑϣ఼ѝૈၸޕ่ᄬޑ߄ቻ่݀໔ௗፕளޕ(է҇ჱǴ1997)Ƕ ҭջӧЇрޕ่ᄬࡕǴሡाၸޑБݤٰ߄ቻޕ่ᄬǶ ߄ 2-8 ߄ቻޕ่ᄬϐБݤ Б ݤ ჴ ࡼ Б Ԅ ࣬ ᜢ ࣴ ز ၡ৩ཛྷ൨ݤ (path finder) ၸໆЁᆉ߾Ǵஒၗᙯᡂԋၡ ৩ཛྷ൨ᆛၡǴפрڙ၂ޣޕᆛ ၡ่ᄬკǶ Gesslin & Shavelson(1975)аӷຒ ᖄགྷݤύᏢғӧᐒ ᏢಞǶ ӭӛࡋໆЁݤ (Multidimensional scaling, MDS) ೀᗦᙒӧᢀჸၗుቫ่ᄬǴ Զפрཷۺ໔ޑ่ᄬᜢ߯Ƕ ഋߪඵکλ(2002) ᔈҔཷۺᄬკݤٰز ፐำ௲ᏢǶ ဂϩݤ (cluster analysis) வ࣬՟܄܈ό࣬՟܄ޑၗύǴ פрၗύޑወӧ่ᄬǴനࡕа ᐋރკ(dendrogram)ޑԄ߄ቻ рڙ၂ޣޑޕ่ᄬǶ ݅ߪሎ(1988)ᇟཀೀ ౣჹඵૈόىᏢғᇟ ЎԾҗӣᏫϐቹៜǶ ԛׇፕ (ordering theory) ၂ᚒ่ᄬϩݤ (Item relational structure analysis) ਥᏵڙ၂ޣޑբเǴٰϩ ٿٿ၂ᚒ໔ޑ໘ቫᜢᖄǴעϩ ่݀ຎࣁڙ၂ޣޑޕ่ᄬ߄ቻ Ƕ ླྀذॳ(2003) ճҔ၂ᚒ ᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤǴٰ ୯λϖǵϤԃભၗᓬ ғఊय़ᑈޑཷۺ่ᄬ Ƕ
Οǵຑሽޕ่ᄬ(evaluation of knowledge representation) ຑሽޕ่ᄬ߯ࡰၸޕ่ᄬ߄ቻޑᡯ܌ளډޑޕ่ᄬǴᆶୖྣޣޑޕ ่ᄬуаКၨǴᕕှঁΓޕ่ᄬᆶᆶୖྣޣޕ่ᄬޑৡ౦ǴԶୖ ྣޣޕ่ᄬ೯தࢂаৎޑޕ่ᄬࣁж߄Ƕ ߄ 2-9 ຑໆޕ่ᄬϐБݤ Б ݤ ჴ ࡼ Б Ԅ ཷۺᄬკݤ (Concept Mapping)
Novak & Gowin(1984)٩Ᏽཷۺᄬკচуаঅ҅Ǵځीϩ ߯٩Ᏽڮᚒǵ໘ቫǵҬΰᖄ่ǵᖐٯǵϩЍǵᜢᗖཷۺک ڮᚒޑቚуໆϤࡰीᆉԶٰǴຑۓٿঁཷۺᄬკ໔ ठำࡋޑଯեǶ ӭӛࡋໆЁݤ (Multidimensional scaling, MDS) рٿঁ่ᄬ໔Ǵόӕཷۺଛჹޑኻ൳ٚளຯᚆ(Euclidean distance)Ǵฅࡕӆளٿঁ่ᄬϐ໔ޑཷۺຯᚆϐ࣬ᜢ߯ኧ ǴਥᏵԜ߯ኧελж߄ٿঁޕ่ᄬ࣬՟ޑำࡋǶ ၡ৩ཛྷ൨ݤ (path finder) ௦Ҕკፕࣁ୷ᘵޑᄽᆉБԄёаளډ GTD ࡰኧک PRXࡰኧ௦ҔӝፕᄽᆉБԄ߾ёளډ PFC ܈ C ࡰኧǴ җ೭Οᅿࡰኧёаղᘐڙ၂ޣޕ่ᄬکୖྣ่ᄬޑ࣬՟ ำࡋǶ ឦ܄ϯཷۺკޑኳጋ ຑໆ(Fuzzy Assessment of Attributed Concept) ୯ৱ(1998)ගр೯܄ǵ୷ᘵ܄ǵфૈ܄Ϸᜢᖄ܄Ѥ ঁݤ߾ٮৎ܈Ꮲғٰຑཷۺᆶೱ่ᇟӧཷۺკύޑឦ ܄ख़ॶǶ уཷۺᄬკݤ (Similarity ratings) ჹܭٿٿଛჹޑཷۺǴҔໆЁղᘐཷۺ໔ޑ࣬՟ࡋ܈ᜢ߯ மࡋǶ ᇟཀӦკݤ Poindexter et al. (2001)၂аᇟཀӦკύჴሞೱጕޑߏࡋ
߄ 2-9 ຑໆޕ่ᄬϐБݤ Б ݤ ჴ ࡼ Б Ԅ (Semantic Web) ߄Ңཷۺ໔ޑޜ໔ຯᚆǴڗж৩ၡཛྷ൨ݤύޑ߈՟ॶၗ Ǵஒკᙯඤԋ PENETs ࡕǴа PFC ࡰኧຑሽ࣬՟ࡋ LFTीϩፕ Ԯك၈(1997)ගрǴ୯ϣᏢޣϷࣴزޣ(ڑᐋኬǵचᙦᄪ ǵϺᆢǴ2005)অ҅ LFT ϐख़ाࡋǵᜪ՟ࡋǵډၲࡋϷৡ ౦ࡋࡰǴᘉк LFT ϐፕǴᆀࣁ LFT-extended ϩݤǶ )ុ*
ಃϖ ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤ
1793ԃǴऍ୯ᏢޣAirasian,P.W.,& Bart,W.M.२Ӄஒԛׇፕ(ordering theory)ᔈҔӧ ௲ػπᏢሦୱ(ϺᆢǴ1994)ǶϐࡕВҁᏢޣԮك၈ठΚׯؼԛׇፕޑલᗺǴ٠ܭ1980 ԃว߄Ȩ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤȩ(Item relational structure analysis)Ǵගраෳᡍ၂ᚒޑ่ ݀ǴࡪᚒҞ۶Ԝ໔ϸᔈ܌ளޑׇᜢ߯ǴᇙԋڀԖࡰӛ܄ޑკ่ᄬǴٰϩ၂ᚒޑ ܄ǶҗԮك၈௲ߏයჴሞᔈҔܭ௲ػࣴزࡕǴ่ܴ݀Α၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤԖշ ௲ৣՉ௲ᏢीǴᕕှٽูޑᇡޕᏢಞᄬϷཷۺԋၸำǴჹԋ܄ຑໆޑ่݀ Չံ௱௲Ꮲ٠ගٮ௲ࣽਜጓޣჹፐำ௲ϐᕕှ(ϺᆢǴ1995)Ƕ ǵ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤፕ ᖐঁٯηᇥܴ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤፕǴଷԖAǵB ٿಔᏢғǴಔӚԖ 10 ՏᏢғǴٿಔޑᏢғӕਔୖуӅ6ᚒޑ࣬ӕෳᡍǴӚঁ၂ᚒӚж߄ࢌঁኧᏢཷۺǶ เჹࢌঁ၂ᚒջж߄೯ၸ၀ཷۺǴளlϩǴเᒱջж߄҂೯ၸǴள0ϩǶԜٿಔᏢғࡼ ෳࡕޑӵΠ߄2-10-Aᆶ߄2-10-BǶ ߄ 2-10-A A ಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸ ߄ 2-10-B B ಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸ җ߄2-10-Aᆶ߄2-10-BύளޕٿಔӚ၂ᚒϐ೯ၸΓኧ֡࣬ӕǴࣁΑᢀෳБߡଆـǴ ၂ᚒ Ꮲғ ၂ᚒ1၂ᚒ2၂ᚒ3၂ᚒ4၂ᚒ5၂ᚒ6 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 4 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 5 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 6 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 7 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 10 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ 3 2 8 5 7 7 32 ၂ᚒ Ꮲғ ၂ᚒ1 ၂ᚒ2 ၂ᚒ3 ၂ᚒ4 ၂ᚒ5 ၂ᚒ6 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 6 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 7 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ 3 2 8 5 7 7 32
ஒ߄ᙁϯӵΠ߄2-11-Aᆶ߄2-11-BǺ ߄2-11-A AಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸᙁ߄ ߄2-11-B BಔᏢғ၂ᚒ೯ၸᙁ߄ ځԛǴ٩ྣՏᏢғ၂ᚒ܌ளޑᕴϩଯեǴҗԶΠ௨ׇёளӵΠ߄2-12-Aᆶ߄ 2-12-BǺ ߄2-12-A AಔᏢғளϩ௨ׇ߄ ߄2-12-B BಔᏢғளϩ௨ׇ߄ ௗǴаᏢғӧӚ၂ᚒ೯ၸΓኧޑӭჲׇǴҗѰԶѓ௨ӈǴёளӵΠ߄2-13-Aᆶ ߄2-13-BǴջࣁᛯໜറ(1982)܌ගрϐSɡP߄Ǻ ၂!!!!!!ᚒ Ꮲ!!! ! ! ! ! ғ! ၂!!!!!!ᚒ Ꮲ !! ! ! !!! ғ 1 2 3 4 5 6 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 5 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 7 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 6 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 4 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 10 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ 3 2 8 5 7 7 32 ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 6 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 7 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ! 3 2 8 5 7 7 32 ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 4 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 5 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 6 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 7 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 10 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ 3 2 8 5 7 7 32 ၂!!!!!!ᚒ Ꮲ! ! ! ! ! ғ ၂!!!!!!ᚒ Ꮲ! ! ! ! !!!! ғ! 1 2 3 4 5 6 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 5 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 7 0 0 1 1 1 1 4 6 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 4 0 0 1 0 1 1 3 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ 3 2 8 5 7 7 32 ଯ ե ଯ ե
߄2-13-A AಔᏢғSɡP߄ ߄2-13-B BಔᏢғSɡP߄ җ߄2-13-AϷ߄2-13-BёޕٿಔᏢғޑঁΓᕴϩׇϷӚ၂ᚒ೯ၸΓኧӭჲԛׇ ࣬ӕǹٿಔ၂ᚒᜤܰϩଛϷ၂ᚒጓဦϐჹᔈֹӄठǴՠऩуаుزևϐׇ่ᄬკ Ǵ൩ԖᡉޑόӕǶ ӧAಔύǴ೯ၸ၂ᚒ2ޑᏢғԖ3ဦک9ဦǴдॺҭӕਔ೯ၸΑ၂ᚒ1Ǵҭջ೯ၸ၂ᚒ2 ޑᏢғҭ೯ၸ၂ᚒ1ǴԜਔฝр၂ᚒ1ډ၂ᚒ2ޑጂᓐǴ1Æ2ǹ೯ၸ၂ᚒ1ޑᏢғԖ3 ဦǵ9ဦک2ဦǴдॺӕਔΨ೯ၸΑ၂ᚒ4܌аࣁ4Æ1ǹ೯ၸ၂ᚒ4ޑᏢғԖ3ဦǵ9ဦǵ 2ဦǵ5ဦک7ဦǴдॺϩձ೯ၸΑ၂ᚒ5ǵ၂ᚒ6Ǵ܌аϩձࣁ5Æ4ǵ6Æ4ǹ೯ၸ၂ᚒ5 ǵ၂ᚒ6ޑᏢғԖ3ဦǵ9ဦǵ2ဦǵ5ဦǵ7ဦǵ6ဦک4ဦǴдॺҭ೯ၸ၂ᚒ3Ǵ܌аࣁ 3Æ5ǵ3Æ6ǹځᎩ٩ԛᜪǶ ӧBಔύǴ೯ၸ၂ᚒ2ޑᏢғԖ3ဦک9ဦǴдॺҭӕਔ೯ၸΑ၂ᚒ1Ǵҭջ೯ၸ၂ᚒ2 ޑᏢғҭ೯ၸ၂ᚒ1ǴԜਔฝр၂ᚒ1ډ၂ᚒ2ޑጂᓐǴ1Æ2ǹ೯ၸ၂ᚒ1ޑᏢғԖ3 ဦǵ9ဦک2ဦǴдॺӕਔΨ೯ၸΑ၂ᚒ4܌аࣁ4Æ1ǹ೯ၸ၂ᚒ4ޑᏢғԖ3ဦǵ9ဦǵ 2ဦǵ5ဦک4ဦǴдॺҭ೯ၸΑ၂ᚒ6Ǵ܌аࣁ6Æ4ǹ೯ၸ၂ᚒ6ޑᏢғԖ3ဦǵ9ဦǵ2 ၂!!!!!!ᚒ Ꮲ! ! ! ! !!!! ғ! 3 5 6 4 1 2 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 5 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 7 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 4 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ 8 7 7 5 3 2 32 ӭ! Ͽ ၂!!!!!!ᚒ Ꮲ ! ! ! ! !! ғ 3 5 6 4 1 2 ೯ၸ ᚒኧ 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 5 5 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 6 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 4 1 0 1 1 0 0 3 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 10 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ӛᚒ೯ ၸΓኧ 8 7 7 5 3 2 32 ӭ Ͽ!
ဦǵ5ဦǵ7ဦǵ6ဦک4ဦǴдॺҭ೯ၸ၂ᚒ3Ǵ܌аࣁ3Æ6ǹќБय़Ǵ೯ၸ၂ᚒ1ޑ ᏢғԖ3ဦǵ9ဦک2ဦǴдॺӕਔΨ೯ၸΑ၂ᚒ5Ǵ܌аࣁ5Æ1ǹځᎩ٩ԜᜪǶ ٩य़ϩǴךॺۓကเჹӵΠǺ ၂ᚒเჹɨ ˇˇˇˇˇˇˇˇˇ ٠аᕵ০ࣁ೯ၸǴஒϩ่݀ҔጂᓐҢฝрǴԋࣁֹޑ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკǴ ӵΠკ2-8-Aᆶკ2-8-BǶ ၂ᚒเჹ Aಔ่ᄬკ 0.2 2 0.3 1 0.4 0.5 4 0.6 0.7 5 6 0.8 3 კ 2-8-A A ಔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ კ 2-8-B B ಔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ ᢀჸय़ٿঁ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ߄Ǵวٿঁ่ᄬკᄒฅόӕǴᏃᆅAǵBٿಔӚ၂ ᚒޑ೯ၸठǴฅԶٿಔᏢғևрޑ่ᄬቫԛࠅό࣬ӕǶӧAಔޑ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ 2-6-AύᡉҢрޑ่ᄬԖঁൂપޑϡϯسӈǹԶӧBಔޑ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ2-6-Bύ ᡉҢޑ่ᄬԖٿঁسӈӸӧǴځύϐࣁ၂ᚒ5ǵ1ǵ2ޑسӈǴќঁࢂ၂ᚒ3ǵ6ǵ4ǵ ၂ᚒเჹ Bಔ่ᄬკ 0.2 2 0.3 1 0.4 0.5 4 0.6 0.7 5 6 0.8 3 ڙ၂เჹΓኧ ܌Ԗڙ၂Γኧ
1ǵ2ޑسӈǶ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკၨS-P߄׳ёаᢀჸډӚ၂ᚒ໔ޑׇᜢ߯ǴΨᡣ ךॺჹᏢғޑᏢಞϸᔈԋਏՉ׳ಒጏǴЪԖБӛ܄ޑղ᠐Ƕ Βǵ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤ ()၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬׇ܄߯ኧ ၂ᚒϐ໔ޑׇำࡋǴҔׇ܄߯ኧٰ߄ҢǴׇ܄߯ኧޑݤǴᇥܴӵΠǺ ၂ᚒj ၂ᚒi เჹ(1) เᒱ(0) ᕴी เჹ(1) A B AɠB เᒱ(0) C D CɠD ᕴी AɠC BɠD N(ɨAɠBɠCɠ D) ߄ύAǵBǵCǵDǵNж߄ཀကӵΠǺ AǺ၂ᚒiᆶ၂ᚒj֡เჹޑΓኧ BǺ၂ᚒiเჹԶ၂ᚒjเᒱޑΓኧ CǺ၂ᚒiเᒱԶ၂ᚒjเჹޑΓኧ DǺ၂ᚒiᆶ၂ᚒj֡เᒱޑΓኧ NǺբเ၂ᚒiᆶ၂ᚒjޑڙ၂ޣΓኧ ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬׇ܄߯ኧࣁ
r
*ij=1ɡ ) )( (A C C D CN ׇ܄߯ኧࣁr
*ij߄Ң၂ᚒiࡰӛ၂ᚒjޑׇ܄ำࡋǴΨ൩ࢂᇥ၂ᚒiࣁΠՏ ཷۺ(lower concept)Ǵ၂ᚒjࣁՏཷۺ(upper concept)ޑำࡋǶׇ܄߯ኧࢂঁኧॶǴऩׇ܄߯ኧεܭሚॶǴ߄Ң၂ᚒiᆶ၂ᚒjׇ܄Ӹӧǹϸϐ߾ցǶ ਥᏵTakeya(1991)ޑࣴزǴሚॶ(threshold)ࣁ0.5Ǵҭջ r*ij>0.5Ǵ߾Ԗ၂ᚒiࡰӛ၂ᚒjϐׇᜢ߯ǴբiÆj r*ij<0.5Ǵ߾၂ᚒiᆶ၂ᚒjؒԖׇᜢ߯Ƕ (Β)ᛤᇙ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკ ่ᄬკᛤᇙࢬำӵΠǺ 1ǵਥᏵ၂ᚒ໔ϐׇ܄߯ኧǴр܌Ԗ၂ᚒ໔ࢂցԖᜢ߯Ƕа߄2-10ύA ಔᏢูբเࣁٯǴीᆉр၂ᚒޑׇ߯ኧǴӵ߄2-14Ƕ ߄2-14 ၂ᚒׇ߯ኧ ၂ᚒi ၂ᚒj 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 ɡ +1.000 +0.107 +0.429 +0.184 +0.184 2 +0.583 ɡ +0.062 +0.250 +0.107 +0.107 3 +1.000 +1.000 ɡ +1.000 +1.000 +1.000 4 +1.000 +1.000 +0.250 ɡ +0.429 +0.429 5 +1.000 +1.000 +0.583 +1.000 ɡ +1.000 6 +1.000 +1.000 +0.583 +1.000 +1.000 ɡ 2ǵӧֹ܌Ԗޑ၂ᚒׇ܄߯ኧࡕǴаlک0߄ҢԜᅿׇࡰӛޑӸӧᆶցǴ ׇ߯ኧεܭ0.5ޑ߯ኧׯቪࣁ1ǴԶλܭ0.5ޑ߯ኧׯቪࣁ0Ǵஒ၂ᚒׇ߯ ኧ߄অׯԋᙁߡޑ0-1߄Ǵӵ߄2-15Ƕ
߄2-15 ၂ᚒׇ0-1߄ ၂ᚒi ၂ᚒj 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 ɡ 1 0 0 0 0 2 1 ɡ 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 ɡ 1 0 1 4 1 1 0 ɡ 0 0 5 1 1 1 1 ɡ 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 ɡ 3ǵ่ᄬკޑᕵືж߄೯ၸǴӧѳय़Ң၂ᚒՏǴ٠аȨ ȩ߄Ңٿ ޣϐ໔ޑᜢ߯Ǵ೯ၸଯޑӧΠय़Ǵ೯ၸեޑӧय़ǴਥᏵ၂ᚒׇ߯ ኧ0-1߄Ǵᛤрკ2-9(1)Ƕ 4ǵٿ၂ᚒ໔ऩૈаޔௗ܈ୢௗ࣬ೱௗਔǴ߾ᔈନѐޔௗೱ่ޑጂဦǴаᙁϯ ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკǶӵ၂ᚒiࣁ၂ᚒjޑΠՏཷۺǴׇᜢ߯ࣁiÆjǹ၂ᚒjࣁ၂ ᚒkޑΠՏཷۺǴׇᜢ߯ࣁjÆkǹ၂ᚒiࣁ၂ᚒkޑΠՏཷۺǴׇᜢ߯ࣁ iÆkǴԶiÆkࣁሀ౽ࡰӛǴᔈஒځନǴӵკ2-9(2)܌ҢǶ 5ǵനࡕǴஒሽޑཷۺӝٳǴջёள၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკǴӵკ2-9(3)܌ҢǶ
კ2-9 ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬკϐᙁϯ ၂ᚒเჹ Aಔ่ᄬკ 0.2 2 0.3 1 0.4 0.5 4 0.6 0.7 5 6 0.8 3 (1) ၂ᚒเჹ Aಔ่ᄬკ 0.2 2 0.3 1 0.4 0.5 4 0.6 0.7 5 6 0.8 3 (2) ၂ᚒเჹ Aಔ่ᄬკ 0.2 2 0.3 1 0.4 0.5 4 0.6 0.7 5 6 0.8 3 (3)
Οǵ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤޑфૈϷҔჹຝ ୯ϣᏢޣϺᆢ(1994)ࡰр၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤЬाԖΠӈϖᅿфૈ: ()௲ᏢीϐၮҔ ӧՉൂϡޑ௲ᏢࢲǴ௲ৣёଞჹ௲ᏢࢲϐӃഢᡍჹᏢғՉࡼෳǴ ჹܭࡼෳ่݀ճҔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬٰՉϩǴӵԜёаزᏢғӃഢᡍޑό ىϐೀǴբࣁ௲ৣӧ௲ᏢࢲीਔޑୖԵ٩ᏵǶ (Β)ԋ܄ຑໆϐᔈҔ ӧൂϡ௲ᏢࢲࡕǴ௲ৣёаਥᏵޕ่ᄬკٰጓᇙԋ܄ຑໆ၂ᚒǴ٠ჹᏢ ғՉࡼෳǴஒ่݀ࡼෳ่݀ճҔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬٰՉϩǴёаزᏢғᏢ ಞࡕޑόىϐೀǴբࣁ௲ৣՉံ௱௲ᏢޑୖԵ٩ᏵǶ (Ο)ᇡޕᏢಞᄬϐϩ ௲ৣճҔԋ܄ຑໆޑ่݀٠٩ᏵS-P߄ᕇளޑݙཀ߯ኧǴפр౦፦܄ޑᏢғǴ ע౦፦܄Ꮲғޑޕ่ᄬკᆶޑޕ่ᄬკуаКၨǴջёບᘐрᏢғ౦ ፦ޑচӢǶ (Ѥ)ཷۺԋၸำϐԵᡍ வᕵೣᢀᗺٰزǴᏢูཷۺޑԋၸำԖቫԛϐϩǴ௲ৣຑۓᏢูਔϩԋѤ ঁቫԛǺᏹբᡍቫԛǵޕϣϯቫԛǵقᇟܜຝቫԛǵӢ݀ፕቫԛǴаԜ ѤঁቫԛٰຑۓཷۺԋၸำǴёаࡌҥӚԃભޑ่ᄬკǴᕕှᏢูޑཷۺ ԋၸำวǶฅԶவᐉᘐᢀᗺٰ࣮ǴҭёᕕှᏢғཷۺԋၸำޑϩѲǶ (ϖ)ፐำ௲ᄬϐှ ᏢғޑᏢಞᄬჹ௲ࣽਜጓޣԶقࢂख़ाޑၗǶவ҆ဂᡏᒿᐒܜኬՉԵᡍ ࡕǴၸ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤՉᄬკǴࡌҥᏢғޑᏢಞᄬǴჹܭ௲ࣽਜጓ ᒠϷϩڂጄ௲ৣޑᏢಞࡰᏤᄬკޑ፦ǴڀԖࡐεޑфҔǶ
ԜѦǴ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬҔܭӭঁ၂ᚒ܈Ҟ܌ಔԋǴϩ၂ᚒᆶҞϐ໔ޑᜢ߯ࡺ ҔჹຝԖෳᡍǵ௲کୢڔǴӵ߄2-16܌Ң(ЇԾጰߏబǴ1993) Ƕ ߄2-16 ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬޑҔჹຝ ჹ ຝ Ҟ ी ໆ ၗ ှ ញ ෳᡍ ෳᡍҞ ෳᡍޑჹᒱ ෳᡍࢎᄬϐϩ ௲ Ꮲಞፐำ ෳᡍ܈Չࣁᢀჸϐԋ൩ำࡋ ௲ᆶࢎᄬϐϩ ୢڔ ୢڔҞ ୢڔፓϐ่݀ ᄊࡋǵࠔ፦ϐϩ җ߄2-16ύёޕǴ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩόҔܭ၂ᚒෳᡍǴԶӧୢڔБय़ҭԖ ځфૈǶࣦ։(2001)ޑࣴزࡰрǴճҔ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬϩݤǴᕇளΟفკޑཷۺ ่ᄬǴΨวόӕ܄ձᏢғཷۺ่ᄬεठ࣬ӕǶླྀذॳ(2002)ޑࣴزวਥᏵ၂ᚒᜢᖄ ่ᄬϩևޑૻ৲Ǵᕕှ୯λϖǵϤԃભၗᓬғܭఊय़ᑈޑཷۺ่ᄬࢂԖৡ౦܄ޑ Ƕછၲએ(2007)ޑࣴزύวᄊࡋໆ߄ࢂёаᆶ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬӝϩǴ٠ฝрᄊࡋ ୢᚒ่ᄬᜢᖄკǴٰϩᏢғჹ௲ৣϐຑ᠘ޑᄊࡋୢᚒϐ໔ޑׇᜢᖄϷፕځ่݀Ƕ
ಃϤ ᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍϩݤ
LFTीϩፕҗВҁԮك၈௲ܭ 1997 ԃࣁׯؼ Shavelson & Stanon (1975)ᆶդ ڑΨ(1981)ǵNovak-Gowin (1984)Ꮲޣϐीϩፕ܌ගр(ЇԾ Takeya,1999)ǶВҁᏢ ޣԮك၈Γ(1997)ᏤΕ LFG ཷۺკύ࣬ჹᔈٿഗᗺ໔ޑೱ่ᜢ߯ǵԖӛᜐޑख़ाࡋ (importance index)Ϸٿঁ LFG ໔ޑᜪ՟ࡋ(similarity measure)ᆶډၲࡋ(reachability measure)Ǵวрᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍीϩፕ(logical flow test)Ǵᙁᆀ LFTǶځύ
ٿԖӛკύҺٿঁഗᗺᜢ߯ޑৡ౦ࡋ(discrepancy index)ϐελёբࣁံ௱௲Ꮲჴࡼׇ ޑ٩Ᏽ(Ԯك၈Ǵ1997ǹ݅ྷഓǴ2004ǹϺᆢǴ2004aǴ2004bǹഋՙ၈ǵླྀШϘǵ
݅ྷഓǵचᙦᄪǴϺᆢǴ2005)Ƕ
ਥᏵΓᜪᖄགྷᏫፕ(human associative memory theoryǴᙁᆀ HAM ፕ)Ǵ٠ୖଜ ܄ࡘԵፓኳԄ(adaptive control of thought-rational theoryǴᙁᆀ ACT-R ፕ)Ǵӧᡄ ᒠࢬໆෳᡍीϩፕ(logical flow testǴᙁᆀ LFT)ޑ୷ᘵΠǴ୯ϣᏢޣϷࣴزޣ(ڑᐋኬ ǵचᙦᄪǵϺᆢǴ2005)অ҅ LFT ϐख़ाࡋǵᜪ՟ࡋǵډၲࡋϷৡ౦ࡋࡰǴᘉк LFT ϐፕǴᆀࣁ LFT-extended ϩݤǶ ǵLFT-extended ϩݤۓက ۓကٿঁԖӛკ G1=(V,E1)ǴG2=(V,E2)ǴЪ vi,vjVǴځύ V ߄Ңკύޑཷۺ ᗺǴE ࣁೱ่ཷۺᗺޑၡ৩ǴC(vi,vj;G1)Ϸ C(vi,vj;G2)ϩձӧ G1Ϸ G2Ԗӛკ ύ߄Ңၸ(vi,vj)ޑ܌Ԗၡ৩܌ԋϐӝǴ#߄ҢӝύϡનঁኧǶLFT-extended ीϩፕύᜪ՟ࡋǵډၲࡋǵৡ౦ࡋǵख़ाࡋϩॊӵΠ(ڑᐋኬǴ2005)Ǻ Ȝᜪ՟ࡋȝ ᜪ՟ࡋࣁҔٰКၨٿঁᜢᖄ่ᄬკϐ໔ᜪ՟ำࡋޑኧॶǶ S(G1,G2)ɨ
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n i n j i j j n i n j i j i j G v v C G v v C G v v C G v v C 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 ) ; , ( ) ; , ( # ) ; , ( ) ; , ( # Ȝډၲࡋȝ ډၲࡋж߄ޑཀကӕᜪ՟ࡋǴࣁΑߡܭ᠐ڗϷᢀჸǴӢԜډၲࡋॶጄൎࣁ 1ɩR(G1,G2)ɩ100Ƕ R(G1,G2)ɨ100Ø S(G1,G2)Ȝৡ౦ࡋȝ ৡ౦ࡋࣁҔٰКၨٿঁᜢᖄ่ᄬკϐ໔ཷۺᗺޑৡ౦ำࡋǴё٩ྣৡ౦ໆ εډৡ౦ໆλޑׇǴՉϪޑံ௱௲ᏢׇǴගϲᏢғޑᏢಞԋਏǶ D(vi,vj;G1,G2)ɨ#
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C(vi,vj;G1)C(vi,vj;G2)@
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C(vi,vj;G1)C(vi,vj;G2)@
Ȝख़ाࡋȝ ख़ाࡋ߯ࡰٿঁཷۺᗺϐ໔ᜢ߯ޑख़ाำࡋǶ I(vi,v j;G)ɨ ) ; , ( # max ) ; , ( # ) , ( C v v G G v v C j i V V v v j i j i u ࣴزว LFT-extended ନΑߥ੮ LFT ीϩፕޑ܄፦Ǵ׳ڀԖΠӈᓬᗺ(ڑᐋኬǴ 2005)Ǻ ()ှ، LFT ीϩፕύǴӢࡘཷۺౢғϐόӝϐीϩୢᚒǶ (Β)ૈଞჹߚԖӛკՉຑϩǶ (Ο)ਥᏵຑሽ่݀ǴଞჹόӕᏢಞޣёаගٮӝϐံ௱௲ᏢፐำǶ (Ѥ)ӧڙ၂ޣޑ LFGs ѝલϿঁ҅ዴԖӛᜐޑచҹΠǴঁკޑຑሽ่݀ ᆶځ܌લԖӛᜐϐख़ाࡋԋॄ࣬ᜢǶ (ϖ)ᆶ LFT ीϩፕ࣬ၨΠǴё෧Ͽຑሽ่݀ౢғӕϩϐᐒǶࣴزЬᚒ! ࣬ᜢၗϷЎᇆ! ኗቪࣴزीฝ! ጓᇙෳᡍ၂ᚒ! Ⴃ၂! ҅Ԅࡼෳ! ᛤᇙᏢғޕ่ᄬკ! ጓᇙৎޕ่ᄬკ! ၸ MGU.fyufoefe ीϩ ݤϩᏢғޕ่ᄬკ!
ಃΟക ࣴزБݤ
ҁࣴزճҔԾጓޑ୯λఊय़ᑈཷۺෳᡍՉࡼෳǴٰᕇڗ܌ሡޑၗǴ٠ਥᏵ ॊϐ࣬ᜢЎǴՉҁࣴزБݤޑीᆶჴࡼǶаΠ٩ׇ൩ࣴزࢎᄬǵࣴزჹຝǵ ࣴزπڀϷၗೀᆶϩуаᇥܴǶಃʳ ࣴزࢎᄬ
ҁࣴزਥᏵࣴزҞޑаϷୖԵЎǴගрࣴزࢎᄬӵკ 3-1Ǻ კ 3-1 ࣴزࢎᄬკಃΒ ࣴزჹຝ
ҁࣴزаѠύѱࢌ୯λϤԃભٿঁભᏢูࣁࣴزჹຝǴՉఊय़ᑈෳᡍǴᙖҗ ෳᡍΑှᏢูఊय़ᑈཷۺკϐᏢಞཷݩǶ ǵႣ၂ჹຝǺࣁѠύѱࢌ୯҇λᏢϤԃભᏢูǴԖঁǴӅी 34 ΓǶ Βǵ҅ԄࡼෳჹຝǺࣁѠύѱࢌ୯҇λᏢϤԃભᏢูǴԖٿঁǴӅी 68 ΓǶ ࣁ෧ϿᕉნნځдӢનϐቹៜǴ٬ᏢғӧനዕޑᕉნΠࡼෳǴӢԜࡼෳӦᗺ ӧচભ௲࠻ǴҗࣴزޣہૼᏤৣՉᅱԵǹࡼෳǴᅱԵޣӃᇥܴෳᡍޑҞޑᆶբเ БԄǴբเਔ໔ࣁ 40 ϩដǶಃΟ ࣴزπڀ
ҁࣴزట୯λϤԃભᏢูӧఊय़ᑈཷۺკޑᏢಞǴᏢғޑޕ่ ᄬǴ٠Չ၂ᚒᜢᖄ่ᄬᆶᘉкᡄᒠࢬໆෳᡍϩǴஒࣴزπڀᇥܴӵΠǺ ǵ୯λϤԃભᏢูఊय़ᑈཷۺკ၂ᚒෳᡍ ()၂ᚒϣࢎᄬ ҁ၂ᚒ߯٩ᏵΐԃೣፐำᆜाኧᏢᏢಞሦୱϐᏢғૈΚࡰǴୖԵՉ୯ ҇λᏢࠄހ(2008 ԃހ)ǵநଈހ(2008 ԃހ)Ϸᑣ݅ހ(2008 ԃހ)܌рހޑ ௲ࣽਜᆶᏢғఊय़ᑈཷۺว࣬ᜢޑൂϡϣǹฅࡕཤଜఊय़ᑈ୯ϣѦ ࣬ᜢЎǴଛӝᏢูޑᇡޕวǴࢎᄬрӵკ 3-2 ٽูఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ ᄬკǴനࡕԋఊय़ᑈཷۺკԾጓ၂ᚒǴ၂ᚒӅ 24 ᚒǴᚒࣣࠠࣁᒧᚒ Ƕკ 3-2 ఊय़ᑈཷۺޕ่ᄬკ ፄӝკ֖ఊှᚒ)ςҢచϩപጕ* 33ǵ34! ఊಔӝ ԋѳՉѤ ᜐǴр ఊय़ᑈ! 31! ϪപఊǴ ԋѳՉѤᜐ Ǵрఊय़ ᑈ ΟفکѳՉ Ѥᜐԋ ఊǴрఊ य़ᑈ 29! ٿঁΟف ԋ ఊǴр ఊय़ᑈ 26! ஒٿӄ ఊ ԋ ѳՉѤ ᜐǴ ѳՉ Ѥᜐ य़ᑈ 2:! ஒఊ य़ᑈϪ പԋΟ فک ѳՉѤ ᜐǴ ѳՉ Ѥᜐ य़ᑈ 28! ஒఊ य़ᑈϪ പԋΟ فک ѳՉѤ ᜐǴ Οف य़ᑈ 27! ஒఊ य़ᑈϪ പԋٿ ঁΟف Ǵ Οف य़ᑈ 24ǵ25 ٬ҔఊϦԄ ޔௗрఊ य़ᑈ :ǵ21! ϕံय़ ᑈߥ੮ ཷۺ! 4! ᒣڀ Ԗय़ᑈ ޑკ 2! ीᆉѳՉѤᜐ य़ᑈ 23! ीᆉΟفय़ᑈ 22! ୷ҁय़ ᑈߥ੮ ཷۺ 3! 8ǵ9! ൂՏໆϪപǵ ǵϩှǵӝԋ) ߚኧ*Ǵр ఊय़ᑈ פрఊޑΠۭϷଯ 6ǵ7! ፄӝკ֖ఊှᚒ)҂ϩപጕ* 35! ᒣձఊ 5!
(Β)၂ᚒጓᇙϐ٩Ᏽ ҁࣴز٬Ҕޑࣴزπڀޑጓᇙी߯٩ᏵΐԃೣፐำᆜाኧᏢᏢಞሦୱ( ௲ػǴ2003)ٰीǴӕਔୖԵՉ୯҇λᏢࠄހ(2008 ԃހ)ǵநଈހ (2008ԃހ)Ϸᑣ݅ހ(2008 ԃހ)܌рހޑ௲ࣽਜᆶᏢғఊय़ᑈཷۺว࣬ ᜢޑൂϡϣǶ٠Ъа Bloom ܌ЬޑᇡޕቫԛȨޕȩǵȨှȩǵȨ ᔈҔȩǵȨϩȩǵȨᆕӝȩࣁᐉືǴаय़ᑈཷۺȨ߃ཷۺȩǵȨߥ੮ཷ ۺȩǵȨෳໆཷۺȩǵȨှᚒᔈҔࢲȩࣁᕵືٰीᚈӛಒҞ߄Ǵጓᇙఊ य़ᑈཷۺკෳᡍ၂ᚒᚈӛಒҞ߄ӵ߄ 3-1ǵఊय़ᑈཷۺკηཷۺϷԛཷ ۺ၂ᚒϐᚈӛಒҞӵ߄ 3-2Ǻ ߄ 3-1 ఊय़ᑈཷۺෳᡍ၂ᚒϐᚈӛಒҞ߄(ኧӷࣁෳᡍ၂ᚒϐᚒဦ) ௲ᏢҞ ௲ϣ ޕ ှ ᔈҔ ϩ ᆕӝ ӝी ߃ཷۺ 1ǵ4 5ǵ6 4 ߥ੮ཷۺ 2 3 2 ෳໆཷۺ 7ǵ8 9ǵ10ǵ 11ǵ12 13ǵ14ǵ 16ǵ17ǵ 19 15ǵ18ǵ 20 21 15 ှᚒᔈҔࢲ 22ǵ23ǵ 24 3 ӝी 5 7 5 3 4 24
߄ 3-2 ఊय़ᑈཷۺηཷۺϷԛཷۺ၂ᚒϐᚈӛಒҞ߄(ኧӷࣁ၂ᚒϐᚒဦ) ௲ϣ ௲Ꮲൂϡ ߃ཷۺ ߥ੮ཷۺ ෳໆཷۺ ှᚒᔈҔ ࢲ ӝ ी ᒣڀԖय़ᑈޑკ 1 1 ᒣձఊ 4 1 ୷ҁय़ᑈߥ੮ 2 1 ϕံय़ᑈߥ੮ 3 1 פрఊޑΠۭϷଯ 5ǵ6 2 ൂՏໆϪപǵǵϩှ ǵӝԋ 7ǵ8 2 ٬ҔఊϦԄрఊ य़ᑈ 9ǵ10 2 ीᆉΟفय़ᑈ 11 1 ीᆉѳՉѤᜐय़ᑈ 12 1 ஒఊय़ᑈϪപԋٿঁ ΟفǴΟفय़ᑈ 13ǵ14 2 ஒఊय़ᑈϪപԋѳՉ ѤᜐکΟفǴΟف य़ᑈ 16 1 ஒఊय़ᑈϪപԋѳՉ ѤᜐکΟفǴѳՉ Ѥᜐय़ᑈ 17 1 ஒٿӄఊԋѳ ՉѤᜐǴѳՉѤᜐ य़ᑈ 19 1 ٿঁΟفԋఊ Ǵрఊय़ᑈ 16 1 ΟفکѳՉѤᜐ ԋఊǴрఊय़ᑈ 18 1 ϪപఊǴԋѳՉѤᜐ Ǵрఊय़ᑈ 21 1 ఊಔӝԋѳՉѤᜐ Ǵрఊय़ᑈ 20 1 ፄӝკ֖ఊှᚒ(ς Ңచϩപጕ) 22ǵ23 2 ፄӝკ֖ఊှᚒ(҂ ϩപጕ) 24 1 ӝ ी 4 2 11 7 24
(Ο)ෳᡍ၂ᚒޑߞࡋ ߞࡋ(reliability)Ξᆀё܄Ǵ߯ࡰෳᡍ่݀ޑᛙۓ܄(ғҏǴ1989)Ƕҁࣴ زа Cronbach' s ͉߯ኧٰෳᡍ၂ᚒϐϣठ܄Ƕ (Ѥ)ෳᡍ၂ᚒޑਏࡋ (1)ϣਏࡋ ҁෳᡍπڀਥᏵఊय़ᑈཷۺკޕ่ᄬკ(კ 3-2)ǴаϷఊय़ᑈཷۺ კෳᡍ၂ᚒϐᚈӛಒҞ߄(߄ 3-1)ǵఊय़ᑈཷۺკηཷۺϷԛཷۺ၂ᚒϐᚈ ӛಒҞ߄(߄ 3-2)ٰጓᇙǴ٠٩Ᏽ၂ᚒᔠਡ߄(ӵߕᒵΒ)ाᔠຎጓᇙ၂ᚒ ǴբࣁԵᡍϣਏࡋϐ٩ᏵǶ (2)ৎਏࡋ ጓᇙֹԋϐ߃ዺᗎፎٿՏኧᏢ௲ػৎǵӭՏҺ௲ڀ 7-10 ԃޑଯԃભ ᙍ୯λ௲ৣᆶ 2 Տ൩᠐ኧᏢ௲ػᅺγϐ୯λ௲ৣ٩Ᏽৎਏࡋፓ߄(ӵߕ ᒵΟ)Ӆӕቩຎ၂ᚒࢂցӝǴ٠ගٮঅׯࡌ٬၂ᚒϣڀৎਏࡋǶ ΒǵႣ၂่݀ ၂ᚒጓᇙֹԋࡕǴаѠύѱࢌ୯λϤԃભᏢғӅ 34 ΓǴࣁႣ၂ࡼෳჹຝǴڗ ଯϩಔ( 27%)Ϸեϩಔ(ࡕ 27%)ՉϩǶࡼෳ่݀а Cronbach's ͉߯ኧٰෳ ᡍ၂ᚒޑϣठ܄ǴႣ၂܌ளϐ͉ॶࣁ 0.814ǴࢂߞࡋёௗڙޑႣ၂၂ᚒǴႣ၂ ၂ᚒϩӵ߄ 3-3Ƕᜤࡋεӭύӧ 0.7~0.8 ϐ໔Ǵ᠘ձࡋࢂճҔଯϩಔϐเჹ෧ եϩಔϐเჹǴаϷঁ၂ᚒளϩᆶᕴϩޑ࣬ᜢ߯ኧٰ߄ҢǶ
