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(3)  Constructing and Validating the Restaurant Customer-based Service Orientation Scale (RCSOS).  : .

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(14)  . Constructing and Validating the Restaurant Customer-based Service Orientation Scale (RCSOS) Abstract: The present study is to develop a Restaurant Customer-based Service Orientation Scale (RCSOS) to assess the degree of faith, attitude, and behavior performed by the restaurant service providers while delivering services. Applying the rigorous construction stages suggested by Churchill (1979), the study first collected the item pool from relative literature analyses and defined the concept of the construct. Followed by the focus group discussion and expert validity, 55 items were criticized and generated which were used as the pre-test version of the scale. Then, a series examination of scale validation was also done. Final test of the reliability and validity were taken from 520 restaurant customers as valid samples. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the RCSOS has stable factor structure and great reliability. A .91 of Cronbach’s was reported for the total scale, .73 to .88 for the four subscales. The RCSOS subscales included “Mature Attitude”, “Customer is Number One”, “High Proactiveness”, and “High Reliableness”. Finally, the implications and limitations of this present study were discussed.. Keywords: Service-Orientation, Restaurant Industry, Scale Validation.    . .

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(19)  . . .  2-2-1 2.  2-2-2. Dienhart and Gregoire (1992).  2-2-3 6.  2-2-4. Donavan(1999)4.  3-2-1 8. 9.  3-2-2  3-2-3. p. Z. 3. 7. p. 4. p. . Z. . ....................................................... Z. 5. . 25. ....................... 29. (SERV*OR)................................................... 32. p . Z . .................................................. 36. . ............................................................................... 46. :.  ;. <. ². V. Æ. ­. D =. :.  ;. <. @. ã A. B. C. ­. .  3-2-4 :.  ;. <. D. R. ­. .  3-2-5 M. Ç. ­. M. N. ü. ý.  3-2-6 M. Ç E. F. “. ”G.  3-3-1. M. Ç. ². Þ. Æ.  4-1-1 . H. I. .  4-1-2 . M.  4-1-3 . ø.  4-2-1 H. I.  4-2-2 O.  4-2-3. p 5. Z . N 4. 5. >. ?. . p . Z. . …. 49. ............................................... 52. ……………………………………... 53. …………………………………………... 55. z. ……………………………………….. 55. ­ 4. 5. >. ?. . . …………... 61. : J. K.

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(28)  .   N 1980 / . LM. k . . e>. . ". l˜. æõ. ¦ $. aéEF. \DR[eä. ˜. . Cm. . 1982 / *eSaxe . and Wetize naéEF o E Cp q LM \DÏ ì Selling Orientation-Customer Orientation (SOCO)]€ k r. K. ­. $. ãM. ß. . . —. . . . M. ß. . Dienhart(1992). eØ. G. 3 F éXÑm  K M ß  R[e“  D» CÄ Å (Organizational support)YH Dx y(Customer focus)ãs $ t (Service under pressure)] Lytle, Home and Mokwa(1998). C . k». r. C . . . —. SERV*OR(Organizational Service Orientation )eku \M ß ô. \m. ). . Y   ~. . C† Î. ß. . " . 10 F éXm »  e§ ¨ v LŠ w —. x Y ky YM € Y . 3. k. ɍ. û. . ‚ Y  . 4. . .  Y. Y%Ž. —. À Š. ß ƒ. { Y  z ,. ;. . ¿. ã . . º. L‡. .  Y#. \. YO. P . $. ,. A Y  @. M. „. L. ³. W ]Donavan(1999) . ß. ˆ. ô ¡. } Y |. ‰. \Ü ©. F. +. CÔ®ew. ‹ e éê. ë m. . — M. Œ. R[] _ .  . C   . . QRSeÚ. H. » . ». ?.

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(42) 2-1-1)eT1 D   . “. R . . |. M. ß. m. Xe“. ». . #. . . $. . %. . \p . . . éY .. =. . ã. D». ’ ]H t. Å.  è.  eNÃ. . ¦r. k. (Service Orientation) . . (Organizational. Arrangement Parameters)           . Se  þ. Se“ þ. Cá . Lý.  t. . ý. C•. (Individual Level) &. . Ç. × . ¨ eNF . » ™. Æ. F ¶. Ð ¢N». ¨. º. . þ. â. § è.  . ý. CL‡ Å. ” . , þ.  e» . · . Lý. DEF O. ãà . DF. . %. !. '. (Organizational Level). (. &. ). *. (Business Strategy). ".

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(44) Homburg, Hoyer and Fassnacht (2002).Service orientation of a retailer’s business strategy: dimensions, antecedents and performance outcomes. Journal of Marketing, 66(4), p87.. .  .

(45)  . EYF. Lý. Nù ˜. v ½. Ã. M. » ¥. 7. ß. y S>. ú. & Ü. 'æ. 9. —. L‡. â. Ð. k . ! eKotler, Brown and Makens (1996)À. C. 6 Y˜ 5. ¥ þ. C  e2. ß. 8 l. .. C;. 9. ". G5. < e=>. : ?. @. A. ˜ 6. M. ß. 7. —. – 3. CLe» 8. ˜ 4. °. H. À. 8 ]Schneider. 6 Y˜ 7 5. ×. . and Bowen (1995)ËÀ —    F LÙ W M ß 9 " ˜ â o L‡ N . ß. l_n˜. š. C½. ]. Hogan et al. (1984) ²  À — ç GL‡ â Ð ë m    eTo LY³. p.  ™. D-. ÉCY{.  9. D . CãÙ 9. N. ¦ . CM. . ß. nYŸ. , $. —. . ³ . —. ¡. EF. *EF. 5. À ò.   m. ¦ Ô. Ô. . (good. (good social skills)Y ã C(likeability) CYÀ . ]Browen and Schneider(1985). . %ɺ. YZ 6. U. ¦ Z. (Service Orientation Index, SOI)e  ¿. C(willingness to follow rules)eN . f. ð. À. ,. lCn‡ eÖ. adjustment)Yš C Ý ; . Š. ß. (SOI)9 — U  M ß L‡ â Ð Dš CŸ ð $ ¿. ãZ. %M.  L,. CL‡ . $. åƒ. ½. ¿ ¢N Fiebelkorn (1985) 9. L‡. . 9. ¿. ¢Rosse, Miller and. Barnes (1991) ½  M ß " U V ™ Ž  U 㘠 ! C . W. ¶. á. . $ e‘Ø. o. p. . D„  . Dû. ú. ky Ù. læã".

(46)  . Lº #. 7. CYDí 8. L_. {C] Fromm and. Cã/ $. Schlesinger(1993)À  L‡ º N!  “  ß l: GLM  o *². á. .. C‘’ e‘Ø. [ã\DC% Ø . M. â ß. Ð. Ð. eô. N. eQë. ˘ >. SU. C  Se. p. Ù. eHurley (1998)& L‡. o. V. f. nº. » ! &. Ü. '. º. ½. ?. 'ç. M. N» ß. Gè. eÎ. $. , !. ß. ã +. L‡. %æÑm. â. Ô®Ê Ð. M. Ñm ß. Ð. „. . ². Û. Z. ].  . eTS—.  M. ß. ãn(Agreeableness). ¢Chait and his colleagues (2000) H. &. M. +. n(Extraversion)ã . ½. . C‘’. eNwJ'. ½. L‡. â. n ‘. (Openness to Experience)ã ãn(Agreeableness)Ëò ‹ ã  ˜. ¯. C.  . U. [Ù. ³ ]Ö. ˜. &. '½. R[M f. ¯. ¾ e×. –. M. ß. U. ˜. ãnãk( . ). (Brown et al.,2002)]Costen and. Barrash (2006)ô õ è ! L‡ â Ð ,   i j   — ACE œ . (×

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(48)  . 0. . 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (Conscientiousness). (Agreeableness). , 8. 9. :. -. . . 4. (Extroversion). . . . (Customer Service Orientation) ;. (Property-specific Knowledge) ,. -. . . 6. 7. (Customer Service Behavior) + 2-1-2 , -. . . . ACE . / .

(49) Costen and Barrash(2006). ACE-ing the Hiring Process: A Customer Service Orientation Service Orientation Model. Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism, 5(1).. ÉY » ý. Nû. p e1. \¦. GeF. p. T. ç. ú. . eÀ. . H. eò. v. p e1. œ. à. ³. o . s. o. ë Ì. º. ÓM. p. ë. Ô. ›N  ç. X(Marketing concept) m. ¦\p. 0 eË2 p. ›Ó. *ËÀ C7. º. Cý. U ]‘Ø. C  eÖ U. Ž. M u. ã u. C². Saxe and Wetize (1982)k  Î. . 2 /. C T. ™. o. M. Se² ú. D. q. lTF F. y ¥. » ¥. Co š. þ. Ï. q. G2 3. n. ky. ]. 4. DM. ß. ‰. C. ìT­. QRS ¦. ‰ 5. ß. 0. C 6. Ôl. Ó. M. . Ô. U YÀ —.  1. ‚5Ý. Ã.  ë. ?.  @. !. Hogan and Hogan (1989) »  C¥ y4k   D» 9. ". U. V. H t.    . ¥. yV 8. NÀ. º 9. V.

(50)  . Yj ï. † X. . s. LM š. Ñ. Ý U. Ö. . €. Ò. j. :. ;. NŸ. Ë£.  ¹. ° . Ì Y<. C‹. BY. *G -. F. LM. C . ã{A Ñ. Ö F. ? I. ú. —. E. º. NÀ. `. ½ ". _˜. s. º. NÀ. ã. ½ š. † ¹. j. Ù T. ç. C† ¹. C. .  C. =. %C.. >. EF . Y< . H. j `. ç. s Y. ä. ã?. * @. u. Câ. kÆ. Ç. D. ÑÎ. N. ] U. Deshpande, Farley and Webster (1993)¦ o p D¦. ˆ J. 0ECW K. º 㞠é. Eá. ». \eNØ. . XeH . . .  eØ CO. . —. EF. » h ". L. . Ž N. C ä. j . ð. ež. —. Ü. Ç. m. ˆ â. H. M. ». \\p. 1 K. Û . QÆ. D] Lee, Park and Yoo (1999)À M. °. Cç. . {e›. DSÉC. ß. ½. . —. C\. °. XN . è . R. DEá O. C. ? O. k. ]. Keillor, Parker and Pettijohn (2002)9 —   p q LM À º P. p. q. C » Å v ! . ß. kÅ W. \Dej . º. CŽ Ü. ä eÖ. Np. ,. O.  Yš X. P. CEá G. Z. B.  . ,. .. O. ’ e° Ì . ]   . P. ™. H %. R. š. à. ». €. Å Ý. .  eN“. o Ù eú. p. ”. D»

(51) Ä. T Å. ³. É. D. \D]Lytle and Timmerman (2006)1 . ,. —. u. [, ». Â. q. ®eÑj. nC» Â. Ö. C( R. CZ. S. Ã. ]Gonzalez and Garazo (2006)À U. EQ è. M. *À -. ,. ®M (. D» U |. V Y. GÙ .

(52)  . åY[ Ù. ». lz. U. ®]. . 3. ½. ã  F  $. CY. a. $ â. + ‰ U. Ð. ‰. CV. . Cß F. ¶ R. e o. p. ¦. C¥.   . . M. ß. . åF. N . .. ¶. á. ’ ò À. Cã ]. À. K. „ e“.  Ò.  P. . D. ¥ ^. _. . ‰. ê. ]Donavan (1999)Ë Ð. yeí. À. —. º. DNÓ Ô®Se  Ì. ï. Ó Ô®YÀ. ]. ß. lÊ f. ’. D“. M. ] W Z. .. CYD Ò. . lN. ãˆ. åF. C  0. LÑ. CÔ®e°. W e,. ã‰. º. ß. Î. C  eT1. Î eU b. L‡. º. t. ß. — X. F ¶. ˆ. . M. *ï.  T. ab. CeÞ. d. e Dienhart et al. (1991)m ú. yãs.  . Ù.

(53) ë. S. U. ò À. 5CL‡ \. eËò. L‡. . — `. ’. M. ™. y ¥. á. '. ¨. yeTÀ. ). þ. Å Y á. _§. Cc. ý. _¶. e&. CÄ. ß. á. H Ù. [ . ¶. Ã. X. v. „ . M. kF CF. T L[. L. \. Ó.

(54)  .  Që À . ". æN·. ò e‘Ø. À. | —. . ,. . . . . . . '*e‘D&. ö. ß. éê. ]. P. Tm. &. ò À.

(55). U. ,. 'k’. éê eA. &. ,. &. '¦j. 'B. C. Që. EY Selling Orientation-Customer Orientation ( SOCO) ² . . .  º m. ÑC Selling Orientation-Customer Orientation ( SOCO) —. eØ. º. TB. à. a. —. ‚5À M.  p. $ q.  r . ñ. º . Nô. C² ³. ñ. . m. B. ¿. \p . (É)0. o . XD.  m. ¦\p. LM U. m. LM \¦. N. C. M.  eË2 \Dº. £. º . . . p. —. M q. U. Ö. Ñe. 1. ". F. ,. T. d. XÑÓ ¥. *9 q. ¦. F. G\p V. Np K. . C \D. Xš. *eM q.

(56). £ . t. (å)i j ú. . C\D] s. %æk m. Š eH. X. . Ô. ú F. \C\p š. ìœ. Cm. T T. åy(E )Ó R. Ï. \p. F. . 2 /. U e0Eg . LM q. EF. 0 eØ. h Ô. p. D. Cý. Ø B. H. CN¦. R[eT1 u. Saxe and Wetize N 1982 /  Î. l. t. a. N/ e. º â. h. Q. i. j. ,. ã 25 4p. 104 F s ƒ wQ} /. ~. q . LM [I. ã Je. 70 F s ƒ ewQ† ‡  ‘  § ¨ n o p q  Yp Ê q  Y.  Y§ s. p. q Yt q. p q. LM   . ¸. u e². €. H. s. B. Óv. “. .

(57)  . Ù. ³. ¡. ¢ h. Ds.  s. B. y. Bt . š. &. . 'eÑI. n o. C¿. „ e /. ×  2-2-1  ƒ. à YE~. ) w. o. wp. 12 F x ê m. ]Saxe and Wetize Ö ¾. à Y,. 12 F ‰ ê , . ~ ¶. y. B . Æ. Ç. M. H. E~ ß. ô. \. SOCO W []  2-2-1 2 3. pZ4. 5. pZ. .  j. /.  ? ^ _ 4 5

(58) ` ¿ a •  Ú I try to help customers achieve their goalsj  ? b > Ÿ 4 5 c d  M e I try to achieve my goals by satisfying customers.j  Î Ñ  2 3  f w L g 4 5 h i j C 2 Q A good salesperson has to have the customer’s best interest in mind.j  ? k 4 5   ` ¿  l l I try to get customer to discuss their needs with me.j m n 4 5 “ ”  Y " L o p

(59) q r s J± t u I try to influence a customer by information rather than by pressure.j o p k v U 4 5 l |  ‡w I offer the product of mine that is best suited to the customer’s problem.j  ? x y ¬ z H ‡w † 4 5 L k 4 ^ _  I try to find out what kind of product would be most helpful to a customer.j áå · J4 5 k ! {  | } I answer a customer’s questions about products as correctly as I can. Ô J4 5 · ~ Ý ` ¿ –  Y } I try to bring a customer with a problem together with a product that helps him solve that problem.. Saxe and Wetize (1982)j. j j .   . 0.

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(61)  . 2-2-12 3. pZ4.  j. 5. pZ. () /. 0.

(62). ã 9 ^ _ 4 5 •  Ñ  €  ‚“ k 4 5 à @ T “ ” Saxe and I am willing to disagree with a customer in order to help him make Wetize a better decision. (1982)j Ô ¸ 4 5 † ‡w G z 4 ! { ºƒ I try to give customers a accurate expectation of what the product will do for them.  ? x y ¬ 4 5 l l „ I try to figure out what a customer’s needs are.  a ‡w ‚ † Ñ Ó ‡  4 5 ˆ ‰ ‡w I try to sell a customer all I can convince him to buy, even if I think it is more than a wise customer would buy. áå · 2 3 ¥ > Ÿ 4 5 I try to sell as much as I can rather than to satisfy a customer.j Ô Š “ d 4 5  ‹ Œ   Ž  F æ å æ   t u ¸ 4 5 ˆ ‰ I keep alert for weaknesses in a customer’s personality so I can use them to put pressure on him to buy.j  a @ { Þ ‡w U v 4 5 Ó Ä Ô J4 5 t u a ` ˆ ‰ If I am not sure a product is right for a customer, I will still apply pressure to get him to buy.j o p 4 5 ‡w æ · ‡  4 5 ã > ? r s æ ¸ 5 > “ ‘ à  º­€’ã> ? I decide what product to offer on the basis of what I can convince customers to buy, not on the basis of what will satisfy them in the long run.j á å · “  ‡wa‡w” • ^ á å · d Ñ I paint too rosy a picture of my product, to make them sound as good as possible.j ‡  4 5 ˆ ‰ –  U » — 9 ~ 4 5 l |  , I spend more time trying to persuade a customer to buy than I do trying to discover his needs.j C Z 4 5 O P ‡wU ˜ / ™ wÚ g L 4 š l  It is necessary to stretch the truth in describing a product to a customer.j j .   . j.

(63)  . 2-2-12 . pZ 3. 4. pZ 5. () . j. /.

(64). j. Saxe and Wetize (1982)j. › œ T “4 5 x  ž ` ¿ I pretend to agree with customers to please them.j Ã Ä 4 Ÿ Ú L ·   . È Z 4 5 ¡ x L ¢ ¬   . Ž £ I imply to a customer that something is beyond my control when it is not.j ¤ ¥ ¦ d 4 5 l l  Î ‡w§ ¨ ©  2 3  Î ‡w I being the sales talk for a product before exploring a customer’s needs with him.j g 4 5 ¤ ª « † ¬ ^ † ƒ I treat a customer as rival.j Saxe and Robert(1982).. 0. The SOCO Scale: A Measure of the Customer. Orientation of Salespeople . Journal of Marketing Research, 19(3) , 43.. ÉY Dienhart and Gregoire (1992) . ¸¸¸¸Dienhart and Gregoire (1992)r . . eTB. ,. . EF. C. D . 0. m. ß. ,Ü 1. U. ‹. ]T. k. . —. .  !. .  . K. . M. Q. C . ß. R. . . . . . e . . . —. . . . . . R. . ¸. o. [ p. .  ‘. º`. ’ G. Hogan et al. (1984) À—    D - N % M ß , ³ ¡ *ªEF . D. k r. 59F s. u. ew. ¸ ‘. ’. åF . . ,. Y³. z. {. É . C. |. Y{. K. . $. C . %. ã. æ. l Ù. ã. C. n. *M è. ¬es. ß. ‡ ô. \ k. ƒ. C. . l e‚. (×2-2-2)eu v † ‡  ‘  { |  K $ % æ ,M ß Q. ­. é ê. L Ô. . ƒ.  é. ¦ Z. „. “. „ e“ . “  ×t. ‘. ’. D . “. ”,W. x. . yY.    . [ ». . J. Ä. _ Å. e9F s ,s $. t. ƒ C. ÎåF  eØ.

(65)  . (E )Y x y(Customer Focus) Dienhart et al. (1992)o p x y2 ºªH D S É ¬ eº 9. M -. C ÷. . O. f. ®. ›/. . ï. *eM. . ß ¿. l. ß M. C. ð e°.  ]T& . €. Ô. Ö. u. C. ¦. ú. ä. £. Z. ã. F. ² ø. . ß. '. e›ß. . . ½ e—. l. ú F. N. ~ ] }. ט Ë. ¦ Z. l. x C. !. [. ß. l. ß. Eá %. ˜ ªH —. æ. k. ‰ YÅ ˆ. $ eç  Ê. C. Ð.  A Y. @. D. S. É. ¬. ] McColl-Kennedy and ¯. f. C. yº$. ß. M. S. White(1997)1 D M ß — . U ˜    e² á . C 2 º. ó ô ªH . 0. D. Eg. S. M. É. ß. ¬C. ‰. ,. ». è. ». Ä. £.  . ú Ñ. . ° -. £. H. w. Îã. ä. u. u. à. ]. (Organizational Support). Å. C. - eNØá. O 0. (É )Y » Ä Å . ú. R. º9 ^. $. %. æ. ºD . k. . ç ™. L. . O. M P. C . °. Y. H. A Y  @. Q. C ‚. Å. š(Dienhart et al.e Ö. 1992)]Orpen(1994)À— ז M ß ú -   » k ¦ í î ºÄ Å C ˜. M. Ö h. M ». Ö. ºÄ. C Ü. Å. C Ü. í. 9. î. #. ë ƒ. $ C. ‘. Å J. D í. . » . î. e½. 1 Ö. M. l V M. §. ›ó â. #. Ö /. k §. C Ü. ›h $.  j. ». Ö /. C „ e—. ö. ÷ M. ,M ß [. ß. D 1. . š]Klein and. Weaver (2000)š  & '  ½ U ˜  » Ä Å Æ Ç C M ß M ½ — ß. l . _ f. €. YÄ. Å. Æ. Ç. C. B. ¿ Y™  . Ž. Æ. Ç. .  Y™ Ž. Æ. Ç. C [.

(66)  . ,% \. X. ›N. ß. l ˆ. (å )Ys $ t C . S ‰. ` M. G. L í. ú. ]. (Customer service under pressure). Dienhart et al. (1992)o p s $ t C  D  L M N ² † ‡ 1. +. k. C. M. ß. *G. N. ‹. Tß §. . ½ eT1. ˆ. *Š ‰. Àà . l. ú F. [. Z B. C. Ý. D  . s. $. Àà Ê.  t. šC. . º•. Ð eÀ =. . . Ù. §. j. 6. 7. ß. à. j. 4. 5. :. . j. t. u . . . '. . . M. ß. M. ß. F. L. ,$ y. N Y. ² W. %. †. æ C. Ë. ‡ °. ó. ]. 2-2-2 Dienhart and Gregoire (1992). 1. A ]@. ó. ™. pZ. . . /. f ˆ C  D ­ 3 o p ® ¯    The employees at my restaurant provide excellent service.  ÷ ° Ë Ìx o p ® ¯    My manager encourages me to provide excellent service. F ± ²  ³ ´ ¸ & ' Ñ x o p ® ¯    The training I received prepared me to provide excellent service. ¿   X Y ¸ å æz µ  x o p ® ¯    Our service procedures make it easy for me to give excellence service. k 4 5 ¼ ¶ L d Á ž  Interacting with customers is enjoyable. 4 5 > “† r · L Ü l  It is important to me that the customer is satisfied. 4 5 † L Û ¸  Customers treat me with respect. C [ D ¹ º U ! (» ¼ º Ê ½ Q )¿ @ · o p

(67) “    At peak hour it’s so busy (e.g.Friday night)we can’ t provide excellent service.  . 0.

(68). Dienhart and Gregoire (1992)< j.

(69)  . 2-2-2 Dienhart and Gregoire (1992) ' t. u  . . . pZ. () . /.

(70). Dienhart and Gregoire (1992)<. . a H è — c d ® ¯    ° ¾ ¿ Ó Ä l ¿ À Á  X Y My manager expects us to always follow procedures, even if it means giving less than excellent service.

(71). 0. Dienhart, J.R., Greoire, M.B., Downey, R.G., Knight, P.K.( 1992). Service. orientation of resurant employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11 (4), 331-346.. åY SERV*OR(Organizational Service Orientation ). . Lytle, Home and Mokwa (1998)r k  » C      — SERV*OR(Organizational Service Orientation ) eTo p  » C. . . . C. È. É. º™.  Ž. C. A. Ð. eN . A. Ð. §. î. H. å t. y. (E )Y  º™ Ž C  Ue§ î Ó Ô Y Œ Y“  ã Ø Ù  U]. (É )Y  v ºÀà  ² Ž C ,í î C Ž ‚] (å )Y  » C ¥ yÑ ˜ e® ˜ -  » M ß N  » S ˜ Ÿ - 4  *en o Á.  . ’. . . . . p o. .  ». j. Â. . . . . YO. P. €eh. [. ,F \. Q. . i. T. j.  ,“. . U] k.  . n ,. z. 15 4 ­ $ , " Y´ µ ‚‘ ¥  Y Š  YM è YT 12 4 } ~ " æ ô \ “ [ k l H â /  . SERV*OR   s.

(72)  . teu ~. v. . ô. . [ M.  ß. ´. ê M. ‡. Ç. ß e†. ô. \. . ß e§. ‡. j. % ”. . ·.  ý.  . L. M. ô. =. œ. ~. Y . . î. $. €ô ›. %. }. 285 4 • – n , z u \ n. —. ‘. \. æ Y . a. é. . [. ’. “. ”,W. Àà C. 35 F s ƒ ¨. @. A. € Y  e. F. œ ~. é. ê. “. I. æ. [. ,. J e•. “. –. ˜ ½. š. À Ô.  ¾. ». (× 2-2-3)eÎ 10 F é. . ×t. . J. >. ƒ. ; Y . . ?. 1., - A B 2.E F G H.  I. ‚ Y  . . 1. @ $ / =  2.  C D. . . . . . K. . 1.  N O 2.  P Q. 1.  2. . 3.  4.  V2-2-1 6 7. . pZ. L. M.  à  à Ç È e &. . Ä Å. Æ. SERV*OR. Lytle et al. (1998),” SERV*OR: a managerial measure of organizational. service-orientation.” Journal of Retailing, 74(4), p.464.. . \. (

(73) 2-2-1)e“  D v L Š w  Y  û x Y k y Y. }. $. $. 43 ~ A ˜ u \ C   ™ 4 , 110 ~ , z . M. ,44 æ. 86 F s ƒ ]› k Ö. ‘ . { Y . |. ‘. . ". (SERV*OR)§ „. z. ~ m. . ‡ Æ. M.  . ß. . C.  . †. ¥. }. eñ. €e†. . . o \. ‚‘ µ. Ã. I ô. ”]². Î74 \.   . ¿ „. Y.

(74)  . 2-2-3 6. '. . 4. 5. † ƒ. f. ˆ Ö. ×. . Ç. È. . Â. Ã. . Ä. . 7. . pZ. (SERV*OR). . /. f ˆ €2 4 5 ¨ É  ž Ê Ë Ì €2  H Employee care for customers as they would like to be cared for. f ˆ ~  a C 4 5 § ' Employees go the “ extra mile” for customers. ¿ Í Î  ª « ¿ ’ Ï k 4 Ð Ñ We are noticeably more friendly and courteous than our competitors. f ˆ Ô¢ ¬ I Ò x ^ _ 4 5 Ó Ô @ Õ Employees go out of their way to reduce inconveniences for customers. ¤ f ˆ ^ 4 5 • Ü l Ý Þ U å æ@ [ l Ø | ° ¾ ¿  T “ Decisions are made “ close to customer.” In other words, employees often make important customer decisions without seeking management approval. f ˆ 4  Ù k X × Ú 4 5 ® ¾ –  Employees have freedom and authority to act independently in order to provide excellent service. ¿ Ôa[ k D Ç È R S  · u We enhance our service capabilities through the use of “ state of the art” technology. Ç È L [ ^ + Û k Ò š  Ñ   w Technology is used to build and develop higher levels of service quality. ¿ a[ Ü Ç È x ^ _ § Ý f ˆ We use high levels of technology to support the efforts of men and women on the front line. ¿ Ô¢ ¬ I Ò x ^ _ 4 5  Ä –   Ò  We go out of our way to prevent customer problems. ¿ ÔÞ  \  Ä 4 5 –  ¥ –  Ò  Æ  ' † We go out of our way to “ head off” or prevent customer problems rather than reacting to problems once they occur. ¿ Ô÷ ¶ ß ” 4 5 à á We actively listen to our customers.   . 0.

(75). Lytle, Home and Mokwa (1998)j.

(76)  . 2-2-3 6. '. . .  Å. Æ. . e. &. . ‚. ý. . Ã. 7. . pZ. (SERV*OR). ( ). /. ¿ 4 5 â ã ä J 4 d Ñ   å æ Y ç We have an excellence customer complaint handling system for service follow-up. ¿ + Û M è  ; é æR S f ˆ ® ¾   à  · u We have established problem-solving groups to enhance our ability to resolve service breakdown. ¿ o p å æ êë æ{ @  Y ç ­ % g We provide follow-up service calls to confirm that our services are being provided properly. ¿ o p Í ´ 4 5    ì  We provide every customer with an explicit service guarantee. ¿ C 4 5 â ã § Ôa[ G í e & x î   Â Ã Ò   å · Ø We do not wait for customers to complain, we use internal standards to pinpoint failures before we receive customer complaints. ¿ á å · [ µ ï  Y " Z f ˆ ‡ Í 4 5 “” $ %    Every effort is made to explain the results of customer research to every employee in understandable terms. Í ´ f ˆ Ï ª « 9 ~ F 4 ð ´ F g    e & Every employee understands all of the service standards that have been instituted by all departments. ¿ ñ ò w í  ‚ ý Ôb  ó ô  õ N M e * ö } ñ ò ÷ ø  ½ ó We have a developed chain of objectives linking together every branch in support of the corporate vision. @  7 ´ ù X ´ F 4 f ˆ ú å ñ )    û    Service performance measures are communicated openly with all employees regardless of position or function. ¿ 4  L †   ü ý þ * ¶ There is a true commitment to service, not just lip service..   . 0.

(77). Lytle, Home and Mokwa (1998).

(78)  . 2-2-3 6. '. . 7. . pZ.  ". . .  . . ³. ´. p. . ( ). /. 4 5 ) ã Î    Ôr @ L  ^  Customers are viewed as opportunities to serve rather than as sources of revenue. ¿ ½  6 7   C L ã9  4 5 l l It is believed that fundamentally, the organization exists to serve the needs of its customers. ° ¾ ¿ @ c   Ü l Ø Manager constantly communicates the important of service. ° ¾ 

(79) C › * 4 5 k f ˆ ¼ ¶ Manager regularly spends time “ in the field” or “ on the floor” with customers and front-line employees. ° ¾ ¿ ÔU

(80)    w Manager is constantly measuring service quality. ° ¾ ¿ Ô[ ¶ *

(81)  o  f ˆ o p ® ¯   · u Manager provides resources, not just :lip service,” to enhance employee ability to provide excellence service. ° ¾ ¿ Ôþ 2 u*  pu Managers give personal input and leadership into creating quality service. ° ¾ ¿ † F 4  f o p Ñ   U J ±  Ìh  Ì@ ð ð L œ û  B Manager provides excellent incentives and rewards at all levels for service quality, not just productivity. ¿ Ôñ )   ® ¯   This organization noticeably celebrates excellent service. Í ´ f ˆ Ï 4 Î  È   ³ ´ æ  o p w   · u Every employee receives personal skills training that enhances his/her ability to deliver high quality service. ¿ – d , U » k  u   ³ ´ ^ _ f ˆ C ü !  4 5 U å æo p Ü w    We spend much time and effort in simulated training activities that help us provide higher levels of service when actually encountering the customer. g. . (SERV*OR).   . 0.

(82). Lytle, Home and Mokwa (1998).

(83)  . 2-2-3 6 ' .

(84). . C ³. 7. . (SERV*OR). pZ. ( ) /. º ´. ». ¿. b. # ´. x. {. @. V k. S. ˆ f. † ƒ. 4.

(85). Lytle, Home and Mokwa (1998) . 5. 0. Å During training sessions we work through exercises to identify and improve attitudes toward customers.. Lytle, R.S., Hom, P.W., Mokwa, Mokwa, M.P. (1998). SERV*OR: a. managerial measure of organization. Journal of Retailing, 74 (4), 447-454.. ©Y Donavan (1999) . . —. . . . . . Donavan (1999)   —     eT    B C. ºD. G. . #. i. \. x.  j.  . yz. {. Q ‘. L. ‘. s. ³ . EF. . M. ô. \. . [ “. Q. ƒ. ’. ¡. “. }. Ï •. v k. ì. Í. . . Ν ,r. l. ~. ”€eŸ. ,1F ê é. ê. “.  . [. 4 k. Ï.  . . . ì. . . ,·. . ]f.  Y Š. M. ß. n —. ’. ºˆ. . ,. ‘. g . “. ô. , \. ”ž.  . C. 9F ‘ ’ x ¡  ý  ¢ Ì £ ü ƒ ¤. [.   À. D.  H. É Œ. s. ƒ e. . §. Y% Ž. 13F s ƒ ¨. YO. P. (× . $. ]¸. ¸¸¸¸Donavan (1999)À—. eI. Y.  eu. t]w. 2-2-4)e©F ,L. . 23F s ƒ eΩF é ê   „ ]² €ô \  [  I J e n. . . ‚5s. . ’. ß. p. %. m. J. M. o. $. €eñ w. . . Y. ¥. ºâ. É Œ . . C e   . 4. 2. º . k. ¦. L . M. ³. L. M M. É N¦. . º.

(86)  . á. .. C ¢%. Ô. . 0. ˜. . í. ®. Ž. S. 2. ™. Ž. . ›I. •. e°. ×E. º . C. C. 2-2-4. '. j. . 2 . 4. 5. j. ¾. ~. 4. 5. &. ·. u. .  4. .  F. L. >. M P. U¢O ª. «. ë M . Ÿ ¢L . . Y™. C. º  $. ³. Donavan(1999)4. §. Ž. ¡. 5. L. M. ºã. Ž. F pZ. n . { ¨ . F. ©. ,N. ‰. ¦ C 0 L. „ o. ³. ¡. _. ]¸ . j /.   ^ _ 4 5 j I enjoy nurturing my service customers.   ¸ Í ´ 4 5 4 ` ¿ L   4 5  m ² j I take pleasure in making every customer feel like he/she is the only customer. Í ´ 4 5  –  † Ï d Ü l j Every customer’ s problem is important to me.  uJ Í ´ 4 5 Î R  €Š I thrive on giving individual attention to each customer.j d  Ä  O ä 4 5  l l I naturally read the customer to identify his/her needs. 

(87) ÔC 4 5 l | ­ § O ä „ L ` ¿ a l    I generally know what service customers want before they ask.    ” 5   l | I enjoy anticipating the needs of service customers. ! Z x " 5   # < $ · ^ Ý Þ A % k ` 4 , Ô Y Å  ¼ ¶ I am inclined to read the service customer’s body language to determine how much interaction to give.    U  &   I enjoy delivering the intended services on time. & {

(88) 4 5  ˆ ‰ Ôm d > Ÿ I find a great deal of satisfaction in completing tasks precisely for customers. 4  2 å æo p Ñ    I enjoy having the confidence to provide good service.   . ã. 0.

(89). Donavan (1999)j.

(90)  . 2-2-4. Donavan(1999)4. pZ 5. ( ) . '. j .  '. €’.   „ ( 4 5  ) * I enjoy remembering my customers’ names.   x O ä 4 5  Î Ø I enjoy getting to know my customers personally..

(91). j. /. 0.

(92). Donavan (1999). D. Todd Donavan(1999). Antecedents and consequences of the contact. employee’ s service orientation: from personality traits to service behaviors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater..  EY . . . Ó. F. ú.

(93) . ³. . . . . . ¡. Slater and Narver (1995)À— —  » U ˜      ° H.  j. à F. ã. T.  §. Å J. . Ê. Ð. [. UC. C. \ e  Ê. Ã. ã. .  M.  ]—.  I. M. ß. » U. ë V. . . . . À. Uã.  eÀ P. ó . (Cran,1994)› Àà f šC  [ \ D. (Gale,1994)eó § F ú [. (Kelly,1992)㠘 Ö šC M ß ½. (Kelly,1992)] Brady and Cronin (2001)r k F. . ~. —. . C ®. C Ê. Ð. D Ë. Æ Z.  . M. f. ã ¯. ¯. — °. L. M. ›F.  ú. ±.  ².  [. 2~ µ • n C n o  ¬ ­ S É Y2. Ë. . . \.  š. ¯ e B. ¯ f. ô. . &. ' e& C. D. . \ š. . &. ' eˆ. G. G o.    . . . ½ {. E. ]. Donvan and Hocutt (2001)r k ™ ³  S ´   K C. ô. . '. . €o. „ . µ. C. Ü. 2204 ‹ e&. '. •.

(94)  . – ½. ¾ e—. › . L. C. M. C. D. M . . ß. . ˜. \. D.  ‰. M. . \. . D e. !. k. F. . ». C. ú ÷. M. ¯ B. ] ø. Henning-Thurau (2004)Ü ‹  M ß C   ã F ú ,. ›. ú ². ‚Ê. û. ¸. ¹. š f. . +. . e‹. A. ú. TF. . ÉY  l. ¡. ¶. D %. #. \. ,t . (· ² , . q. °. ) e& ' • – ½ ¾ e— C D   L M ˜ ². . ß. ³. . Ó. ú. M. [. F. [. ß. ,›. ß. º9. l. M. ú F. ß. ú ². k. [. û. ¦.  M. ,. ß. l. ». ‰. ¯ f. ÷. . ] . ø. ³.  x. . ¡ C º. P. R. [. (Odom et al.1990)eVroom (1995)1 D ß l F ú º9 ß l æ k B ß k. l. C . Ï. ì . ï ». ß. ð. eºk. ß. l. C. ‰. ê. Ï. Motowidlo ì. (1984)À— M ß     \ D e° ×V 8 C  UN eÓ T ß. l ñ. 0. ú F. M. [. ß. k.  ». C. M $. H. £. . . „ ». E „. C. ». ê eM C. B. ¿. ¿ R. ß. ò 1. B ø. n ]N. . C [. Ö. . #. . ». ú. C. l. ú F. ¦. Ó. Ô. . M. %. Z e2 ¼. ºM. ß. k. ¦. . (Lee et al.e1999)eË 2 ºÎ û. ¯ eTk °. É. ¾.  N. ». C . ». B. ¿ . Ó [. N eD. . \. u ». D h. [ š. Ë Ð. ]. Donavan, Brown and Mowen (2004)r k . S eß. ]. ß. » ÷. ³. C. M.  C. Ù. á. ºEá. ,£ k. ¯ ]½ f. #. ß. [. º}. ø. [. R á. ÷. ÷ M. . y. ». ö. ז. ˜.  . 12~ ¯ þ  K  .

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