ݺഏ۩ᖆਙࠫ৫Հ᜔อፖ۩ਙᦞ
հᣂএ
Дፖऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄᑓڤֺለհД
चەЎ
*ኴʳ ʳ
ᖆऄਢഏ୮ءՕऄΔਙࢌ᧯ࠫΕิ៣ሎ܂ૹᒤ݁ࣔࡳ࣍ᖆऄխΖݺ ഏᖆऄ۞ 1947 ڣֆ܉ኔਜ৵ΔᆖመԮڻଥᖆࡨګվֲ૿ᎎΔጵᨠᖵڻଥᖆΔԾ א 1997 ڣรڻଥᖆኙݺഏᖆऄࠢࢬհޏ᧢່ሰՕΔࠌݺഏਙࢌ᧯ࠫ Օ༏ޓ೯Ζ ʳ ʳ รڻଥᖆᆖཛມ࠰Δאऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄ៴ءΔലݺഏᖆऄཛٻ ऄഏڤψᠨଈ९ࠫωࠐଥޏΔࠡᐛڇ࣍։ါ۩ਙᦞΰܛឩՕ᜔อᦞԺፖᜍ ՛۩ਙೃ९ᦞԺαፖஇ֏مऄᦞΖྥ 2000 ڣਙ᤻ᔚཙ৵Δᅝᙇ᜔อऱຫֽਇ᜔ อඝܛܡࡳݺഏᖆऄψᠨଈ९ࠫωΔഒࢴطഏᄎڍᑇ᤻ΰഏا᤻αิᎹΔ֘ۖ ٣৵༼ټାଆΕ്ঊႂΕཾᙔ㴢…ᖜٚ۩ਙೃ९Δທګ֟ᑇਙࢌิᎹऱᖆਙञ ᤜΖ ᇞެᖆਙञᤜΔ२ࠐଥᖆΕࠫᖆհᜢ٦ದΔߒຶທګݺഏଥᖆ᙮սΔਢᖆ ऄڶࠡءՂհૹՕᅕชΛࢨਢਙ᤻֗ਙए壄آࠉᖆਙ壄壀֗ክࠏሎ܂Λ ءઔߒڱڇאֺለऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄհֱڤΔאࠡ᠖堚ݺഏਙࢌ᧯ࠫΔኢ堚ᖆਙ ञᤜΔᆵኔᖆਙ࿇୶ΖᣂڗΚᖆऄΕᠨଈ९ࠫΕٽࠫΕؐ׳٥एΕང૩
* ፕקؑمඒߛՕᖂඒࡴ
ݺഏ۩ᖆਙࠫ৫Հ᜔อፖ۩ਙᦞ
հᣂএ
Дፖऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄᑓڤֺለհД
चەЎ
Εፃᓵ
ݺഏ۩ऱᖆऄ່ڰਢൕ 1936 ڣ 5 ִ 5 ֲֆؒऱψննᖆ౻ωۖࠐΔ٦ᆖ 1946 ڣψਙए࠰ᄎᤜଥૡωΔ࣍ 1946 ڣ 12 ִ 25 ֲᆖഏاՕᄎᤜެຏመΔ1947 ڣց؟ΔطഏاਙࢌֆؒΔٵڣ 12 ִ 25 ֲإڤਜ۩Ζ۞ 1991 ڣದ۟ 2005 ڣַΔ ݺഏᖆऄᖵᆖԮڻଥᖆࡨګվֲ૿ᎎΔ仨ᨠᖵڻଥᖆΔԾא 1997 ڣรڻଥᖆ ኙᖆऄࠢࢬհޏ᧢່ሰՕΔࠌݺഏਙࢌ᧯ࠫհՕ༏ޏ᧢Ζรڻଥᖆ ऱૹរΔڇ࣍ڜඈ᜔อΕ۩ਙೃ९֗مऄೃԿृհၴऱᣂএΔ່ึࠀאψᠨૹ۩ ਙଈ९ࠫω܂խဎاഏխ؇ਙࢌ᧯ࠫऱሎ܂ᑓڤ1Ζڼڻଥᖆࢬ᧯ऱᐛΔڇ ࣍։ါ۩ਙᦞΰឩՕ᜔อᦞԺፖᜍ՛۩ਙೃ९ᦞαፖஇ֏مऄᦞΰਙሐΔا 90αΖ 2000 ڣรքڻଥᖆΔޓല᥆ഏاՕᄎऱڍᑇᦞฝ۟مऄೃΔז।Գا۩ ࠌਙᦞऱഏاՕᄎൕڼߨٻဠ్֏ΔۖݺഏՈإڤၞԵԫഏᄎΰمऄೃαழזΔ ۟ڼၲ໌Ա᜔อΕ۩ਙೃ֗مऄೃԿߡᦞԺյ೯ᄅݝΔٵழՈ࣍ܫնᦞᖆऄ ᧯ࠫإڤߨԵᖵΖ ጵᨠݺഏڇޕ࿆ᔕ᜔อചਙழזΔᖄԱքڻଥᖆΔรڻଥᖆޓਢאऄഏ รն٥ࡉᖆऄ៴ءԫՕ༏৫ଥᖆΖឈྥऄഏรն٥ࡉழזࠀॺऄഏ່९Նऱ ਙ᧯Δ܀থᐖऄഏԫԳاࢬ൷࠹Δভᎁ،۟֟ਢԫଡॺൄڶயۖࡳ ऱࠫ৫Ζ֘ᨠݺഏΔޕছ᜔อॾᎃ؟؟ऱ।قΔᆖመքڻऱଥᖆ৵ΔݺഏױאԿΕ Լڣլؘ٦ଥᖆΖྥਙ᤻ᔚཙ৵Δຫֽਇ᜔อথᎁݺഏᖆऄࠀॺᠨଈ९ࠫΔ1 ڍਙएᖂृ്ݺഏᖆਙ᧯ࠫΔᆖመԮڻଥᖆΔբଥޏ൷२ऄഏรն٥ࡉऱψᠨଈ९ࠫωΰࢨ ጠת᜔อࠫΕٽࠫαΖ܀ٍڶᖂृᎁݺഏᖆऄឈᆖڍڻଥᖆΔսྥਢψփᎹࠫωΖٍڶᖂृ ᎁਢψ᜔อࠫωΖᣂ࣍ݺഏਙࢌ᧯ࠫࡳۯՂऱംᠲΔؾছսֶഗء٥ᢝΖ
ڂڼΔآࠉᠨଈ९ࠫऱ壄壀Δ༼ټഏᄎڍᑇ᤻Ꮖᖜٚ۩ਙೃ९Δ֘ۖ٣৵طା ଆΕ്ঊႂ…ิګ֟ᑇਙࢌΔທګᖆਙञᤜΖڕվଥᖆΕࠫᖆհᜢԾ٦৫ᗏದΔ ߒຶທګݺഏଥᖆ᙮սΔਢݺഏᖆऄڶءՂૹՕᅕชΛٍਢਙ᤻֗ਙएဍآ ࠉᖆਙ壄壀֗ክࠏሎ܂ΛءઔߒݦඨאֺለᖆऄհֱڤΔאऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄ ᑓڤΔֺለݺഏፖऄഏڇ۩ᖆਙࠫ৫ՀΔ᜔อፖ۩ਙᦞհᣂএΔא᠖堚ݺഏਙ ࢌ᧯ࠫΔࣔᒔࡳ᜔อፖ۩ਙᦞհᣂএΔཚ౨ᇞެᖆਙञᤜΔᆵኔᖆਙࠫ৫ፖᕁ ࡐا࿇୶Ζ
၁Εݺഏᖆਙ᧯ࠫऱࡳۯፖሎ܂ᑓڤ
ݺഏᅝছᖆਙ᧯ࠫߒຶ᥆࣍փᎹࠫΕ᜔อࠫࢨਢᠨଈ९ࠫΔ۟վսऄ։ ݡΔԿጟऄ݁ڶᖂृ്ΔۖٺڶᓵࠉᖕΔటױᘯψԫຝᖆऄΔٺ۞।૪Ζω ֠ࠡݺഏڇຫֽਇ᜔อചਙ৵Δཛມਙ᤻݁ߢհᨼᨼΔٺ۞ཛኙ۞աڶܓऱֱٻ ᇞᤩΔԫழհၴۿᣄאᓵឰᓴਢᓴॺΔृᇢထലլٵऱᓵរດԫ։ֺ࣫ለΔ אޣֆւհᓵΖԫΕᎁݺഏᖆࠫփᎹࠫऱᓵរ
ڼԫᓵរऱᖂृᎁΔݺഏऱᖆਙ᧯ࠫڇଥᖆհছΔءࠐ༉᥆࣍փᎹࠫΔ լመط࣍ຍଡᖆࠫڶԫࠄ։ᦞऱۥΔࡉࠢী۩ਙΕمऄࠟᦞٽԫऱփᎹࠫ࿑ ڶլٵΔڂڼױലڼԫࠫ৫ጠհψڶ։ᦞۥऱփᎹࠫωΰ༚سΔا 83αΖ ۟࣍ݺഏࡨᖆࠫ۶ਢփᎹࠫΔൕᖆऄء֮խऱڍࡳ݁ױࣔ᧩נΔ壆ڕ ᖆऄࡳഏ୮່۩ਙᖲᣂ۩ਙೃΔۖॺ᜔อࢌΰรնԼԿයαΙ᜔อࠉऄֆ ܉ऄ৳Ε࿇ؒࡎחழΔႊڶ۩ਙೃ९հ೫ᆟΔࢨ۩ਙೃ९֗ઌᣂຝᄎଈ९հ೫ᆟ ΰรԿԼԮයαΔ᧩ق᜔อྤऄᗑم࿇ؒࡎחΔۖ೫ᆟࠫ৫հڶྤޓਢփᎹࠫࢬ ڶհૠΔא᠖堚ਙएຂٚΖ؆Δ۩ਙೃ९ឈط᜔อ༼ټΔ܀ႊᆖمऄೃٵ რ৵ٚࡎΰรնԼնයαΖ ݺഏᖆऄឈᆖԮڻଥᖆΔ܀ࠀآଥޏᖆऄรնԼԿයΚψ۩ਙೃഏ୮່ ۩ਙᖲᣂΖω࣍ൕࠫᖆ۟վΔൕآᓿղ᜔อ່۩ਙଈ९հچۯΔ֘ۖԫऴ ፂ۩ਙೃഏ୮່۩ਙᖲᣂհچۯΖ٦ृΔᖆऄรԿԼԮයΚψ᜔อࠉऄֆ ܉ऄ৳Ε࿇ؒࡎחழΔႊڶ۩ਙೃ९հ೫ᆟΔࢨ۩ਙೃ९֗ઌᣂຝᄎଈ९հ೫ᆟ2 ΖωٍآଥޏΖঅఎ۩ਙೃ९֗ઌᣂຝᄎհ೫ᆟᦞΔ࣍ਢലਜਙऱګඓຂٚ ូ࣍փᎹΔڂΔ೫ᆟࠫ৫ီਢփᎹ່ࠫࠢীऱૠΔٍਢψຂٚਙएωऱ ࠠ᧯܂Ζ ڼԫᓵរऱᖂृޓᎁΔڇรڻଥᖆ৵Δڂ֧ၞԱଙᎹᦞհૠ3Δݺ ഏփᎹࠫᖆࠫऱءᔆլႛڶᔡࠩధᡏΔ֘ۖޓ२࣍ࠢীऱփᎹࠫΖۖمऄᖲ ᣂऱଙᎹᦞإਢࠢীփᎹࠫऱ່ு֨ૠΔڂຍጟࠫ৫ૠ່堚ᄑچኦ᧩Ա۩ ਙᖲᣂࠉॵ࣍مऄᖲᣂΕ۩ਙᖲᣂഗ࣍مऄᖲᣂऱॾٚۖژᥛऱփᎹࠫ壄壀Ζឈ ྥڇݺഏ۩ᖆࠫՀΔ᜔อ༼ټ۩ਙೃ९բլႊ٦ᆖمऄೃऱٵრΰᏺଥය֮ร ԿයรԫႈαΔ܀᜔อڇԫऱൣउՀΔႨؘս༼ټمऄೃխڍᑇ᤻ࢨڍᑇᜤ ᅩࢬ౨൷࠹ऱԳᙇ۩ਙೃ९Δܡঞ۩ਙೃ९߉Ղٚ༉ᄎᔡࠩଙᎹऱࡎሎΰᤕ Δا 88αΖ
ԲΕᎁݺഏᖆ᜔ࠫอࠫऱᓵរ
്ڼԫᓵរऱᖂृᎁΔݺഏᖆऄᆖԮڻଥᖆ৵Δᖆऄය֮ݮڤՂឈྥ ۿբࠠໂᠨଈ९ࠫऱٙΔ܀ኔᔆՂΔݺഏᖆࠫԯਢ᜔อࠫΖࠡࢬطڶאՀ ༓រΚଈ٣ΔהଚᎁΔᖆऄء֮รնԼԮයΚψ۩ਙೃኙمऄೃຂωΔۖא ءمऄೃྤऴ൷ଙᎹᦞΔ۩ਙೃԾլ౨ᇞཋمऄೃΔ۩ਙೃհࢬאྫٻمऄೃ ຂΔԯਢڂمऄೃڶ۩ਙೃ९ऱٵრٚࡎᦞΖڇمऄೃऱ۩ਙೃ९ٵრᦞ ࠷Δ۩ਙೃ९ط᜔อऴ൷ٚࡎΔലࠌ۩ਙೃ९ශլࠠၴ൷ࢨऴ൷ऱاრഗ ៕Δ۩ਙೃ९ല᧢ፖԫࡴྤฆΔ᜔ۖอբ᧢ګ۩ਙೃ९ኔᎾᦞԺࢬൕנ ृΖ᜔հΔمऄೃऱٵრᦞਝբஞൾΔψ۩ਙೃٻمऄೃຂω༉؈װऄࠉᖕ ΰᏘ٠ᇛΔا 87αΖ ࠡڻΔຍࠄᖂृᎁΔ᜔อᖑڶኙ۩ਙೃ९ऱ܍ᦞΖรڻᖆऄᏺଥය֮ รԲයรԲႈΚψ᜔อ࿇ؒ۩ਙೃೃ९ፖࠉᖆऄᆖഏاՕᄎࢨمऄೃٵრٚࡎԳ2 รڻଥᖆലᖆऄรԿԼԮයፖղૻᜍΔଥإය֮รԲයรԲႈΚψ᜔อ࿇ؒ۩ਙೃ९ፖࠉᖆऄ ᆖഏاՕᄎࢨمऄೃٵრٚࡎԳհٚ܍ࡎח֗ᇞཋمऄೃհࡎחΔྤႊ۩ਙೃೃ९հ೫ᆟΔլ ᔞشᖆऄรԿԼԮයհࡳΖω 3 รڻᖆऄᏺଥය֮รයรԲႈรԿཱིψمऄೃᆖ٤᧯مऄࡡԿ։հԫאՂຑᆟΔኙ۩ਙ ೃೃ९༼נլॾٚூΖլॾٚூ༼נԮԼԲ՛ழ৵Δᚨ࣍ԼԶ՛ழփאಖټދป।ެհΖڕᆖ ٤᧯مऄࡡԲ։հԫאՂᢥګΔ۩ਙೃ९ᚨ࣍Լֲփ༼נΔՈٵழܧᓮ᜔อᇞཋمऄ ೃΙլॾٚூڕآᛧຏመΔԫڣփլኙٵԫ۩ਙೃ९٦༼נլॾٚூΖωլॾٚூᦞء᥆փᎹ ࠫഏ୮ഏᄎհറ᥆ᦞܓΔএمऄᦞࠫᘝ۩ਙᦞऱૹᖲࠫΔٍᙃܑփᎹࠫഏ୮ፖ᜔อࠫഏ୮ հૹᐛΖ
հٚ܍ࡎח֗ᇞཋمऄೃհࡎחΔྤႊ۩ਙೃ९հ೫ᆟΖωڂڼΔ᜔อٚ܍۩ ਙೃ९ऱࡎחլᏁ۩ਙೃ९հ೫ᆟΔ۩ਙೃ९༉ྤऄ៶೫ᆟᦞࢴ㽅Δ᜔อ۞ ྥ࠷ኙ۩ਙೃ९ऱٚ܍٤ᦞΰྏᐚࡲΔا 87αΖۖΔ᜔อٚࡎ۩ਙೃ९ࠀլ ႊمऄೃࠃছٵრΙۖ۩ਙೃ೫ೃ९Εٺຝᄎଈ९֗ਙ೭ࡡঞਢط۩ਙೃ९༼ ᓮ᜔อٚࡎհΖլጥൕ֮ᆠΕ᧯ߓᇞᤩࢨଥᖆृრࠐΔ᜔อຘመࠡᗑمٚࡎ Ꮉ༸ᦞലױᖄփᎹऱݮګΔਢڇٚࡎᎹழݮڤՂࡺ࣍೯ΔᏁ۩ਙೃ ९ऱ࠰ԺΖ۟࣍مऄೃঞլ٦ڶ֮ࣔऱᒤࠉᖕױאࠃছտԵิᎹΔೈॺലࠐݮ ګڶࣅޔԺऱᖆਙክࠏΰ႓ਟցΔا 89αΖ ່৵Δڇݺഏ۩ਙೃᤜ؈ඓ৵Δݺഏᖆऄء֮รնԼԮයรԲཱིءᝫڶ ψ…۩ਙೃೃ९ܛᚨ൷࠹ᇠެᤜࢨωऱࡳΔྥۖڇᏺଥය֮รԿයรԲႈ รԿཱིޏψ…۩ਙೃ९ᚨܛ൷࠹ᇠެᤜωΔءऱψࢨωڗณբᆖլߠԱΖ ຍᑌऱࡳΔۿቔᚐᤜ؈ඓऱ۩ਙೃ९ᤉᥛఎٚΖԫଡਙං۩լ࠹مऄೃ ֭ऱ۩ਙೃ९ᝫ౨ജఎڇࠡۯΔೈᎁ۩ਙೃ९এ༉ਙኙ᜔อຂ؆Δᣄ ᇞΰྏᐚࡲΔا 87αΖᤜᦞ᜔อࠫഏ୮ڶऱૠΔאࠌ۩ਙຝ॰ΰ᜔ อαኙ࣍مऄຝ॰ࢬຏመऱऄூ֗ය֮Δᎁڶพᡶᣄ۩հழΔ༼ದᤜூΖ
ԿΕᎁݺഏᖆࠫᠨଈ९ࠫऱᓵរ
ऄഏवټᖂृޙرໃΰMaurice Duvergerα࣍ 1980 ڣ࿇।ψԫጟᄅऱਙएᣊ ীΚת᜔อࠫωΖᖕޙرໃኙת᜔อࠫࢬ܂ऱᇞᤩΔࢬᘯת᜔อࠫਢਐڇԫଡ ਙएࠫ৫խΔ᜔อਢᆖط٤اދปऴ൷ᙇᜰขسΔࠡءߪࠠڶૉեૹᗑم ऱᦞԺΔڕٵભഏ᜔อԫΙۖԫֱ૿Δ᜔֗ٺຝᄎଈ९ԾႊኙഏᄎຂΔ ڕٵᑛڍഏ୮ऱփᎹࠫԫΖؾছೈऄഏհ؆ΔᢅཎΕख़ᥞΕᆿရ׃Ε٧ Εچܓ֗ფዿᥞഏՈီת᜔อࠫഏ୮ΰDuverger,1980αΖ ۞รڻଥᖆ৵ΔݺഏՕڍᑇᖂृΔክՂጠݺഏվᖆࠫᠨଈ९ࠫ4Ζૉ ലݺഏᅝছᖆࠫፖޙرໃኙת᜔อࠫࢬՀऱԿႈࡳᆠࢬֺለΔৰ᧩ྥऱΔݺഏ᜔ อᆖ٤اऴᙇขسΔᖑڶૉեૹᗑمऱᦞԺ5Δڶ۩ਙೃؘᏁኙمऄೃ4 ڼࢬਐऱᠨଈ९ࠫԯץܶٽࠫΕ۩ਙᦞᠨ૩ࠫΕ۩ਙᠨցࠫ֗ऄഏᖂृޙرໃࢬጠת᜔อࠫΖ 5 ݺഏ᜔อᖑڶऱኔᦞץਔΚԫΕጹ৺ࡎחᦞΖԲΕمഏ୮ڜ٤ᄎᤜፖഏ୮ڜ٤ݝΔެࡳഏ୮Օ ਙֱಾΖԿΕٚࡎ۩ਙೃ९ΖΕ༼ټऄೃإ೫ೃ९ΕՕऄࡴΕኘೃإ೫ೃ९ΕኘࡡΕ ەᇢೃإ೫ೃ९ΕەᇢࡡΖնΕᅝمऄೃຏመኙ۩ਙೃऱլॾٚூழΔᆖ۩ਙೃ९ܧᓮΔᇞ ཋمऄೃΖքΕ᜔อऱᤜுױᦞΖ
ຂΔ༉אՂԿរࠐΔݺഏᖆࠫᒔኔฤٽޙرໃࢬᘯת᜔อࠫऱഗءٙΖ ਝྥՕڍᑇᖂृᎁࡳݺഏᅝছᖆࠫਢᠨଈ९ࠫΔլױᝩ܍ऱ۞ྥᄎஞऄഏร ն٥ࡉᖆऄፖݺഏֺለፖ։࣫ΔݺഏᅝছᖆࠫΔ່ԳᇮఐऱຝٝΔܛਢൄൄ ᖂृޅေऱψ᜔อڶᦞྤຂΕ۩ਙೃ९ڶຂྤᦞΖω֘ᨠΔऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄΔ ࠀآ࿏ࢤࡳ᜔อؘႊ༼ټഏᄎڍᑇ᤻ࢨڍᑇᜤᅩᏆᖜ᜔ٚΔ܀ڇኔᎾሎ܂ ՂΔ᜔อ݁ᄎ༼ټഏᄎڍᑇ᤻Ꮖᖜ᜔ٚΖڕ᜔อፖഏᄎڍᑇ᥆ٵԫਙ᤻ழΔ ᜔อঁױຘመ᤻ਙԺၦ༳༽ԫ֊ਙݝΔڼழΔ᜔ലྫڕ᜔อऱኟቛ९ΖլመΔ ᅝ᜔อྤऄ൳ࠫഏᄎڍᑇஂڻழΔ᜔อঁᄎᙇᖗԫۯፖהمլٵΔ܀থ౨ᛧ ഏᄎڍᑇᜤᅩࢬ֭ऱԳՓנ᜔ٚΔڼழΔਙࢌԯਢط᜔ᏆᖄΔ᜔อಯࡺ ᏚڤՂऱցଈΔႛঅఎഏ֗؆ٌࠃ೭ऱᐙԺΔຍ༉ਢঋጠऱψؐ׳٥एω ΰcohabitationα6Ζ ۖݺഏڇຫֽਇᅝᙇ᜔อ৵Δمܛขس᜔อፖഏᄎڍᑇ᤻։᥆լٵਙ᤻ऱൣ ݮΖഏا᤻ڂᖑڶഏᄎڍᑇஂڻΔڂڼΔܛ്ຫֽਇ᜔อᚨ༇ૹᠨଈ९ࠫऱ ᖆਙ壄壀Δطഏا᤻ิᎹΖۖاၞ᤻ঞഒ᜔อᖑڶݙᖞऱ۩ਙೃ९ٚࡎᦞΔྤ Ꮑ༼ټഏᄎڍᑇ᤻ᏆΔᖆਙञᤜ࣍෫ขسΖឈྥݺഏբ٣৵ขسାଆΕ്ঊႂΕ ཾᙔ㴢Ε९ݪ֗ᤕૣ࣑նۯ۩ਙೃ९Δ܀ٚࡎᦞհञൕآೖஒΖ
Ε՛
ጵٽאՂԿጟ᧯ࠫऱᓵរΔृᇢቹԫေ࣫Δא᠖堚ݺഏᖆਙ᧯ࠫΖڇ ്փᎹࠫऱᓵរֱ૿Δ്ݺഏᅝছᖆࠫփᎹࠫऱᖂृഗءՂലݺഏ᜔อࡳۯ ဠۯցଈऱߡۥΖྥۖΔຍጟऄլᓵመװፖآࠐݺഏኔᎾᖆਙሎ܂ՂΔലᄎ ڶڍ֟ኔᔌऱױ౨ࢤࡋΛլᆃחԳژጊΔܛࠌመװݺഏᖆऄለႜٻփᎹࠫΔ܀۞ ۩ᖆאࠐ݁ਢਙए১ΔࡨึאਙएൎԳխ֨ΔൕآటإኔਜመփᎹࠫΖڰڇ ۩ᖆհॣΔܛԱࠌᓏտف᜔อឩᦞٽऄ֏ΔطഏזຏመᜯழයཱིଯᖆऄΖܛ ࠌࠩԱᦞԺመྀऱᣤΕᓏழཚΔམᆖᑉழנא۩ਙೃ९ᓏᆖഏխ֨ऱၸΔ ।૿Ղԫ৫൷२փᎹࠫΔ܀ฅຶսਢאऄᔞԳΖᅝޕ࿆ᔕ࣍ 1988 ڣᤉ᜔ٚอழΔ הࢬᤉࢭऱᖆਙ᧯ࠫΔࠀॺႜٻփᎹࠫऱڶᖆऄΔۖਢႜٻ᜔อᗑဪऱᜯழය6 1958 ڣऄഏၞԵรն٥ࡉழזΔޙرໃ࣍ 1980 ڣ༼נڶܑ࣍փᎹ᜔ࠫ֗อࠫऱψת᜔อࠫωऱ ᄅᖆਙਮዌழΔऄഏࠀآམ࿇سመؐ׳٥एऱൣݮΔڂڼΔޙرໃٍآམಘᓵመؐ׳٥एਢܡ ת᜔อࠫհයٙࢨۥΔྥ۞ 1986 ڣ࿇سรԫڻؐ׳٥ए߱վΔऄഏբ࿇سመԿڻؐ׳٥एऱ ൣݮΖ
ཱི᧯ࠫΖ۞ 1988 ڣإڤᤉࢭࠩ 1992 ڣᐒೈᜯழයַཱིΔޕ᜔อࢬᖑڶऱٽऄ ᖆਙᦞԺΔࡨึ࣍Ꮉ༸Ζ᜔อऱኔᦞᏆߡۥΔլᄭ۞ᜯழයཱིऱࡳΔ ޓբڇ९ཚऱਙएषᄎ֏ᆖ᧭խΔԫՕฒီࢬᅝྥΔڰբփ֏ԫጟՕ ฒऱਙए֮֏ΰພإॽΔا 85αΖ ಘᓵᖆਙംᠲழΔڕ࣠ൕొጰऄऱ։࣫Δওૻڇᖆऄය֮ᙩኪऱ֮ᆠᇭ ᤩࡉ᧤ᙀංዝΔۖݙ٤࢙ฃԱൕᖵ૿ፖਙए૿ऱەኘΔਢৰᣄ᠖堚ኔ૿խᖆ ਙሎ܂ऱటઌΖឈྥݺഏ᜔อऱᦞԺፖऄഏഏઌֺս᥆ڶૻΔ܀ݺഏ᜔อ९ཚ ຟਢኔᦞᏆՀΔԫاฒڰբ৬مא᜔อਙएխ֨ऱਙए֮֏Ζ٦ृΔൕ᜔ อՕᙇࢬܧऱᖿ௺ᤁञ࿓৫ࡉاฒᣂ֊ऱ࿓৫ᨠհΔՕڍᑇԳലৰᣄ൷࠹הଚ شᙇปᙇנࠐऱഏ୮᜔อਢԫଡဠۯցଈऱࠃኔΰܦಿᛝΔا 87αΖ ڇ്᜔อࠫऱᓵរֱ૿Δ്ݺഏᅝছᖆ᜔ࠫอࠫऱᖂृᎁא۩ਙ ೃհࢬאٻمऄೃຂΔਢڂمऄೃڶ۩ਙೃ९ऱٵრٚࡎᦞΙمऄೃऱٵრ ᦞૉଷኆΔ۩ਙೃٻمऄೃຂ༉؈װऄࠉᖕΖࠃኔՂΔԫࢬᘯ۩ਙຝ॰ ٻᤜᄎຂऱటᆠΔԯਢਐ۩ਙຝ॰ऱᥛژڇਢࠐ۞࣍ᤜᄎऱॾٚΔ່ۖࠡு ֨ऱࠫ৫ૠԯਢ۩ਙຝ॰ױڂᤜᄎຏመլॾٚދปூۖ૰ΔՈ༉ਢᤜᄎ ऱଙᎹᦞΖאࠢীऱփᎹࠫഏ୮ഏࠏΔ׆ڇٚࡎଈઌழΔഏᄎࠃኔՂՈൕ ࠐڶ۩ࠌመࢬᘯऱٵრᦞΔ܀ط࣍ഏᄎڶଙᎹᦞΔൕۖᒔمփᎹٻഏᄎຂऱ ࠫ৫ᐛΖڂڼΔܒឰ۩ਙຝ॰ਢܡٻഏᄎຂऱࠫ৫ࠉᖕᚨਢഏᄎऱଙᎹᦞΔ ڇݮڤՂഏᄎਢܡڶٵრᦞ֘ۖਢڻऱΰᤕΔا 88αΖ ࠡհΔ്ݺഏᖆ᜔ࠫอࠫऱᖂृΔٍڶൕᏺଥය֮խڶᣂ۩ਙೃ९ᤜ ؈ඓழլႊऱࡳΔۖංᓵ۩ਙೃ९ԯٻ᜔อຂΖٵᑌچΔݺଚՈױאൕ ᅝழଥᖆመ࿓խऱمऄृءრࠐৱڼംᠲΔاၞ᤻ᅝழհࢬאٵრܔೈ ࡳΔԯਢڂاၞ᤻ᎁլൎᓳ۩ਙೃ९ؘႊױאᝩ܍ᐙਙݝڜࡳΙۖ اၞ᤻ᎁ۩ਙೃ९ૉటྤऄ൷࠹ᤜ࣠Δ۞ྥᚨᇠΔܡঞ༉ᚨࠉऄ۩ਙ ΰޕতΕམ৬ցΔا 87αΖڂڼΔݺଚլ౨ൕ۩ਙೃ९ᤜ؈ඓլႊऱছ ༼Δᝪאංᓵנ۩ਙೃ९ٻ᜔อຂΔۖྤᏁٻمऄೃຂΔڼᓵរྤጊܡࡳ ᖆऄࢬ֮ࣔࡳհψ۩ਙೃኙمऄೃຂωհය֮7Ζ ڇ്ᠨଈ९ࠫऱᓵរֱ૿ΔৰڍԳאऄഏรն٥ࡉࠏΔޅေਜ۩ᠨଈ९ ࠫऱഏ୮ڇॺ٥एழཚΔ᜔อਢڶᦞྤຂΔ᜔ঞਢڶຂྤᦞΔຍᑌऱᎅऄࠡኔ
7 ᏺଥය֮รԿයรԲႈΚψ۩ਙೃࠉؐ٨ࡳΔኙمऄೃຂΔᖆऄรնԼԮයհࡳΔೖַᔞ شΚ….ω
Ոਢڶৱᄄ಼ऱΖݺଚױא᜔อࠫഏ୮ኙᅃΔᇢუڇ᜔อࠫഏ୮Δ᜔อፖഏᄎ ٺڶٚཚΔٺ۞ኙԳاຂΔ᜔อհՀऱ۩ਙຝ॰ঞኙ᜔อຂΔຍ㠪ࢬᘯऱψኙ ԳاຂωΔਐऱਢԳاຘመࡳཚऱᙇᜰΔאᙇปެࡳਢܡᨃ᜔อ֗ഏᄎᤜᥛ ٚΔ᜔ۖอਢլؘٻഏᄎຂΔٍྤᏁ൷࠹ഏᄎऱᔆᇬΖᅝ᜔อፖഏᄎڍᑇ᤻ٵ ᥆ԫਙ᤻ழΔױאუߠ᜔อኔᎾᦞԺ۶ࠡՕΔԾ۶౨ᗑޣ࣍ת᜔อࠫΛ֘ᨠ ڇᠨଈ९ࠫഏ୮Δᅝ᜔อ༳༽ഏᄎڍᑇஂڻழΔឈྥ᜔ྫڕ᜔อऱኟቛ९Δڼ ழΔլႛ᜔อٻԳاຂΔ᜔սྥٻഏᄎຂΔഏᄎսױຘመଙᎹᨃࠡՀ Δ֘ۖڍԱԫᐋᅮፖࠫᘝΔ༉ڼࠐΔᠨଈ९᜔ֺࠫ֘ۖอࠫᝫฤٽࢬᘯ ຂٚਙएऱޣΖڂڼΔޅေᠨଈ९ࠫᄎທګψ᜔อڶᦞྤຂΕ᜔ڶຂྤᦞω ࠀլٽΖ ڶԳᔆጊΔ᜔อਢኔᎾऱެृΔԫ؟ਙڶᎄΔথԾլਢެऱ᜔ ٻഏᄎຂΔຍጟൣݮᣄࠩլਢψ᜔อڶᦞྤຂΕ᜔ڶຂྤᦞωႯΛྥۖΔא ऄഏรն٥ࡉࠏΔຍጟൣݮᄎ࿇سڇ᜔ፖ᜔อٵ᤻ऱॺ٥एழཚΖڇॺ٥ एழཚΔ᜔ڕٵ᜔อऱኟቛ९Δ܀ૉፖ᜔อࠫઌለΔ᜔อೈԱٻاฒຂ؆Δ הऱኟቛ९ᝫᏁٻഏᄎຂΔ࣍ڇڼൣݮՀΔᠨଈ९ࠫՀऱ᜔อΔ᜔ֺ֘ۖอ ࠫՀऱ᜔อΔ࠹ࠩޓڍऱᅮፖࠫᘝΔٵழٍለլᄎ࿇س᜔อࠫՀऱᖆਙᏜݝΖ
Εऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆਙ࿇୶መ࿓ፖរ
ԫΕऄഏᖆਙ࿇୶መ࿓
ऄഏ۞ 1789 ڣऄഏՕࡎ߱վԲۍ塒ڣΔऄഏਙए᧯ࠫᆖᖵԱڍڻऱ᧢ᔢΔ թ࿇୶ګվֲऱรն٥ࡉᖆऄΔᖆਙ࿇୶ᓤᠧऱൣݮΔኔהഏᖵࢬߔߠΔԫ ലऄഏᖆਙ࿇୶։նଡၸΚ ΰԫαรԫ٥ࡉழཚΚ 1791 ڣ 9 ִഏاᤜᄎࠫࡳรԫຝᖆऄΔආഏڤऱܩمᖆਙएΖ܀ਢ 1792 ڣऄ૨ᚰඓཏᜤ૨հݰΔചਙऱψഏاֆᄎωਙࢌܫലᐒೈ׆ᦞΔޏܩഏ ᧯٥ࡉ᧯ࠫΖٵڣ 9 ִ 25 ֲګمรԫ٥ࡉΖ1800 ڣஞధിԫ࠷ചਙᦞ8Ζ܀ࠡլאڼየߩΔ࣍ 1802 ڣᆖطᙇᜰᅝ ᙇึߪ۩ਙଈ९ΰFirst Consul of LifeαΖ1804 ڣ 11 ִஞధി٣ᆖᤜೃ༼ᤜΔ ٦طԳاٵრۖᙇ০Δല٥ࡉ᧯ࠫޏรԫ০ഏΰthe first EmpireαΔࠀ৬ مᄅᖆऄΖ 1814 ڣஞధിऱᖏञ؈ܓᖄી০ഏرᇞΔࠀಯۯሁ࣐ԼԶΖٵڣطᤜ ೃࠫࡳܩمᖆᖆऄΖྥۖሁ࣐ԼԶඝ֗ࠫቇԫຝཱུࡳᖆऄ࠷זᖆऄڶऱܩ مᖆᖆऄΖՕ᧯ՂΔཱུࡳᖆऄਢُயഏऱຂٚփᎹࠫආࠟೃࠫഏᄎΖ 1824 ڣሁ࣐ԼԶװΔطԼᤉٚΖط࣍Լऱറᖩ۩Δᖄી 7 ִࡎګפΔԼ૰ᨃۯΔޏطዿߜֆᛤሁ࣐ΗဗԺ፠ᤉٚΖ ΰԲαรԲཚࡉழཚΚ 1848 ڣ 2 ִ࿇سࡎΔሁ࣐ΗဗԺ፠ංΔطխขၸ్ፖ໎ՠၸ్ิګ ᜯழਙࢌΔࠀ࣍ 4 ִ״ၲࠫᖆᄎᤜࠫࡳรԲ٥ࡉᖆऄΖรԲ٥ࡉᖆऄ່Օ ۥਢലመװഏڤऱփᎹࠫޏભഏڤऱ᜔อࠫΖڂڼΔᖆऄխࡳ۩ਙᦞطऴ ᙇขسऱ᜔อࠐ۩ࠌΔٚཚڣΔլຑٚΖمऄᦞঞطԫഏᄎࠐ۩ࠌΖ 1848 ڣ 12 ִΔሁ࣐ஞధിΰLouis NapoleonαᅝᙇรԲ٥ࡉ᜔อΖ܀ה್ Ղ܉ᇞཋഏᄎΔࠀ༼נطֆاދปࠐެࡳᄅऱᖆऄΖ1852 ڣ 12 ִรԲ০ഏګ مΔሁ࣐ஞధി࿆Ղۯࠀ۞ጠஞధിรԿΖሁ࣐ஞధിጠ০৵ΔսऎشรԲ٥ ࡉᖆऄΔਢലԼڣԫٚऱاᙇ᜔อޏึߪऱ০Ζ1870 ڣཏऄᖏञΔऄ૨ኰ ඓΔஞధിԿګၸՀΔޔԱรԲ০ഏΖ ΰԿαรԿ٥ࡉழཚΚ ٥ࡉ᤻࠷ᚌႨࠀ࣍ 1875 ڣ 2 ִ֗ 7 ִຏመԿႈਙ᤻ऄΔਢᄅऱᖆऄΖ ࠡխࣔࡳऄഏԫψا٥ࡉਙ᧯ωΔรԿ٥ࡉՈ༉ਢᖕຍຝᖆऄګمΖ ऄഏรԿ٥ࡉᖆऄݮڤՂࠀլਢԫຝݙᖞᖆऄΔࠡਙएࠫ৫ਢᑓُഏڤऱ փᎹࠫΖᖆऄխࡳΔ᜔อٚཚԮڣΔطഏᄎࠟೃᤜᙇᜰขسΔຑᙇຑٚΖ ڼ؆Δ᜔อ֗ຝ९ઃᏁኙഏᄎࠟೃຂΖԫۖᓵΔรԿ٥ࡉޔհছऱല२Ԯ ԼڣၴΔऄഏऱᖆਙ᧯ࠫၲࡨ࣍ࡳΖ
8 ஞధിנس࣍ઝ۫ቯΔᇠᑷ߷ࠅ٥ࡉഏΰGenoese Republicαऱ᥆چΔڇஞధിנسছԫ ڣᑷ߷ࠅאࠟۍᆄऄிऱזᏝ໊ᨃऄഏΖஞధി 15 ᄣٚభ֟രΔ24 ᄣ֒ٚലΔڣ᎘ழ ᑷઝ۫ቯऱᗑمሎ೯Ζհ৵ط࣍ᖏפΔ࠹ऄԳფΔط૨ԳۖചਙΔ1779 ڣ 11 ִ 9 ֲګפ࿇೯ਙ᧢ۖചਙΖ1804 ڣ໌مऄᥞ۫০ഏۖګ০Δ۞ڼ୬ऄഏ֗ᑛऱࡎሎ९ሒԼ նڣΖ
ΰαร٥ࡉழཚΚ 1940 ڣ 7 ִรԿڻཏऄᖏञ࿇سΔᐚഏސ۾ऄഏΔߦᅝΰMarshal Petainαڇ ᐚ૨ݿՀ࣍ॺ۾ᏆګمፂྰਙᦞΰVichy regimeαΖءᔆՂΔፂྰਙᦞ㦆ඵร Կ٥ࡉᖆऄګᄕᦞਙࢌΖ 1945 ڣ 8 ִԲڻՕᖏޔΖ11 ִऄഏԳاᆖطֆاދปެࡳᄅऱᖆऄΔګ مร٥ࡉΖՕ᧯ۖߢΔร٥ࡉऱᖆਙሎ܂ፖรԿ٥ࡉழཚऱψփᎹࠫωਢՕ ٵ՛ฆΖ܀ڇร٥ࡉழཚΔڂආ۩ֺࠏז।ࠫขسഏاᤜᄎᤜΔທګഏᄎխ ՛᤻ࣥمΔྤԫਙ᤻ױᖑڶመתᑇஂڻิᎹΔຟආᜤٽփᎹݮڤΔףאਙञ᙮ ֗ഏاᤜᄎᦞԺᏅՕΔױᙟழאլॾٚދปࠐଙᎹΙۖփᎹፖഏᄎઌኙݼհᇞཋ ഏᄎऱᦞԺΔԾ࠹ࠩૻࠫΔڕᖆऄรնԼԫයࡳΔᄅᙇᜰऱഏاᤜᄎڇԫڣת հփլղᇞཋΖਙࢌ༼ᤜᇞཋഏاᤜᄎΔႊᛧᤜᄎᤜ९ऱٵრΰ്᧵Δ ا 84αΖ ΰնαรն٥ࡉழཚΚ รཚ٥ࡉழཚط࣍ڍ᤻ࣥمΔኙૹՕംᠲ٥ᢝΔᖄીਙࢌޓ૯լ ឰ9ΖೈԱਙएլࡳհ؆Δԫཟ֫ംᠲܛᆖᛎڂైΔڇรԲڻՕᖏ ৵ΔऄഏቼփΔየؾᒈࡵΔۍᐒৱᜰհᆖᛎႊ৺ࠥૹ৬ΔףՂ༚ՓΕಯٔ૨ Գհᔞᚨ༉ᄐംᠲ֗ڕ۶ߨנඓᖏऱອᐙΔ༚መװاග٠ዊംᠲΔڇڇຟႊ ڶயچᇞެΖ ᚮᑗՂ৵مܛထ֫ࠫᖆՠ܂ΔԫնԶڣִΔᄅᖆऄᆖطֆاދป। ެຏመΔԼִԶֲऄഏإڤֆؒኔਜΔၞԵรն٥ࡉழזΖᖞଡรն٥ࡉᖆऄΔ ױᎅਢڇᚮᑗᖄՀΔطऄຝ९ᚮؒሼΰMichel Debre͇αଈऱറ୮ᖂृࢬ ิګऱᖆऄ՛ิࢬࠫࡳऱΖຍଡ՛ิګೈ༓ۯխ؇۩ਙऄೃΰle Conseil d’Etatα ऱऄࡴΔڶवټऄᖂᖂृܨዿΰFrancois LuchaireαΕ۵ળዿΰJean Foyerαא ֗ਙ᤻ז।ᐚୂΰAndre͇!DiboefsobhpsαิګΔ܀ޓࠠ᧯چᎅΔรն٥ࡉ ᖆऄױᎅਢᚮᑗଡԳრݳऱ୶Ζ ط࣍ร٥ࡉழཚΔ᜔อਢطഏᄎࠟೃᜤஂᄎᙇנΔ۞ྥڇچۯՂঁ࠹ࠫ࣍ ഏᄎΖรն٥ࡉᖆऄΔଥإڼႈ؈Δല᜔อऱاᙇഗ៕ឩՕΔԯطഏᄎᤜΕ
9 ऄഏร٥ࡉழཚΔփᎹᎠང߰ຒΔਙञ᙮ΔਙएᄕլࡳΔ۞ 1947 ڣশጆٳዿΰPaul Ramadierα Ղנ᜔ٚΔऴࠩ 1958 ڣ 6 ִᚮᑗᖜٚร٥ࡉ່৵ԫۯ᜔ΔԼԲڣཚၴΔփᎹޓ ૯ሒԲԼքڻΔࠡխኂࡎ່९ृΔլመԼնଡִΔ່ۖृຶլ֗Լ֚Ζ
ٺઊᤜΕ௧؆᥆چᤜ֗ٺᤜᄎࢬᙇז।ᙇᜰհΔۖຍଡᡓՕऱᙇᜰԳቸՕ પڶԶᆄԳΖ ڂ᜔อऱขسਢආၴ൷ᙇᜰऱֱڤΔ᜔อऱإᅝࢤڶࠡլߩΔᚮᑗࠌ ᜔อऱإᅝࢤףൎΔԯ࣍ 1962 ڣ༼נኙ᜔อᙇᜰֱڤऱଥᖆூΖڼԫଥᖆூ ءਢආรն٥ࡉᖆऄรԶԼයऱଥᖆ࿓ݧΔ܀ڇഏᄎஎ᥈᜔อឩᦞऱუऄՀΔ ڼூآ౨ڇഏᄎխᛧ֭ΖᚮᑗԯޏਊᖆऄรԼԫයհࡳΔऴ൷ലᇠଥᖆ ூ༼ٌֆاᓤެΔࠀᛧԳا֭ۖຏመΔٚཚսԮڣΔڕڼࠌ᜔อऱچۯ ፖߡۥՕ༏༼֒Ζຍࠌรն٥ࡉᖆऄإڤၞԵګψᠨଈ९ࠫωΰhybrid systemα ΰ׆অΔا 86αΖ ឈྥ 1962 ڣऱଥᖆூ࠹ࠩഏᄎᔆጊڇ࿓ݧՂڶᣤૹᅕชΔழٚᤜೃᤜ९ ऱ G. Mannerville ܛࠉᖆऄรքԼԫයհࡳലᇠூ༼ٌᖆऄࡡᄎᐉᤜΔᖆऄ ࡡᄎܫᇠࡡᄎ౨ኙഏᄎຏመհऄூਢܡٽᖆၞ۩ᐉᤜΔ۟࣍ᆖطԳاऴ ൷।ሒრݳհֆاᓤެூΔᇠࡡᄎঞྤᦞᐉࠡٽᖆࢤΰݳଶԳΔا 83αΖ
ԲΕऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄऱរ
ऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄփ୲٥ڶ 16 ີΕ92 ය10Ζ່ࠡՕۥ᜔อࠫፖփᎹࠫ ऱٽΖࠡࢬࡳऱਙएࠫ৫ፖऄഏאٚ۶ழזຟլٵΔࠏڕ،آ٨Գᦞᖆ ີΔۖࢭᎁאԳᦞߢאࠐऱګ༉ࠡഗءऱঞΔۖഏ᧯ٍսආ٥ࡉΔآ࿑᧢ ޓΖ รն٥ࡉਢऄഏऱᄅழזΔ،ࠌਙएࠩছࢬآڶऱڜࡳΔഏᄎլ٦䨎്Δ փᎹլൄႜΖطਢਙࢌڶԱਙΔࠀ౨ڶயچൕࠃڍጟޏΔຍԫ֊༓ຟױ אᎅਢ࡛᠌Ζ܀ऄഏऱֆऄᖂृথᎅรն٥ࡉᖆऄਢ່ᡏऱԫຝᖆऄΖऄഏऱव ᢝԳՓ᜔ᤚรն٥ࡉਢሔહ،٥ࡉႚอΔڂհኙᄅᖆऄٍլྤპΖጵᨠءຝ ᖆऄڶאՀ༓ଡរΚ ଈ٣ΔءຝᖆऄਢطਙࢌࢬࠫࡳऱᖆऄΚאऄഏᖆऄΔຟਢڇഏᄎխಘᓵΖ ᖆऄխംᠲΔլႛᤜᄎխ֘ᇤᣄΔᝨᓵٍٺއࢬߠΔױאᎅਢႃٽٺֱ ૿ऱრߠۖݮګऱདྷ᧯Ζรն٥ࡉᖆऄႛطᜯழਙࢌิ៣ԫ՛ิࡡᄎΔឈط10 1958 ڣऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄ 15 ີΕ92 යΖ०ٽᑛ٥ٵ᧯ΰګم࣍ 1958 ڣ 1 ִ 1 ֲαऱ
ኔᏁࠀᖕ 1992 ڣ 2 ִ 7 ֲࢬૡऱ್ཎি܌යપΰThe Treaty on European Unionαऱપ ࡳΔ࣍ 1992 ڣ 6 ִଥᖆΔܑᏺૡԱรԼີᑛ٥ٵ᧯֗ᑛٵᅩΔۖലࠐऱรԼີᖆ ऄհଥޏא֗รԼնີመྀයཱིΔٻՀฝޏรԼն֗รԼքີΖ
ᚮᑗᘣٚஂΔࠃኔՂطᚮؒᅗԫԳചΖ༉ࠫૡऱݮڤۖߢΔ،֟اऱ ࣷΖլመᚮᑗᜯٲ࠹ࡎΔམאଥᖆޣΔۖิګਙࢌհ৵Δܛאଥᖆംᠲ ༼בԳاᓤެΖਚࡡᄎऱଥᖆՠ܂ΔࠡᦞԺࠐ۞ԳاΔਢܡรն٥ࡉᖆऄհ ఐΔऄᏅ։ݡ11Ζ ࠡڻΔءᖆऄԫլݙᖞऱᖆऄΚรն٥ࡉᖆऄឈڶ 16 ີ 92 යΔ܀ڍૹ ऱࠫ৫Δڶ٨ԵΖࠏڕऄิ៣֗چֱิ៣Δຟڶ౨܂ٚ۶ࡳΖᣂ࣍Գ اᦞܓΔႛ֧࣍ߢխᘯΚψऄഏԳاኙ࣍ 1789 ڣԳᦞߢࢬࡳΔࠀᆖ 1946 ڣ ᖆऄࢬᒔᎁΔۖԾףאךኔհԳᦞ֗ഏاᦞऱঞΔᔤૹᜢࣔΔਅᙅլྕωΖ Ոᄕ౻৺༉Δৰ᧩ྥऱΔรն٥ࡉᖆऄऱૹࡲڱΔႛڇᓿ᜔อאᄅऱᦞԺΙ ᒔࡳփᎹፖഏᄎऱᣂএΙאַ֗ഏᄎऱᛒشΖ ೈڼհ؆Δࡸڶڍڂழၴצআآ֗ᇡาઔߒΔۖఎৱࡎחףאᇖךΖԼ ԲයࡳΚψ৬مᄅऱਙࠫΔࢨڇᄅਙࠫࡸآ৬مհছΔ۩ࠌֆᦞࢬؘᏁհم ऄൻਜΔطഏ೭ᄎᤜপᇬխ؇۩ਙऄೃհრߠΔאࠠڶऄ৳யԺհයࠏհωΖ طਢऄਙࢌڇլ֗ԫڣऱழၴխቇ࿇Ա२ԿۍයࡎחΔڕᜤ߶࿓Δᙇᜰ࿓Δ ऄೃิ៣࿓Δषᄎᆖᛎࡡᄎิ៣࿓ΔࢤᔆઃᄕૹΖࠃኔՂΔٚ۶ഏ୮ ݁լױ౨ނࢬڶૹঞݙ٤ԵᖆऄհխΔรն٥ࡉᖆऄڶࠡงዥΔՈլߩא ఐΖ൫լאمऄֱڤᇖߩᖆऄհլߩΔۖຕא۩ਙࡎחࡳհΔਢܡᄎທګ ۩ਙᦞᗑՕհኤఐΔլլףאૹီΖ ࠡԿΔഏ࠰ᆠऱ৬مΚऄഏፖഏԫᑌΔᖏ৵ཷاچംᠲࢬેΔ،ࢬ ᖑڶऱ௧؆ᏆچΔઃڕ־ڕऱاගᆠࢬΖ။তΕਭ୕ንΕᐇഏࣟত ࠅԿഏΔא֗ᐰୂΕડ؍۫ࠅ٣৵ᗑمΔࠡ塒ٍઃڶๅ༏ۖװհႨΖᚮᑗ ڰ࣍ 1946 ڣऱࠫᖆዝᎅխ്ഏ࠰ᆠᇞެڼཷاچംᠲऱ᜔ጼᏆΖڂڼΔ รն٥ࡉᖆऄࡳഏ࠰ऱ։ഏࠆڶ۞एᦞΰԮԼԮයαΖ൫ऄഏཷا০ഏΔ ءຝፖᏆچհၴΔᣂএࠀլؓΖ ഏ࠰ऱิ៣ݮڤΔאऄᥞ۫٥ࡉഏ᜔อഏ࠰᜔อΔۖ۩ਙհຂऱ᜔Δ طٺ։ഏ۞۩ขسΖٺ։ഏ᜔֗ഏ࠰٥ٵࠃ೭հຝ९Δิګഏ࠰۩ਙ ࡡᄎΔא᜔อஂΖ۩ਙࡡᄎऱפ౨Δڇᘩޣ։ഏ۩ਙ֗ਙएՂऱٽ܂
11 ऄഏᖆऄร 89 යΚψᖆऄଥޏூط٥ࡉഏ᜔อࠉ᜔৬ᤜۖ༼נΔࢨطഏᄎᤜ༼נΖᖆऄଥޏ ூᆖطֆاދปᓤެᎁױ৵ΔࡨܫᒔࡳΖྥᅝ٥ࡉഏ᜔อެࡳലଥޏ౻ூ༼ٌഏᄎࠟೃᜤஂᄎ ᤜ।ެழΔঞᇠூྤႊٌבֆاᓤެΙڇڼൣݮՀΔଥޏ౻ூႊᛧᜤஂᄎᤜն։հԿڍᑇڶய ปΔࡨຏመΖω
ΰԶԼԲයαΖೈڼհ؆Δᝫڶഏ࠰ᤜೃΰԶԼԿයα֗ഏ࠰٘ဪऄೃΰԶԼ යαΖ֘ᨠՕഏ࠰ႛڶ᜔ᄎᤜΔࠡהઃॵհڕΖ܀থڂऄᥞ۫ഏ࠰ᖲዌ ऱפ౨መՕۖࠡࡲڱԾೣٻ٥ࡉഏܓ墿ழΔ᧩ྥፖٺ։ഏޣᗑمऱᣋඨਢઌ ؐऱΔڂڼΔഏ࠰հՀਢױאቃߠऱΖ ࠡΔਙ᤻چۯऱࢭᎁΚᖆऄรයࡳΚψਙ᤻֗ਙएቸ᧯Δڇᙇᜰխ ࿇ཀ،ଚإᅝऱ܂شΔิ៣ਙ᤻ऱᦞܓ֗೯լ࠹ૻࠫΖ൫ਙؘ᤻ႊᙅښഏ୮ ᦞ֗اऱঞωΖᚮᑗឈቧ༞ਙ᤻ਙएΔۖૹചਙᦞΔ࣍ᖆऄխ।ق༇ૹਙ ᤻ڇᙇᜰխऱٽ܂شΔࠀࢭᎁਙ᤻ڇഏ୮խऱچۯΔ֗ഏاิ᤻ऱᦞܓΙኙᄅ ٥ࡉᜤᅩհ؆ऱ᤻ቸ֗ਙ᤻ᏆΔլྤᆚ壃֗ᐿᐣऱრᆠ12ΖٵழΔኙ٥ข᤻ױ ౨ਢԫጟᤞܫΖڂ٥ข᤻ਢഏᎾࢤऱΔࠀլ༇ૹഏ୮ᦞΖ٥ข᤻Ծൎᓳၸ్ ᗑဪΔءሔહاঞΖኙຍᑌऱਙ᤻Δؘழ۞ױ܉،ሔᖆۖղא࠷ᒬΖ ൫Ղ૪ය֮ΔႛঞՂऱقΔ۟࣍լᙅښഏ୮ᦞ֗اঞऱਙ᤻Δߒᚨ ڕ۶࠷ᒬΛᖆऄࡡᄎ౨ܡܒᇠᣊਙ᤻ሔᖆΔรն٥ࡉᖆऄઃྤࠠ᧯ࡳΖ ࠡնΔᖆऄࡡᄎפ౨ऱףൎΚᖆऄࡡᄎط᜔อΕೃᤜ९֗ഏاᄎᤜᤜ ९ٺٚࡎԿԳิګհΖ᜔อࠀٚࡎࠡխհԫԳஂΖ،ऱٚ೭ڶԿΖࠡԫΔ ᅮഏ୮ᙇᜰ֗ࠡהֆاދปΖ᜔อऱᙇᜰא֗ֆاऱᓤެދปΔઃڇࠡᅮհ Հၞ۩Δࠀطࠡؒ࣠Ζڇഏاᄎᤜᤜא֗ೃᤜᙇᜰխΔ،ਢᙇᜰि ऱဪެृΖࠡԲΔ،ਢ᜔อऱऄ৳ംᖲዌΔ᜔อ࣍۩ࠌጹ৺ᦞऱழଢΔᚨপᇬ ،ऱრߠΖױਢڇຍጟٽխΔ،ਢംऱߪ։Δ،ऱრߠࠀྤࣅޔԺΖጹ৺ ழཚࢬ܂ጹ৺ൻᆜΔ௫֗Գاᦞ墿ΔࠡൻᆜਢܡւᅝΔᆖԫᗑمᖲዌղאઔ ߒΔ۞ྥױא྇֟ԫࠄᙑᎄΖ܀ጹ৺ᦞ᜔อᗑڶऱᦞԺΔጹ৺ެࡳԾױᑉழཙ זᖆऄ֗ޏ᧢ᖆऄΔᖆऄࡡᄎऱᐉᤜ༓ױאᎅਢڍ塒ऱΖ ᖆऄࡡᄎ່৵ऱԫጟפ౨ٍ່ૹऱΖഏᄎࢬຏመऱऄ৳ூΔิ៣ऄூ א֗ਙࢌၞ۩ऱഏᎾයપ౻ூΔ࣍آֆؒ֗آޅছΔطᖆऄࡡᄎᐉᤜࠡփ ୲ਢܡሔહᖆऄ壄壀Ζ،ऱެࡳਢ່৵ऱΔլՂ္Ζਙࢌ֗ഏᄎኙمऄᦞፖࡎ חᦞऱᒤ࿇سञᤜΔࢨਙࢌኙഏᄎଥޏቃጩऱ༼ூᎁሔᖆழΔٍױᓮᖆऄࡡ ᄎࠐ܂ဪެΔࠡެࡳऱயԺΔٍ᥆່৵ࢤᔆΖ
12 ᄅ٥ࡉᜤᅩਢڍߓऱՕᜤٽΔԳا༚ᘋ᤻փຝ࿇س։ါ৵Δᚮᑗܛᇞཋᇠ᤻Δࠀ܉הլ ٦ิ᤻Ζ1958 ڣࣟ՞٦ದ৵ΔսഒڼԫمΔהᎁהਢऄഏԳاऱᏆΔۖլਢٚ۶ਙ᤻ ऱᏆΖהጠ၌ྥ࣍ਙ᤻ܓ墿հՂΔຍৰױ౨ਢה壄壀ტ״ԺՕᏺऱڂΖ܀ᎅࠐ࡛ࢡΔ ᄅ٥ࡉᜤᅩਢאኙᚮᑗଡԳய࢘ऱᨠ࢚ᜤٽದࠐऱΔೈڼհ؆Δຍଡਙ᤻լขسٚ۶อԫਙ ጼΖ
ᆥΕݺഏፖऄഏรն٥ࡉ᜔อขسֱڤፖᦞ
Ժऱֺለ
ݺഏᖆऄᆖڍڻᏺଥ৵Δբױࠩऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄऱᐙΔྥսڶڍઌ ฆհΔ壆ڕ᜔อขسֱڤΕ᜔อऱᦞԺΕਙࢌิګֱڤૹՕฆΔאՀൕݺ ഏፖऄഏรն٥ࡉ᜔อऱขسֱڤፖ᜔อᦞԺհֺለΔאᛀီԲृሎ܂Ղհฆ ٵΖԫΕ᜔อขسֱڤऱֺለ
ݺഏ᜔อขسֱڤΔطഏاՕᄎז।ᙇᜰขسΔ1994 ڣรԿڻଥᖆലࠡ᧢ ޓط٤᧯ԳاऴᙇΖᏺଥය֮รԲයรԫႈΚψ᜔อΕ೫᜔อطխဎاഏ۞ط چ٤᧯Գاऴ൷ᙇᜰհΔ۞խဎاഏԶԼնڣร᜔ٚอΕ೫᜔อᙇᜰኔਜΖ ᜔อΕ೫᜔อଢᙇԳᜤټ࿆ಖΔڇᙇปՂٵ٨ԫิഎᙇΔאป່ڍհԫิ ᅝᙇΖωྥءය່࣐֧֮࿇ञᤜհڇ࣍ψאป່ڍհԫิᅝᙇωΔངߢհΔ ܛආ۩ψઌኙڍᑇᅝᙇωΔۖཅඵψኙڍᑇᅝᙇωঞΖ ऄഏ᜔อٍਢط٤᧯ԳاᙇᜰขسΔ܀ऄഏ᜔อᙇᜰԯආψኙڍᑇᅝᙇωΖ ऄഏᖆऄรԮයΚψ٥ࡉഏ᜔อএאᛧڶயᙇปհኙڍᑇृᅝᙇΖڕڇދ ปรԫᔚհփኙڍᑇปྤऄᛧழΔঞڇࠡՀรԲଡਣཚֲၞ۩รԲᔚΖႛڶ ڇรԫᔚᛧᙇป່ڍհࠟۯଢᙇԳΰปለۖ۞۩ಯנհଢᙇԳլղૠጩα ࡨᙇ࣍รԲᔚΖω ઌኙڍᑇᅝᙇፖኙڍᑇᅝᙇΔԲृܑڇ࣍ආ۩ψኙڍᑇωঞܛႊመ תᑇΔۖઌኙڍᑇृܛאป່ܛܫᅝᙇΔۖྤႊەၦਢܡመתᑇΖڼࠟጟֱ ڤኔٺڶܓኤΔאኙڍᑇۖߢΔڶܓ࣍ขسޓࠠاრഗ៕ऱ᜔อΔ܀լܓ࣍ष ᄎګءΔ֠ࠡᅝᙇ᜔อΕ೫᜔อิᑇመڍΔڇรԫᔚދปآ౨ขسኙڍᑇ᜔ อழΔႊၞ۩ψรԲᔚދปωΔຍႨലᏺףषᄎګءΔ٦ृٍലࠌᙇᜰᖿൣழၴ ९Δۖࠌ֟ᑇਙ᤻ګᣂ֟ᑇऱެࡳࢤڂైΖ༉ઌኙڍᑇۖߢΔឈขسֱ ঁΔᝩ܍षᄎګءመΔ܍࣍षᄎᖿൣመՆΔ൫ࠡរڇ࣍୲࣐ݮګψ֟ᑇ᜔อω ΰਙሐΔا 90αΖᖕ Andre Blais ԳऱอૠΔڇ٤ԫۍԮԼଡഏ୮խΔ ڶ၌መתᑇഏ୮ऱ᜔อਢطԳاऴ൷ᙇᜰขسΙۖڇආ۩᜔อऴᙇऱԼԫଡഏ୮խΔڶքԼԫଡආ۩ψኙڍᑇެࠫωΔԲԼଡආ۩ψઌኙڍᑇެࠫωΔԮଡආ ۩ለᓤᠧࢨٽऱࠫ৫ΔڶԿଡഏ୮ऱࠫ৫սྤऄូᣊΖطڼױवΔආ۩ኙ ڍᑇࠫऱഏ୮ࣔ᧩ڍ࣍ઌኙڍᑇࠫऱഏ୮Ζڇආ۩ኙڍᑇࠫऱഏ୮խΔԾאኔ ਜψࠟᔚެᙇࠫωΰքԼԫଡխऱԼଡαΰࣥࠋᚊΔا 91αΖ
ԲΕ᜔อᦞԺऱֺለ
ݺഏፖऄഏ᜔อΔྤᓵਢൕᖆऄය֮ࢨኔᎾᖆਙሎ܂ᨠհΔ݁ॺᏚڤࢤऱဠ ۯցଈΔొ༉ᖆऄය֮ՂֺለΔঁױ࿇ΔԲഏ᜔อ݁ᖑڶૉեኔᎾᦞԺΖઌ ᣊۿڶΚጹ৺ࡎחᦞΕԳࠃٚ܍ᦞΕऄூᤜᦞ….ᦞԺΖאՀ༉Բഏ᜔อ݁ ᖑڶΔ܀ച۩ՂথլጐઌٵऱᦞԺΔףא։࣫Ζ ΰԫαٚࡎ۩ਙଈ९ᦞ ݺഏᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԿයรԫႈΚψ۩ਙೃೃ९ط᜔อٚࡎհωΔऄഏᖆऄร ԶයΚψ᜔อٚࡎ᜔Δࠀࠉ᜔༼נਙࢌ᜔ۖ܍ೈࠡ೭Ζωطᖆऄය֮ᨠ հΔݺഏፖऄഏ᜔อڇٚࡎ۩ਙଈ९ழΔۿ݁լႊഏᄎհٵრΔۖڶݙ٤հ۞ طრݳΖڇऄഏΔڂᖆऄรնԼයΚψഏاᤜᄎຏመլॾٚூΔࢨኙਙࢌࢬ༼ਜ ਙૠቤ᜔֗᧯ਜਙܫլղٵრழΔ᜔ᚨٻ٥ࡉഏ᜔อ༼נਙࢌ᜔ΖωՈ༉ ਢᎅΔ᜔อ࠹ૻ࣍ॾٚࠫ৫հഏᄎଙᎹᦞΔຟ༼ټڍᑇ᤻Ꮖנ᜔ٚΙՈݮګ ᜔࣍ᖵڻ᜔อՕᙇࢨഏᄎޏᙇ৵ؘ༼נਙࢌփᎹ᜔հᖆਙክࠏΖۖڼԫᄗ ࢚Δޓױᢞ壆࣍ψؐ׳٥एωऱ࿇سՂΖ1986 ڣऱஂশ܌Ε1993 ڣऱ֣ࢮޙΕ 1997 ڣऱཎఄΔࠡᦞԺഗ៕ຟਢࠐ۞࣍ഏᄎऱ൷࠹ᎁٵՂΖ ܀ڇݺഏΔឈྥᖆऄ֮ࣔࡳ۩ਙೃኙمऄೃຂΔٍ֧ၞլॾٚࠫ৫ΰᏺ ଥය֮รԿයαΔྥຏመլॾٚூழΔ۩ਙೃ९ٍױٵழ༼ᓮ᜔อᇞཋمऄೃΔ ࠹ૻ࣍ݺഏਙए֮֏֗مऄࡡᙇᜰګءመհᐙΔڇݺഏൕآ࿇سመψଙᎹω ऱൣࠃΖՈڂڼΔ2000 ڣຫֽਇᅝᙇ᜔อ৵Δឈྥᅝழഏᄎਢطഏا᤻༳༽መת ᑇஂڻΔຫֽਇথݙ٤լղᄎΔຕ۞༼ټାଆᖜٚ۩ਙೃ९Δભࠡټψ٤ا ਙࢌωΔኔঞψ֟ᑇਙࢌωΔՈڂڼΔڇݺഏൕآ࿇سڕऄഏԫऱψؐ׳٥एω ऱൣݮΖ ΰԲαᇞཋഏᄎᦞ ݺഏፖऄഏ᜔อٵᑌࠠڶᇞཋഏᄎᦞΔഄܑڇ࣍Δݺഏ᜔อࢬᖑڶऱΔԯ ਢ೯ᇞཋഏᄎᦞΔऄഏ᜔อঞࠠڶ೯ᇞཋഏᄎᦞΖ༉ය֮ᨠհΔݺഏ᜔อڶڇمऄೃຏመլॾூழΔ۩ਙೃ९ٵழܧᓮ᜔อᇞཋمऄೃΖ֘ᨠऄഏΔऄ ഏᖆऄรԼԲයΚψ٥ࡉഏ᜔อ࣍ᘬᇬ᜔֗ഏᄎࠟೃᤜ९৵Δܫᇞཋഏا ᤜᄎΖωࢬᘯᘬᇬ᜔֗ഏᄎࠟೃᤜ९ࠀྤൎࠫԺΔኔᎾՂΔ᜔อਢױאᖇࠡ۞ طრݳᗑࠆᇞཋഏᄎᦞΖ ԫۖߢΔ᜔อᄎ۩ࠌᇞཋഏᄎຍႈᦞΔױូԲଡطΚԫ۩ਙፖ مऄၴኙԫૹՕਙڶᣤૹࣴߠழΔ൶ޣԳاటრழ۩հΙԫঞ߉ᅝᙇհ ᄅ᜔ٚอΔڇࠡᜢඨይழΔᇞཋഏᄎאᛧԫለ౨ٽ᜔อऱᄅഏᄎΖኔࠏՂΔ ऄഏڇ 1997 ڣழΔڂ׳ڇഏاᤜᄎխ۾ڶՕڍᑇஂڻΔ܀ഏاᤜᄎᤜ ٚཚբݶࡻየΔஂশ܌᜔อەၦمܛޏᙇױ౨ֺԫڣ৵ޏᙇޓڶܓΔഗ࣍ψ՛ ᙁᤢωऱฃەၦΔຕ۞ᇞཋഏاᤜᄎૹᄅޏᙇΔ܀ᙇᜰ࣠থਢנრறऱ ኰඓΖݺഏ᜔อڂྤ೯ᇞཋഏᄎᦞΔࠌᄅ᜔อ૿ኙഏᄎ៱ڍᑇழΔྤऄᇞཋΔ ྤൕᙟထاრ᧢೯Δ৬مڶᄅऱاრ֭հࡳਙࢌΰᄘֲॹΔا 92αΖ ΰԿαֆاᓤެᦞ ឈྥݺഏբຏመֆދऄΔ܀ඈೈ᜔อಾኙԫࢤֆ٥ਙ࿇೯ֆދհᦞԺΖ ֘ᨠֆދբᆖڇᑛ۩հڍڣΔऄഏᖆऄรԼԫයΚψ٥ࡉഏ᜔อࠉਙࢌڇഏ ᄎၲᄎཚၴࢬ༼հ৬ᤜࢨഏᄎࠟೃࢬ༼ۖעሉ࣍ਙࢌֆհᜤٽ৬ᤜΔലᜰՅֆ ٥ᦞԺհิ៣Εഏ࠰࠰ࡳհᎁױࢨឈآ੬ᤛᖆऄ܀ױ౨ኙ۩ࠫ৫ሎ܂ขسᐙ հഏᎾයપޅऄூΔ༼ٌֆاᓤެΖω۩ࠌֆاᓤެΔೈᇞެഏ୮ૹՕᤜᠲ ؆ΔٵழՈਢ᜔อ៶אൎ֏۞աऱٽऄࢤፖᦞࢤऱֱڤΖֆاᓤެԯփᎹࠫഏ ୮ൄΔאᇖᤜᄎհլߩΔ܀ڇ᜔อࠫഏ୮ঞլൄߠΔࠏڕભഏ۟վսྤ٤ഏࢤ հֆދΔڂഏൣ֗ਙए֮֏հլٵΔឈྥֆا۞ެաګཏᏝଖΔ܀ݺഏਢܡ ؘႊᓿղ᜔อ༉ֆ٥ᤜᠲ࿇೯ֆދऱᦞԺΔսਢߠոߠཕΖ ΰαऄூᤜᦞ ݺഏ֗ऄഏ᜔อ݁ᖑڶऄூᤜᦞΔྥݺഏ᜔อऱऄூᤜᦞԯ᥆೯ࢤ ᔆΔऄഏ᜔อঞ᥆೯ࢤᔆΖݺഏᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԿයรԲႈรԲཱིΚψ۩ਙೃ ኙ࣍مऄೃެᤜհऄ৳ூΕቃጩூΕයપூΔڕᎁڶพᡶᣄ۩ழΔᆖ᜔อհ ுױΔ࣍ᇠެᤜூಬሒ۩ਙೃԼֲփΔฝᓮمऄೃᤜΖωڂڼΔڕྤ۩ਙೃ९ ༼נᤜூΔ᜔อྤᦞ೯༼נᤜΖ֘ᨠऄഏΔऄഏᖆऄรԼයΚψ٥ࡉഏ᜔ อᚨ࣍ഏᄎലࢬຏመհऄ৳ಬሒਙࢌ৵ԼնֲփֆؒհΖڇՂႈཚૻփΔ᜔อ ޣലऄ৳ࢨࠡխຝ։යཱིղאᤜΔഏᄎլࢴΖωਢאΔഏᄎࢬຏመऱऄ
৳ؘႊ٣۩ط᜔ࢨઌᣂຝᄎଈ९ऱ೫ᆟΔ٦ಬ᜔ٌอᆟֆؒΔ᜔อڕኙऄ৳ ࢨࠡխຝ։යཱིڶრߠழΔ೯༼נᤜΖطڼױߠΔऄഏ᜔อױ៶طᤜᦞ ࠐեቃਙΖ ΰնα࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחᦞ ݺഏ֗ऄഏ᜔อ݁ױࠉᖆऄ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחΔݺഏᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԲයรԿ ႈΚψ᜔อᝩ܍ഏ୮ࢨԳاᔡሖጹ৺ٲᣄࢨᚨבತਙᆖᛎՂૹՕ᧢ਚΔᆖ۩ ਙೃᄎᤜհެᤜ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחΔؘհᆜΔլ࠹ᖆऄรԼԿයհૻࠫΖ܀ ႊ࣍࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎח৵Լֲփ༼ٌمऄೃಳᎁΔڕمऄೃլٵრழΔᇠጹ৺ࡎחم ܛ؈யΖωऄഏᖆऄรԼքයΚψᅝ٥ࡉഏࠫ৫Εഏ୮ᗑمΕᏆՒݙᖞࢨഏᎾᆠ ೭հᐌ۩Δᔡ࠹ᣤૹمܛհౡΔીࠌᖆऄՂհֆᦞԺྤऄإൄሎ܂ழΔ٥ࡉ ഏ᜔อᆖإڤᘬᇬ᜔Εഏᄎࠟೃᤜ९֗ᖆऄࡡᄎஂ৵Δආ࠷ᚨבڼԫൣ Ⴈհጹ৺ൻਜΖ᜔อᚨലڼࠃဵܫ٤ഏΖڼᣊൻਜႊאڇ່հཚၴփΔ༚ᖆ ऄՂֆᦞԺհإൄሎ܂ؾऱΖᖆऄࡡᄎ༉ڼᚨᘬᇬΖഏᄎᚨ۞೯ႃᄎΖഏ اᤜᄎڇጹ৺ࡎחسயཚၴΔլᇞཋΖω༉ᖆऄය֮ᨠհΔݺഏᖆऄᓿղ᜔อ ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחऱᦞૻΔڇኔᔆऱዌګٙՂ᧩ྥֺለ㿡ᠾΔڂೈԱψᝩ܍ഏ ୮ࢨԳاᔡሖጹ৺ٲᣄωڼԫᦨอࡳ؆ΔᚨבψತਙᆖᛎՂૹՕ᧢ਚωΔٍ ฤٽඔ೯ጹ৺ᖲࠫऱٙΙ܀ਢઌኙچΔൕীڤٙፖᅮࠫᘝऱߡ৫ࠐΔԾ ᧩ྥֺऄഏรն٥ࡉᖆऄऱࡳࠐऱᣤΚڂݺഏ᜔อ࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחΔԫֱ૿ լႛؘႊ٣ᆖψ۩ਙೃᄎᤜհެᤜωΔۖᝫႊڇࡎח࿇ؒԼֲփψ༼ٌمऄೃ ಳᎁωΖڼԫႊط۩ਙೃࠃছፖمऄೃࠃ৵ፖ࠰ԺΔ᜔อթ౨࿇ؒጹ৺ࡎחऱ ࡳΔ۞ྥ༉ֺለլᄎנ᜔อᛒᦞऱൣࠃΰஊإڨΔا 91αΖ ΰքα۩ਙଈ९א؆ऱԳࠃ༼ټᦞ ݺഏ֗ऄഏᖆऄ݁ᓿղ᜔อٚ܍֮ࣳࡴΔ܀Բृऱᦞૻ֗ᒤսڶࢬլ ٵΖऄഏ᜔อऱԳࠃٚࡎᦞΔࠉᖕ೭ऱૹࢤױ։ԿᣊΚԫᣊਢط᜔อᗑ ٚࡎΔࠏڕΚխ؇۩ਙऄೃᘬᤜ؆ऱࠡהԳΔ່ऄೃΕ֗چֱऄೃೃ९ ؆ऱࠡהऄࡴΕՕᖂඒΕீ్૨ࡴ…ΖรԲᣊঞႊᆖຝ९ᄎᤜຏመΔ٦ط ᜔อٚࡎΕ᜔೫ᆟऱ࿓ݧΔࠏڕΚխ؇۩ਙऄೃᘬᤜΕᕋ؆Օࠌ֗ࠌΕᐉૠ ऄೃऱऄࡴΕ٤ഏٺඒᖂऱீ९ല్૨ࡴ…ΖรԿᣊঞਢࢨطऄࣔࡳΕ ࢨط᜔อࣔᒔᦞΔױط᜔ᗑ۞ٚࡎऱԳࠃΖطڼױհΔ᜔อ༳༽٤ഏૹ֮ ࣳࡴऱٚࡎᦞΔ᜔ۖऱٚࡎᦞঞႊ᜔อࣔقፖࡡಜΔױߠ᜔อڇڼႈᦞԺ
Ղڶࣔ᧩ऱᚌۯژڇΖ֘ᨠݺഏΔࠉ۩ֆ೭ԳٚشऄรԲԼնයࡳΔഄॣٚ ٚፖ១ٚֆ೭ԳΔֱط᜔อٚࡎΙۖॣٚࡡ్ٚֆ೭ԳऱٚࡎΔঞطٺ ጥᖲዌ۩հΔڼፖऄഏࠉࡴۯऱՕ՛א֗೭ऱૹࢤΔ։ܑط᜔อΕ᜔Ε ۩ਙጥᖲዌٚࡎऱ৸ፂઌٵΖ܀լٵհڇ࣍Δݺഏ۩ਙೃ९ኙ۩ਙᖲዌא փऱۯڶٚࡎᦞΔ᜔อኙ֮࣍ࣳࡴऱٚࡎΔ݁ႊ۩ਙೃ९ऱ೫ᆟΔ܀᜔อ ࿇ؒࠉᖆऄᆖمऄೃٵრٚࡎԳհٚ܍ࡎחΔࠏڕΚऄΕەᇢΕኘೃೃ९Ε ೫ೃ९Εࡡ֗ՕऄࡴΔྤႊ۩ਙೃ९հ೫ᆟΖ13
ٔΕᓵፖ৬ᤜ
ݺഏፖऄഏڇᖆਙ᧯ࠫऱ։ᣊՂΔ݁᥆࣍ψᠨଈ९ࠫωΔڼរᚨਢՕڍᑇᖂ ृࢬᎁٵΖݺഏ᜔อឈᆖ٤اऴ൷ᙇᜰขسΔ܀᜔อऴᙇࠀॺױᖕڼ।ق᜔อᖑ ڶኙऱ۩ਙᦞΔྤᏁەၦഏᄎխਙ᤻سኪΖऄഏፖݺഏٵᑌආ٤اऴᙇऱֱ ڤขس᜔อΔᖆऄኔᎾᓿղऄഏ᜔อऱᦞԺΔՕ࣍ݺഏ᜔อڍΔឈྥऄഏ ᜔อፖݺഏ᜔อڇٚࡎਙࢌଈ९ழٵᑌྤᏁഏᄎٵრΔ܀ऄഏ᜔อڇٚࡎ᜔ ழΔ݁ᄎەၦഏᄎسኪΔ༼ټഏᄎ౨൷࠹ऱԳᙇנ᜔ٚΖ ࡉݺഏᖆਙਮዌઌ२հچܓΔᆖψࠟᔚދปωᙇנऱ᜔อΔ९ཚאࠐኔᦞ ࠀլՕΔפ౨ڇፖഏᄎઌյኙݼΰᅗཕΔا 82 ڣαΖԫۖߢΔ᜔อऴ ᙇࠀॺᤜᄎࠫऱൄኪΖۖኔਜ᜔อऴᙇऱଡഏ୮ΰچܓΕ٧Εᆿရ׃Εფ ዿᥞαഗءՂսএኔਜᤜᄎࠫΔࠀլڂ᜔อආऴᙇֱڤΔ༉ࠌࠡ؈װᤜᄎࠫऱ ᔆΖۖڇຍࠄഏ୮խΔ᜔อऱ۩ਙᦞԺڶૻΔڶழ۟ފዝᏚڤࢤߡۥΖ ֠ࠡᅝ᜔อፖ᜔ٵԫ᤻ᤄΔ᜔ۖอԾॺᇠ᤻ᏆழΔ᜔อଡԳऱߡۥࠀլ᧩ ΔڂڼΔ᜔อاᙇፖܡΔኔڇլਢ᜔อᖑڶ۩ਙᦞڍኒऱ່ૹڂైΖۖፖݺ ഏٵᑌਢᠨଈ९ࠫऱख़ᥞΔڇ 1991 ڣଥᖆ৵Δط᜔࣍อޏطऴᙇขسΔ᜔อ ऱऴ൷اრഗ៕ᏺൎΔ᜔อऱᇞཋഏᄎᦞૻথڂհচ྇ΰࡌၺ՞Δا 85αΖڂڼΔ ᜔อᦞԺऱՕ՛ፖ᜔อऴᙇፖܡΔࠀྤऴ൷ؘྥऱᣂএΖ ܀ૉᖕڼᓵ૪ݺഏ᜔อႛᏚڤՂհဠۯցଈΔլႛਡ࣍ኔΔٍڶሔݺഏ հਙएႚอፖ٤اᎁवΔڂڼΔڕ۶ᘩޣ᜔อΕ۩ਙೃ९ፖمऄೃԿृհၴᦞԺ13 ᇡߠᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԲයรԲႈΚψ᜔อ࿇ؒ۩ਙೃೃ९ፖࠉᖆऄᆖمऄೃٵრٚࡎԳհٚ܍ ࡎח֗ᇞཋمऄೃհࡎחΔྤႊ۩ਙೃೃ९հ೫ᆟΔլᔞشᖆऄรԿԼԮයհࡳΖω
։ՠፖࠫᘝᣂএΔֱՂΖृאΔەၦݺഏਙए֮֏ΔݺഏᖆऄᚨڕՀ ऱᔞ৫ଥޏΔֱ౨ฤٽݺഏᖆਙሎ܂հᏁΖଈ٣Δݺഏ᜔อਝբᖑڶઌᅝኔᦞΔ ڇ᜔อᙇࠫՂΔኔᚨޏψኙڍᑇᅝᙇࠫωΔֱ౨ࠌ᜔อࠠڶߩജऱإᅝࢤΔ אᝩ܍ขس֟ᑇ᜔อΔڶሔاਙएψڍᑇएωঞΖࠡڻΔᚨࠌمऄೃᖑڶ ۩ਙೃ९ऱψٵრᦞωΔאᆵኔᠨଈ९ࠫψ᜔อኙԳاຂΕ۩ਙೃ९ኙمऄೃ ຂωऱ壄壀Δۖ༉᧤ᙀՂࠐᎅΔૹࢤྤऄፖ۩ਙೃ९ઌ༼ࠀᓵऱऄΕە ᇢΕኘԿೃೃ९Ε೫ೃ९֗ՕऄࡴΕەᇢΕኘࡡΔط᜔อ༼ټ৵ΔࡸᏁᆖ مऄೃٵრٚࡎհΔۖז।ਙࢌऱ۩ਙೃ९থլᏁᆖمऄೃٵრΔኔڶሔൄΖ ྥΔൕऄഏᆖ᧭ᨠհΔᅝऄഏ᜔อլ౨༳༽ഏᄎऱڍᑇஂڻழΔ᜔อঁᄎᙇᖗԫ ۯፖהمլٵΔ܀থ౨ᛧഏᄎڍᑇᜤᅩࢬ֭ऱԳՓנ᜔ٚΙྥۖΔຍጟڕ ٵང૩ΰalternatingαऱሎ܂ֱڤΔࠀॺݙ٤طࠫ৫ૠۖࠐΔઌᅝ࿓৫ਢࠐ۞࣍ ਙएဍऱᖆਙଥፖ۞ݺૻᜍᦞԺΖ ່৵Δݺഏ᜔อࠠڶ೯ᇞཋഏᄎᦞ֗ᤜᦞΔ༉ᖆऄය֮ီհΔۿڶ ᜔อᦞԺૻᜍ᜔֗྇֟อեਙऱრ࠺Δྥ༉ݺഏᖆਙኔᎾሎ܂૿ᨠհΔ᜔อ༓ բլױ౨ᗑم၌ྥ࣍ਙ᤻֗ਙञհ؆Δᨃݺഏ᜔อڕऄഏ᜔อԫᖑڶ೯ᇞཋ ഏᄎᦞ֗ᤜᦞΔ֘ۖڶܗ࣍ᖆਙᐘࢤሎ܂Δࠀ៶ط൶ޣ່ᄅاრհࠉូΔא༳ ༽اრΔ֏ᇞਙएᏜݝΖ ᠨଈ९ࠫհૠΔᅝྥՈࡉ᜔อ֗փᎹࠫԫᑌࠀॺጐጐભΖኔ೭ሎ܂ ՂΔ౨ܡኢ堚ਙݝឫΕ٤اਙएΔթਢေឰࠫ৫ګඓ؈ऱᚨྥਐᑑΖፖ ࠡԫ࠺၈ލΕඈ؞ऄഏᑓڤΔլڕᇡኔֺለᠨֱ࿇୶ᆖ᧭Δإᒔආឯߩࠎ࠷ऄհ ΰۂՕᖫΔا 83αΖ
ە֮
ਙሐΰا 90αΖխဎاഏଥᖆΰॣठαΖקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ ༚سΰا 83αΖᖆਙ᧯ࠫΕᙇᜰࠫ৫ፖਙ᤻ሎ܂ΖᓵፖਙΔ8(2)Δ7Ζ ᤕΰا 88αΖऄഏรն٥ࡉፖᅝছᖆਙ᧯ࠫհֺለΚאᖆਙᙇᖗፖᖆਙዌխ ֨ΖભᑛࡱעΔ13(4)Δ484-496Ζ Ꮨ٠ᇛΰا 87αΖխဎاഏऱᖆਙ࿇୶ЁاഏԿԼԶڣאࠐऱᖆऄ᧢ᔢΰॣठαΖקΚ ཆཕנठषΖྏᐚࡲΰا 87αΖᓵԮଥᖆ৵ऱᦞԺ։مЁᖆਙՠ࿓ऱᣊᙇᖗΖՕऄᖂᓵហΔ27(2)Δ 162-167Ζ ႓ਟցΰا 89αΖᅝᠨଈ९ࠫሖՂ։ါਙࢌЁิᎹᦞូ᥆ऱञᤜΖִ؟ऄᖂᠧΔ67Δ8-9Ζ ພإॽΰا 85αΖ༈ޣ᜔อࡉഏᄎऱؓᘝΚᠨଈ९ࠫኙᖆਙऱழזრᆠΖംᠲፖઔߒΔ 35(7)Δ59Ζ ܦಿᛝΰا 87αΖݺഏا֏ऱڃፖ୶ඨΖഏمխ՞ՕᖂषᄎઝᖂࡱעΔ1(3)Δ20Ζ ޕতΕམ৬ցΰا 87αΖรڻଥᖆૹՕଥᤜᠲऱਙए᧤ᙀፖऄ։࣫ΖᖆਙழזΔ23(3)Δ 1-45Ζ ്᧵ΰا 84αΖऄഏ᜔อऱᦞԺΰॣठαΖקΚݳԫנठषΖ ׆অΰا 86αΖᢅཎΕऄഏΕխဎاഏ۩ਙᦞհઔߒЁᠨଈ९ࠫΖۂՕᖂᢅཎઔ ߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔקᗼΖ ݳଶထΰا 83αΖऄഏรն٥ࡉऱᖆਙሎ܂ΰॣठαΖקΚᄐൎנठषΖ ࣥࠋᚊΰا 91αΖ᜔อᙇࠫऱᙇᖗፖயᚨΖᖆਙઔಘᄎᓵ֮ႃΰॣठαΖקΚցᅃנठ षΖ ᄘֲॹΰا 92αΖᖆਙሎ܂հ႖ွ֗ޏၞհሐΖഏ୮ਙᓵᕽΔמࡱᇆΔ11Ζ ᅗཕΰا 82 ڣ 12 ִ 27 ֲαΖᠨଈ९ࠫࠀլԫࡳრ࠺᜔อឩᦞΖխഏழΔร 9 ठΖ ࡌၺ՞ΰا 85αΖ᜔อࠫΕᤜᄎࠫΕת᜔อࠫፖਙएࡳΖംᠲፖઔߒΔ35(8)Δ56-58Ζ ۂՕᖫΰا 83αΖᠨଈ९ࠫᖆਙዌᇞ࣫Ёխऄઌᣂᆖ᧭ऱֺለΖᓵፖਙΔ8(2)Δ42Ζ Maurice Duverger(1980), ”A New Political System ModelЁSemi-Presidential Government,”
The Relationship Between President and the
Executive Power Under the Present
Constitutional System of Our Country
~Compared With the Constitution of the French Fifth
Republic~
Hu I Wen
*Abstract
Constitution is the fundamental law of a nation. Important regulations, such as governmental system, organizational operation and so on, are all dictated in the constitution. The constitution of our nation, since its promulgation in 1947, has undergone seven amendments to be what it is today. In these amendments, the fourth one in 1997 has made the greatest change, altering the governmental system of our nation enormously.
Based on the constitution of the Fifth French Republic and done through the negotiation between the ruling party and the opposition party, the fourth amendment has been consummated by the alteration of the “French Dual-Executive System” to the constitution of our nation. The main characteristic of this amendment is to split up the executive power (namely to enlarge the power of President and shrink the power the Premier) and to weaken the legislative power. Nonetheless, after the regime turnover in 2000, elected President Chen Shui-bian immediately negated that fundamental spirit of the constitution of our nation is “Dual-Executive System,” refusing to let the majority in Congress (KMT) form the cabinet while nominating Tang Fei, Chang Chung-hsiung and Yu Shyi-kun to be the Premier sequentially, resulting in a constitutional controversy of a minority cabinet.
To resolve the constitutional controversy, recently there is a voice calling for amendment. What exactly caused the frequent amendment to the constitution of our nation? Does it lie in a fundamental flaw in the constitution or in the political elites’ failure to meet the constitutional spirit and convention? By comparing with the Constitution of the Fifth French Republic, this study is to clarify the governmental system of our nation, resolve the constitutional controversy and realize the constitutional spirit.
