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ᙩࡵՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬඒଫԳ֮ዄषᄎઝᖂೃೃ९ʳگᒚֲཚΚ˅˃˄˄ ڣ ˉ ִ ˄˃ ֲΔ൷࠹עֲ࿆ཚΚ˅˃˄˄ʳ ڣ ˄˃ ִ ˅ˋ ֲΖʳ ʽ ʳ ტࠟۯೳټᐉԳ༼ࠎᣪ၆ऱଥޏრߠΖʳ
ύЎᄔा
ݺഏඒߛຝڇ˅˃˃ˌڣૠቤक़ԼԲᏙցڇԫڣתऱழၴփං೯ψڶሎ ೯ωΔՈ༉ਢࢬᘯऱψԿඒߛωΔਐऱਢΚԳڶᐚΔࠃڶᔆΔسڶ ࠺Ιಾኙؾছຍጟᐚ܅ᆵཏሙནउΔء֮ᎁړړچࠐᛀီԫՀႚอ ᕢ୮ඒߛუѧփᆣ؆׆Δא֗،ڇኔਜऱൣउΔױאᅝזඒߛࠐ ڍઊ৸Ζʳ ʳ ᣂڗΚᕢ୮ඒߛΕփᆣ؆׆ΕᅝזඒߛʳInner sage, outer king: The significance of
Confucian education ideal on contemporary
education
Chen-Hui Wang
Professor of Graduate Institute of Education, Providence University
Abstract
In 2009, the Ministry of Education (MOE) had announced that it would promote the Taiwan Character-Building Movement in 1.5 years, and which cost NT$1.2 billion for its implementation. This movement, so-called "Three Characters Education", including morality of personality, quality of work, and taste of life. For the moral decline in , current Taiwan, I think that we should review seriously the ideal of the traditional Confucian education –“ inner sage, outer king”, and its implementation in Taiwan. I hope it could bring many reflections for the contemporary education.
Keywords: Confucian education, inner sage, outer king, contemporary education
Εছߢ
ᖕᖄΔݺഏඒߛຝڇ2009ڣૠቤक़ԼԲᏙցං೯ψڶሎ೯ωΔ༉ ਢࢬᘯऱψԿඒߛωΔਐऱਢΚԳڶᐚΔࠃڶᔆΔسڶ࠺Ιຍ Ոإਢ֚Հ׀ئ֗ᖂଚኙψ٤ԳඒߛωऱᐦᐪΔڼΔඒߛຝ༼נႈૠ ΚᐚඒߛΕึߪᔹᦰΕᢌ֬ΕᛩቼةᥛΙڶሎ೯ץਔං೯ψᐚٔ ࠒΚᄅધᐚඒߛฃᜤᅩխ֨ᖂீωԿڣૠΔรԫڣᇖܗնۍࢬᖂீං ೯ᐚඒߛΔޢீᇖܗԼᆄցΔรԲڣឩՕԫՏնۍࢬᖂீΔรԿڣංᐖ ࠩࢬڶᖂீΖ ࠃኔՂΔ२༓ԼڣΔषᄎൕԫଡልᄐषᄎ᠏ীזՠᄐ֏षᄎΔ૿ ኙႚอᏝଖऱ؈ᆵࢬທګऱषᄎ႖ΔڶڍԳ֨چཚৱຍᑌऱڶሎ೯ऱ ං୶Ζ1 ຍᇙࢬᎅऱψႚอᏝଖωڇԫऱრᆠՂΔݺᎁױאشႚอխഏ֮֏ࠐ ףאᄗਔΔܑਢᕢ୮৸უΔڂࠉۋࡲԿऱᨠរΔխഏ֮֏ऱு֨Ꮭଖ༉ਢ ᕢ୮৸უΖ2 ڶԳՈ്ΚψषᄎլڇषᄎچۯᆜՂֱ࣍ࣟΔཬ Գଚ֨խऱሐᐚᑑᄷΔՈٵᑌਢ᥆ֱ࣍ࣟऱΔຍࠄࠐ۞ᕢ୮৸უߓอऱඒᎇΔ ᆖመՏۍڣऱזזႚᎠΔګषᄎխᣄא೯ᄀऱு֨ᏝଖωΖ3 ९ཚאࠐՈਢאᕢ୮৸უխ՛ᖂسऱ֮֏ඒߛऱైޗΔڂڼΔՈ ڶᖂृኙᐚඒߛৰڶॾ֨ΔהᎅሐΚψ᜔ऱࠐᎅΔऱᐚඒߛਢא ᕢ୮৸უءΕૹီߪ᧯Ժ۩ऱඒߛΔۖਢ۞ؔࠝದΔܠሐԫאհΖԾڂ ഏاᆠ೭ඒߛऱཏ֗Δ،֬ਝᐖωΖ ྥۖΔࠃኔటऱڕᖂृࢬճΔऱᐚඒߛڂཏሙං۩ᕢ୮ඒߛࢬא టऱࠩԱψਝᐖωऱψᣄא೯ᄀऱு֨ᏝଖωႯΛݺଚᑉࠐԫࠄ1 षᓵΔτᎁᢝԿඒߛυΔπᜤٽρ2009ڣ8ִ29ֲΖ 2 ۋࡲԿΔτᄅठݧņൕᕢ୮ऱᅝছࠌࡎᎅխഏ֮֏ऱזრᆠυΔሉπਙሐፖएሐρΔקΔᜤ ᆖנठषΔ2003ڣΔ20Ζ 3 ࣥࡵᐝΔτᓫᕢ୮৸უኙឆߏᦞऱᐙυΔ2008ڣ2ִ16ֲΔ֧۞ඒߛຝԳᦞඒߛᘬᇬዄᇷᄭ խ֨Δhre.pro.edu.tw/zh.php?m=16&c=344
ࠃኔܣΚ ʳ ךҺᙍӼᒃςΖԃӭǴ߃ޑಃץ࠸ηӧς୯ΟΑǴځύ ঁᏢғߓλǵλΒਔǴԋᕮࢂӜӈतǴՠࢂډΑλΟਔࠅε ൯ଏǴӢࣁдޑР҆ᚆ౦ǶߓޑРᒃസᎈ൩ৎኪǴྭྭѪѪჹ ༲ࡐࡷকǴᏤठϻۀॵಖܭᚆஆǶ! Р҆ᚆஆࡕǴϿΑ҆ᒃ௲ᏤޑߓǴԋᕮ໒ۈΠྖǴдӣৎࡕ൩ࢂӞസ ވǴךதधαஇЈ௲дǴՠдόእႝޑᇨൽΚǴᡣךԖคΚགǶ! ߓޑ҆ᒃӧখᚆஆޑъԃǴਔதѺႝ၉ٰӼᒃၟ࠸ηᇥᇥ၉ǴӢ ࣁӴܫόΠ࠸ηǴՠߓࡕٰόௗΑǴдኌޑᇥǺȨѪѪᇥך༰ࢂᚯ ζΓǴךόाௗᚯζΓޑႝ၉ǼȩךہޑᇥǺȨգ༰ٗሶངգǴόࢂᚯ ζΓǴԴৣόమཱգॺৎวғϙሶ٣Ǵՠך࣬ߞգ༰ࡐངգǶȩࡕٰ ࢤਔ໔Ǵߓޑ༰༰ؒӆٰႝΑǴٗᏢය่״ࡕǴߓШࡺޑᇥǺȨѪ ѪᇥךؒᒲံಞǴΨόሡाံΑǴךाѐᔅԆၗྍӣԏᖺᒲǶȩࡕٰǴ ᗅᙯவځдٰံಞޑᏢғαύ᠋ᇥǴߓޑ༰༰ׯ༬ΑǴԶдޑݿݿΨ ӆΑঁӑѭཥাǴ٠ғΑঁٽηǶৎ္ؒΓᆅߓǴ܌адӧᏢਠ ࡐࠇǴܜѺࢎኬኬٰǶ!! ВךӧঁଽฅᐒΠၸΑдޑᏢਠǴখӳܫᏢਔ໔Ǵך࣮ډࢉΑ ᎳޑߓᖍόႯǴα္ᝅα३ᑗǴوၡᄊႽঁλషషǴ٠ჹךຎ ऩค࿏Ƕᒃ࣮ঁࠔቺঋᓬޑӳᏢғӢࣁৎޑӢનԶᡂԋΑৣߏ ύޑᓐภΓނǴᡣךࡐኁЈǶ4 אՂਢԫଡڜᘣఄ۔ஃࢬᝑऱਚࠃΖאՀਢԫᒧᖄΚʳ ʳ Ѡଯ௲ػ߈൳ԃٰ࡚ೲᘉޑ่݀ǴᏤठѠᅺറγᅈຉາǴଯᏢ ᐕଯѨޑୢᚒǴуޗѝख़ຎϲᏢᆶԵ၂Ǵ۹ౣԃᇸᏢηޑғڮᆶ!!!
4 ձルΔτᥔ੪ऱυΔπᜤٽρ2010ڣ4ִ3ֲΖ
ࠔቺ௲ػǴ܌аᏢғॺதѝޕфճǴόख़ຎჹޗޑ୍ܺᆶೢҺǴ׳ό ޕჹғڮᆶނ൧ख़ᆶߥៈޑख़ा܄ǶѠவλᏢډεᏢԖ໒Ǻউ ၰቺǵϦ҇௲ػǵғڮ௲ػǵറ௲ػፐำǴՠεӭѝख़ຎᖱ܈ Ե၂ǴલϿჴ፬Ƕ5 ڕ࣠ਢቝᖂृࢬᎅऱ߷ᑌΔඒߛຝۿլش٦ංչᏖψԿඒߛωԱΖʳ ኔᎾՂΔऱᐚඒߛհլኦլਢݺଚᖂسڶຍጟംᠲΔ۟ຑ۔ஃ ຟנԱᐚᖙښऱംᠲԱΔ२ֲࠩԫᒧټτإڇٻՀިυऱေᓵΔ ܂ृਢຍᑌᐊऱΚʳ ʳ ന߈୯ϣεᏢ௲Aࣴزޑ٣ӆᛈวǴୢᚒ࣬ᝄख़Ǵૈόૈ೭ኬ ځԿܴЪݤԖܴЎೕۓǴؒԖԪՅኳጋޜ໔Ǵόߞёаୢୢ֝໔ப ҇Ƕՠࢂךॺ࣮ډޑࢂவ٣ΓǵѠεǵԋεǵ୯ࣽډ௲ػǴഖฅ ؒԖΓԖᇡᒱޑ߿ǴόؒԖӢ҂ϒᝄעᜢԶགډᄏཎǴᗋᔅ٣ Γ༝ᖲǴᜤၰAᒲࡕѝाᇥךόޕၰǴӆעᒲᗋӣѐ൩ؒ٣Α༏ǻ೭٤ڙ ଯ௲ػޑޗᆒमځقՉᡣӭப࣮҇όΠѐǴᆛ੮قภጜǴ ֹӄؒԖࢂߚჹᒱǶќԵ၂ࢻᚒǵ܄ផᘋᆶៈૐݾӧεᏢϝਔԖ ܌ᆪǶ೭ኬޑقՉाӵՖࣁΓৣ߄ǴाӵՖࠔቺ௲ػǴૈ܁ӧε ᏢНྗեပ༏ǻᜤၰךॺϖԃϖԭሹΓٌ҇धયิᒲѝࢂाᎦ٤ ѝ៝دճࠅؒԖࢂߚၰቺޑޗύ୲༏ǻᒪᏬޑࢂךॺؒԖ࣮ډᏢࣚว рԾ࣪ޑՉࣁᆶᖂॣǼ6 ʳ ಾኙຍጟᐚ܅ᆵཏሙནउΔݺᎁړړچࠐᛀီԫՀႚอᕢ୮ඒߛ უΔא֗،ڇኔਜऱൣउΔױאᅝזඒߛەΖʳ
5 ഏዊΔτڕ࣠ݺଚႜᦫ೯ढऱᜢଃυΔπխഏழρ2010ڣ4ִ1ֲΖ 6 ޙ ڙ Δτ إ ڇ ٻ Հ ި υΔ 2010 ڣ 4 ִ 13 ֲ Δ ֧ ۞ http://www.nownews.com/2010/04 /13/301-2590723.htm
၁ΕᖂᆣԳሎ೯Κᕢ୮ऱᐚඒߛʳ
ᕢ୮ऱᐚඒߛױאൕࠡᆖࠢπՕᖂρऱၲᒧټߢΚψՕᖂհሐΔڇࣔࣔ ᐚΔڇᘣاΔڇַ࣍۟ωᗭवΔຍᇙऱრ৸ਢᎅΔՕᖂംΔᣂڇ࣍ኦ᧩ Գࢬࡐڶऱ٠ࣔᒕᆵհᐚࢤΔࠌԳԳڶᄅऱ壄壀૿ᎎΔঅ۟ऱቼΖʳ ڇπՕᖂρխऱԫټߢᄗਔګψԶؾωΔܛΚψढΔીवΔᇨრΔ إ֨ΔଥߪΔᏘ୮ΔएഏΔ֚ؓՀωΔຍ༉ਢᎅΔኙ࣍ࠃढၞ۩ᓳઔߒࡉ ൶ಘΔթ౨ኙࠃढڶࢬᎁᢝΔ܀ਢψటإωᎁᢝࠃढਢࡉԳऱψᐚωܛᇨ ֨ᇨრ։լၲऱΖࠃढऱటΔ౨֧ᖄ֨რऱᇨΔ܀ૉڶ֨რऱᇨΔࠃढऱట ঞլ࣐టإኔΖრᇨਢԫጟሐᐚኪ৫Δڇ֧ࠡᖄՀΔ֨৸༉౨شኙچֱΖ֨ ৸شኙԱچֱΔ༉౨ړ۞ݺࡉהԳऱᣂএΔۖڇຍጟᣂএխΔޢଡԳऱ۞ ݺଥ塄Լ։ૹΔޢଡԳ۞ݺଥ塄ړԱΔٵהԳ۞ྥՈ༉౨ࡉᅬઌΖՕ୮ຟ ڶ۞աऱ୮ΔԫଡԳऱ۞ݺଥ塄ړլړΔᛀ᧭הऱรԫኔᔌঁਢה౨լ౨ ړ۞ա୮ᇙऱᣂএΔ൷Հࠐᝫڶ୮ፖ୮ऱᣂএΖ۟࣍ψएഏΔ֚ؓՀωΔঞ ᕢ୮ඒߛऱึᄕؾᑑΔܛޢԫଡवᢝ։ຟނഏ୮ऱएࡉ֚Հऱ֜ؓΕֆ ؓီաٚΔᕢ୮ᓿղवᢝ։ઌᅝૹՕऱᖵࠌࡎΔཚඨᆖطהଚඒߛऱव ᢝ։ޢଡԳຟਢഏ୮षᄎऱᄟᑚհթΖʳ ߷Ꮦڕ۶թ౨ሒࠩຍᑌऱඒߛؾᑑΛႚอᕢ୮ऱூ༉ਢΚᖂஃ९Ζ ᕢ୮ႚอխψඒߛω༉ਢਐ࠹ඒߛृᆖطᖂࠢᒤۖ۞ݺ༼ࣙΖຍጟψࠢ ᒤω່ࠠ᧯ۖऴ൷ऱ༉ਢஃ९Ζ٣ᕢ୮֞ಃຟൎᓳஃ९ڇඒߛመ࿓խࢬ࿇ ཀऱࠢᒤऱ܂شΖ֞ᎅΚψࠡߪإΔլחۖ۩ΖࠡߪլإΔឈחլൕωΰπᓵ ΗሁραΔהৰૹီ۔ஃڇඒߛመ࿓խऱߡۥΖΰ371-289 B.C.αՈ ്ࢬᘯඒߛ༉ਢԫጟࠢᒤऱᖂऱመ࿓ΔڕאՀٺࢬܧऱრ৸Κ ʳ ϦϊГǺȨ։ηϐό௲ηǴՖΨȆȩۏηГǺȨ༈όՉΨǶ௲ޣѸа҅Ǵ а҅όՉǴᝩϐаࡗǹᝩϐаࡗǴ߾ϸӮخǶϻη௲ךа҅Ǵϻη҂рܭ҅ΨǴ߾ࢂРη࣬ӮΨǹРη࣬Ӯ߾ൾخǶђޣܰηԶ௲ϐǶȩȐȠۏ ηǷᚆȡȑ! ۏηГǺȨيόՉၰǴόՉܭۀηǶ٬ΓόаၰǴόૈՉܭۀηǶȩȐȠۏ ηǷᅰЈΠȡȑ! ! լΔಃΰપ298-238B.C.αՈᎁᘣ२ஃ֖ਢ່ړऱޣᖂֱऄΖ ಃᎅΚ ʳ ᏢವߡЯ߈ځΓǴȠᘶȡȠȡݤԶόᇥǴȠ၃ȡȠਜȡࡺԶόϪǴȠࡾࣿȡ ऊԶόೲǴБځΓϐಞ։ηϐᇥǴ߾൧аၹخǴڬܭШخǶࡺГǴᏢವ ߡЯ߈ځΓǶȐȠૣηǷᝀᏢȡȑ! ϻΓᗨԖ܄፦ऍԶЈ៏ޕǴѸஒ፣ৣԶ٣ϐǴؼ϶Զ϶ϐǶள፣ৣ Զ٣ϐǴ߾܌ᆪޣ൏ࣻ෯ϐၰΨǶளؼ϶Զ϶ϐǴ߾܌ـޣ۸ߞལᡣ ϐՉΨǶيВܭϘကԶόԾޕΨޣǴᜧ٬ฅΨǶȐȠૣηǷ܄ൾȡȑ! ! πᓵΗᖂۖρψᖂۖழհωԫխऱψᖂωڗΔൕዧזא૾ԫऴਢᇞ ψᤚωΔπᎅ֮ρΚψᖂΔᤚஔՈΖൕඒΔൕ॰Ζ॰ࡸឲՈΖ۠ᜢΖᖂΔᒦ֮ό䘌ύ ઊΖω7πػॡຏΗሌሸρΚψᖂհߢΔᤚՈΔբᤚஔࢬآवՈΖω8ඩזࠑ ΰA.D.488-545αงᇞຍᇩΔՈ֧πػॡຏρऱᎅऄΚψπػॡຏρճΚᖂΔ ᤚՈΕஔՈΔߢش٣׆հሐᖄԳൣࢤΔࠌ۞ᤚஔΔۖװॺ࠷ਢΔᗨګܩհᐚ ՈΖω9 ࠩԱতݚڹΰඤോΔ1130-1200αᐷπᓵႃုρΔթ༼נᄅऱᇭᤩΔڹ ᎅΚψᖂհߢΔயՈΖԳࢤઃΔۖᤚڶ٣৵Δ৵ᤚृؘய٣ᤚհࢬΔ ԯױאࣔۖ༚ࠡॣՈΖΔ຺ᑇଆՈΖᖂհլբΔڕ຺ᑇଆՈΖω10
ˊ ʳ دဪΚπᎅ֮ᇞڗࣹρΰקΚᢌ֮ٱ塢Δ˄ˌˉˆαΔ˄˅ˋˀ˄˅ˋΖʳ ˋ ʳ ຫمΚπػॡຏงᢞԲጟρΰקΚቓ֮ݝΔ˄ˌˊˆαΔˋˈΖʳ ˌ ʳ πԼԿᆖࣹงρΰՀατקΚ֮֏ቹֆΔ˄ˌˊ˃υΔ˅ˇˈˊΖʳ ˄˃ ʳ ڹᗋΚπᓵႃုρΔگԵΚπີႃࣹρτקࠇΚխဎݝΔ˄ˌˋ˅υΔˇˊΖʳ
ڹലψᖂωᇭᤩψயωࠃኔՂਢݚཛᖂ৸უՀऱขढΔڂᖂᎁ ඒߛऱუ༉ਢཚඨඒᖄᖂسګᆣԳΔඒߛऱֱऄ༉ਢψᖂᆣԳωܛψய ऄᆣԳωΖ ᖂԯᄭದ࣍ݚॣᕢ୮ᖂृࡌᖷᄻऱ৸უሎ೯Ζ11ԫۖߢΔקݚᖂԯ ਢڇႚอᕢ୮ᆖᖂΕሐ୮ࡉ؆ࠐऱ۵ᖂٽऱഗ៕Ղ࿇୶ದࠐऱԫጟᄅ৸ፂΖ 12 ਊᅃ്م֮ऱᇞΔקݚᖂऱᘋದԯਢڇڃᚨᏝଖუΕ؆ࠐ֮ࣔፖ ᓵݮኪᄅழזऱԿՕਗᖏΙ13 ്م֮ലקݚᖂࡳۯψᄅᕢᖂωΔ14 ࠉࠡ ऄΔקݚᖂࢬאਢԫጟᄅᕢᖂΔਢڂ،ڇ؆ࠐٱ৫۵ඒ֮֏ୃᖂፖءՒሐ ඒ֮֏ୃᖂא֗ᏝଖუΕუݮኪऱਗᖏՀΔނࡨᕢ୮ᖂᎅսዩఎڇ
˄˄ ʳ ᖂृ႑ലݚࣔᖂԼՕ୮ऱ৸უ܂ԱԫଡᄗਔΚψࡌᖷᄻ٣໌֜ᄕቹऱء᧯ᓵΔۖ༼נ ԳᄕΔᑑࣔԳԳױאᖂᆣΖ३ൈᆏٍڶࠡွᑇऱڙࡶᓵΔאךኔᖷᄻऱԳᄕΔۖ໌όאढ ᨠढύױאࠩᆣԳΖ്ᖩ྄ലຍόԳύۖڙࡶ֏Δਚ֚چհႾܠࠡ᧯Δ֚چհ১ܠࠡࢤऱڙ ࡶԳΖࣔሐଈ٣༼נ֚ԳᄕऱءᄭΔᖂऱଈ໌Ζْ՟ല֚ݮՂ֏Δۖ༼נᠨ૩ژ֚ ऱֱऄΖڹႃקݚᖂऱՕګΔאْ՟խ֨Δԫֱ૿طࡲऱόྤಖऱ֨ύΔൕवֱ૿ ᠏ᆵԳֲشΔۖګΰܛ֚αΙԫֱ૿ᇖඑᕢ୮ڇ৵ऱլૹवΔۖ༼נढᒡΰ֚αΔ ྥຏຍΖܛ֚ࡎհᘯࢤΔګՕߓอऱࢤܛΖຬွ՞ᤚ֭ࠡᠦΔऴ൷طࡲྤಖऱ֨Δ ൕᐚࢤֱ૿ۖ৵ូࠩΔਚ֨ܛΔྤݮՂრᆠΖຫػޥᇞެڹ࿓ംᠲΔط֨ۖΔ֨ ԲۖԫΙॺࢤܛΔ֨ܛऱءԫΖ׆ၺࣔฆ૨ડದΔ១࣐ऴ൸Δല۵୮ऱྤಖऱ֨Δ ᠏ࠩ壄პ១࣐ऱߜवΙીߜवՊࠃࠃढढΔۖࠃࠃढढࠡΖྈزੈءػޥհڱΔᙟ᧯ᎁ ֚Ζא׆ၺࣔऱ֚ڇᇙΔ୲࣐ೣΰ׆ᖂأੌ༉ਢೣαΔܛല֨ឩ്ࠩڙࡶΖ֨լ ⾂ఢΔܛᙟ᧯ᎁ֚հኔΔለ൷२֞Δۖ֨ᖂऱޔωΖߠ႑ΔΰݚࣔᖂੌαΔ ሉ႑ᒳΔπݚࣔᖂઔߒᓵႃρΔקΔᕟ֮ࣔ֏ࠃᄐֆΔ˄ˌˋˆڣΔˈΖᖂհټࡨհ তݚΔࣔհ৵༉ԫऴش۟վΖԾڂڇקݚ壆߷ᇙΔڕ്ሉ࣍πૃ༎հρխΕ࿓ᙲڇ πԾՂ֜֜ٿρԫ֮Εڹᗋޓ֘༚ڇπᓵႃࣹρࡉπ്ཱུ֛ρ֮խՈຟ۞ጠψሐᖂωΔ ࢬאՈڶലݚࣔᖂጠψሐᖂωृΔڕຫ֟Δπݚࣔᖂፖሐ୮ୃᖂρΔՂ௧ΔՂ௧֮֏נ ठषΔ˅˃˃˄ڣΔ˅Δא᜔֗Δτᓵݚࣔᖂऱݮګ֗ࠡᖵؘྥࢤυΔπᏘᕙᖂעρ˅˃˃˃ڣรˈ ཚΔˈˋΙ৬مΔτ១࣫ݚࣔᖂऱ࿇୶រυΔሉπၺՕᖂᖂρ˅˃˃˃ڣร˄ˈ࠴ร˄ཚΔ ˄ˌΙାᔕΔτԲ࿓ᖂऱഗءሁυΔሉπᖂᓵᕽρ˄ˌˌˈڣรˈཚΔˈˊΖʳ ˄˅ ʳ ঀ؆ᡔᒳΔπݚࣔᖂρΰՂαΔקࠇΔԳاנठषΔ˄ˌˋˊڣΔˌΙא֗ޕછၸΔτᖂፖ ᆖᖂυΔπሽᐜஃᒤᖂୃषठρ˄ˌˌˈڣร˄ཚΔ˄Ιא֗৬مΔτ១࣫ݚࣔᖂऱ࿇୶រυΔ ሉπឿၺՕᖂᖂρ˅˃˃˃ڣร˄ˈ࠴ร˄ཚΔ˄ˌΖ˝̂˻́ʳ˪˼́̇˻̅̂̃ʳ˛˴˸˺˸̅ʿϙʳ˧˻˸ʳ˜́̇˸˿˿˸˶̇̈˴˿ʳ˖̂́̇˸̋̇ʳ̂˹ʳ ˡ˸̂ˀ˖̂́˹̈˶˼˴́ʳ˦̌́˶̅˸̇˼̆̀ʿϙʳ˝̂̈̅́˴˿ʳ̂˹ʳ˔̆˼˴́ʳ˦̇̈˷˼˸̆ʿʳ˩̂˿ʿʳˆ˄ʿʳˡ̂ˁˆʿʳˠ˴̌ʳ˄ˌˊ˅ʿʳ̃̃ˁˇˌˌˀˈ˄ˆˁʳ ˄ˆ ʳ ᣂ࣍ᖂᘋದऱڂᝫױᔹ᜔Δτᓵݚࣔᖂऱݮګ֗ࠡᖵؘྥࢤυΔˉ˃ˀˉ˅Ζʳ ˄ˇ ʳ ؆ቝޕႚٱՈᎁݚࣔਢψᄅᕢᖂωΔߠޕႚٱΔτฃᓵݚࣔᖂ୮ऱუԳૠυΔ ሉπۂዧᓵᕽρ˄ˌˌˊڣรˋཚΔ˄ˇΙא֗हᑮᘋΕޕᤉΔτᓵݚࣔᖂࡉႚอᕢᖂऱ᧤ᙀึ ѧזᄅᕢᖂ৸ᑪऱᖵ֘৸ፖᖂޅေυΔሉπփ፞ײՕᖂᖂρΰԳ֮षᄎઝᖂठα˄ˌˌˊ ڣรˆཚΔˌˊΙא֗ີඔᔕΔπᡛՕஃѧ׆֛հρΔف୮๗ΔࣾקԳاנठषΔ˅˃˃˄ڣΔˉ˄Ζ լመΔᝫਢڶᄕ֟ᑇऱᖂृᎁݚࣔᖂࠡኔբլਢᕢ୮ᖂᎅΔᆠհᖂԯ۞ឌॺΔۖᖂ ऱᆖࠢπႃࣹρޓլז।ᕢᖂ৸უۖਢ࿋ठऱπឌॺρΔࠏڕΔ୪ནᕽΔτݚࣔᖂॺᕢ ୮ᓵυΔሉπতࠇषᄎઝᖂρ˄ˌˌˉڣรˇཚΔ˅ˌΖʳ
ሐᐚᐋڻࡉ֨ࢤհᖂΔൕݮՂᖂء᧯ᓵऱ৫ղאૹᄅᇭᤩΔᨃא֨ࢤு֨ ऱሐᐚհႚอᕢᖂΔ᠏᧢ԫጟࠠڶࢤԺ৫ऱݮՂᖂء᧯ᓵऱᄅᕢᖂΔ ຍጟᄅᕢᖂຏመᇭᤩ֨ࢤፖءࢤΕፖ֚ሐհᜤ൷א֗ԳፖسژΕრᆠ Εױ౨ऱᣂএΔࠌᕢ୮ሐᐚᖂᎅᛧݮՂᖂऱრᆠፖᖞ᧯ࢤऱᇭᤩΙ ۖႚอᕢᖂփຝऱ᧤ᙀዌΕᏝଖዌΕሐᐚዌᆖڼᓳᖞΔՈᛧԱኛᄅ ऱسࡎΖ15 ૹᄅ৬ዌऱᖂڇኔհ؆৬ዌದԫଡྤࢬլץΕ۟ྤՂऱ ࢤኔ᧯Δ،ਢኙऱΕ۞ڂऱΕ۞ߩऱᏝଖհᄭΖ16ڇڼრᆠՀΔᖂ୮ࢬ ൎᓳऱԿጼնൄऱൄ఼ݧፖܩհᆠຟਢڼԫࢤኔ᧯ڇኔऱࠠ ᧯֏ۖբΖ17 ڂڼΔڕ࣠ൕਙएፖᖵऱߡ৫ࠐᖂऱᘋದΔࠃኔՂݚࣔᖂࢬފዝ ऱߡ ٵ৸უ᧯ߓᓉ ԫै Ղࠌشݚࣔᖂਢڶᐖᆠፖऱᆠհ։ऱΙࢬᘯ
ۥࠉྥፖႚอᕢᖂԫᑌΔՈ༉ਢ܂ࠉॵृऱՓՕ֛ኙ׆ᦞࢬ܂ऱრ ᢝীኪᥨΖ18 ᣂ࣍ຍԫរΔڹᗋᝑ່堚ᄑլመԱΔהᎅΚψڜ։ܛ֚ՈΖ ׀ڜࠡ׀հ։Δڜࠡհ։Δܩڜࠡܩհ։Δڜࠡհ։ωΰπڹᣊραΔ ڇᖂ୮ߢΔψωឈਢࢼွऱΕ၌။ऱΔ܀،ࢬፂᥨऱথਢԫܩܩΕ Ε׀׀Ε్ࠫऱԿጼնൄሐᐚ఼ݧΖᖂऱڼԫփڇؿએΔທګ Աᖂृࢬਐຂऱཏሙژڇ࣍խഏषᄎऱψॺࢤ֮֏ωΖ19 ྤᓵڕ۶Δקݚᖂլႛڇ৸უՂอٽ۵ΕሐΕᕢԿጟլ Ⴈᒓ堛ऱ৸ᑪΔޓڇਙएՂፖኙ׆ᦞԫ᧯Δאીڼԫ৸ᑪऎ۟ তݚΕցΕࣔΕ堚Δਢխഏ৸უߔߠऱΕছ৵९ሒքۍ塒ڣऱ৸უሎ೯Δԫ อጠψݚࣔᖂωΖ20 ྥۖΔࠃኔՂΔڇᖂ ˄ˈ ʳ ്م֮Δτ࿓ڹ৸უऱழז壄壀υΔሉᄘᖠჀᒳΔπ࿓ڹ৸უᄅᓵρΔקࠇΔԳاנठषΔ˄ˌˌˌ ڣΔˆΖʳ ˄ˉ ʳ ຫݪྉΔτᓵᖂऱሐᐚუᆠυΔሉπ՟Օᖂᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठα˄ˌˌˉڣรˇཚΔ ˆ˄Ζʳ 17 ᄅΔτᖂፖඡ堚षᄎυΔ47Ζ 18 ାᔕΔτԲ࿓ᖂऱഗءሁυΔ57 -58Ζ 19 ׆ႧΔΰאࢤ૿ؾנऱॺࢤွņ࣫࿓ڹᖂψژ֚ᄰԳωऱॺࢤរαΔሉ πۂᓵᕽρ1999ڣร1ཚΔ75Ζ 20 ৬مΔτ១࣫ݚࣔᖂऱ࿇୶រυΔ19Ζ
ᆠ ᖂ࿇୶ᖩሀݚΕցΕࣔΕ堚ᑇזছ৵९ሒքۍ塒ڣΔᖂृฒڍΕრ ߠ ৸უு֨Κܛ،ଚऱ ٥ٵ ᖂ୮ࢬᘯऱψωঁਢڙࡶΕषᄎፖسࡎሎ۩ऱሐࡉᆠΔ ۖ უԳ Δ
ᖂਐऱਢࢤհᖂΔ،ထૹ൶ಘΕΕ֨ΕࢤհᣊऱᖂംΔࢬאڶழ، Ոጠψ֨ࢤհᖂωΙۖᐖᆠऱᖂঞਐᆠհᖂΔ،ڶܑ࣍ዧାᕢسएᆖ ࢬࣹૹऱີಝ۷հᖂΔᖂؾऱڇޣᕢ୮ᆖࠢխࢬᤖොऱՕᆠࡉሐऱᖂ ംΖ21 ط࣍ ࣴΔࢬאڶᖂृ۟ᎁᖂءլਢԫଡᖂΔൕۖՈլਢԫଡݙᖞऱ ୃᖂ৸უΔ،ਢڇࡳழཚऱψୃᖂឰזอጠωΖ22 ྥۖΔܛঁڕڼΔڍᖂृᝫਢᎁᖂڶࠡԫࡳऱ ৸უຟڇ൶ಘψωਢչᏖא֗ڕ۶ሒࠩຍᑌऱψωऱቼΙڶᖂृઔ ߒݚॣᖂ୮ኙψωሎشऱොᆠΔᎁψωڶԲᆠΚࠡԫਢढऱెሁΕය Δ֧ع৳ΕঞΔࠡԲਢኙدفऱྲᗣΔ֧عएΕᖞࢨਊਬጟ ৳۩ࠃΖ23 ࠃኔՂΔ ڶᆣԳ౨ຏሒڼψωΙՈڂڕڼΔᚮࡱᔃᎁᖂਢԫጟψᒡհᖂωΔ ۖຍଡψωԯਢᆣԳհሐऱრ৸Ζ24 ڶᖂृጠ،ਢԫጟψᖂԳωऱ৸უΔ ຍᇙऱψԳωਐऱਢψࠩԱፖڙࡶٽԫऱԳΔՈ༉ਢګפऱፖ֚چᆄढઌᄮ ຏऱԳΔٍܛਢሒګԱፖ֚چᆄढઌࡉᘫΕઌৈٽऱԳωΖ25 ࠡኔլᓵਢψᒡհᖂωࢨਢψᖂԳωΔຟਐٻಳޣԫଡݙભऱ ࢬאڶᖂृ១چലݚࣔᖂጠԫጟψᖂᆣԳωऱ৸უሎ೯Δ26 ຍጟᄗ ਔࠡኔਢઌᅝᄷᒔچނ༽Աݚࣔᖂऱ৸უኔᔆΙڇݚࣔᖂࠐᎅΔψᆣԳω ਢԫጟᖂऱመ࿓ΔڂΔڇݚࣔᖂऱᖂृᎁΔᆄढຟਢسس᧢֏ۖࠐऱΔ 21 ஊੋᘋΔπ৸უऱ᠏ীņᖂ࿇୶መ࿓ऱઔߒρΔՂ௧ΔՂ௧ԳاנठΔ1996ڣΔ5Ζઌኙ࣍ ஊੋᘋΔຫ֟ঞലᆠऱᖂጠψ֨ᖂωΔലᐖᆠऱᖂጠψᖂωΙߠຫ֟Δπݚ ࣔᖂፖሐ୮ୃᖂρΔ2Ζۖᔥ܌Ꭾঞലݚࣔᖂऱψω։ࠃΕࢤࡎհᖂΕࢤԿଡᐋ ڻΔߠּထΔπݚזᄗ࢚հၲ୶ρΔקΔ੍֮נठषΔ1993ڣΔ5Ζ 22 ٚᤉყΔπխഏୃᖂρรԿםΔקࠇΔԳاנठषΔ1964ڣΔ158Ζ 23 ାᔕΔτԲ࿓ᖂऱഗءሁυΔ57Ζ 24 ᚮࡱᔃΔπקݚࡌ്Բ࿓৸უհ։࣫ρΔקΔഏمՕᖂ֮ᖂೃΔ1979ڣΔ2Ζ 25 ޕֲີΔπݚࣔᖂઔߒρΔקΔ༚֮ቹנठषΔ1979ڣΔ2Ζ 26 ႑ΔτݚࣔᖂੌυΔ5Ζ
27ᆣԳՈլਢԳ֚سऱءࢤΔ༉ڕٵקݚټ୮ࡌཉᙲ߷ᇙᓿղڙࡶऱءᄭΰྤ ᄕņ֜ᄕαਝྤٚ۶ਝࡳࢤՈྤٚ۶ᒔࡳࢤԫΔψᆣᔃॺࢤسωऱᨠរױא ᎅਢᖂ୮ऱ٥ٵᨠរΖ28 ຍᇙࢬᘯऱψᆣԳωΔਐऱਢψሐᐚፖཕᐝ່ݙભ ऱࠢীωΔڇڼԫᇞՀΔᖂ༉ਢԫጟψኧԫ֊ऱሐᐚᏝଖ᧯ߓωΖ ྥۖΔଖܠԳࣹრऱਢΔᖂլႛಳޣփᆣऱפ֛ΔࠃኔՂ،Ոಳޣא ए ࢬᘯψոཕωऱუԳΔࠀຘመψᆖ ᦞ
֚Հऱψ؆׆ωቼΔՈ༉ਢᎅΔ،լႛਢޣ۞աڶԫଡݙભऱუԳ ΔۖՈޣޢଡԳຟ౨ܘԺچψᖂᆣԳωΙڂڼΔڇຍଡრᆠՂΔᖂृല ᖂጠψᄅᕢᖂωࠡءრᆠ༉ڇ࣍ΔᖂᤉࢭԱᕢᖂء൶ಘڕ۶ഛ塄ԳΕ ທ༉ԳΕݙԳऱᖂംհ壄壀Ζ29 ࢬאΔൕᖞ᧯ۖߢΔᖂಳޣ ωऱฃڶயچᆵኔڇषᄎسխΔ່৵אψՓঞדωൕਙएᐋ૿ං ۩ᆣԳհሐए֚Հ৬مუऱഏ୮ΔՈ༉ਢᐚएᆠΔڼᖂृࢬጠऱψሐ ᐚუᆠω(moral idealism)Ζ30 ࠉۋࡲԿ٣سࢬᎅΔᕢᖂऱუԯഗ࣍ψܠ ԳᅝՀ֘ូ࣍ահ᧯אᘣᢞωऱψ࢟൩༧ឆհո֨ωΔڼԫψ࢟൩༧ឆհո ֨ωԯψᏝଖհᄭωΔՈਢψუհᄭωΔీڇڼԫഗ៕ՂΔᕢृ٦ၞԫޡ װኔᔌ. Εං୶ψոωΔψطڼۖڶ୮ΕഏΕ֚ՀΰՕٵαհૹᄅ्ࡳΔࠡᄕ ঞόፖ֚چᆄढԫ᧯ύωΖ31ൕਙएषᄎୃᖂࠐᎅΔሐᐚუᆠ༉ਢԫ ጟڮ߶(Utopia)৸უΖ32
27 ঀ؆ᡔᒳΔπݚࣔᖂρΰՂαΔ61Ζ ˅ˋ ʳ ႑ሒ֮ΔπݚࣔᄅᕢᖂฃᓵρΔࠂᄭΔᐖࣟԳاנठषΔ˄ˌˌˊڣΔˈˌˀˉ˃Ζʳ υΔሉπॾၺஃᒤᖂೃᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठα ˼́ʳ ˘˶̂́̂̀˼˶̆ʿϗϗʳ˜́̇˸̅́˴̇˼̂́˴˿ʳ˝̂̈̅́˴˿ʳ̂˹ʳ˘̇˻˼˶̆ʿʳ˩̂˿ˁʳ ˇˈʿʳˡ̂ˁʳ˅ʿʳ˝˴́ˁʳ ጟუषᄎऱ৬ዌΔڇڼԫࡳᆠՀΔψڮ߶৸უωਐऱঞਢڶᣂ࣍ ߒρΔรԲີΙא ˅ˌ ʳ ޕᆠՅΕାࣔটΔτڜᖞଅሎ೯ፖᕢ୮৸უ ˄ˌˌˉڣร˄ˉ࠴รˆཚΔˆ˅Ζʳ ˆ˃ ʳ ˚ˁʳ˦˴́̇˴̌˴́˴ʿϗϗʳ˟̂̇̍˸ϗ̆ʳˠ̂̅˴˿ʳ˜˷˸˴˿˼̆̀ʿϗϗʳˠ˼́˷ʿʳ˩̂˿ˁʳ˄ˈʿʳˡ̂ˁʳˈˋʿʳ˔̃̅˼˿ˁʳ˄ˋˌ˃ʿʳ̃̃ˁʳ˄ˌ˄ˀ˅˄˅ˎʳ˖ˁʳ ˘ˁʳ˔̌̅˸̆ʿϗϗʳ ˠ̂̅˴˿ʳ˖̂́˹̈̆˼̂́ʳ ˄ˌˆˈʿʳ̃̃ˁ˄ˊ˃ˀ˄ˌˌˁৌᐖᔕΔπᖂፖխഏ֮֏ρΔՂ௧ΔՂ௧ԳاנठषΔ˄ˌˌˇڣΔˉˀˊΙא֗ᄘ ௧֮Δτ٣៖ᑗ֮ࣔፖ֞ሐᐚუᆠυΔሉπխ՞Օᖂᖂρʳ ΰषᄎઝᖂठαʳ ˅˃˃˃ڣร ˇ˃࠴รˆཚΔˊˉΙא֗ඔߜΔτߨנሐᐚუᆠυΔሉπ९ޥֽሽஃೃषᄎઝᖂᖂρ˄ˌˌˉ ڣร˄˄࠴ร˅ཚΔ˄˃Ζʳ ˆ˄ ʳ ۋࡲԿΔπሐᐚऱუᆠρΔקΔᖂسݝΔ˄ˌˌ˅ڣΔˇˀˈΕ˄ˈΖʳ 32 ݺᎁΔψڮ߶ωਢԫ ৬ዌԫଡუषᄎऱ৸უΕᨠរΖᔹ׆ᔕΔπॹڣֻᖻࣟඑഏڮ߶հઔ ֗ຫݪྉΔπݚזᖂ୮ऱᆠܓᨠρΔקࠇΔቸנठषΔ1999ڣΔ205-219Ζᣂ࣍ڮ߶৸უ
ൕᖞ᧯ՂࠐΔݚࣔᖂਢԫጟሐᐚუᆠΙլመڕ࣠ၞԫޡגาچ։ ࣫ΔԳଚԾᄎ࿇ΔڇᖂऱሐᐚუհխΔԾڂࠡ৸უऱփٻࢤࡉ؆ٻࢤۖ ڶࢬᘯऱփፖ؆հ։Δ33 ࢬᘯऱψփωਐऱਢψଥահᖂωΔՈ༉ਢԫ ጟଡԳψګᐚհᖂΔڇאփᆣհᖂੌऱݚࣔᖂխΔڂא֨Εࢤ᧯ ࠐ࿇ཀڼԫଥաګᐚհᖂωΔՈڂڼۋࡲԿ٣سམലݚࣔᖂࡳᆠψ֨ࢤګᐚ հᖂωΙ34 ڇփհ؆Δհࢬאᝫᄎڶࢬᘯऱψ؆ωऱژڇΔψԯਢڂᕢ ୮ء༉אึᄕᣂᡖΔۖॺԫահଡԳωΔຍጟሐᐚუऱ؆հᖂ༉ਢ ψඒ֏ωΔܛψᖂ୮ଚึ࣍ڇփᆣհᖂխၲࢷԱ،ऱᄅᏆΔࠉ៱Գۖᆵ ኔڇຍଡխΔຍঁਢόஃᕢڤύऱόඒ֏ύωΔ35 Ո༉ਢຘመඒߛᨃޢଡ ԳຟቝᕢृԫᑌګᆣګᔃΔڕ࣠شײ۔ᕢ୮ऱᎅऄΔຍ༉ਢψԳԳઃစω ऱუቼΖ ೈڼհ؆Δᖂᝫڶԫଡؘႊףא։ᙃऱૹᐛΔՈױאᎅਢԲլٵ ऱ৸ፂሁΔ،ଚਢᖂᖞ᧯ऱࠟଡૹೡ૿Δ36 ԫല،ଚ១ጠ࿓ڹΰ ᖂαፖຬ׆ΰ֨ᖂαΖ ছृܛ࿓ڹԫ്ড়ᨠഄ֨ᆠΔ37 הଚઌॾψڇড়ᨠढᔆհ؆ژ ڇထྤૻ壀ఽऱԺၦωΔ38 Ո༉ਢࢬᘯऱψ֚ωΔຍଡ֚ψਢ၌။֚چᆄढ հՂऱኔ᧯ωΕ၌။۞ྥ၌။ழ़ऱኔ᧯Δ،ψԾਢ࡚ࠡ۩ऱኔࢤऱሐᐚᔌ ᐌऱึᄕ֡৫ΔԳଚऱԫ֊ඨΕಳޣࡉ۩Δ۟ឆఽऱόԫ࢚࿇೯ύΔ
Thought, New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992, pp.13-14; Frank E. Manuel, Utopias and Utopian Thought, Boston,1966,p.70; Karl Mannheim, Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, New York: Harvest Books, 1936; Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopia Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution, Oxford University Press,1989; W.
Nelson ed., Twentieth Century Interpretations of Utopia, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.; Ruth Levitas,
The Concept of Utopia, New York & London: Philip Allan, 1990; J. C. Davis, Utopia and the Ideal Society, London, New York :Cambridge University Press, 1981.
33 ޕધ壁Δπࣔأ堚ॣᕢᖂհ࿇୶ρΔקΔ੍֮נठषΔ1992ڣΔ1Ζ 34 ۋࡲԿΔπ֨᧯ፖࢤ᧯ρΔקΔإխݝΔ1968ڣΔ4-7Ζ 35 ޕધ壁Δπࣔأ堚ॣᕢᖂհ࿇୶ρΔ2Ζ 36 ᙒᗪΔπڹᄅᖂூρรԫםΔקΔԿاݝΔ1971ڣΔ48Ζ 37 ૃੴΔτڹᗋࡉਹࢮቹΚψᖂωࡉψ࢚ᓵω৸უֺለυΔπኑᐚஃറᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝ ᖂठα2001ڣร2ཚΔ21Ζ 38 ᇱটΔτ១ᓵݚࣔᖂፖႚอ৸ፂᑓڤυΔπ՞ࣟሽՕᖂρ2001ڣร3ཚΔ29Ζ
ຟؘႊڇ֚ऱऄஅՂ൷࠹ᛀ᧭ࡉဪެωΔ39ױאᎅψ۞ྥא֗ᖞଡԳᣊष ᄎլመਢຍጟόύऱ।ωΖ40 ৵ृܛຬ׆ԫ്ऱਢᨠഄ֨ᆠΔ41 הଚൎᓳسࡎტ࠹Εփ֨᧯ ᧭Εۨۚհא֗سൣᓳΔ42്ψ֨ܛωΔψ֨؆ྤढΔ֨؆ྤωΔڇ ڼΔψωլਢչᏖ٣᧭ࢤऱኔ᧯ΔۖਢψณছሐωΔਢψآቫڶࢬឆሜωऱ ࣔػհΔਢψ֚Հࢬ٥طωऱψሐωࡉψֆωΙ43 ڕڼΔ֨ᖂԫլႛނ ড়ᨠژڇऱᆄࠃᆄढ֗ࠡᜢۥီᨠ܂شऱွΔՈឰࡳԫ֊ሐᐚᨠ࢚ ࡉᏝଖຟױאڇڼ֨ބࠩࠉᖕΔ44᧯ךࢷࠡߜवΔ۞ᤚچኔᔌሐᐚᆠ ೭Δ۞౨ሒࠩψ֞ᠱᑗωΔ45 ៶ڼΔຬ׆֨ᖂലڹᗋψݮۖՂω֏ऱψω ૹᄅࢮڃԳၴΔࠀאڼડ᧩ԳڇڙࡶΕषᄎխऱ౨೯ࢤΖ46
ΕႚอඒߛؾᑑΚිᛎʳ
ԫԳຟނუᆠፖᆖ೭ኔ࠷ٻګਢኙمؿએऱΔຍᑌऱऄࠃ ኔՂਢԫጟᎄᇞΔڕٵᏥᐖࠇࢬᎅऱΚʳ ʳ Шޑཷۺ֖ԖགྷЬကޑԋϩǴाޕϩηჹჴሞ٣୍ԖଅǶఁ మШϐᏢޑঁᗺࢂόᗉᒈፋமǶ܌ᖱޑᗨฅୃख़ࡹ۬ޑ மǴՠᇡࣁமᔈᆶϘࡹӕਔჴǶ4739 ܦഛ᧩ΕᏥ९ࣲΔτݚࣔᖂኙᕢᖂ壄壀ऱ࿇୶֗ࠡݝૻυΔሉπفईՕᖂᖂρΰषᄎઝᖂ ठα2000ڣร16࠴ร3ཚΔ73Ζ 40 ૃੴΔτڹᗋࡉਹࢮቹΚψᖂωࡉψ࢚ᓵω৸უֺለυΔ21Ζ 41 ֵߠஔΔτ֨ᖂፖᖂυΔሉπ༚؟ᖂρΰषᄎઝᖂठα1998ڣร5ཚΔ76Ζ 42 ૨Δτၺࣔ֨ᖂऱრᆠυΔሉπ۫קՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठα1997ڣร27࠴ร3ཚΔ 99Ζ 43 ᏥࡲᔃΔτᇢᓵ׆ၺࣔ֨ᖂऱᆣՅؓᨠυΔሉπୃᖂઔߒρ1999ڣร11ཚΔ70Ζ 44 ᄘਪթΔτຬෘ֨ᖂऱࠟଡءᨠ࢚υΔሉπۂ۫षᄎઝᖂρ2000ڣร5ཚΔ18Ζ 45 ്୮ګΔτᓵၺࣔ֨ᖂऱԳუυΔሉπ௨ۂՕᖂᖂρ1994ڣร8࠴ร3ཚΔ24-25Ζ 46 ᏥࡲᔃΔτᇢᓵ׆ၺࣔ֨ᖂऱᆣՅؓᨠυΔ70Ζ 47 ᏥᐖࠇΔπᆖ৸უፖᄅᘋٞᄐρΔקΔᜤᆖנठࠃᄐֆΔ1990ڣΔ2Ζ
! ࠃኔՂΔڇႚอᕢᖂ߷ᇙΔՂ૿֧૪πՕᖂρᇙऱԶؾ༉ਢൕψढωၲ ࡨΔ່৵ሒࠩऱਢψएഏΕ֚ؓՀωΔ࣐ߢհΔუԳऱທ༉Δ،ऱؾऱ ԯڇ࣍ᆖᚨشΔࢬאڇࡨᕢ୮խ༉ઌᅝૹီිհሐΔࠀီհՓՕ֛ऱ ֚ΔڕᖂृࢬճΚʳ ʳ ᏂৎޑΓགྷ߾ϸࢀΑᑈཱུޑΕШᆒઓǶคፕ։ηǵᇬ݇ǵဃΓǴ ڀԖᑈཱུڗǵԾமό৲ޑࠔǴڀԖமਗ਼ޑᐕў٬ڮགǴעٖᔮШǵ ࡌфϐբࣁԾρޑಖғଓǴעঁΓޑֹ๓ᆶΓᜪޑᅽࣸᖄᛠӧ ଆǶ48 ! ᖕᖂृەኘΔݚᖂհॣՈᝑޣψࣔ᧯ሒشωհᖂΔຍᅝྥՈਢਈקݚᗨஇ լࢬીΔ49 ܛঁڇԲ࿓ፖڹᗋ߷ᇙՈຟམࢻᚰ۵۔ψᎅ़ᎅݎωኙ࣍ψࠃω ঞݙ٤ψլᖠωհኤΖ50ࢬאवᢝ։ᚨቔᚐᆖഏᛎհᖂΔຍጟ৸უऱਙए ।ᅝ᥆׆ڜفऱ᧢ऄΔլመΔ׆ڜف᧢ऄऱ؈ඓΔՈࠌݚཛᕢᖂऱ࿇୶߰ ຒچཛٻ֨ࢤհᖂ࿇୶Ζ51 ݚᖂ৵ࠐ࿇୶ګൎᓳᆣऱ֨ࢤհᖂΔીࠌᆖી شऱႚอ壄壀࠹ࠩᣤૹऱඈᚲΖ܀ᕢृऱිႜٻࠀڶڂۖ؈Δԫ؟ڶ؆ ڇයٙऱࠨᖿΔᆖીش᜔ਢૹᄅګழזऱᠲΖ ࣔ堚ᆖીشհᖂऱᘋದڶ༓ଡයٙআګհΔᖕᖂृઔߒΔ،ଚڶΚ׆ၺ ࣔ֨ᖂأཚհੌኤΔࣔأᙱᐒՓଅհᖞ堸Δࣟࣥᝑᖂհඔ࿇Δ༚षएᖂऱᐙΔ ᄅᘋەᢞᖂऱࠨᖿΔᏥヹ՞৸უऱඔ࿇Δא֗۞ྥઝᖂ࿇୶ऱᓢᚰΖ52 ᖕඩඔ၌ऱᨠរΔඡࣔીհᖂࡨ۞ङࣳΰॼࣥαΔהᎅΚ
48 ା້᧵Ε്ᡖࢭΔπګԳፖګᆣΚᕢ୮ሐᐚ壄壀ρΔ९ޥΔྋতՕᖂנठषΔ1999ڣΔ 113Ζ ˇˌ ʳ ᘕةࣔΔτקݚᖂ壆ऱᆖಳޣυΔሉπྋྉᓵᕽρ˅˃˃˃ڣร˅ཚΔˈˈΖʳ ˈ˃ ʳ ާᨆΔτᖂᆖሁᒵፖམഏᢋऱᖂᆖυΔπྋקՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठα˄ˌˌˋڣร˄ ཚΔˊ˃Ζʳ ˈ˄ ʳ ີඔᔕΔπᡛՕஃѧ׆֛հρΔف୮๗ΔࣾקԳاנठषΔ˅˃˃˄ڣΔˉ˃Ζʳ ˈ˅ ʳ ᇯ௧ႆΔτ堚ॣኔᖂ৸ᑪυΔሉഏمխ՞Օᖂխഏ֮ᖂߓᒳΔπ堚זᖂઔಘᄎѧ৸უፖ֮ᖂ ѧᓵ֮ႃρΔႂΔഏمխ՞Օᖂխഏ֮ᖂߓנठΔ˄ˌˋˌڣΔ˄ˆД˄ˊΖʳ
ΥཥᏢࢴ߃ҥǴჹܭᙑᏢࢴǴߚ๊ჹᝄ҅ޑװᔐᄊࡋǴόىаᄛ྄ ࡺ᎔Զཥैǹݹݓϐ௨ѾఁܴᏢ॥Ǵځ᎔ؽ៛ǴεᜪࢂǶԾа ࡕǴЦᏢၱ૰ᅝǹమжซԖ᠍ᏢаࣁӜଯޣǴ߾ࣣԾૼܭำԙϐ২Ψǹ ᗨГЦᏢ҃ࢬཱུ௯Ǵ٬ΓЈჇ॰ǴҁԖόᄛԾઇϐ༈ǹฅεᖂ੯ڥаߦ ࡘዊϐᙯඤǴ߾ݹݓനԖΚో…ाϐځȬჴҔЬကȭаࣁᚩǴ୍٬Ꮲ ୢᆶޗϐᜢ߯ቚуஏࡋǴԜჴჹఁܴϐۥࡴࢴమፋࡼεଞઊǹమж ᏂޣаᐆᏢԾڮаҢձܭЎΓǴჴݹݓ௴ϐǹന߈ኧΜԃаೌԶቹៜ ܭࡹᡏǴҭᇻಏݹݓϐᆒઓǶ53 ʳ ۖࣔ堚ᆖીشհᖂᐙ৵່Օृᚨ᥆ྋྉᖂՕஃ׆֛հΖ ׆֛հፖݚᕢ່Օऱլٵڇ࣍ה٣्ࡳψݮᕴωऱچۯ֗ࠡૹࢤΔࠀڂ ्ۖࡳኔᔌऱᚌۯΖהᎅΚψ֚ՀഄᕴۖբߎΖሐृᕴհሐՈΔᕴृլױᘯհ ሐհᕴՈΖྤࠡᕴঞྤࠡሐΔԳᣊ౨ߢհωΰπࡌ࣐؆ႚρ࠴նΚ25α׆ּऱᨠ រॺൄࣔػΔՈ༉ሐ᜔ਢຘመᕴࠐ।թױ౨ژڇΔڇຍଡრᆠՀΔᕴթਢଈ ऱΔۖሐਢࠉॵڇᕴڇհՀऱΔࢬאהᎅΚψײհᆣԳ౨एᕴΔۖլ౨एሐΖ एᕴृঞᘯհሐωΰπࡌ࣐؆ႚρ࠴նΚ25αΖ ྥۖΔ׆֛հڇᓵ૪ሐፖᕴऱᣂএՂΔڶழথᎅԲृਢԫ᧯ऱΔڕڇڇπࡌ ࣐փႚρᇙਢൎᓳሐᕴլઌᠦऱᨠរΔ׆֛հᎅΚʳ ʳ ԶϐၰǴᗦخǴΏѸԖځǴԶࡕЯ܌аԋϐޣϐؼૈޣǴࡕЯ ܌аҔϐޣϐфਏۓǴࡺᒏϐԶԶόᚆЯǶၰᆶᏔό࣬ᚆǴࡺړ ΨǵᜏΨǵຝΨǴࣣਜϐ܌ΨǴᏔΨǹᡂ೯аԋຝᜏޣǴၰΨǶ҇Ҕ ᏔΨǹႴᆸаᑫ٣ޣǴၰΨǶဃΓϐཀ܌ᙒΨǶӝၰᏔԶᅰΠϐǴ ߾ဃΓϐཀёـخȐȠڬܰϣȡڔϖǺ34ɴ35ȑǶ ʳ ྤᓵਢᕴᚌ٣࣍ሐΔᝫਢሐᕴլᠦΔ׆֛հྤጊൎᓳኔΕኔᔌऱૹࢤΔ
ˈˆ ʳ ඩඔ၌Δπ堚זᖂᄗᓵρΔקΔֽׄנठषΔ˄ˌˋ˄ڣΔ˄ˋˀ˅ˆΖʳ
ૉڶᕴΔঞሐྤऄאܧ᧩Ζ׆֛հޏທݚࣔᖂհೣૹ֨ࢤհփᆣפ֛Δ ༚ႚอᕢ୮փᆣΕ؆׆ଫհᓵᄕࣔ᧩Ζʳ ؆ΔՈڶᖂृൕ׆֛հऱڙࡶء᧯ᓵࠐᎅࣔ׆֛հփᆣ؆׆հᎅΔ֛հ ޏທ۞ݚᕢऱψဠ़ܛωऱ৸უΔൎᓳլឰሎ೯ऱψωዌګԱڙࡶऱኔ᧯Δ ࠀᎁԫ֊ऱ᧢֏ຟਢࡹۼΕፋཋհ।ۖբΖᖂृᎁΚʳ ʳ ಭξѸஒЈǵ܄ǵϺǵᆶᆔӝӧଆǴёـд࣬ख़ຎ೭٤ཷۺޑ Ӹӧय़ཀကǴҭջၰቺჴ፬Ѹ่ӝΓғǴܭᕷԖޑШࣚύω ԖཀကǴԶόѝࢂᡏϣӧޑᡫܴջΑ٣Ƕ54 Ո༉ਢᎅΔփᆣլַ࣍ڶଡԳऱଥۖբΔ،ؘႊٽΕຘመ؆׆ऱࠃפ ං୶࣍ΔթޓࠠრᆠΖ׆֛հऱᓵኔᎾՂਢፖሐᕴհᎅઌյࡅᚨऱΖ ೈԱ׆֛հऱᐙհ؆Δᅝᆖඑഏऱࠢী๕መ࣍ྋྉᖂڶऱᆖ ીشᖂᎅΔࠡխܑਢམഏᢋፖᢟႳٵΖ ࠃኔՂΔྋྉᖂءቝࡨᕢ୮߷ᑌ༉ൎ௺ԵࢤΔԫଡᡖࣄԵൣ ᡖऱԳԫࡳڇਬጟ࿓৫ڶუᆖᒮ֚ՀऱٞቹΔൕԫଡߡ৫ࠐᎅΔຍጟԵ ृڇᔞᅝऱழᖲܑਢഏ୮اගᔡນ߀֕ழהᄎߪۖנΖຍጟྋྉᖂऱ រ।ڇ׆֛հߪՂΔՈტԱ৵वᢝ։ݮګڶऱՓଅΖ55 ࠏڕڇᕛׂᖏञհ৵ΔխഏᔡሖছࢬآڶऱٲᖲΔᅝழঁڶԫޅवᢝ։ ൺದΔቝຯⰍΕᠿᄭΕ၅९Ε၅ዺԳΔהଚՈߪ࠹ࣔ堚ኔᖂऱᐙΔܛ ङࣳࢬᘯޣኔΕૹኔᔌΔ೭ኔشΔཊ࣍૿ኙኔΕ൶ޣᇞެኔऱᖂംΖ 56 ᖕᖂृઔߒΔᕛׂᖏञհ৵ຍޅᖂᖂृڶࠄൕਙΕڶࠄထ૪Δהଚψԫ ֱ૿ΔਝڇएᖂழૹኔᢞΔᝑኔشΙԫֱ૿ΔԾڇൕਙኔᔌխՕᜬޏΔࠀ
ˈˇ ʳ ࣥᜣစΔπࣔ堚հᎾᕢ୮৸უऱ᧢ᔢፖ࿇୶ρΔ˄ˈˊДˈˋΖʳ ˈˈ ʳ ࣥᏺؓΔτ२זྋྉ֮֏ᇢ൶υΔሉྋতஃᒤՕᖂ֮ઔߒࢬᒳΔπᣞ՞ᓵဇᒳρΔ९ޥΔྋ তԳاנठषΔ˄ˌˋˋڣΔ˄ˉΖʳ 56 ߠ׆ᘋഏΕዊဎᒳΔπྋྉ֮֏᜕ᖩᓫρΔ९ޥΔྋতՕᖂנठषΔ1996ڣΔ113Ζ
࠷όएֽܓΕዯሎΔিۍڣհܓύऱኔᔆࢤګ࣠ωΔۖ၅९ޓڇࠡۂᤕؒ ਙٚփΔࠀᆤᓮᠿᄭᒳᐷπཛᆖ֮ᒳρૠԫۍԲԼ࠴ΔԿۍڍᆄڗΔ ኙ৵ขسऱᐙΖ57 མഏᢋঞ᥆࣍รԲזᖂᖂԳڇਙएΕ૨ࠃՂڶઌᅝګ༉ऱԳΔڇהऱࡌ ՈݮګԱԫଡᆢ᧯ΔהଚץਔؐࡲཞΕࣥᜠԳΖ ڇᅝழवᢝ։֨ؾխΔམഏᢋऱૹࢤΔլ٠ਢࠡگਕੋཆ೯႖Δࡳ ۂ՞հפᄐΔۖڇ࣍הਢψᙄࠃۖଫႚඒհԳωΔ58ࢬᘯψᙄࠃωհԳΔ༉ਢ ౨ᆖഏᛎհԳΔڕ ψ壆ᆼࣳঀૃݦ֮ωԳΙࢬᘯψႚඒωհԳΔ༉ਢ౨ ᆣᤉᖂհԳΔڕψ֞ڹຬ׆ၺࣔωԳΔ59 ԫଡԳ౨ᙄࠃԾ౨ႚඒΔ ঞ२ݙԳԱΔڇ৵ԳࠐΔམഏᢋঁਢ༳༽ԱψՕءՕᄭωऱݙԳΖ མഏᢋਝਢ౨ψᙄࠃωԾਢ౨ψႚඒωհݙԳΔঁਢଖ৵Գُᖂऱ ᄒᑓΖᅝྥ່ऱڂਢط࣍མഏᢋऱ৸უ༷ٽԱ࿓ڹຬ׆ऱᆠհᖂࡉ׆ ֛հऱᆖીشհᖂհਚΖ ൕᖞ᧯ࠐΔམഏᢋऱᆖ৸უ।ڇאՀԿଡֱ૿Κรԫֱ૿ਢ៖ए৸ უΔՅଥߪᏘ୮एഏ֚ؓՀΔઃऺհא៖Δኙաޣψא៖۞एωΔኙԳޣ ψא៖एԳωΔຍጟ៖एࠃኔՂ༉ਢԫጟᐚएᆠΙࢬאൕรԫֱ૿ऱᐚए ᆠנ࿇Δݺଚࠩམഏᢋᆖ৸უऱรԲֱ૿ঁਢഛ塄ኔթΔ༼ࢸᔃ౨Δམּ ޣψԳႊᖂΔᖂႊᢝωΔה࣍ඒᎇΕጉܑΕঅᜰᔃ౨Δהەுຝ᥆լႛᦫ ࠡߢΔޓᨠࠡ۩ΔഒᐚթଫໂΔޓࣹૹᐚΔܛ᧯ᐚएᆠऱψڶᐚृڇ ۯωऱუΙࢬᘯψڶᐚृωऱයٙਢਐࠡรԿֱ૿ऱᆖ৸უΔམּഒس ؘႊᏠᖦא塄კΔႧ໎אጐΔޣຝ᥆ࡴؘႊߪΕณΕ֫ΕՑΕ֨ઃႧΖ 60 ១ߢհΔམഏᢋऱᐚएᆠޣᆣᔃڇۯΔࠀᖕאං۩៖ए֚࣍ՀΖ ᖂᐙ৵ᆖඑഏ৸უऱԫଡૹऱԳढΔՈਢီழזࠢᒤऱ ԳΔ༉ਢؙکਙ᧢ᥔ੪ऱքܩհԫऱᢟႳٵΖ
57 ᑛၺΔτམഏᢋፖٵזྋྉᖂԳᣂএᓵ૪υΔሉπޣρ1998ڣร4ཚΔ118Ζ 58 ֻᖻࣟΔπᝑഘᙕρΰ1913ڣ10۟12ִαΔπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΔ591Ζ 59 ٵছုΖ 60 ݚߜΔτᓫམഏᢋᖂᆖ৸უυΔሉπषઝ᜕ᖩρ1995ڣร1ཚΔ91Ζ
ڇ堚أΔᢟႳٵෳ௺ޅܒႚอጼൄኙഡՖऱኻྲྀΔഡՖڇႚอषᄎխ࠹ࠩ ڍֱऱૻࠫፖޔᗻΔߪ֨ᄕլ۞طΔڕ૰ᥚߩΔࢩ୭ߪ᧯ΔૻࠫԳߪհ۞طΔ ദৗՕࠃޓྤ۞ᦞΔഡՖچۯޓਢ࠲ᔀΙຍጟᣤૹլؓऱषᄎኙԳࢤऱ႞ ୭ᄕՕΔࢬאڶψխഏឈՋۖᆞྫڶ塒ωհ༩ΖਊᢟႳٵޅܒႚอ్ጼൄԼ ։ᖿ௺ΔהਐנΚψԿጼհ᥉ԳΔߩאధࠡᜬΔۖවࠡᨋᏒωΔڂڼה്Κψᜰ Յᗑ֛اᇶࢬԫ֊ጪࠫޔᗻհټΔઃྤۖף壆ωΖ61 ڂڼΔᢟႳٵڇޅܒ ႚอټඒհ塒ΔޓᘜٽᕢΕᤩ৸უᗨᄕ༼ଠψոņຏņؓωऱᄅሐᐚᨠΖ62 ᢟႳٵڼᘜᄎ۵ඒؓࡉᕢᖂոფऱሐᐚᨠਢխഏ२זवᢝ։ᆖ ৸უऱធࣔۥΔࠡؾऱᅝྥ༉ਢუኻᄤႚอխഏਙएषᄎऱ్ࠫ৫ࡉᨠ ࢚Ι63 ຍጟᝑޣؓऱᄅሐᐚᨠኙᅝழඒߛृڶᏅऱඔ࿇ΔڕᖂृጠΚψ܇ ፊᕢृհߢΔᏅլየრ࣍۵ᎅΔᢟោၺԯૹ۵ૉڼΔࠌݺრհԫ᠏ωΖ 64 ৵Δᣂ࣍ᢟႳٵഏநऱഏاऱՕᆠፖ壄壀ΔᖂृᎅΚ րᢀШϐ։ηǴԖఠيΫৎԶό৷ޣخǶ۶ߚόటғǴჴόהаي ৎԶ্ϺΠࡕШǶ…ϻΓፔόངځғǴฅԶҒԝޣՖΨǼόהόԝΨǶ ࢥೂᖣЋǴ֧γᘐ๙Ǵߚόང๙Ǵߚѐ๙όىаӄيΨǶ۶ϘΓޣǴа ϺΠШࣁيǴԶаيৎࣁ๙ǴோځངϺΠШϐ၈ΨǴࢂаόඪ ངځيৎǴيᗨԝǴϺΠШڰғǴϘΓϐЈӼخǶ65 ٖᔮШޑനଯნࣚ൩ࢂ༓ӕޑȨаϺΠШࣁيȩᆒઓǶӧ༓ӕ ೭ঁਢٯǴύᡏΑᏂৎעঁΓࠔቺޑֹ๓کϺΠڮၮᖄ่ଆٰޑ ௲ػགྷǴ܌аᏢޣᆀႨдȨيᗨԝǴϺΠШڰғǴϘΓϐЈӼخȩǶ
່ 61 ᢟႳٵΔπᢟႳٵ٤ႃρΔ325Ζ 62 ᘕીएΕᏥဎΔτေؙکፂᄅխऱᢟႳٵυΔሉπࣳዧՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठα1998 ڣร4ཚΔ106Ζ 63 ຫم࢘ΕፂΔτᓵխഏ२זᇷขၸ్৸უ୮ऱ۵ᖂᆖ৸უυΔሉπࣟקஃᒤՕᖂρΰୃ ᖂषᄎઝᖂठα1995ڣร3ཚΔ12-13Ζ 64 ᄘ࣑ᛎΔπሒ֏សֲಖρΔ97Ε46Ε79Ε66Ζ 65 ᄘ࣑ᛎΔπᄘ࣑ᛎ֮ႃρΔ74Ζ
ᆥΕᕢ୮ඒߛऱ֘৸ʳ
ጵٽאՂࢬᓵΔႚอᕢ୮ऱඒߛუņփᆣ؆׆ΔൕඒߛୃᖂࠐΔڶࠡ ཏऱᏝଖΔฅຶޢԫଡषᄎຟᄎޣߜऱଅঋࡉࢤऱ塄ګΔۖຍګԱഏ ୮࿇୶ऱૹഗ៕ΖൕຍԫរՂࠐΔڶᖂृਐנႚอᕢ୮৸უࡐྥڶࠡז ܺቼΔ66܀ݺᎁΔᕢ୮֮֏խऱψཕոᠨଥωΕψᆠܓอԫωΕψ֚ԳٽԫωΔ א֗ഛߛψոཕωऱუԳΔࠀຘመψᆖᦞωऱฃᆵኔڇኔष ᄎ৸უኙ࣍Գऱזࢤऱഛ塄Δսࠠڶᗨᄕऱ܂شΔܑਢࠡඒߛუսڶ ࠡᅝזऱᏝଖࡉრᆠΖ67 ࠡኔඒߛᇙᙰਢլᕢ୮֮֏ऱඒޗऱΔ༉אഏاխᖂࡉխࠏΔ ݺಖݺᅝڣ࢚ഏխΕխழΔೈԱഏ֮ઝհ؆Δᝫڶԫഘᓰψխഏ֮֏ഗ ءඒޗωΔຍࠟ॰ᓰᇙᙰࢬᙇऱඒޗ༓ຟਢᕢ୮ᆖࠢࢨࠡዝृ܂Ζ ڶࠄᖂृ༉ᎁΔቝຍጟഏ֮ඒߛࡉᕢ୮৸უඒߛኙਢઌᅝૹ ऱΔܑਢڇሐᐚΕൣრඒߛՂΔ،ਢඒߛګඓऱᣂΔᖕᖂृਐנΚ ʳ ךॺόૈό܍ᇡǴӚભᏢਠޑ୯ᇟЎ௲ᏢǴӛٰ൩תᄽࡘགྷ௴्ǵЎ ϯᙗഏکΓЎ௲ػޑख़ाفՅǴԶଯύଯᙍЀځӵԜǴܭࢂޣӧ൩ ा၈ᔊڥᢣǺύᏢғޑ୯Ў௲Ꮲᔈ׳மፓᏂᏢޑၰаߡঋϷғڮ௲ػ ޑගϲǶ܈ԖΓ፦ᅪԜஒόխ٬ளᏢಞნࢬܭᔿکᝄ๘Ǵ ޣ٠όаࣁฅǶᇂᏂᏢҁࢂ܄ϐ௲ᆶ೯ϐᏢǴځၰҭӭޑࢂғࢲ ШࣚύޑᑃᗗԶૈ٬ΓགӕيڙǴ܌аᖱܴᏂৎၰǴځჴ൩ࢂᒃϪӦ ՉΓғޑᡍჹ၉کЈளϩ٦ǴӧȠፕᇟȡύϾηό൩ӵԜғ३ࢲ ཀӦҢ༏ǻӆᇥǴᐕжሥӭറ։η٠όЮቪඳקϐ٫բǴځύ٠ˉˉ ʳ દॽΔτ၅᧵ऱᕢ୮৸უזࢤᇩυΔሉπՂ௧ٌຏՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठα˅˃˃ˈ ڣร˄ˆ࠴รˆཚΖʳ ˉˊ ʳ ᄘ๙Ε׆ၞΔτᓵᕢ୮৸უፖԳऱזࢤऱഛ塄υΔሉπګຟՕᖂᖂρΰषᄎઝᖂठα˅˃˃ˋ ڣรˇཚΖʳ
ૈϐаଯܴᇻϐ፪ޣǴӵणҸవɦۢኴɧǵᙰɦԀז ࠌߜɧǴځᗝӷᗗѡπϻҁࣁࢬǴᒉጇࢎᄬҭឦ๓ѯǴՠѬϐ܌ аૈЇӅሳǴࠅࢂঁύޑΓғণǴٯӵޣёаᑫวրΓȨѳݯ ϺΠǴްךځፔȩޑ٬ڮԾکϘޣૅᚶǴࡕޣ߾όЮȨ։ηคΕԶό ԾளȩޑཀǴፏӵԜᜪόയݍᖐǴΥԜёܴᏂᏢޑࡼ܍ҁࢂ ၰ᛬ঋ៝ԶૈғԖᎩᜩޑǶ68 ྥۖΔڕ࣠ऱඒߛᅝట౨ቝᖂृࢬᎅऱ߷ᑌψሐᢌଫۖ౨س೯ڶ塒 ᣉऱωΔ߷ᏖΔվݺଚՈլᄎڶሐᐚໜհቮԱΔऱᕢᖂඒߛߒຶנԱ չᏖംᠲΛ ݺऱᨠរਢΔംᠲլڇ࣍ऱඒߛփ୲ڶྤᕢ୮৸უΔۖਢ࠹ࠩݺଚऱ ඒߛࠫ৫ፖඒߛਙऱᙑᎄ֧ᖄΔᨃᕢ୮ඒߛੌ࣍ݮڤΔຍႃխ।ڇ֒ᖂ ᆠຍጟषᄎ֮֏ՂΖ69 ֒ᖂᆠऱඒߛႜٻ࣍ނඒߛ᧢ګԫጟψवᢝඒ ߛωΔ༉ਢނٚ۶ᖂംຟᅝ܂ԫጟवᢝΔԫጟەᇢऱवᢝࠐႚፖᖂΖ࣍ਢ Δᣂ࣍ൣრፖሐᐚऱᕢ୮֮֏Ոڇຍጟאەᇢ֧ᖄඒᖂऱवᢝඒߛࢍՀګԱ હऱवᢝΕګԱԫጟፖسࡎΕسݙ٤ๅᆏऱवᢝۖբΖڂڼΔڇඒߛΔ ኙԫႈᖂംᚩլᚩΔ،ऱܒᄷڇ࣍ᖂسᄎլᄎΔܛەᇢەנࠐᄎլᄎᐊΖڕᖂ ृࢬਐנऱΔڇᦰەᇢፖەᇢ֒ᖂऱՕছ༼ՀΔٺ్ᖂீൕඒޗऱᄷໂ ࠩඒᖂֱऄऱૠፖ᠖ૡΔ๕լאەᇢࠉូΔՅەᇢհࢬ֗Δܛඒᖂհࢬ֗Δ ൕۖەᇢ୬ԱඒᖂΙ70 ࢬאΔڇ࠹መඒߛऱԳΔהᆰ௧խ्ࡳڶԫՕഔ ᕢ୮֮֏ऱवᢝژΔڇᏁழהᙟழױאலᐛ໑֧Δ܀ਢΔຍࠄψवᢝωፖ הऱسࡎࡉسਢݙ٤ྤᣂऱΖ ڕڼΔႚอᕢ୮ࢬૹီऱԳऱຯፖሐᐚऱ៷Δڇᅝזऱඒߛխݙ٤ ؈װࠡრᆠΖܑਢመװᜤەࠫ৫Հඒߛૹڇᖂփ୲ऱಖᖋΔवᢝऱ
ˉˋ ʳ ຫᐚࡉΔτഏ֮ඒᖂፖسࡎඒߛऱᎲ൷ѧଫխψխഏ֮֏ഗءඒޗωऱژᐒၞԫߢυΔ֧ ۞̊̊̊ˁ˽̊̆˻ˁ̇̃ˁ˸˷̈ˁ̇̊˂̃˴˺˸̆˂˽̊̆˻˂˴˷̀˼́˂˿˼˵̅˴̅̌˂˿˼˵ˀ˹˂ˌˈ˃˅˅˄ˁ˻̇̀ʳ ˉˌ ʳ ႓ਞֵΔτᖏ৵षᄎ֒ᖂᆠհݮګፖ࿇୶υΔυπ৬խᖂρ˅˃˃ˇڣรԼ࠴Ζʳ 70 ຫاΔτຍլਢەլە܂֮ऱംυΔ֧۞ತቸऄԳഏ୮ਙઔߒഗ८ᄎΔπഏਙေᓵρ2002 ڣ6ִ8ֲΔold.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091/CL-C-091-271.htm
شΔط࣍ԫᇢࡳึߪΔຍՈၞԫޡທګ֒ᖂᆠฐ۩Ζࢬאຍᑌऱᖂسܛࠌ ەՂԱחԳጠ║ऱઝߓΔהՈլवչᏖᙇᖗຍᑌऱߓࢬΔຍጟહඒߛח ڍԳტࠩᐡ֨ΔڕԫࠄԳ༉ᎅΚψऱඒߛመ։ൎᓳ֒ᖂᆠΔೣૹಖᖋऱ ەᇢΔאી࣍ᖂس᧤ᙀ৸ەΔ೯ޣवऱ壄壀Δۖຍࠄ౨Ժথਢԫټ ጠऱ᠔ஃࢬؘܑႊࠠໂऱΖຍᑌऱխඒߛΔᨃݺଚৰᣄუቝΔڇڶ ᆖመ૿ᓫΔ༉ԫۯᖂس๔๔ᐳᐳچၞԵ᠔ᖂೃΔലᄎທګ৻ᑌऱ৵࣠ωΖ71 ܛঁࠩԱڇΔຍᑌ֒ᖂᆠऱषᄎ֮֏ࢬႿທऱ৸ፂս៱ਢՕຝ։Գऱ ࢤΔቝতဎՕᖂषᄎઝᖂೃೃ९ፉءᅗඒ༉ᝑࠩᅝছඒߛຝނψֆاፖ षᄎω٨ՕᖂਐەઝؾΔה༉ሐנڶᢝհՓऱ٥ٵ֨ᜢΚ ᠋ډ௲ػीฝஒȨϦ҇ᆶޗȩуΕεᏢࡰԵԵࣽǴךޑᓐҜ໒ۈว ഞǴΨࣁζٽکٽηஒٰाᝩុڙډಽࢥགډኁЈǶ…εᏢਔжჹᔮ ࡘགྷўǵࡹݯࡘགྷўǵޗࡘགྷўനགᑫ፪Ǵ٠Ьࣴ᠐ӭࡘགྷৎǶ ԖϺפډଯύਔжޑϦ҇ፐҁǴჴעךᓵΑၢǶਜύவख़ၭᏢࢴǵ ٥ථஏǵკǵଭᅟᙓථډഩৱථፋǴவଭ୷ᆢճǵᐽఖǵۏቺ ථႱǵࢶլډണՕᇽᏢᇥค܌όхǴவϾቺǵṅᅟ༸ǵଭլථǵॡդӄ ҬжΑǶচٰךॺଯύਔ᠐ޑϦ҇ǴࢂஒՋࢩᔮࡘགྷўǵࡹݯࡘགྷ ўǵޗࡘགྷўӄхࡴӧϣǴӆуύ୯ࡘགྷўӝࣁᡏǶᙁൂᇥٰǴ ࢂஒޗࣽᏢӄᏢࣽӝӧଆǴᡣଯύғڀԖӄΓનᎦǶ೭ࢂՖځᚳ εޑπำǴёࢂǴख़ाޑࢂǴࣁϙሶךೱᗺӑຝؒԖǻ᠐ֹ൩ӄב Αǻ Ԗਔӧଌλ࠸ᏢύǴکдॺፋ٤ਔ٣ǵޗຝϷ୯ሞᖿ ༈ǴᎦдॺ୷ҁޑޗࣽᏢનᎦǴջ٬ӵԜǴдॺᕴນךǴԵ၂ਔ ޗࣽӳᜤǴόᆅλᏢǵ߃ύኬǴךޕၰǴдॺޑғڮགڙᗋόډ ٗঁ໘ࢤǶךӣགྷଯύаޑޗࣽ௲ػǴԾρΨӕཀ೭ᗺǴޗࣽᏢ ࢂाԖғڮᡏᡍکԋߏᐕግωགڙޑǴᏧޜᡣ࠸ูӧԵ၂ᓸΚΠᏢಞ
71 ᘸࠡᆄΔτΔ܃֨ᇙڇუչᏖΛυΔᘸࠡᆄඒ᎖ոՕᖂ᠔ᖂೃዝᝑΔ2004ڣ5ִ13ֲΔ ֧۞www.kfsyscc.org
ޗࣽᏢǴѝౢғϸਏ݀ǴᇡࣁޗࣽᏢѝࢂङᇝޑᏢࣽǶ72 ኙඒߛऱށڴΔխ؇ઔߒೃऱ႓ঊໃঞڶޓࠥऱᨠរΔהਐנΔ ඒߛऱംᠲڇ࣍ඒߛຝ॰ņᖂீءߪऱฆ֏ΔהאՕᖂඒߛࠏΔ܂נڕ ՀऱᓵᢞΚ ଈ٣ΔהਐנΔൕႚอषᄎࠩזषᄎऱ᧢ᔢΔඒߛຝ॰Ո۴ᙟထ؎Օऱ ᧢֏Δࠡխ່ءۖᣂऱ༉ਢΔ܂ඒߛऱ৬ࠫ֏ᖲዌऱᖂீ࿇سԱψ۞ ݺฆ֏ωऱွΖࢬᘯψ۞ݺฆ֏ωΔਢਐᖂீຏመඒߛऱ೯֗ࠡመ࿓Δۖ งᠦ࣍ࢨኙم࣍ᖂீمհࡨؾऱΔٍܛΔזඒߛሔહԱඒߛऱءᔆΖط ࣍זᖂீൄլ౨܍࣍ψ۞ݺฆ֏ωΔࢬאΔזᖂீൄൄඒߛא؆ࠡה ऱषᄎΕਙएΕᆖᛎຝ॰ऱॵΔګݙګඒߛא؆ࠡהຝ॰ऱؾऱհՠࠠΖ 73 ࠡڻΔڇषᄎխٺ్ᖂீψ۞ݺฆ֏ωऱွΔ༉խאՕᖂ।່ ࠥۖࣔ᧩Ζ႓ঊໃڇԫᒧ֮ີխូזՕᖂऱψ۞ݺฆ֏ωΔױ։ ԿጟᣊীΚ74ΰ1αזՕᖂൄψ۞ݺฆ֏ωۖګᇷءᆠषᄎխवᢝऱ ۍຄֆΖڇᇷءᆠسขፖ٦سขऱመ࿓խΔषᄎ։ՠֲาയΔՕᖂ࣍ ᇷءᆠ࿇୶ऱᑪੌխΔࠡࢤᔆດዬൕಳޣటऱवᢝᄥഘΔۖށڴवᢝ ऱۍຄֆΖᜰࠏߢհΔᑇڣছऱួᆻᄐृམᆖڇע࿆؎༏ᐖܫኙඒ ߛຝਜᚘΔޣඒߛຝਐقՕᖂᆜួᆻᖂߓΔא༼ࠎᇠ۩ᄐࢬ৺ᏁऱԳթΖ ຍଡࠏױאᎅࣔΔڇᇷءᆠ৫։ՠऱᆖᛎዌխΔՕᖂൄൄᄎ࠹ࠩᆖᛎ ຝ॰ऱᚘԺΔۖवᢝऱۍຄֆऱߡۥΔᇷءᆠषᄎխٺ۩ٺᄐऱᏁ ޣΔۖسขٺ۩ᄐࢬᏁհ໎೯ԳԺΖΰ2αזՕᖂՈൄψ۞ݺฆ֏ωۖګ ഏ୮რᢝݮኪऱسขՠᐗΖࢬᘯψՕᖂګഏ୮რᢝীኪՠᐗωΔਢਐڇ२ז ඒߛՂؐ׳ٺऱႃᦞਙࢌΔൄൄຘመٺጟᖲࠫޣՕᖂഏ୮რᢝী ኪહΔࠀسขഏ୮რᢝীኪऱזߢԳΖזഏ୮ޣՕᖂᥛࠀسขഏ୮
72 ፉءᅗΔτەֆا …הଚऱسࡎᝫტ࠹լࠩ υΔ 2006 ڣ3ִ 22 ֲΔ ֧۞mag.udn.com/mag /campus/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=29975 73 ႓ঊໃΔτႚอᕢ୮ඒߛፖזՕᖂυΔ֧۞www.ntnu.edu.tw/aa/aa5/92.1.2article.doc 74 ႓ঊໃΔπՕᖂຏᢝඒߛ൶Κᆖ᧭ፖඔقρΔקΔຏᢝඒߛᖂᄎΔ2002ڣΔ49-53Ζ
რᢝীኪΔਢຏመطഏ୮مࡳߓࢬΔࢨࠫࡳ٥ٵؘଥઝؾۖኔਜΖΰ3α זՕᖂՈൄψ۞ݺฆ֏ωۖګᄐಝᒭխ֨ΖՕᖂࢬ໌ທऱवᢝൄൄױא ࿇ཀ؎ՕऱᢰᎾய墿Δࠡխ່᧩ထऱ༉ਢࠌՕᖂऱฅᄐسᛧޣऱഗء౨ ԺΔۖڇषᄎऱ։ՠ᧯ߓխৰݶऱބࠩ۞ݺࡳۯΔףԵسขፖ٦سขऱ۩٨Δ ֠ࠡਢՕᖂխऱٺጟᑷ॰ઝߓऱᢰᎾயش֠ࣔ᧩Δ࣍ਢΔੌଅࢬ֗Δڇڍ ୮९א֗Օᖂسऱ֨ؾխΔՕᖂඒߛ༉᧢ګছಝᒭΔۖՕᖂՈ༉ፖᄐಝᒭ խ֨ශྤԲીΖڍՕᖂऱᏆᖄԳൄൄՈאฅᄐس༉ᄐۖऀऀ۞ΔࠌՕ ᖂಝխ֨ΔຍਢՕᖂऱψฆ֏ωऱรԿጟᣊীΖ ່৵ΔࠉՂ૪Δᅝזᖂீඒߛࢬފዝऱԯਢრᢝݮኪഏ୮ᖲᕴऱߡۥΔᖂ سڂ
ٔΕ՛
ࠡኔڍԳ֨խຟڶຍଡጊംΚԲՏڍڣছᕢ୮٣ஃ֞༼נהऱඒߛ უࡐۖໜ؈Ա᧯ࢤΔګԱψᄎ৸უऱᤓᆸωΙ႓ਙໃᎁΔՕᖂհࢬאլਢ वᢝۍຄֆΕრᢝݮኪسขՠᐗࢨᄐಝᒭխ֨Δԯਢڂრᢝݮኪسขՠ ᐗࢨᄐಝᒭխ֨ࢬ༼ࠎऱඒߛΔထૹ࣍ၲ࿇࠹ඒߛृऱਬԫጟࡳऱ૿ٻࢨ ౨ԺΔאঁ༼֒࠹ඒߛृऱ৸უऱࢨढᔆऱسข౨ԺΖ܀ਢՕᖂඒߛऱءᔆঞ լਢڕڼΔრᢝݮኪسขՠᐗࢨᄐಝᒭխ֨ऱඒߛࠀլ௫֗࠹ඒߛृ᧯ࢤ ऱᤚᙌհംᠲΔ܀ਢᖂீඒߛऱؾऱਢڇ࣍ᙌ࠹ඒߛृऱ᧯ࢤΔࠌה౨ജ ګԫଡֱ۫ᘦࢬᘯऱψᄎ৸უऱᤓᆸωΖࢬאΔᅝՕᖂ۞ݺࡳۯᄐխ ֨א৵ΔᖂீඒߛኔᎾՂբᆖൕ່ૹऱψᙌ᧯ࢤωຍଡඒߛפ౨խၝๅ ۖ۞ݺψฆ֏ωΖ75 ྥਢړऱΔ܀ຍጟײ۔ልᄐषᄎழཚࢬ༼נࠐऱඒߛუࠩࢍ౨լ౨ᔞش ᅝזՠᄐ֏षᄎࡋΛࢨش٦ڍऱᓵፖᎅຟֺլՂԫររࠃኔΔݺଚױא ࠐڇኔषᄎխΔࠩࢍ౨լ౨ނᕢ୮ऱඒߛუᆵኔΖ ˊˈ ʳ ႓ঊໃΔτႚอᕢ୮ඒߛፖזՕᖂυΔ֧۞̊̊̊ˁ́̇́̈ˁ˸˷̈ˁ̇̊˂˴˴˂˴˴ˈ˂ˌ˅ˁ˄ˁ˅˴̅̇˼˶˿˸ˁ˷̂˶ʳ
ᣂ࣍ຍរΔ່२ڶԳ༼ଠലႚอᕢ୮৸უᆵኔࠩኔسᇙΔה༉ਢഏᎾ ፊټ ޜԴݤৣӧӼᔇ࣪ᐽԢᑜ෯ԣᙼჴᡍޑکᒋҢጄᙼǴаύ୯Ꮒৎ ڇխഏՕຬං۩ऱګפᆖ᧭ᨃ़ऄஃॾ֨ᏺΔڇ 2009 ڣΔ़ऄஃ ᝫ זषᄎխΔ܀ਢ ़ऄ ᒧᣂ࣍ڇ௧૨ࡴீ৬ዌሐᐚඒߛऱᑨڇᓰ࿓ ઔߒ ቺ௲ػޑҞޑЬाࢂၸ௲ػޑΚໆǴᎦᏢғ଼ӄޑΓᆶၰቺჴ
ऱ़ऄஃΔᖕᖄΚ ʳ ృ ޑȠηೕȡǴٰ௲ػλᙼޑۚ҇ǴωออΟঁДޑਔ໔൩ᡣঁλᙼ ޑ॥ֹӄׯ๓Ǵ۫όӆܿՋǵϻۀРηᎃۚόӆࢎǵीำً љᐒעޑܿՋଌӣǵӦۚ҇όᆅࢂεΓλ࠸Ǵـय़ӛգΐΜࡋ ᗫଇǴᡣୖᢀޑΓคόགޑΠఽǶ76 ംৠࣟΔݦඨڇৠࣟᗼᙇࡳԫଡԳՑપԲΕԿᆄऱၢΔڇᓤ ፹ຍጟךየᕢ୮უऱࡉᘫقᒤΔऄஃޓᘣ۞ਈৠࣟᗼ९ඦඔពΔඦඔព ტ़ऄஃኙৠࣟᗼऱ्ࡳΔᓮඒߛΕاਙΕषᄎଈ९ፖᄎᦫႚอ֮ ֏ඒߛᖂᄎՠ܂Գ១Δࠀലၞԫޡᝮႃಯٖீ९Ε۔ஃඒߛՠ܂ृࡉ ़ऄஃᏆऱՠ܂ԳઔقᒤऱٺጟาᆏΖ77 ᅝྥԫழԫچऱګפࠀլזᕢ୮֮֏టऱ༉౨ᆵኔڇᅝ ஃऱᆖ᧭۟֟ܫ္ԳଚԫႈࠃኔΚ܂ԫጟԳඒߛΔᕢ୮֮֏լਢڽࣨ ऱवᢝΔլਢᓰءᇙऱवᢝۖբΔ،ױאᆵኔڇسխΔ،ᚨᇠᆵኔڇسխΔ ،ޓᚨᇠᆵኔڇඒߛسխΖ ຍחݺუ່ࠩ२ᖂسᦰԫ ऱᓵ֮Δ78܂ृڇᇠᓵ֮ऱኴᇙނሐᐚඒߛऱڱᐊৰຘኧΔהᎅΚ ʳ ၰ 76τ ़ ۔ ऄ ஃ ش ᕢ ୮ π ݬ ρ ڇ ڜ ᚧ ᗝ ۂ ྏ ۃ ං ೯ ࡉ ᘫ ق ᒤ υΔ ֧ ۞ blog.udn.com/bluest1937/3061755 77խ؇षಛஒΔτ़ऄஃৠࣟᗼ९ඦඔពΔᙇࡳৠࣟԫଡၢං೯ࡉᘫقᒤৄυΔπխ؇षρ 2009ڣ5ִ4ֲΖ ˊˋ ʳ ׆ႉٽΔτ௧૨ࡴீሐᐚඒߛऱᑨڇᓰ࿓ઔߒυΔπรԫࡻᐚ۩ඒߛፖ૨ࠃറᄐᖂઔಘ ᄎᓵ֮ႃρΰ˅˃˃ˆڣαΔˌˊˀ˄˄ˆΖʳ
፬ޑૈΚǴԶ೭ި௲ػޑΚໆǴதٰԾܭߚ҅ԄޑወӧፐำǴӢࣁᙖ җወ౽ᓨϯޑፐำБԄǴനૈుᇻޑቹៜᏢғޑՉࣁǵᢀۺکࡘԵࢎᄬǴ ٠ࡌҥၰቺޑሽॶᆶೕጄǶ79 ! ᙑΔሐᐚඒߛᚨᇠਢԫጟψᑨฝᚈ֏ωऱᑨڇᓰ࿓Δۖॺႛႛਢवᢝऱ ᎁव ނሐᐚඒߛႛႛ܂ᎁवऱኙွΔ۟܂ԫଡ ەઝ ᎅΔᐚඒߛԯਢԫጟൣრඒߛΕᑨڇᓰ࿓Δ،ڇრऱਢᖂृऱ سࡎ !
Δڇຍᑨฝᚈ֏ऱመ࿓ᇙΔ܂ஃ९ऱԳڶထقᒤயᚨΔࢬאڇছ૿ݺᎅ ႚอᕢ୮փᆣᓵխΔೈԱޣൕփڇऱढᇨ֨إრದ؆Δ່ૹऱਢψᖂ ᆣԳωΔՈ༉ਢᖂࠢᒤԳढऱԫጟሎ೯Δᖂسڇஃ९ऱԳሐᐚۘᛖؾՀ լवլᤚچ៷ԱԳࠃհሐΙڇᖂீඒߛխΔسسऱΕڇᖂسณؼ ࢍՀऱࠢᒤԳढإਢ۔ஃΔڂۖΔ༉ႚอᕢ୮ࠐᎅΔ۔ஃլႛਢᆖஃऱߡۥΔ ה່Ε່ૹऱߡۥ༉ਢԳஃΔהऱԫᜰԫ೯ΔլጥਢᖂسࠩΕᝫਢ լࠩΔຟڇᐙထᖂسΖʳ ઌ֘ऱΔڕ࣠ቝא߷ᑌ ޣᖂسહՀࠐΔຍጟऄլྤ墿࣍ᖂسऱᐚᏺၞΔޓױ౨ᖄીᖂ ऱ֘ტΔ᧢ګԫጟ֘ඒߛΔܑਢᅝ߷ࠄԳஃ।ृ۩હᠦהࢬඒऱሐ ᐚॾ࢚ழΔޓᏺሐᐚඒߛऱ᠄ፖױూΖױ༟ऱਢΔຍথՈਢඒߛऱཏ ሙွΖʳ ១چ ऱ᧯ஔΕტ೯ࠀڂۖದۖய֠Δڶᅝᖂس౨ړ۞एΕ۞৳Ε۞ຍࠄ ψփᆣωऱ᧯ࢤפ֛ᒭړհ৵Δթ౨ᖕڼංۖψ؆׆ωܛए֚ՀՕࠃΖڇ ڼრᆠՂΔᕢ୮ሐᐚუܑڶࠡזრᆠΔܑಾኙᅝזڂ৫वᢝ։ՠۖ 塄ګԫࠄवᢝറᄐψᆖஃωথࠀլؘྥਢԳሐᐚՂऱψԳஃωऱඒߛ᧯ࠫۖ ߢΔᕢ୮ऱሐᐚუۿਢᑈቔඣᤪΖʳ ! ˊˌ ʳ ٵছုΔˌˊΖʳ
ୖԵЎ!
խ؇षಛஒΰ2009αΖτ़ऄஃৠࣟᗼ९ඦඔពΔᙇࡳৠࣟԫଡၢං೯ࡉ ᘫقᒤৄυΔπխ؇षρΖ2009ڣ5ִ4ֲΖ ձルΰ2010αΖτᥔ੪ऱυΖπᜤٽρΖ2010ڣ4ִ3ֲΖ ֻᖻࣟΰ1990αΖπֻᖻࣟڰཚ֮ᒚρΖ९ޥΚྋতנठषΖ ׆ᔕΰ2000αΖπॹڣֻᖻࣟඑഏڮ߶հઔߒρΖխΚ۞ע۩Ζ ׆ႉٽΰ2003αΖτ௧૨ࡴீሐᐚඒߛऱᑨڇᓰ࿓ઔߒυΖπรԫࡻᐚ۩ඒߛፖ૨ ࠃറᄐᖂઔಘᄎᓵ֮ႃρΖ ׆Ⴇΰ1999αΖτאࢤ૿ؾנऱॺࢤွņ࣫࿓ڹᖂψژ֚ᄰԳω ऱॺࢤរυΖπۂᓵᕽρΔร1ཚΖ ׆ᘋഏΕዊဎᒳΰ1996αΖπྋྉ֮֏᜕ᖩᓫρΖ९ޥΚྋতՕᖂנठषΖ ૨ΰ1997αΖτၺࣔ֨ᖂऱრᆠυΖπ۫קՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठαΔร 27࠴ร3ཚΖ ᄅΰ1998αΖτᖂፖඡ堚षᄎυΖπקࠇஃᒤՕᖂᖂρΰषᄎઝᖂठαΔร 4ཚΖ ٚᤉყΰ1964αΖπխഏୃᖂρรԿםΖקࠇΚԳاנठषΖ ڹᗋΰ1982αΖπᓵႃုρΔگԵπີႃࣹρΖקࠇΚխဎݝΖ ۋࡲԿΰ1968αΖπ֨᧯ፖࢤ᧯ρΖקΚإխݝΖ ۋࡲԿΰ1992αΖπሐᐚऱუᆠρΖקΚᖂسݝΖ ۋࡲԿΰ2003αΖπਙሐፖएሐρΖקΚᜤᆖנठषΖ ܦഛ᧩ΕᏥ९ࣲΰ2000αΖτݚࣔᖂኙᕢᖂ壄壀ऱ࿇୶֗ࠡݝૻυΖπفईՕᖂ ᖂρΰषᄎઝᖂठαΔร16࠴ร3ཚΖ ݚߜΰ1995αΖτᓫམഏᢋᖂᆖ৸უυΖπषઝ᜕ᖩρΔร1ཚΖ ޕֲີΰ1979αΖπݚࣔᖂઔߒρΖקΚ༚֮ቹנठषΖ ޕ ৬ ᘋ ΰ 2010 αΖτ ᕢ ୮ ᐚ ඒ ߛ ڇ υΔ 2010 ڣ 3 ִ 30 ֲ Ζ ֧۞www.npf.org.tw/post/3/7227 ޕછၸΰ1995αΖτᖂፖᆖᖂυΖπሽᐜஃᒤᖂୃषठρΔร1ཚΖ ޕધ壁ΰ1992αΖπࣔأ堚ॣᕢᖂհ࿇୶ρΖקΚ੍֮נठषΖ ޕႚٱΰ1997αΖτฃᓵݚࣔᖂ୮ऱუԳૠυΖπۂዧᓵᕽρΔร8ཚΖ ޕᆠՅΕାࣔটΰ1996αΖτڜᖞଅሎ೯ፖᕢ୮৸უυΖπॾၺஃᒤᖂೃᖂρ ΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठαΔร16࠴ร3ཚΖ ޙ ڙ ΰ 2010 αΖτ إ ڇ ٻ Հ ި υΔ 2010 ڣ 4 ִ 13 ֲ Δ ֧ ۞ Κ http://www.nownews.com/2010/04/13/301-2590723.htm ާᨆΰ1998αΖτᖂᆖሁᒵፖམഏᢋऱᖂᆖυΖπྋקՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂ षᄎઝᖂठαΔร1ཚΖ ࣥࡵᐝΰ2008αΖτᓫᕢ୮৸უኙឆߏᦞऱᐙυΔ2008ڣ2ִ16ֲΔ֧۞ඒߛ ຝԳᦞඒߛᘬᇬዄᇷᄭխ֨Δhre.pro.edu.tw/zh.php?m=16&c=344 ࣥᜣစΰ1990αΖπࣔ堚հᎾᕢ୮৸უऱ᧢ᔢፖ࿇୶ρΖፕקΚፕᖂسݝΖ षᓵΰ2009αΖτᎁᢝԿඒߛυΖπᜤٽρΔ2009ڣ8ִ29ֲΖ हᑮᘋΕޕᤉΰ1997αΖτᓵݚࣔᖂࡉႚอᕢᖂऱ᧤ᙀึņזᄅᕢᖂ৸ ᑪऱᖵ֘৸ፖᖂޅေυΖπփ፞ײՕᖂᖂρΰԳ֮षᄎઝᖂठαΔร3 ཚΖ ঀ؆ᡔᒳΰ1987αΖπݚࣔᖂρΰՂαΖקࠇΚԳاנठषΖ ৌᐖᔕΰ1994αΖπᖂፖխഏ֮֏ρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧ԳاנठषΖ دဪΰ1963αΖπᎅ֮ᇞڗࣹρΖקΚᢌ֮ٱ塢Ζ ૃੴΰ2001αΖτڹᗋࡉਹࢮቹΚψᖂωࡉψ࢚ᓵω৸უֺለυΖπኑᐚஃ റᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठαΔร2ཚΖ ା້᧵Ε്ᡖࢭΰ1999αΖπګԳፖګᆣΚᕢ୮ሐᐚ壄壀ρΖ९ޥΚྋতՕ ᖂנठषΖ ାᔕΰ1995αΖτԲ࿓ᖂऱഗءሁυΖπᖂᓵᕽρΔร5ཚΖ ୪ནᕽΰ1996αΖτݚࣔᖂॺᕢ୮ᓵυΖπতࠇषᄎઝᖂρΔร4ཚΖ ஊੋᘋΰ1996αΖπ৸უऱ᠏ীņᖂ࿇୶መ࿓ऱઔߒρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧ԳاנठΖ
ֵߠஔΰ1998αΖτ֨ᖂፖᖂυΖπ༚؟ᖂρΰषᄎઝᖂठαΔร5ཚΖ ৬مΰ2000αΖτ១࣫ݚࣔᖂऱ࿇୶រυΖπၺՕᖂᖂρΔร15࠴ร1 ཚΖ ഏمխ՞Օᖂխഏ֮ᖂߓᒳΰ1989αΖπ堚זᖂઔಘᄎņ৸უፖ֮ᖂņᓵ֮ ႃρΖႂΚഏمխ՞Օᖂխഏ֮ᖂߓנठΖ ്୮ګΰ1994αΖτᓵၺࣔ֨ᖂऱԳუυΖπ௨ۂՕᖂᖂρΔร8࠴ร3ཚΖ ඔߜΰ1996αΖτߨנሐᐚუᆠυΖπ९ޥֽሽஃೃषᄎઝᖂᖂρΔร11࠴ ร2ཚΖ ඩඔ၌ΰ1981αΖπ堚זᖂᄗᓵρΖקΚֽׄנठषΖ ़ऄஃΰ2009αΖτ़۔ऄஃشᕢ୮πݬρڇڜᚧᗝۂྏۃං೯ࡉᘫق ᒤυΔ֧۞log.udn.com/bluest1937/3061755 ᜔ΰ2000αΖτᓵݚࣔᖂऱݮګ֗ࠡᖵؘྥࢤυΖπᏘᕙᖂעρΔร5ཚΖ ຫ֟ΰ2001αΖπݚࣔᖂፖሐ୮ୃᖂρΖՂ௧ΚՂ௧֮֏נठषΖ ຫمΰ1973αΖπػॡຏงᢞԲጟρΖקΚቓ֮ݝΖ ຫم࢘Εፂΰ1995αΖτᓵխഏ२זᇷขၸ్৸უ୮ऱ۵ᖂᆖ৸უυΖπࣟ קஃᒤՕᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂठαΔร3ཚΖ ຫݪྉΰ1996αΖτᓵᖂऱሐᐚუᆠυΖπ՟Օᖂᖂρΰୃᖂषᄎઝᖂ ठαΔร4ཚΖ ຫݪྉΰ1999αΖπݚזᖂ୮ऱᆠܓᨠρΖקࠇΚቸנठषΖ ຫاΰ2002αΖτຍլਢەլە܂֮ऱംυΔ֧۞ತቸऄԳഏ୮ਙઔߒഗ८ ᄎΔπ ഏ ਙ ေ ᓵ ρ2002ڣ6ִ8 ֲ Δold.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/CL/091 /CL-C-091-271.htm ຫᐚࡉΔτഏ֮ඒᖂፖسࡎඒߛऱᎲ൷ņଫխψխഏ֮֏ഗءඒޗωऱژ ᐒ ၞ ԫ ߢ υΔ ֧ ۞ www.jwsh.tp.edu.tw/pages/jwsh/admin/library/lib-f/ 950221.htm ີඔᔕΰ2001αΖπᡛՕஃņ׆֛հρΖف୮๗ΚࣾקԳاנठषΖ ྋতஃᒤՕᖂ֮ઔߒࢬᒳΰ1988αΖπᣞ՞ᓵဇᒳρΖ९ޥΚྋতԳاנठ
षΖ ႑ᒳΰ1983αΖπݚࣔᖂઔߒᓵႃρΖקΚᕟ֮ࣔ֏ࠃᄐֆΖ ႑ሒ֮ΰ1997αΖπݚࣔᄅᕢᖂฃᓵρΖࠂᄭΚᐖࣟԳاנठषΖ ႓ঊໃΰ2002αΖπՕᖂຏᢝඒߛ൶Κᆖ᧭ፖඔقρΖקΚຏᢝඒߛᖂ ᄎΖ ႓ ঊ ໃ Δτ ႚ อ ᕢ ୮ ඒ ߛ ፖ ז Օ ᖂ υΔ ֧ ۞ www.ntnu.edu.tw/aa/aa5/ 92.1.2article.doc ႓ਞֵΰ2004αΖτᖏ৵षᄎ֒ᖂᆠհݮګፖ࿇୶υΖπ৬խᖂρΔร10 ࠴Ζ ᄘ࣑ᛎΰ1983αΖπᄘ࣑ᛎ֮ႃρΖ९ޥΚྋতඒߛנठषΖ ᄘਪթΰ2000αΖτຬෘ֨ᖂऱࠟଡءᨠ࢚υΖπۂ۫षᄎઝᖂρΔร5ཚΖ ᄘ௧֮ΰ2000αΖτ٣៖ᑗ֮ࣔፖ֞ሐᐚუᆠυΖπխ՞Օᖂᖂρΰष ᄎઝᖂठα Δร40࠴ร3ཚΖ ᄘ๙Ε׆ၞΰ2008αΖτᓵᕢ୮৸უፖԳऱזࢤऱഛ塄υΖπګຟՕᖂᖂρΰष ᄎઝᖂठαΔร4ཚΖ ᄘᖠჀᒳΰ1999αΖπ࿓ڹ৸უᄅᓵρΖקࠇΚԳاנठषΖ ᇱটΰ2001αΖτ១ᓵݚࣔᖂፖႚอ৸ፂᑓڤυΖπ՞ࣟሽՕᖂρΔร3ཚΖ ፉءᅗΰ2006αΖτەֆا…הଚऱسࡎᝫტ࠹լࠩυΔ2006ڣ3ִ22ֲΔ֧۞ mag.udn.com/mag/campus/storypage.jsp?f_ART_ID=29975 Ꮵࡲᔃΰ1999αΖτᇢᓵ׆ၺࣔ֨ᖂऱᆣՅؓᨠυΖπୃᖂઔߒρΔร11ཚΖ Ꮵᐖࠇΰ1990αΖπᆖ৸უፖᄅᘋٞᄐρΖקΚᜤᆖנठࠃᄐֆΖ ᑛၺΰ1998αΖτམഏᢋፖٵזྋྉᖂԳᣂএᓵ૪υΖπޣρΔร4ཚΖ ᔤخࣹΕ֞ᗩሒงΰ1970αΖπԼԿᆖࣹงρΰՀαΖקΚ֮֏ቹֆΖ ᔥ܌Ꭾΰ1993αΖπݚזᄗ࢚հၲ୶ρΖקΚ੍֮נठषΖ ᘕةࣔΰ2000αΖτקݚᖂ壆ऱᆖಳޣυΖπྋྉᓵᕽρΔร2ཚΖ ᘕીएΕᏥဎΰ1998αΖτေؙکፂᄅխऱᢟႳٵυΖπࣳዧՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂ षᄎઝᖂठαΔร4ཚΖ
ᘸࠡᆄΰ2004αΖτΔ܃֨ᇙڇუչᏖΛυΔᘸࠡᆄඒ᎖ոՕᖂ᠔ᖂೃዝ ᝑΔ2004ڣ5ִ13ֲΔ֧۞www.kfsyscc.org ᙒᗪΰ1971αΖπڹᄅᖂூρรԫםΖקΚԿاݝΖ ᚮࡱᔃΰ1979αΖπקݚࡌ്Բ࿓৸უհ։࣫ρΖקΚഏمՕᖂ֮ᖂೃΖ ഏዊΰ2004αΖτڕ࣠ݺଚႜᦫ೯ढऱᜢଃυΖπխഏழρΔ2010ڣ4ִ1ֲΖ ᢟႳٵΰ1981αΖπᢟႳٵ٤ႃρΖקΚխဎݝΖ દॽΰ2005αΖτ၅᧵ऱᕢ୮৸უזࢤᇩυΖπՂ௧ٌຏՕᖂᖂρΰୃᖂ षᄎઝᖂठαΔร13࠴ร3ཚΖ
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