行政院國家科學委員會
獎勵人文與社會科學領域博士候選人撰寫博士論文
成果報告
組織文化、智慧資本、知識運用能力與組織績效之動態關
係
核 定 編 號 ： NSC 98-2420-H-004-175-DR 獎 勵 期 間 ： 98 年 08 月 01 日至 99 年 07 月 31 日 執 行 單 位 ： 國立政治大學企業管理研究所 指 導 教 授 ： 林月雲 博 士 生 ： 廖婉鈞 公 開 資 訊 ： 本計畫涉及專利或其他智慧財產權，2 年後可公開查詢中 華 民 國 100 年 08 月 17 日
2011. 8
ii
(1)
(2)
ABSTRACT
Most previous studies have examined the relationship between intellectual capital (IC) and performance. However, possessing IC is not enough. Firms have to apply IC for value creation first. The means which can prompt employees to utilize IC better still remain elusive. Based on the resource-based theory and the institutional theory, this study proposes that the interaction effects between organizational culture and knowledge process capability, such as (1) acquisition process capability, which renews organizational knowledge and (2) protection process capability, which protects knowledge from theft, may strengthen the positive effect of IC further.
Based on time-lag, multiple-informant data of 160 listed organizations, we found that the interaction effects between organizational culture and knowledge process capability indeed change the performance effect of IC. The results of human capital are particularly important because human capital may be negatively associated with performance if firms overlook the acquisition process capability.
In order to examine the industrial difference, this study divides the sample into three industries for investigation. The results display different combinations of organizational culture and knowledge process capability strengthen the positive performance effect of IC in different industry. This study further provides the
theoretical and managerial implication. The performance effect of IC is more complex than what previous study assumed. The moderating effects of organizational culture and knowledge process capability have a critical influence on the relationship between IC and performance.
Keywords: Intellectual capital, organizational culture, acquisition process capability, protection process capability.
iv
... 1 ... 4 ... 4 ... 8 ... 11 ... 17 ... 20 ... 20 ... 20 ... 21 ... 28 ... 29 ... 30 ... 38 ... 38 ... 64 ... 77 ... 77 ... 85 ... 88 ... 92 ... 93 ... 94 110 ... 135 ... 141
1 ... 11 2 ... 20 3 ... 40 4 ... 40 5 ... 43 6 ... 43 7 ... 44 8 ... 44 9 ... 46 10 ... 46 11 ... 47 12 ... 47 13 ... 50 14 ... 50 15 ... 53 16 ... 53 17 ... 55 18 ... 55 19 ... 59 20 ... 59 21 ... 60 22 ... 60 23 _ ... 69 24 _ ... 69 25 _ ... 69 26 _ ... 72 27 _ ... 72 28 _ ... 74 29 _ ... 74 30 _ ... 76 31 _ ... 76
vi 1 ... 7 2 ... 24 3 ... 25 4 ... 26 5 ... 29 6 _ ... 32 7 _ ... 33 8 _ ... 34 9 ... 35 10 ... 37 11 ... 39 12 ... 42 13 ... 45 14 ... 49 15 ... 51 16 ... 52 17 ... 54 18 ... 58 19 ... 61 20 ... 62 21 ... 63 22 ... 64 23 ... 65 24 _ ... 67 25 _ ... 68 26 _ ... 70 27 _ ... 71 28 _ ... 73 29 _ ... 75 30 ... 77 31 ... 91
(The World Bank) 1999 (The World Development Report)
OECD (The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 50 GDP (Davidson & Voss, 2002; Scheider & Samkin, 2008)
(Drucker, 1993)
( ) ( ; Holsapple & Joshi, 2002; Liebskind, 1996; Yang & Lin, 2009)
(Lin & Edvinsson, 2008; Garcia-Ayuso, 2003) (intangible elements; Carmeli & Tishler, 2004) (knowledge assets; Spender & Grant, 1996; Teece, 1998) (Knowledge-based resources; Wiklund & Sheperd, 2003)
(intellectual capital; Reed, Lubatkin, & Srinivasan, 2006; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)… (Schiuma, Lerro, & Santitate, 2008)
(Hitt & Ireland, 2002; Yang & Lin, 2009; Sharabati, Jawad, & Bontis, 2010)
(1)
(Bontis, 1998; Edvinsson & Malone, 1997; Nazari & Herremans, 2007) (2)
(Barney, 1991; Hitt, Bierman, Shimizu, & Koghhar, 2001; Teece, Pisano, Shuen, 1997)
2
(resource-based theory)
(Bontis, 1998; Kang & Snell, 2009; Mavridis, 2004; Reed et al., 2006; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; Tovstiga & Tulugurova, 2007) (3)
(Bukh, 2003; Bruggen, Vergauwen, & Dao, 2009) (4)
(Herremans & Isaac, 2004; Kujansivu & Lonnqvist, 2008)
1 (Bontis, 1998; Mavridis, 2004; Tovstiga & Tulugurova, 2007)
(Barney, 1991; Ray, Barney, & Muhanna, 2004; Herremans & Isaac, 2004)
(Oliver, 1997) (organizational culture)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Kayworth & Leidner, 2003) (Denison, 1996; Ginsberg, 1994; Oliver, 1997) (Child, 1981; Greve, Engelen, & Brettel, 2009)
-(Bontis, 1999; Kayworth & Leidner, 2003)
(
Quinn, 1999) Lin Whetten (2008) (fit)
(competing values framework, Quinn & Rohrbaugh, 1981, 1983; Quinn, 1988; Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Ralston,
Terpstra-Tong, Terpstra, Wang, & Egri, 2006)
2
(Barney, 1991; Jansen, Van Den Bosch, & Volberda, 2005; Oliver, 1997; Ray et al., 2004; Hitt & Ireland, 2002; Sharabati et al., 2010)
- (Drucker, 1993; Holsapple & Joshi, 2002; Nafukho,Graham, & Muyia, 2009)
Wick & Leon, 1993, p. 19
Crossan, Lane, & White, 1999;Vera & Crossan, 2004
(Chan, Shaffer, & Snape, 2004; Madsen & Desai, 2010; Ulrich, 1998)
(Barney, 1991; Liebeskind, 1996; Lee, Chang, Liu, & Yang, 2007)
4
(acquisition process capability)
(protection process capability) (Gold, Malhotra, & Segars, 2001) -(1) (2)
Galbraith(1969) 1990 ( ) 20 0.82 1.69(Edvinsson & Malone, 1997) Edvinsson Malone 1997 Skandia Navigator
(Edvinsson, 1997; Garcia-Ayuso, 2003; Goh, 2005; Marr, Gray, & Neely, 2003; Sveiby, 2000)
SSCI
(Bontis, Crossan, & Hulland, 2002; Mayo, 2000; Pennings, Lee, & Witteloostuijn, 1998; Reed et al., 2006; Ruta, 2009; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(DeCarolis & Deeds, 1999; Huber, 1991)
(Barney, 1991; Edelman, Brush, & Manolova, 2005; Nonaka, 1994)
( 2005; Bontis, Keow, & Richardson, 2000; Mata, Fuerst, & Barney, 1995; Quinn, Anderson, & Finkelstein, 1996)
(Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Human Capital) (Organizational Capital Structural Capital) (Roos & Roos, 1997; McElroy, 2002)
(Social Capital Customer Capital Relational Capital) (Bozbura, 2004; Castro & Saez, 2008; Moon & Kym, 2006; Stewart, 1997; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Innovational /Renewal Capital) (Van Buren, 1999; Joia, 2000; Nazari & Herremans, 2007)
(1) (Human Capital) (skill) (capability)
(2) (Organizational Capital)
6
(Bontis, 1999; Campisi & Costa, 2008; Hitt et al., 2001; Isaac, Herremans, & Kline, 2009; Mayo, 2000; Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998; Roos, Roos, Dragonetti, & Edvinsson, 1997;
Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; Sharabati et al., 2010; Zheng, 2010)
(Quinn et al., 1996; Stewart, 1997; Ulrich, 1998; Campisi & Costa, 2008)
(Armstrong, 2003; Reed et al., 2006)
(Bozbura, 2004; Moon & Kym, 2006; Wu, Lin, & Hsu, 2007) Subramanian & Youndt (2005)
Reed et al. (2006)
(Bontis et al. 2002; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
1
Edvinsson & Malone(1997)
Bontis et al.(2000) Maviridis(2004)
Goh(2005)
Subramaniam & Youndt(2005)
Moon & Kym(2006)
Nazari & Herremans(2007)
Tovstiga & Tulugurova(2007) …
Campisi & Costa(2008)
Ruta(2009)
Huang & Wu(2010)
Sharabati et al.(2010)
8
(Baron, 1997; Schein, 1992)
(Baron, 1997; Chatman & Jehn, 1994; Howard,1998; Holsapple & Joshi, 2002; Ravasi & Schultz, 2006; Schein, 1985; 2002)
(assumption) (vision) (what is important) (belief)
(how things are done) (Barney, 1986; Eker & Eker, 2009)
(Barney, 1986; Chow & Liu, 2009; Eker & Eker, 2009)
(Arogyaswamy & Byles, 1987; Barney, 1986; Chatman & Jehn, 1994; Gold et al., 2001; Holsapple & Joshi, 2002; Ravasi & Schultz, 2006; Schein, 1985)
(Chatman & Spataro, 2005; Erdogan, Liden, & Kraimer, 2006; O’Reilly & Chatman, 1996;
Sorensen, 2002)
(Aycan, 2005; Chow & Liu, 2009)
(Chatman & Jehn, 1994)
(Schein, 1984; Kotter & Heskett, 1992) Hofstede(1980)
(power distance) (uncertainty avoidance) (individualism) (masculinity) O’ Reilly, Chatman, & Caldwell(1991) 54 …
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999) (competing values framework)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999)
(Lin & Whetten, 2008; Deshpand´e & Farley, 2004; Kwan & Walker, 2004; Ralston et al., 2006) (
)
(Cameron, 1986; Buenger, Daft, Colon, &Austin,1996; Denison & Spreitzer, 1991; Livari & Huisman, 2007; Ralston et al., 2006)
(Van Vuuren, Veldkamp, Jong, & Seydel, 2007; Ostroff, Shin, & Kinicki, 2005) (Deshpandé, Farley, & Webster, 1993) (Zammuto, Gifford, & Goodman, 2000; Obendhain & Johnson, 2004) TQM
(Prajogo & McDermott, 2005) (AMT) (McDermott & Stock, 1999; Zammuto & O’connor, 1992)
(1) —
10
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Denison & Spreitzer, 1991; Livari & Huisman, 2007; Quin & Rohrbaugh, 1983; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005)
( 1) (1) (Clan culture) (mentor) (parent) (2) (Hierarchy culture) (3) (Market culture) (aggresive) (4) (Adhocracy culture) (decentralized management) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Cameron, Quinn, Degraff, & Thakor, 2007; Denison & Spreitzer, 1991; Quin & Rohrbaugh, 1983; Ralston et al., 2006; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005;
Zammuto & O’connor, 1992)
(1) (Walton & Dawson, 2001)
(ideal types)
( )
( ) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Denison & Spreitzer, 1991; Quin & Rohrbaugh, 1983; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005; Zammuto & O’connor, 1992) Ralston et al. (2006)
(2)
(Denison & Spreitzer, 1991; Howard, 1998; Goodman, Zammuto, & Gifford, 2001)
1
(Barney, 1991, p.106)
(Bontis, 1999; Bontis et al., 2002; Cohen & Kaimenakis, 2007)
(Clan Culture) (Adhocracy Culture)
12
(Barney, 1986; Chow & Liu, 2009; Chatman & Jehn, 1994; Ravasi & Schultz, 2006; Schein,
1985) (Barney, 1991) (Oiver, 1997) (isomorphic force) (1) (coercive process) (artifact)(Schein, 1984) ; (2) (mimetic process) ; (3) (normative process)
(DiMaggio & Powell, 1983; Kondra & Hurst, 2009)
(Chan et al., 2004; Ford & Baucus, 1987; López, Peon, & Ordas, 2004; Leonard & Swap, 2004)
(Pil & Leana, 2009)
(Kondra & Hurst, 2009; Lepak & Snell, 1999; Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005; Ralston et al., 2006)
(Hitt et al., 2001; Pil & Leana, 2009)
(Cameron et al., 2007; Ralston et al., 2006; Bontis, 1999; Campisi & Costa, 2008; Hitt et al., 2001; Zheng, 2010)
(Kondra & Hurst, 2009)
(Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Kondra & Hurst, 2009; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005; Ralston et al., 2006)
14
(Pennings et al., 1998) (Ralston et al., 2006)
…
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Quin & Rohrbaugh, 1983; Larson & Christensen, 1993; Tesluk, Farr, & Klein, 1997)
(Senge, Roberts, Ross, Smith, & Kleiner, 1994; Van de Ven, 1993)
(Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
R D
(Artz, Norman, Hatfield, & Cardinal, 2010; Salavou, 2002; Prajogo, 2006)
(Kondra & Hurst, 2009; Martin, 2000)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Kondra & Hurst, 2009; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005; Ralston et al., 2006)
(Katila, 2002; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Larson & Christensen, 1993; Stuart & Podolny, 1996) (exploitation)
16
(Crossan et al., 1999; March, 1991)
(Molina-Morales & Martínez-Fernández, 2010)
…
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Kondra & Hurst, 2009; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005; Zammuto & O’connor, 1992)
(Ralston et al., 2006)
(Molina-Morales & Martínez-Fernández, 2010)
(Cabrera & Cabrera, 2002; Lane & Lubatkin, 1998; Molina-Morales & Martínez-Fernández, 2010; Tsai & Ghoshal, 1998)
2002)
(Spencer, 2003; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Ralston et al., 2006)
(Ralston et al., 2006)
(Gold et al., 2001; Madsen & Desai, 2010; Matusik & Heeley, 2005; Norman, 2004)
(acquisition process capability)
( )
( benchmarking)
(Barney, 1991; Gold et al., 2001; Yli-Renko, Autio, & Sapienza, 2001; Anh, Baughn, Hang, & Neupert, 2006; Jansen et al., 2005)
18
(Ford & Baucus, 1987; López et al., 2004; Leonard & Swap, 2004) (Bontis et al., 2002)
( )
( )
(Gold et al., 2001; Greve et al., 2009; Tsai, 2001)
(Barney, 1986; Liebeskind, 1996) (Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005) (Grant, 1996)
(Liebeskind, 1996; Gold et al., 2001; Teece, 1998)
(protection process capability)
2001) (deferred incentives)
(Lee et al., 2007; Liebeskind, 1996)
(Edelman et al., 2005)
20
2 2 TEJ 2009 11 2009 12 2008 (Van Buren, 1999; Joia, 2000; Nazari & Herremans, 2007; Gold et al., 2001)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999) (1)
2008 7-11 ( ) 27 ( 3 24 ) 2010 02 331 1048 23 94 ( ( ) ) 2010 3 504 1036 2010 4 29 389 1243 16 22 169 43 39 87 t t=0.062, p=0.530 t=0.263, p=0.511 t=0.043, p=0.598 (t=.973, p=.259) ( ) Cameron Quinn(1999)
(translation and back translation) 20
(1 9 )
Cameron Quinn(1999) 2008
22
James, Demaree Wolf (1984, 1993)
(within-group interrater reliability)Rwg Rwg < 0.7(George, 1990) 9 Rwg 0.77-0.99 0.97
(Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) ICC(1)=0.290 ICC(2)=0.551
(Schneider, White, & Paul, 1998) 160
Rwg<0.7 2008
(Baron, 1997; Schein, 1992, 2004)
( )
(1) (Direct intellectual capita, DIC)
(2) (Market capitalization methods, MCM)
(3) (Return on assets, ROA) ROA (4) (Scorecard)
(indicator) (Campisi & Costa, 2008)
(Sveiby, 1997, 2000)
1 7 ( 7)
(Lin & Edvisson, 2008; Lin & Whetten, 2008) 2008
24
2
( )
1 Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; 2006
饋 Ulrich, 1998; Van Buren, 1999
3 Bontis, 1998; 2000
4 Dzinkowski, 2000; 2005
5 Bontis, 1998; Bozbura, 2004
6 Edvinsson & Malone, 1997; (2004)
7 Bontis et al., 2000; 2005
1
( )
Ax& Marton, 2008; Bozbura, 2004; Chiucchi, 2008; Scheider & Samkin, 2008; Van Buren, 1999
TEJ
2
( )
Edvinsson & Malone, 1997; , 2004
3 ( )
Belliveau, O’Reilly, & Wade, 1996; Bozbura, 2004; Hogan & McPheters, 1980; , 2005
4
( )
Bozbura, 2004; Chiucchi, 2008; Edvinsson & Malone, 1997; Moon & Kym, 2006; Scheider & Samkin, 2008; Seetharaman, Low, & Saravanan, 2004
TEJ
5 ( )
Ax & Marton, 2008; Castro & Saez, 2008; Chiucchi, 2008; Moon & Kym, 2006; Seetharaman et al., 2004
3
( )
1 2004; Chen,
Lin, & Chang, 2006
饋 Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; 2006
3 Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; 2006
4 … Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; 2004
5
( )
Pablos, 2004; Scheider & Samkin, 2008;
2004
6 Bontis, 1998; Chen et al., 2006
7 Subramaniam & Youndt 2005; Van Buren 1999;
2004
1 ( ISO RoHS) Pablos, 2004; Roos et al., 1997; 2004; 2005 饋 Chiucchi, 2008; Seetharaman et al., 2004 TEJ 3 Chiucchi, 2008; Seetharaman et al., 2004 TEJ
4 ( ) Scheider & Samkin, 2008; Pablos, 2004
5
( 50 )
26 4 ( ) 1 Chen et al., 2006; 2004
饋 Bontis,1998; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005
3 Bozbura, 2004; Brooking, 1996; Castro & Saez, 2008; Chiucchi, 2008; Scheider & Samkin, 2008
4 Bozbura, 2004; Chen et al., 2006; Chiucchi, 2008
5 Bozbura, 2004; Castro & Saez, 2008; Chiucchi, 2008; Moon & Kym, 2006
6 Bozbura, 2004; Castro & Saez, 2008
7 Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; Csstro & Saez, 2008
1
( )
Haanes & Lowendahl, 1997; Tsai & Ghoshal, 1998; , 2005
TEJ
(TCRI)
饋
( 50 )
Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; , 2005
3
( )
Acquaah, 2007; Mizruchi & Stearns, 1988; , 2005
4 Fischer & Pollock, 2004; Phan & Lee, 1995
5 Acquaah, 2007; Mizruchi & Stearns, 1988
( )
(contingency perspective)
Drazin Van de Ven 1985 (fit) (selection fit, interaction fit, and systems fit)
interaction fit
(selection fit or congruence, Fry & Smith, 1987) (systems fit)
Venkatraman 1989 (1) (Degree of specificity of the functional form of fit-based relationship)
(2) (Choice of anchoring the specification of fit-based relationship) - criterion-specific
Fit as Moderation
(moderator) (Drazin & Van de Ven, 1985; Fry & Smith, 1987; Venkatraman, 1989)
( )
Gold 2001
(translation and back translation) 14
(1 7
28
( )
2008
2008 2009 6 TEJ
(Al-Tamimi, 2010; Bullen & Eyler, 2010)
( 1.908 63.61 )
( )
TEJ 2008
log (1,0) (0,1)
(0,0) (Bontis et al., 2002; Chatman & Jehn, 1994; Youndt & Snell, 2004) (outlier) (Shiffler, 1988; Stevens, 1990; Pedhazur, 1997) SEM (Hinkin, 1998)
Aiken West(1991)
(centering) VIF 10
(Hair, Anderson, Tatham Black, 1995)
169 9 160 43 36 81 9 12 771 1507.6 500 100-500 47 26 15.4 30 10-20 47 500 200 36 89,687,253 343,499,730 5 : 160 43 36 81 : 9 : 12 771 26.7 89,687 <100 33 21 <10 22 14 <200 59 36 100-500 75 47 10-20 47 29 200-500 30 19 501-1000 24 15 21-30 29 18 501-1000 21 13 1001-5000 24 15 31-40 30 19 1001-5000 30 19 >5000 4 2 >41 32 20 >5000 20 13
30 Conway Huffcutt (2003) 0.4 (cross loading) 6 8 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (Clarkson, 1995; 2009) (House, Hanges, Ruiz-Quintanilla, Dorfman, Javidan, Dickson, & Associates, 1999)
9
RMSEA = 0.00 NNFI = 0.88 GFI= 0.89 AGFI= 0.74 (Browne & Cudeck, 1993; Jöreskog & Sörbom, 1993)
10
(Quinn et al., 1996; Ulrich, 1998; Campisi & Costa, 2008)
0.5 Jöreskog Sörbom(1993)
1 1
32 6 _ 1. .680 .059 .311 2. .845 .132 .254 3. .582 .215 .171 4. .834 .197 .124 5. .738 .288 .092 6. .776 .269 .144 11. … .304 .758 .106 12. ( ) .386 .695 .163 14. .128 .763 .313 15. .113 .299 .732 16. .242 .194 .790 17. .280 .058 .723 7.923 1.000 1.282 % 46.604 52.489 60.031
7 _ 1. ( : ) .740 .008 2. (feedback) .752 .058 3. .852 .034 4. .852 .096 5. ( ) .823 .056 6. .686 .105 8. .736 .023 9. .039 .776 10. .130 .994 11. .056 .851 12. .139 .696 13. .093 .809 14. .082 .772 7.445 1.801 % 57.268 71.125
34 8 _ 1. : .921 .101 .144 .022 15. : .876 .204 .239 .075 4. : .044 .766 .297 .064 11. : .117 .869 .274 .010 16. : .226 .831 .207 041 2. : .166 .146 .788 .054 5. : .125 .178 .841 .064 13. : .148 .303 .791 .073 20. : .109 .343 .729 .091 3. : .031 .089 .023 .950 8. : .039 .067 .085 .945 1.088 1.847 4.515 1.275 % 79.327 57.840 41.047 69.435
9
Factor loading Cronbach's Alpha
1. 0.68 .900 2. 0.86 3. 0.66 4. 0.83 5. 0.76 6. 0.79 11. … 0.71 .789 12. ( ) 0.76 14. 0.78 15. 0.80 .761 16. 0.78 17. 0.66 1. 0.77 .916 2. (feedback) 0.80 3. 0.82 4. 0.77 5. ( ) 0.84 6. 0.74 8. 0.73 9. .78 .931 10. .86 11. .81 12. .79 13. .87 14. .84
36
Factor loading Cronbach's Alpha
1. : 0.68 .851 15. : 0.85 4. : .71 .841 11. : .89 16. : .83 2. : .72 .854 5. : .80 13. : .82 20. : .73 3. : .87 .891 8. : .88 9
10 *: P< 0.05 **: P< 0.01 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13 14. 1. ( ) 4.33 .57 2. 3.59 .72 .542** 3. 3.64 .71 .491** .687** 4. ( ) 5.93 1.12 .188* -.054 -.067 5. 6.14 .90 .209** .030 .009 .410** 6. 5.64 1.58 -.120 -.185* -.183* .048 -.030 7. 6.85 .78 .265** .190* .177* .491** .595** -.036 8. ( ) 5.15 .90 .450** .393** .370** .100 .247** -.106 .024 9. 5.20 1.02 .292** .396** .299** .048 .014 -.037 -.012 .612** 10. (Z ) .00 .89 .294** .423** .366** -.125 .047 -.091 .064 .073 -.011 11. 1 (dummy) 0.27 .445 .121 .255** .110 -.002 .148 -.395** .230** .103 .065 .091 12. 2 (dummy) 0.22 .419 .111 .107 .190* -.048 -.104 -.556** -.078 -.023 -.024 .141 -.327** 13. (log) 2.46 .58 .173* .443** .531** -.134 -.038 -.095 .183* .144 .059 .105 -.323** -.122 14. 26.68 15.35 .124 .144 .274** -.042 .033 -.293** .194* -.031 -.013 .027 -.397** .060 .530** 15. (log) 5.47 .81 .292** .242** .305** .477** .484** -.149 .650** .140 .014 .096 -.206** .055 .241** .285**
38
( 11) Model1 Model 2 - Model 4
Model5 Aiken
West (1991) / / ( 3 4)
( 12 - 20) Model2 Model3
(Gerge & Zhou, 2007) Aiken West (1991)
(simple slope test)
(Aiken &West, 1991; Hitt et al., 2001; Huang & Iun, 2006)
( 6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20&22)
11 Model 5
3
11
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3 Model4 Model5
1 .160† .069 .291† .142 .064 2 .216* .069 .380* .166† .155 .140 -.125 .097 -.140 -.061 -.140 -.039 -.144 -.046 -.055 .057 .044 .111 .013 .054 .153† .154† .118 .297** .284** .292** .176† .164† .201† -.209† -.175† -.134 .032 -.013 -.111 .072 .097 .064 .232† .133 .071 x -.056 x -.221† x .063 x .147 x .084 x .056 x -.124 x .276** x -.115 R2 .061 .234 .108 .262 .378 Adj-R2 .031 .193 .054 .202 .283 Model F 2.016† 5.752** 2.011* 4.348** 3.991**
40 3 4 12 Model 2 Model 3 5 6 t=6.748, p<0.00 t=0.981, p=0.33 t=2.947, p<0.00 t=2.358, p<0.05
( ) 7 8 ( ) 13 ( 9) 10 11 ( 12)
42
12
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160† .158 .159 2 .216* .112 .135 .140 -.168 -.162 -.140 -.036 -.067 .057 -.019 .020 .062 .055 .328** .332** .230* .298** -.209* -.257** .149 .158 .144 .138 -.104 -.097 -.071 -.105 -.192* -.225* x -.186* -.170* x .160† x .165† x -.026 x .167† x x .242* x x .201* R2 .061 .340 .341 Adj-R2 .031 .265 .257 Model F 2.016† 4.034** 4.062**
< > < > 5 6 t=2.534, p<0.05 t=3.799, p<0.00 t=2.534, p<0.05 t=3.895, p<0.00
44 < > < > 7 8 t=2.803, p<0.00 t=2.033, p<0.05 t=3.023, p<0.00 t=0.140, p=0.88
13
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .167 .174 2 .216† .146 .160 .140 -.161 -.206 -.140 -.038 -.058 .057 .011 .018 .074 .105 .333** .345** .185 .284* -.139 -.140 -.164 -.120 .113 .131 .173 .135 -.104 -.075 -.168† -.243* x -.096 -.044 x .077 x .222* x -.052 x -.017 x x .325** x x .177* R2 .061 .353 .320 Adj-R2 .031 .271 .233 Model F 2.016† 4.276** 3.681**
46 < > < > 9 10 t=4.420, p<0.00 t=4.459, p<0.00 t=3.547, p<0.00 t=-1.051, p=0.29
< > < > 11 12 t=0.751, p=0.45 t=3.315, p<0.00 t=2.650, p<0.00 t=1.887, p=0.061
48 14 Model2 13 ( 14) ( 15) 16 Model 2 15 ( 16) ( 17 Model2) ( 17) ( 18)
14
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .149 .136 2 .216† .147 .145 .140 -.163 -.163 -.140 -.029 -.063 .057 .020 .032 .024 .101 .348** .368** .226* .246* -.112 -.137 -.079 -.062 .050 .079 .153 .103 -.065 -.071 -.184† -.242* x .000 .044 x .106 x .084 x -.053 x -.023 x x .239** x x .144 R2 .061 .331 .305 Adj-R2 .031 .246 .216 Model F 2.016† 3.874** 3.439**
50 < > < > 13 14 t=2.908, p<0.00 t=3.881, p<0.00 t=1.981, p<0.05 t=-0.703, p=0.48
15
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .178 .137 2 .216† .140 .116 .140 -.176 -.166 -.140 -.088 -.071 .057 -.008 .012 .076 .100 .345** .365** .277* .235† -.129 -.142 -.089 -.065 .127 .125 .146 .098 -.090 -.064 -.184† -.236* x .126 .026 x .053 x -.178† x -.046 x -.090 x x -.113 x x -.090 R2 .061 .325 .307 Adj-R2 .031 .239 .218 Model F 2.016† 3.768** 3.465**
52
16
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .132 .127 2 .216† .169 .134 .140 -.119 -.188† -.140 -.043 -.033 .057 .027 -.003 .103 .115 .284* .364** .124 .201† -.112 -.068 -.212† -.079 .110 .076 .189 .101 -.168 -.076 -.195† -.218* x -.019 .187† x .081 x .150 x -.149† x .010 x x .450** x x .054 R2 .061 .415 .329 Adj-R2 .031 .340 .243 Model F 2.016† 5.546** 3.837**
< > < > 15 16 t=-1.367, p=0.174 t=3.806, p<0.00 t=7.856, p<0.00 t=-0.499, p=0.619
54
17
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .093 .085 2 .216† .143 .126 .140 -.134 -.159 -.140 -.043 -.043 .057 .039 .027 .109 .127 .218* .359** .214† .223* -.136 -.135 -.055 -.050 .009 .035 .121 .091 -.059 -.089 -.177† -.187† x .143 .223* x .107 x .005 x -.007 x -.095 x x .246** x x .089 R2 .061 .371 .343 Adj-R2 .031 .290 .259 Model F 2.016† 4.614** 4.091**
< > < > 17 18 t=.942, p=.348 t=7.187, p<0.00 t=2.016, p<0.05 t=.549, p=.584
56 18 ( 19) 21 ( 22) 19 20 21
58
18
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .182 .143 2 .216† .186 .130 .140 -.162 -.160 -.140 -.076 -.073 .057 -.019 -.009 .123 .110 .342** .403** .151 .150 -.126 -.120 -.092 -.085 .129 .147 .202† .138 -.090 -.062 -.218* -.300** x -.031 -.085 x .123 x -.075 x -.051 x .130 x x -.205* x x -.212* R2 .061 .346 .331 Adj-R2 .031 .262 .246 Model F 2.016† 4.138** 3.876**
< > < > 19 20 t=5.910, p<0.00 t=1.817, p=0.07 t=1.223, p=.223 t=1.627, p=.106
60 < > < > 21 22 t=5.661, p<0.00 t=0.715, p=0.476 t=0.865, p=0.39 t=3.533, p<0.00
19
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .116 .115 2 .216† .196† .183 .140 -.142 -.124 -.140 -.047 -.050 .057 .055 .050 .082 .102 .315** .313** .195† .249** -.093 -.070 -.108 -.133 .046 .075 .157 .148 -.042 -.098 -.139 -.111 x .199* .324** x .219** x -.001 x .205* x -.092 x x .108 x x .010 R2 .061 .390 .395 Adj-R2 .031 .312 .317 Model F 2.016† 5.012** 5.107**
62
20
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
1 .160 .168 .139 2 .216† .193 .151 .140 -.208† -.190 -.140 -.049 -.035 .057 .058 .033 .078 .084 .321** .346** .239* .273* -.145 -.128 -.107 -.082 .119 .116 .147 .118 -.008 -.040 -.156† -.165† x .057 .038 x .281** x -.007 x .174* x -.020 x x .091 x x .110 R2 .061 .346 .323 Adj-R2 .031 .262 .237 Model F 2.016† 4.137** 3.744**
21 x x x H1 & H10 H2 & H10 H3 & H10 x x x H1 & H10 H2 & H10 H3 & H10 x x x x H1 & H10 H1 & H10 H2 & H10 H3 & H10 x x x x x H1 & H11 H1 & H11 H2 & H11 H1 & H11 H2 & H11 x x x x x H5 & H10 H6 & H10 H7 & H10 H5 & H10 H6 & H10 x x H7 & H11 H7 & H11 ( : H8-H9 & : H10-H11) x H8
64 22 H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11
(Chatman & Jehn, 1994; Dastmalchian, Lee, & Ng, 2000; Grthrie & Datta, 2008; Yli-Renko et al., 2001)
(43 ) (36 ) (81 )
( : t=-1.446 p=0.149 : t=-0.048 p=0.962 : t=-1.433, p=.158)
23 24 Model 2 ( 25) 23 24 26 ( ) 25 ( ) 43 36 81 1131 838 550 36.7 28.3 20.6 36,976 328,031 11,738
66 ( 27 Model 2) 26 ( 28 Model 3) ( 29 Model 3) 28 30 30
24 _
†:p<0.1; **:p<0.05; ***:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3 Model4 Model5
.451* .092 .438* .107 .028 -.177 -.076 -.189 -.086 -.077 .087 .067 .101 .084 .241 -.166 -.132 -.084 .518* .497 .505 .091 .060 .007 -.127 -.053 -.081 -.049 -.034 -.126 .154 .069 .054 .097 .044 .119 x -.052 x -.116 x -.069 x -.056 x .067 x -.087 x -.024 x .507 x .165 R2 .188 .319 .215 .323 .465 Adj-R2 .126 .205 .058 .111 .022 Model F 3.019* 2.805* 1.368 1.527 1.051
68
25 _
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3 Model4 Model5
.161 -.093 .151 -.064 .021 -.542* -.258 -.531* -.285 -.344 .169 .077 .153 .069 .135 .107 .088 -.187 .255 .305 .612* .188 .223 .410* -.174 -.167 -.149 -.002 -.121 -.222 .219 .361 .225 -.003 -.103 -.133 x -.234 x .217 x .286 x .384 x -.677* x .646* x -.051 x -.016 x -.224 R2 .209 .385 .240 .445 .858 Adj-R2 .134 .257 .050 .223 .689 Model F 2.811† 3.021* 1.262 2.007† 5.088**
23 _ 24 _ 25 _ t=1.936, p=0.062 t=2.288, p<0.05 t=4.369, p<0.00 t=0.971, p=.339 t=2.995, p<0.00 t=2.070, p<0.05
70
26 _
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3 Model4 Model5
-.009 -.040 -.055 -.100 -.093 .161 .177 .106 .109 .246* -.134 -.198 .077 .047 -.008 .183 .231† .170 .140 .079 .082 -.082 -.037 -.034 -.238 -.275† -.163 -.058 -.056 -.194 -.049 -.082 -.001 .161 .120 .143 x -.094 x -.158 x -.090 x .045 x .096 x -.138 x .300* x .297* x -.255 R2 .035 .089 .103 .160 .412 Adj-R2 -.002 .016 .017 .040 .228 Model F .944 1.212 1.199 1.334 2.246**
27 _
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
.161 -.186 -.066 -.542* -.018 -.202 .169 -.130 -.060 .065 .049 .143 .179 .241 .399 -.311 -.100 .016 -.148 .197 .195 .158 -.039 .364 .080 -.363 -.049 x -.018 .434 x .584* x .044 x .191 x -.344 x x .564* x x .194 R2 .209 .698 .619 Adj-R2 .134 .444 .299 Model F 2.811† 2.743* 1.932†
72 < > < > 26 _ 27 _ t=1.495, p=.139 t=0.832, p=0.148 t=2.124, p<0.05 t=0.970, p=0.340
28 _
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
-.009 -.163 -.167 .161 .140 .070 -.134 .087 .151 .378** .290** .103 .080 .237 .218 -.357** -.353** -.454** -.327** .258† .172 .123 .134 -.436** -.467** -.143 -.102 x -.466** -.380** x .003 x .422** x -.059 x .221* x x .157 x x .346** R2 .035 .466 .543 Adj-R2 -.002 .333 .428 Model F .944 3.492** 4.746**
74 < > < > 28 _ 29 _ t=-1.177, p=.243 t=.485, p=.629 t=5.294, p<0.00 t=-1.792, p=0.077
29 _
†:p<0.1; *:p<0.05; **:p<0.01 :
Model 1 Model 2 Model3
-.009 -.184 -.176 .161 .020 .030 -.134 .095 .105 .305* .282* .168 .179 .212 .169 -.284† -.259† -.236 -.214 .068 .036 .099 .079 -.388* -.316* -.131 -.147 x .097 .099 x -.068 x -.137 x -.021 x -.066 x x -.161 x x -.265* R2 .035 .335 .347 Adj-R2 -.002 .168 .184 Model F .944 2.011* 2.127*
76 < > < > 30 _ 31 _ t=2.527, p<0.05 t=-.317, p=.752 t=3.450, p<0.00 t=-.955, p=.343
30 ( ) x x x H5 H6 H8 & H10 x x x x x H7 H7 H3 & H11 H4 & H11 H4 & H11
78
( )
1 :
(Brockman & Morgan, 2006; Simberova, 2009)
(Ramirez & Li, 2009)
(Hitt et al. 2001)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999)
Deshpandé (1993)
(crony capitalism)
(Anderson, Banker, & Janakiraman, 2003; Lins & Servaes, 2002; 2008)
(Deshpandé et al., 1993; Brockman & Morgan, 2006; Simberova, 2009)
(Howard, 1998; Goodman et al., 2001)
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999; Lund, 2003)
80
(Cameron et al., 2007; Kondra & Hurst, 2009; Ralston et al., 2006; Hitt et al., 2001; Zheng, 2010)
(Gold et al., 2001)
(Reed et al., 2006)
(Reus, Ranft, & Adams, 2009)
(Liebeskind, 1996; Grant, 1996) (Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Ketkar & Sett, 2010; Wright & Snell, 1998)
(Miller, Fern, & Cardinal, 2007)
3 :
(Kondra & Hurst, 2009; Prajogo & McDermott, 2005; Ralston et al., 2006)
(Gold et al., 2001; Greve et al., 2009; Ralston et al., 2006)
4 :
82
( )
1 :
(Ketkar & Sett, 2010; Wright & Snell, 1998)
(Gold et al., 2001; Reus et al., 2009)
2 :
(Barney, 1991)
3 :
2007)
(Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Stuart & Podolny, 1996)
(Liebeskind, 1996; Grant, 1996)
( )
1 :
84
(Bontis, 1999; Campisi & Costa, 2008; Hitt et al., 2001; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Gold et al., 2001)
2 :
(Miller et al., 2007; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
( )
(Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
: ( ) :
86
1982 (Dankbaar, 1997;
Shah & Ward, 2003; Han & Liao, 2010)
( ) :
(Skaggs & Youndt, 2004)
(Katila, 2002; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
5 25 85 (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990)
(Stuart & Podolny, 1996; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005)
(Barney, 1991)
(Lee et al., 2007; Liebeskind, 1996; Edelman et al., 2005)
88
(Barney, 2001)
(Cameron, 1986; Buenger, et al., 1996; Denison & Spreitzer, 1991; Livari & Huisman, 2007; Ralston et al.,
2006)
(Denison, 1996; Ginsberg, 1994; Oliver, 1997)
(Child, 1981; Greve et al., 2009)
Hitt 2001
(Cameron & Quinn, 1999) Cameron Quinn
90
(Reus et al. , 2009) (Goodman et al., 2001)
31
( 禛
( 禛
92
(Barney, 1991; Ray et al., 2004)
(1)
(McClelland & Judd, 1993)
(George & Zhou, 2007) (2)
(subculture) (Saffold, 1988) Cameron Quinn 1999
(3) (Podsakoff & Organ, 1986)
(Aiken & West, 1991) (4) ( 43 36 81 ) (5) 2009 2008 (contextual performance ) (Borman & Motowidlo, 1993; Organ, 1988)
(Alavi, Kayworth, & Leidner, 2006; Gupta, Iyer, & Aronson, 2000; Kitchell, 1995; McDermott & Stock, 1999)
?
(Gold et al., 2001)
94 ( ) (2004) http://www.ticrc.nccu.edu.tw/index.htm (2000) (2005) 24(1) 55-81. (2002) 21(3) 69-96 (2006) 14(1) 43-78 (2008) 27(4), 29-56. (2005) -(2009) 26(1), 213-231.
( )
Acquaah, M. (2007). Managerial social capital, strategic orientation, and
organizational performance in an emerging economy, Strategic Management
Journal, 28, 1235-1255.
Anderson, M. C., Banker, R. D., & Janakiraman, S. N. (2003). Are selling, general, and administerative costs “Sticky”?, Journal of Accounting Research, 41 (March), 47-63.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting
interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Alavi, M., Kayworth, T. R., & Leidner, D. E. (2006). An empirical examination of the influence of organizational culture on knowledge management practices, Journal
of Management Information Systems, 22(3), 191-224.
Al-Tamimi, H. A. H. (2010). Factors influencing performance of the uae Islamic and conventional national bank, Global Journal of Business Research, 4(2), 1-9. Anh, P. T. T., Baughn, C. C., Hang, N. T. M., & Neupert, K. E. (2006). Knowledge
acquisition from foreign parents in internationall joint ventures: An empirical study in Vietnam, International Business Review, 15, 463-487.
Armstrong, M. (2003). A handbook of human resource management practice (the ninth edition). London: Kogan Page.
Arogyaswamy, B., & Byles, C. M. (1987). Organizational culture: Internal and external congruences, Journal of Management, 13(4), 647-659.
Artz, K. W., Norman, P. M., Hatfield, D. E., & Cardinal, L. B. (2010). A longitudinal study of the impact of R&D, patents, and product innovation on firm
performance, Journal of innovation management, 27, 725-740.
Ax, C., & Marton, J. (2008). Human capital disclosures and management practices,
Journal of intellectual capital, 9(3), 433-455.
Aycan, Z. (2005). The interplay between cultural and institutional/structural
contingencies in human resource management practices, International Journal of
Human Resource Management, 16(7), 1083–1119.
Barney, J. B. (1986). Organizational culture: Can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? Academy of Management Review, 11, 656-665.
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of
Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Baron, R. A. (1997). Behavior in organizations. 7th(ed.) New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Belliveau, M. A., O’Reilly, C. A., & Wade, J. B. (1996). Social capital at the top:
Effects of social similarity and status on CEO compensation, Academy of
96
Bontis, N. (1998). Intellectual capital: An exploratory study that develops measures and models, Management Decision, 36(2): 63-76.
Bontis, N. (1999). Managing organizational knowledge by diagnosing intellectual capital: Framing and advancing the state of the field, International Journal of
Technology Management, 18(5), 433-462.
Bontis, N., Keow, W. C. C., & Richardson, S. (2000). Intellectual capital and business performance in Malaysian Industries, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 1(1), 85-100.
Bontis, N., Crossan, M. M., & Hulland, J. (2002). Managing an organizational learning system by aligning stocks and flow, Journal of Management Studies, 39(4), 437-469.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. Borman (Eds.),
Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71-98), New York: Jossey-Bass.
Bozbura, F. T. (2004). Measurement and application of intellectual capital in Turkey,
The Learning Organization. 11(4/5), 357-367.
Brockman, B. K., & Morgan, R. M. (2006). The moderating effect of organizational cohesiveness in knowledge use and new product development, Journal of the
Academy of Marketing Science, 34(3), 295-307.
Brooking, A. (1996). Intellectual capital, core asset for the third millennium
enterprise, International Thomson Business Press, USA.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen and J. S. Long (eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp.
136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Bruggen, A., Vergauwen, P., & Dao, M. (2009). Determinants of intellectual capital disclosure: Evidence from Australia, Management Decision, 47(2), 223-245. Buenger, V., Daft, R. L., Colon, E. J., & Austin, J. (1996). Competing values in
organizations: Contextual influences and structural consequences, Organization
Science, 7(5), 557-576.
Bullen, M. L., & Eyler, K. A. (2010).Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital, Journal of
International Business & Cultural Studies, 3, 1-16.
Bukh, P. N. (2003). The relevance of intellectual capital disclosure: A paradox?
Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 16(1), 49-56.
Cabrera, A., & Cabrera, E. (2002). Knowledge-sharing dilemmas, Organization
Studies, 23(5), 687–710.
Campisi, D., & Costa, R. (2008). A DEA-based method to enhance intellectual capital management, Knowledge and Process Management, 15(3), 170-183.
Cameron, K. S. (1986). Effectiveness as paradox: Consensus and conflict in conceptions of organizational effectiveness, Management Science, 32(5), 539-553.
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Diagnosing and changing organizational
culture: Based on the competing values framework, Addison-Wesley Press.
Cameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E., Degraff, J., & Thakor, A. (2007). Competing values
leadership: Creating value in organizations. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar
Publishing.
Carmeli, A., & Tishler, A. (2004). The relationships between intangible
organizational elements and organizational performance. Strategic Management
Journal, 25, 1257–1278.
Castro, G. M., & Saez, P. L. (2008). Intellectual capital in high-tech firms: The case of Spain, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(1), 25-36.
Chan, L.L.M., Shaffer, M. A., & Snape, E. (2004). In search of sustained competitive advantage: The impact of organizational culture, competitive strategy and human resource management practices on firm performance, International Journal of
Human Resource Management, 15(1), 17-35.
Chatman, J. A., & Jehn, K. A. (1994). Assessing the relationship between industry characteristics and organizational culture: How different can you be? Academy of
Management Journal, 37(3), 522-553.
Chatman, J. A., & Spataro, S. E. (2005). Using self-categorization theory to
understand relational demography-based variations in people's responsiveness to organizational culture, Academy of Management Journal, 48(2), 321-331.
Chen, Y. S., Lin, M. J. J., & Chang, C. H. (2006). The influence of intellectual capital on new product development performance: The manufacturing companies of Taiwan as an example, Total Quality Management, 17(10), 1323-1339.
Child, J. (1981). Culture, contingency and capitalism in the cross-national study of organizations, Research in Organizational Behavior, 3, 303–356.
Chiucchi, M. S. (2008). Exploring the benecongruences of measuring intellectual capital: The Aimag case study, Human Systems Management, 27, 217-230. Chow, I. H. S., & Liu, S. S. (2009). The effect of aligning organizational culture and
business stratedy with HR systems on firm performance in Chinese enterprises,
The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(11), 2292-2310.
Clarkson, B. E. (1995). A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance, Academy of Management Review, 20, 92-117. Cohen, S., & Kaimenakis, N. (2007). Intellectual capital and corporate performance in
98
Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A review and evaluation of exploratory factor analysis practices in organizational research, Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147-168.
Crossan, M. M., Lane, H. W., & White, R. E. (1999). An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution, Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 522-537.
Dankbaar, B. (1997). Lean production: Denial, confirmation or extension of sociotechnical systems design? Human Resource, 50(5): 567-583.
Dastmalchian, A., Lee, S., & Ng, I. (2000). The interplay between organizational and national cultures: a comparison of organizational practices in Canada and South Korea using the Competing Values Framework, The International Joumal of
Human Resource Management, 11(2), 388-412.
Davidson, C., & Voss, P. (2002). Knowledge management: An introduction to creating
competitive advantage from intellectual capital. Tandem Press. New Zealand.
DeCarolis, D. M., & Deeds, D. L. (1999). The impact of stocks and flows of
organizational knowledge on firm performance: An empirical investigation of the biotechnology industry, Strategic Management Journal, 20(10), 953-979.
Denison, D. R. (1996). What is the difference between organizational culture and prganizational climate? A native's point of view on a decade of paradigm wars,
Academy of Management Review, 21(3), 619-654.
Denison, D. R., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1991). Organizational culture and organizational development: A competing values approach, Organizational Change and
development, 5, 1-21.
Deshpandé, R., Farley, J. U., & Webster, F. E. (1993). Corporate culture, customer orientation, and innovativeness in Japanese Firms: A quadrad analysis, Journal of
Marketing, 57(1), 23-37.
Deshpand´e, R, & Farley J.U. (2004). Organizational culture, market orientation, innovativeness, and firm performance: an international research odyssey. International, Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(1), 3–22.
Dimaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational field, American
Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.
Drazin, R., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1985). Alternative forms of fit in contingency theory,
Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 514-539.
Drucker, P. F. (1993). Post-capitalist society. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Dzinkowski, R. (2000). The value of intellectual capital, The Journal of Business
Strategy, 21(4), 3-5.
resource-performance relationship: Strategy as mediator, Journal of Business
Venturing, 20, 359-383.
Edvinssion, L. (1997). Developing intellectual capital at Skandia, Long Range
Panning, 30 (June), 366-373.
Edvinsson, L., & Malone, M. S. (1997). Intellectual capital, N.Y.: Harper Collins. Eker, M., & Eker, S. (2009). An empirical analysis of associateon between the
organizational culture and performance management systems in the Turkish manufacturing sector, Journal of Economic and sociall Research, 11(2), 43-76. Erdogan, B., Liden, R. C., & Kraimer, M. L. (2006). Justice and leader-member
exchange: The moderating role of organizational culture, Academy of
Management Journal, 49(2), 395-406.
Fischer, H. M., & Pollock, T. G. (2004). Effects of social capital and power on surviving transformational change: The case of initial public offerings,
Academy of Management Journal, 47 (4), 463-481.
Ford, J. D., & Baucus, D. A. (1987). Organizational adaptation to performance downturns: An interpretation=based perspective, Academy of Management
Review, 12(2), 366-380.
Fry, L. W., & Smith, D. A. (1987). Congruence, contingency, and theory building,
Academy of Management Review, 12(1), 117-132.
Galbraith, J. K. (1969). The new industrial state, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Garcia-Ayuso, M. (2003). Intangibles: Lessons from the past and a look into future,
Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(4), 597-604.
George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behaveor in group, Journal of Applied
Psychology, 75, 107-116.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: Joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaveors to wmployee creativity, Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 605-522. Ginsberg, A. (1994). Minding the competition: From mapping to mastery, Strategic
Management Journal, 15, 153−174 (Winter Special Issue).
Goh, P. C. (2005). Intellectual capital performance of commercial banks in Malaysia,
Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(3), 385-397.
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective, Journal of Management Information
Systems, 18(1), 185-214.
Goodman, E. A., Zammuto, R. F., & Gifford, B. D. (2001). The competeng values framework: Understanding the impact of organizational culture on the quality of work life, Organization Development Journal, 19(3), 58-68.
100
on firm performance as moderated by Industry conditions, Organization Science, 19(1), 108-185.
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm, Strategic
Management Journal, 17 (winter special issue), 109-122.
Greve, G., Engelen, A., & Brettel, M. (2009). An integrative view on absorptive capacity and national culture, International Journal of Business Studies, 17(1), 19-43.
Gupta, B., Iyer, L. S., & Aronson, J. E. (2000). Knowledge management: Practice and challenges, Industrial Management & Data Systems, 100(1), 17-21.
Haanes, K., & Lowendahl, B. (1997). The unit of activity: Towards an alternative to the theories of the firm. In Thomas, H. et al. (Eds) Strategy, structure and style, Copenhagen: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Hair, J. F. Jr., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate
data analysis with reading. New York: Macmillan.
Han, T. S., & Liao, W. C. (2010). Computer-integrated manufacturing and high performance work system: The case of Taiwan, International Journal of Human
Resource Management, 21(1-3), 434-454.
Herremans, I. M., & Isaac, R. G. (2004). The intellectual capital realization process (ICRP): An application of the resource-based view of the firm, Journal of
Management Issues, XVI(2), 217-231.
Hinkin, T. R. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires, Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104-121. Hitt, M. A., Bierman, L., Shimizu, K., & Koghhar, R. (2001). Direct and moderating
effects of human capital on strategy and performance in professional service firms: A resource-based perspective, Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 13-28.
Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (2002). The essence of strategic leadership: Managing human and sociall capital, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(1), 3-14.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in
Work-Related Value, Sage, Beverly Hills.
Hogan, T. D., & McPheters, L. R. (1980). Executive compensation: Performance versus personal characteristics, Southern Economic Journal, 46(4), 1060-1068. Holsapple, C. W., & Joshi, K. D. (2002).Knowledge management: A threefold
framework, The Information Society, 18, 47-64.
House, RJ, Hanges, PJ, Ruiz-Quintanilla, SA, Dorfman, PW, Javidan, M., Dickson, M., & Associates (1999). Cultural influences on leadership and organizations: Project GLOBE. In WH Mobley, MJ. Gessner, & V. Arnold (Eds.), Advances in
global leadership (pp. 171-233).
Howard, L. W. (1998). Validating the competing value model as a representation of organizational culture, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 6(July), 231-250.
Huang, X., & Iun, J. (2006). The impact of subordinate-supervisor similarity in growth-need strength on work outcomes: The mediating role of perceived similarity, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 1121-1148.
Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures, Organization Science, 2(1), 88-115.
Huang, Y. C., & Wu, Y. C. (2010). Intellectual capital and knowledge productivety: the Taiwan biotech industry, Management Decision, 48(4), 580-599.
Isaac, R. G., Herremans, I. M., & Kline, T. J. (2009). Intellectual capital management enabler: A structural equation modeling analysis, Journal of Bisiness Ethics, 93, 373-391.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., &Wolf, G. (1984). Estimating within-group interrater reliability with and without response bias, Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 85-98.
James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., &Wolf, G. (1993). Rwg: An assessment of within-group interrater agreement, Journal pf Applied Psychology, 78(2), 306-309.
Jansen, J. P., Van Den Bosch, A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2005). Managing potentiall and realized absorptive capacity: How do organizational antecedents matter?
Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 999-1015.
Joia, L. A. (2000). Measuring intangible corporate assets: Linking business strategy with intellectual capital, Journal of Intellectual capital, 1(1), 68-84.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Lisrel 8: User’s reference guide, Chicago, IL: Scientific Software
Kang, S. C., & Snell, S. A. (2009). Intellectual capital architectures and ambidextrous learning: A framework for human resource management, Journal of Management
Studies, 46(1), 65-92.
Katila, R. (2002). New product search over time: Past ideas in their prime? Academy
of Management Journal, 45, 995-1010
Kayworth, T., & Leidner, D. (2003). Organizational culture as a knowledge resource. In Holsapple, C. W. (Eds.), Handbook on knowledge management, NY, Berlin. Ketkar, S., & Sett, P. K. (2010). Environmental dynamism, human resource flexibility,
and firm performance: Analysis of a multi-level causal model, International
Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(8), 1173-1206.
Kitchell, S. (1995). Corporate culture, environmental adaptation, and innovateion adoption: A qualitative/quantitative approach, Journal of the Academy of
102 Marketing Science, 23(3): 195-205.
Kondra, A. Z., & Hurst, D. C. (2009). Institutional processes of organizational culture,
Culture and Organization, 15(1), 39-58.
Kotter, J., & Heskett, J. (1992). Corporate culture and performance, New York: The Free Press.
Kujansivu, P., & Lonnqvist, A. (2008). Business process management as a tool for intellectual capital management, Knowledge and Process Management, 15(3), 159-169.
Kwan, P., & Walker, A. (2004). Validating the competing values model as a
representation of organizational culture through inter-institutional comparisons,
Organizational Analysis, 12(1), 21–39.
Lane, P. J., & Lubatkin, M. (1998). Relative absorptive capacity and
interorganizational learning, Strategic Management Journal, 19, 461–477. Larson, J. R., & Christensen, C. (1993). Groups as problem-solving units: Toward a
new meaning of social cognition, British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 5-30. Leavitt, H. J. (1964). Applied organization change in industry: Structural, technicall, and human approach, in New perspectives in organization research. (Eds). W.W. Cooper, H.J. Leavitt, and M.W. Shelly, II. New York: John Wiley.
Lee, S. C., Chang, S. N., Liu, C. Y., & Yang, J. (2007). The effect of knowledge protection, knowledge amniguity, and relational capital on alliance performance,
Knowledge and Process Management, 14(1), 58-69.
Leonard, D., & Swap, W. (2004). Deep smarts, Harvard Business Review. Boston 82(9), 88–98.
Lepak, D. P., & Snell, S. A. (1999). The human resource architecture: Toward a theory of human capital allocation and development, Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 32-48.
Li, H., & Atuahene-Gima, K. (2002). The adoption of agency businesss activety, product innovation, and performance in Chinese technology ventures, Strategic
Management Journal, 23: 469–490
Liebeskind, J. P. (1996). Knowledge, strategy, and the theory of the firm, Strategic
Management Journal, 17(winter special issue), 93-107.
Lin, Y.Y., & Edvinsson, L. (2008). National intellectual capital: Comparison of the Nordic countries, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(4), 525-545.
Lin, Y. Y., & Whetten, D. (2008). Culture and intellectual capital alignment predicts performance: Insights from national models, Paper presented at AIB 2008 conference in Milan, Italy.
Lin, Y. Y. (1998). Success factors of small- and medium-sized enterprises in Taiwan: An analysis of cases, Journal of Small Business Management, 36(4), 43-56.
Lins, K. V., & Servaes, H. (2002). Is corporate diversification beneficial in emerging markets, Financial Management, 31(Summer), 5-31.
Livari, J., & Huisman, M. (2007). The relationship between organizational culture and the deployment of systems development methodologies, MIS Quarterly, 31(1), 35-58.
López, S. P., Peon, J. M. M., & Ordas, C. J. V. (2004). Organizational learnign as a determining factor in business performance, The learning Organization, 12(3), 227-245.
Lund, D. B. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfyion, The Journal of Business
& Industrial Marketing, 18(2/3), 219-236.
Madsen, P. M., & Desai, V. (2010). Failing to learn? The effects of failure and successs on organizational learning in the global orbital launch vehicle Industry,
Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 451-476.
Matusik, S. F., & Heeley, M. B. (2005). Absorptive capacity in the software Industry: Identifying dimensions that affect knowledge and knowledge createon activeties,
Journal of Management, 31(4), 549-572.
Marr, B., Gray, D., & Neely, A. (2003). Why do firms measure their intellectual capital? Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(4), 441-464.
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning,
Organizational Science, 2(1), 71-87.
Martin, B. (2000). Knowledge management within the context of management: An evolving relationship, Singapore Management Review, 22(2), 17-36.
Mata, F. J., Fuerst, W. L., & Barney, J. B. (1995). Information technology and sustained competitive advantage: A resource-based analysis. MIS Quarterly, 19, 487-505.
Mavridis, D. G. (2004). The intellectual capital performance of the Japanese banking sector, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 5(1), 92-115.
Mayo, A. (2000). The role of employee development in the growth of intellectual capital, Personnel Review, 29(4), 1-9.
McClelland, G. H., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Statistical difficulties of detecting interactions and moderator effects, Psychological Bulletin, 114(2), 376-390. McDermott, C. M., & Stock, G. N. (1999). Organizational culture and advanced
manufacturing technology implementation, Journal of Operations Management, 17, 521-533.
McElroy, M. W. (2002). Social innovation capital, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 3(1), 30-39.
Miller, D. J., Fern, M. J., & Cardinal, L. (2007). The use of knowledge for technological innovateon within diversified firms, Academy of Management
104 Journal, 50(2), 308-326.
Mizruchi, M. S., & Strams, L. B. (1988). A longitudinal study of the formation of interlocking directorates, Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 194-210. Molina-Morales, F. X., & Martínez-Fernández, M. T. (2010) . Social networks:
Effects of social capital on firm innovation, Journal of Small Business
Management, 48(2), 258–279.
Moon, Y. J., & Kym, H. G. (2006). A model for the value of intellectual capital,
Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 23(3), 253-270.
Nafukho, F. M., Graham, C. M., & Muyia, M. H. (2009). Determining the relationship among organizational learning dimensions of a small-size business enterprise,
Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(1), 32-51.
Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage, Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-266. Nazari, J. A., & Herremans, I. M. (2007). Extended VAIC model: Measuring
intellectual capital components, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(4), 595-609. Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory if organizational knowledge creation,
Organization Science, 15(1), 14-37.
Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company, N. Y., Oxford University Press.
Norman, P. M. (2004). Knowledge acquisition, knowledge loss, and satisfyion in high technology alliances, Journal of Business Research, 57, 610-619.
Obendhain, A. M., & Johnson, W. C. (2004). Product and process innovation in service organizations: The influence of organizational culture in higher education institutions, Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship, 9(3), 91-113. Oliver, C. (1997). Sustainable competitive advent: Combining institutional and
resource-based views, Strategic Management Journal, 18(9). 697-713.
Organ, S. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome, Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD (1996). The
knowledge-based economy, Paris: OECD Press.
O’ Reilly, Chatman, J., & Caldwell, D. F. (1991). People and organizational culture: A profile comparison approach to assessing person-organization congruence,
Academy of Management Journal, 34(3), 487-517.
O’Reilly, C., & Chatman, J. (1996). Culture as social control: Corporations, cults, and commitment. In B. Staw & L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational
behavior, vol. 18: 157-200. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Ostroff, C., Shin, Y., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Multiple perspectives of congruence: Relationship between value congruence and employee attitude, Journal of
