ᖂೃΕඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫֗ᅝൾᖂسԳ
ᑇֺኙՕᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂګᜎऱ
ᐙЁאխຝਬߏمઝݾՕᖂࠏ
݅ӝᔌ
*ǵഋࡿ
**ǵ㡲㡲
***ኴʳ ʳ
࠰ܗ᠖堚ߏمઝݾՕᖂڇኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂመ࿓խᆖൄ֧࿇ऱጊᐞΔ ءઔߒאխຝԫࢬߏمઝݾՕᖂࠏΔ൶ಘᖂೃΕඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂ سԳᑇֺኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂګᜎऱױ౨ᐙᣂএΖઔߒ࣠࿇Δլٵᖂೃ ڇᖂسࢬղऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂࠀྤฆΙڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂΔᖂೃ։ ܑፖေ։ᐈᠾ৫֗ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺڶٌյ܂شΖေ։່ᣤऱඒஃᛧᖂس ່܅ऱေᏝΖᅝٵழەᐞඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺழΔԲृኙඒஃඒ ᖂေၦګᜎ݁ڶإٻऱቃྒྷԺΔ܀אছृऱቃྒྷԺለΔڼრොყլܝ։܀ ٍᣤףނᣂᅝൾᇠᅝᖂسऱඒஃყ౨ᛧᖂسړေΖᖞ᧯ۖߢΔඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙ࣍ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱᐙࠀլՕΖᖕઔߒ࣠Δ܂ृ ༼נઌᣂױ۩৬ᤜΖᣂဲΚඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺΕᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂ
* ؖ٠ઝݾՕᖂஃᇷഛߛխ֨ඒ ** ؖ٠ઝݾՕᖂଇᛜ塄ߓඒଫ೫ீ९ *** ؖ٠ઝݾՕᖂඒ೭ิ
ᖂೃΕඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫֗ᅝൾᖂسԳ
ᑇֺኙՕᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂګᜎऱ
ᐙЁאխຝਬߏمઝݾՕᖂࠏ
݅ӝᔌǵഋࡿǵۇۇ
Εፃᓵ
ط࣍ኙඒᖂᔆऱૹီΔᅝছٺՕᖂ๕լൎᓳኙඒஃඒᖂၞ۩ေၦࢨေ ᦸΖᖕᖂृऱऄΔኙՕᖂඒஃඒᖂࢬၞ۩ऱඒᖂေၦֱڤױאץਔඒஃ۞ေΕ ٵᕦေၦΕᖂسေၦΕ۩ਙԳေၦΕေၦ՛ิေၦא֗ඒஃඒᖂᚾூေၦ ΰFollman, 1995; ႓ࡗᙘΔ1995Ι്ᐚᔲΔ1992Ιஊભ༡Ε៷॑Δ1996αΔࠡխ אᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ່࣠ऴ൷ڶயፖૹΰۂՕᖂඒߛઝᖂઔߒΔ1983; Follman, 1995; Cashin, 1990; Shieh, 1990αΖᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ༉ਢൕᖂسऱᨠរ ࠐေᏝඒஃඒᖂऱൣउΔՈ༉ਢᖂسኙඒஃඒᖂऱԫጟܫࢨߠᢞΖאᖂسࠐေ ၦඒஃඒᖂ່ཏሙऱؾऱਢඒஃشࠐޏඒᖂΕᖂسشࠐ܂ᙇᓰەΔא ֗ᖂீױشࠐ܂ԳࠃެऱەΰMarsh, 1987αΖᖂسࠐေၦඒஃඒᖂऱᨠ࢚ ፖ܂ऄࠀլਢ२ڣࠐթנΔڰڇԼԲ۟ԼնધऱᑛՕᖂऱ壀ᖂೃխΔ༉բ ᆖڶᖂسࡡᄎޢؘ֚ႊەေඒஃऱՂᓰၞ৫ࠀٻೃ९ܫΔࠀ܂ᏺ྇ඒஃᜲ ᇷऱࠉᖕΔۖᖂسଥᓰऱԳᑇՈऴ൷ᐙඒஃऱᜲᇷΰCentra, 1993αΔࠩԱԲԼ ધԲϤڣזΔભഏඒߛൕ܌ࢮ๛್Օᖂၲࡨ৬م٤ீࢤऱࠫ৫ΔԶϤڣ זழΔભഏඒߛբ၌መۍ։հԼऱᖂீኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂࠫ৫ΰ്ᐚ Δ2002ΙࣥੱڕΕᏥᛞᑚΔ1995αΖ ઌኙ࣍ભഏΔኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂࠫ৫ঞለඡΖۂՕᖂ࣍ 1966 ڣၲ ࡨᇢᙄΔݺഏ່ڰኔਜ٤ீࢤᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱՕᖂΰᆺૹᄅΔ1987αΔڇֆ مᖂீঞ堚ဎՕᖂڇ 1982 ڣᙇࢸໃנඒஃۖمᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱࠫ ৫Ζ۞ڼא৵Δط࣍ீႼا৸ᑪऱᘋฐΔᖂسᦞܓრᢝࣉᙰΔՕᖂᑇၦ৺ຒᏺ ףΔࠌீᎾၴᤁञػᑷ֏ΔףՂޣඒᖂᔆ༼֒ऱඒޏᜢլឰΔᖂ၄۞ط֏Ε၄ृ۟Ղऱᨠ࢚ᓢᚰΔא֗ඒߛຝ֒ᙄऄૹီඒᖂڂైΔࠌؾছٺ Օᖂཏሙຟኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂࠫ৫ΰ്ᐚΔ2002αΖ
Օᖂڇኔਜڼࠫ৫ऱመ࿓խൄᄎ૿ᜯԫࠄᔆጊΔᎁڶԫࠄፖඒᖂྤᣂऱڂ ైᄎᐙࢨեឫᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ࣠Δࠌေၦऱ࣠ࠀլ౨టإ֘ਠඒஃ ඒᖂऱኔउΔ۟ڇඒᖂመ࿓խױ౨ᄎ૰ࠌඒஃᛧ࠷ေၦ։ۖሔહඒߛ ࢚Δڇ Schmelkin, Spencer, & Gellman(1997)ࢬូऱԼଡඒஃ֘ኙᖂسေၦඒஃ ඒᖂऱڂխ༉ץਔԱඒஃ։ᐈᣤΕᓰ࿓ᣄ࣐࿓৫Εᙇଥؘଥڍॺፖඒᖂ ઌᣂऱڂైΖۖᖕ֮ᇷறΰ്ᐚΔ2002αΔױ౨ᐙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱॺ ඒᖂઌᣂڂైઌᅝڍΔױ։ᣊΚΰԫαඒஃڂైΔץਔඒஃ్ΕඒஃڣΕ ඒஃඒᖂڣᇷΕඒஃۯΕඒஃࢤܑΕඒஃऱઔߒګ࣠ΕඒஃԳᔆΕඒஃᏚ ।֗ඒஃ։ऱᐈᣤΙΰԲαᖂسڂైΔץਔᖂسኙګᜎऱཚৱΕᖂسऱࢤܑΕᖂ سڣ్Εᖂسኙᖂઝऱᘋᔊ֗ᖂسऱ֨ᔆΙΰԿαઝؾڂైΔץਔઝؾऱؘᙇ ଥΕᖂઝᏆΕᓰ࿓ऱᣄ৫ፖ๛Εఄ్Օ՛֗ՂᓰֱڤΙΰαൣቼڂైΔץਔ ေၦऱழၴΔᖂسਢܡೳټΕඒஃਢܡڇ֗ਢܡ૪ေၦؾऱΖ ڇՂ૪ڂైխΔ່ൄڇߏمઝݾՕᖂඒᖂေၦࠫ৫ኔਜխᔆጊऱጩਢඒ ஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ࡉᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺऱംᠲΖڇຍֱ૿Δڰཚڶᑇլ֟ऱઔߒਐ נΔඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎհၴڶإٻᣂᜤΰChacko, 1983; Kennedy, 1975; Nimmer & Stone, 1991; Powell, 1978; Vasta & Sarmiento, 1979αΔՈ༉ਢ։ ყࢨყᐈᠾऱඒஃࢬᛧऱᖂسေᏝՈለΖຍଡ࣠ࠌڶࠄඒஃᖜ֨ኔਜ ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂױ౨ᄎᨃඒஃಘړᖂسΔڇ։ᑇՂֽ࣋Δڶჾஃሐ༇ᣤΖ २ڣࠐΔڶڍઔߒ֭ຍᑌऱᓵរΖBordie (1998)ኙՕᖂԫڣ్ᄅسࢬ ऱઔߒ࿇Δኙᖂسޣყᐈᠾ։ყऱඒஃࢬᛧᖂسऱေᏝყΔ Wilson(1997)ڇဎฐቅՕᖂऱઔߒՈڶԫીऱ࿇ΙܦፌᎮΕฯ֞ৠΕܦᡖటΕ֞ 壁٠ΰ1997αኙխՕᖂᖂೃஃسࢬऱઔߒՈ࿇ΔᖂسᅝԳᑇֺፖඒ ஃ։ऱᐈᣤኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎᒔኔڶࢬᐙΙඦቯߐΕᠿຳΰ2003αኙ তຝਬߏمઝݾՕᖂ٥ٵ֮ઝऱઔߒՈ࿇Δޣᣤऱඒஃࢬᛧऱඒஃ ඒᖂေၦګᜎֺޣᐈᠾऱඒஃ܅Δ്ᐚΰ2002αኙࢬஃᒤೃீஃسऱઔ ߒ࿇ΔՕᖂඒஃ֗ᖂسຟԣીٵრψᎁటඒᖂऱඒஃآؘᛧऱေᦸ։ᑇωΕ ψඒஃᖂس։ᑇऱ܅ωਢฒڍױ౨ᐙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱڂైխٵრ࿓৫ ټ٨ছૄऱڂైΖ ႓ᑚΰ2001αᓳഏփԼԫࢬઝݾՕᖂஃسኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ࢚
࣠ਐנΔՕڍᑇஃس݁ٵრڼࠫ৫ऱኔਜڶؘࠡࢤΔ܀ڇࠌشؾऱՂΔஃس݁ ٵრေၦ࣠ਢش܂ඒஃޏၞඒᖂհشΔ܀ඒஃֺለլٵრലေၦ࣠ ش࣍ԳࠃެऱەΔլႛլٵહནऱඒஃڇՕᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ࢚ՂՕڍ ڶฆΔۖᎁᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ࣠լߩאז।ඒஃऱඒᖂᜎயΖ૿ኙ ຍᑌऱ࣠ΔױאუߠՕറೃீڇං೯ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂழࢬױ౨֧࿇ऱ壆ڍጊ ᐞፖञᤜΔܑਢေၦऱ࣠ലش࣍ඒஃᜎயऱૠጩழޓਢڕڼΖ ઌ֘ऱΔՈڶڍઔߒਢઌ֘ᓵរऱΖԫࠄઔߒਐנΔඒஃ։ऱᐈᠾ৫ ፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎԲृਢڶᣂᜤऱΰPeterson & Cooper, 1980; Scheurich, Graham, & Drolette, 1983; Theall & Franklin, 1991αΔ۟ਢᣂᜤऱΔࠏڕ Combs, Combs, Griffin, & Land (1983)࿇ᖂسኙࡎᠲ୲࣐ऱඒஃ֘ۖေᏝለ܅ΔBrady (1988)࿇ᣤނᣂ܀լܝ։ऱඒஃᖂسေᏝ່Ζ്ᐚ (2000)࿇ᖂ سኙለᣤऱ۔ஃᄎղለऱေᏝΖܦፌᎮԳΰ1997αא֗ඦቯߐΕᠿຳ ΰ2003αऱઔߒঞ᧩قᅝԳᑇֺΕඒஃ։ऱᐈᣤኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎᒔኔ ڶࢬᐙΔ܀ᐙࠀլՕΖຍᑌऱ࣠ΔೈԱࠌڍൎᓳψඒլᣤΕஃհ༦ωऱ ඒஃᛧᐈᐣհ؆ΔՈᏺԱᖂீኔਜڼࠫ৫ழإ֘რߠᓢડऱᇷءΔڼழڶؘ ༉ଡܑᖂீऱൣउא۩೯ઔߒऱ࢚ၞ۩൶ಘΔא༼ࠎംᠲᇞެፖᥛၞޡհ ەΖ ᖂீڇኔਜ٤ீࢤऱࠫ৫ழΔൄᄎ૿ᜯٺᖂೃᏆࢤᔆլٵࢬᔡሖऱംᠲՈ լٵऱᎅऄΔڍઔߒ࿇Δᑇᖂፖ۞ྥઝᖂᏆऱඒஃࠡඒᖂေၦګᜎ܅࣍ࠡ הֱ૿ᖂઝᏆऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΰCashin & Clegg, 1987; Ramsden, 1991αΔഏ փᖂृ്ᐚΰ1999αڇक़ᓊஃೃࢬ܂ऱઔߒՈ࿇Δᑇᣊઝऱඒஃඒᖂေၦ ګᜎ່܅ΔۖᢌᣊઝڕଃᑗΕભ໎ઝؾऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ່ΖڂڼΔڇ ՕᖂխΔլٵᖂೃऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎਢܡՈڶլٵऱ࣠Δଖᖂீڇං೯٤ ீࢤऱࠫ৫ழףאᛵᇞΖ २ࠐߏمઝݾՕᖂྤᓵਢԱسژࢨඒߛऱუΔ݁ॺൄൎᓳඒᖂऱᔆΔ ֠ࠡ۞ݺࡳۯඒᖂীऱᖂீޓؘႊאඒᖂᔆऱ༼ࣙᇆ״Δڂڼᖂسေၦඒ ஃඒᖂൄਢߏمઝݾՕᖂᘝၦඒஃඒᖂᜎயऱԫଡᄕૹऱฃՠࠠΖ࠰ܗ ᠖堚ߏمઝݾՕᖂڇኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂመ࿓խᆖൄ֧࿇ऱጊᐞΔءઔߒא խຝԫࢬߏمઝݾՕᖂࠏΔ൶ಘᖂೃΕඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ ኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂګᜎऱױ౨ᐙᣂএΔઔߒؾऱ։૪ڕՀΚ ԫΕ൶ಘլٵᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂਢܡڶฆΖ
ԲΕ൶ಘլٵඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂਢܡڶฆΖ ԿΕ൶ಘլٵᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺፖᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂਢܡڶฆΖ Ε൶ಘඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎၴਢܡڶઌᣂΖ նΕ൶ಘඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ౨ܡቃྒྷඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΖ քΕᖕઔߒ࣠Δ༼ࠎߏمઝݾՕᖂኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂࠫ৫հەΖ
၁Εઔߒऱࢤᔆ
ᛵᇞءઔߒڇᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ൶ಘ֮խ᥆࣍۶ጟࢤࢨچۯΔԯ ᖕመװᖂृऱઔߒΔലᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ൶ಘംᠲאՀ٨Լଡ W ࠐףאᎅࣔ ΰ്ᐚΔ200˅ΙᆺຑᆁΕᇀୠୠΕᄘΕຫո௧Εᇀ॑ဎΔ2005αΚ ΰԫαWhatЁ۶ᘯᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘאᖂسᨠរኙඒஃඒᖂၞ۩Ꮭଖܒ ឰऱመ࿓ࢤΖࠏڕᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ֮ټጠ༉۟֟ڶאՀ༓ጟլ ٵऱᎅऄΚstudent ratings of instructionΕstudent ratings of instructorsΕ student ratings of teaching effectivenessΕstudent evaluations of teachin˺Ζឈ ྥ ᖂ س ေ ၦ ඒ ஃ ඒ ᖂ ຏ ൄ ਢ ਐ א ᖂ س ऱ ᨠ រ ࠐ ඒ ஃ ऱ ඒ ᖂ । ΰArreola, 1995αΔ܀ᙟထאՀࠡה W փ୲ऱլٵΔኙ࣍ᖂسေၦඒஃ ඒᖂऱࡳᆠՈ༉ױ౨ڶࢬլٵΖ ΰԲαWhyЁ۶ኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱؾऱΕ ࣠ᚨشא֗ᓵഗ៕Ζ ΰԿαHowЁڕ۶ኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱኔਜֱڤΔ ຏൄ௫֗ऱംᠲေၦਢ᜔ࢤऱࢨݮګࢤऱΔေၦऱֱڤጻሁΕ ૿ჄࢨᓫΔᖂسਢܡԫ৳ჄΔא֗ਢܡڶڃ墅ߓอΖ ΰαWhoЁ۶Գၞ۩ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘط۶ጟࢤऱᖂسၞ۩ඒஃඒ ᖂေၦΔຏൄאإڇଥᓰ࿓ऱᖂسࢨᖂسז।ၞ۩ٚᓰඒஃऱඒᖂေ ၦΔൄᣂ֨ऱᤜᠲᖂسኙګᜎऱཚৱΕᖂسऱࢤܑΕڣ్Εኙᖂઝ ऱᘋᔊא֗ᖂسࠡה֨ᔆਢܡᄎᐙေၦऱ࣠Ζ ΰնαWithinЁڇ۶ጟᏆխၞ۩ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘլٵᐋڻࢨᣊܑऱ ᓰ࿓ΕઝؾࢨറᄐݾࢤኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱᐙΔא֗ڕ۶ڇ ᇠᏆխၞ۩ඒᖂေၦΖΰքαWhenЁ۶ழኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘਜ۩ေၦऱழᖲΔຏൄᣂ֨ऱ ᤜᠲץਔᖂཚॣΕᖂཚխΕᖂཚأऱေၦΔא֗ཚխەၜΕཚأەၜၞ ۩ေၦਢܡᄎᐙᖂسေၦऱ࣠Ζ ΰԮαWhereЁ۶ၞ۩ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘၞ۩ေၦऱچរ֗ઌᣂऱය ٙΔԫᣂ֨ऱംᠲေၦچរீփࢨீ؆Δڇீփழਢܡਐࡳچ រΔਢܡڇᓰഘՂၞ۩ΔᖂسೳټࢨլೳټΔᖂسՂጻေၦழਢܡঁܓΔ א֗ေၦழਢܡྤढයٙڕܰᠧեឫംᠲΖ ΰԶαWhichЁ۶ጟေၦՠࠠش࣍ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂΔ൶ಘေၦՠࠠऱ࿇୶መ ࿓ፖփ୲Δຏൄ௫֗ေၦՠࠠਢڕ۶ެࡳऱΔਢܡᐛᇬᖂسΕඒஃΕ ۩ਙጥࢨറ୮ऱრߠΔေၦՠࠠऱᓵഗ៕۶Δહ৵ࢬឆොऱ ۶Δം࠴ᠲؾऱٻ৫ፖڍኒΔਢܡ٤ீຟشٵᑌऱᠲؾא֗ॾய৫ڕ ۶Ζ ΰαWhomЁᓴᖂسေၦඒᖂΔ൶ಘ۶ጟࢤऱඒஃᖂسေၦΔေृ ຏൄإڇᖂسᓰऱඒஃΔࢬᣂ֨ऱംᠲൄץਔඒஃ్ΕڣΕ ඒᖂڣᇷΕۯΕࢤܑΕઔߒګ࣠ΕԳᔆΕᏚ।Εေ։ᐈᣤਢܡᄎ ᐙᖂسေၦऱ࣠Ζ ΰԼαWhetherЁਢܡڶயሒګᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱؾऱΔ൶ಘᖂسڇݙګඒஃ ඒᖂေၦ࣠৵Δஃسਢܡኙ࣠የრΔኙ࣍ല࣠ᚨش࣍ࠌشؾऱਢ ܡᛧᎁٵΔਢܡሒࠩ٣ࡳऱؾᑑࢨפ౨Ζ ഗ࣍Ղ૪ូױא࿇Δءઔߒխ൶ಘᖂೃኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂᐙऱຝ։ ֺለ᥆࣍Ղ૪ Within ऱ൶ಘΔۖءઔߒ൶ಘඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇऱᐙ ຝ։ֺለ᥆࣍ Whom ऱ൶ಘΔڂڼཚඨຘመءઔߒױאኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ ઔߒګ࣠ڶࢬಥΖ
Εઔߒֱऄ
ԫΕઔߒኙွፖᑌء
ءઔߒऱኙွխຝԫࢬߏمઝݾՕᖂஃسΔᇠீ٥ڶ᠔ᥨΕاسΕՠ ࿓ΕԳ֮षᄎፖጥնଡᖂೃΖઔߒᑌء۞ᇠீԼԿᖂڣ৫ޢଡᖂೃאሽᆰᙟᖲࢼ࠷ 30 ۯඒஃΔ٥ڶ 150 ۯඒஃΔאڼᛧޢۯඒஃऱࢬڶᓰఄ్ऱඒஃ ඒᖂေၦګᜎΔא֗ࢬڶᓰఄ్ऱᖂسګᜎא֗ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺΖඈೈྤய ᑌء৵ΰྤயᑌءऱඈೈֱڤڇՀᆏઔߒՠࠠխᎅࣔαΔᖕຍࠄඒஃऱᓰઝؾ ټጠ֗ఄ్ᑇอૠवΔءઔߒխඒஃေၦऱઝؾ٥ڶ 315 ઝΔፖေၦऱఄ ్٥ڶ 686 ఄΔፖऱᖂس٥ڶ 30,134 ԳڻΔؓ݁ޢఄ 44 ԳΖٺᖂೃᇡาऱ ေઝؾᑇΕፖఄ్ᑇፖᖂسԳڻᇡڕ। ˄Ζ । 1ʳ ءઔߒڶயᑌء֗ྤயᑌءอૠ ᖂೃټጠʳ ඒஃԳᑇʳ ေʳ ઝؾᑇʳ ፖʳ ఄ్ᑇʳ ፖᖂس Գڻʳ ڬەԳᑇʳ ྒྷᝒᠲآ መհྤய ം࠴ᑇʳ ᠔ᥨᖂೃʳ ˆ˃ʳ 87ʳ 156ʳ 7160ʳ 30ʳ 248ʳ اسᖂೃʳ ˆ˃ʳ 66ʳ 141ʳ 6050ʳ 24ʳ 164ʳ ՠ࿓ᖂೃʳ ˆ˃ʳ 51ʳ 135ʳ 5814ʳ 18ʳ 182ʳ Գ֮ᖂೃʳ ˆ˃ʳ 63ʳ 137ʳ 5834ʳ 12ʳ 266ʳ ጥᖂೃʳ ˆ˃ʳ 48ʳ 117ʳ 5277ʳ 12ʳ 144ʳ ᜔ૠ 150 315ʳ 686ʳ 30134ʳ 96ʳ 1002ʳ
ԲΕઔߒՠࠠ
ءઔߒऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎএאઔߒᖂீඒ೭ऱඒஃඒᖂေၦߓอՂऱګ ᜎࠉᖕΔޢۯඒஃࢬղऱᖂسګᜎፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺᇷறٍຘመᇠீඒ೭ ٵრ৵࠷ΖᇠீඒஃඒᖂေၦߓอڶאՀរΚ ΰԫαം࠴ᠲؾΰᇡ। 2αᆖீփٺ۩ਙፖඒᖂۯઔࠀಬீ؆റ୮ᐉΔ ڂڼᠲؾࠠڶԣࡳհய৫Δം࠴ࠠڶߜړհॾ৫Δ٦ྒྷॾ৫ڇ.82Д.95 հၴΖ ΰԲαאጻሁം࠴ေၦΔჄֱڤආ Likert նรၦ।ֱڤΔ1 ψॺൄլٵ რωΔ2 ψլٵრωΔ3 ψࡸٵრωΔ4ψٵრωΔ5 ψॺൄٵრωΖ ΰԿαޢԫۯᖂس݁ႊ࣍ᓰ࿓ޔছપԫଡִփՂጻჄΔآჄृྤऄڇߓ อՂᙇՀᖂཚհᓰ࿓Δڂڼᓰఄ్ऱᖂسຟ٤ፖٚᓰඒஃऱඒ ᖂေၦΔڂڼᖂسፖ༓൷२ۍ։հۍΖΰαڬەᖂسΰᓰԿ։հԫאՂլףཚأەΔطඒஃჄඒ೭αऱ ඒஃඒᖂေၦ࣠լආૠΔאᝩ܍ڼᣊᖂسڂղᓰ࿓መ֟Δኙᓰ࿓լ ᑵ൜ࢨآ౨٤ᒌԱᇞۖࠌኙඒஃඒᖂေၦऱ࣠լإᒔΖءઔߒᖂسڬ ەԳᑇ٥ 96 ԳΔٺᖂೃᖂسڬەԳᑇտ࣍ 12Д3˃ հၴΰᇡ। ˄αΔᖕ ڼवٺᖂೃؓ݁ޢఄڬەԳᑇࢨޢઝڬەԳᑇຟڇ 1 ԳאՀΖ ΰնαᖂسଡԳჄ࣠ኙඒஃঅയΔඒஃႛ࣍ࠃ৵वሐᖂسᖞ᧯ေၦ࣠Ζ ΰքα ᝩ܍ᄕጤଖऱᐙΔޢଡઝؾᖂسေ։່ፖ່܅ٺࠟٝം࠴լಖ ։Ζ ΰԮαം࠴խڶԣଡྒྷᝒᠲΰ। 2 խآܧαΔא܂ྤயം࠴հࠉᖕΔ ڶயം࠴ႊሒଥᓰԳᑇհԶګΔܡঞᇠઝඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎլղૠጩΖ ᖕྒྷᝒᠲؾࢬऱྤயം࠴ᑇ᜔ᑇ 1,002 ٝΔٺᖂೃྤயം࠴ᑇտ ࣍ 144Д266 Գΰᇡ। ˄αΔᖕڼवٺᖂೃؓ݁ޢఄྒྷᝒآመऱԳᑇપ ˄Д˅ ԳΔؓ݁ޢઝྒྷᝒآመऱԳᑇપ ˆД4 ԳΖ ΰԶαം࠴խ༼ࠎ 2 ᠲ۞ေᠲؾΔ܀լ٨Եૠ։Δڼ؆ٍ༼ࠎᖂسრߠ֘ᚨ ᥏Δאܧᔆ֏ᇷறΖʳ । 2ʳ ءઔߒᖂீඒஃඒᖂေၦߓอխᖂسေၦऱڶயඒᖂႈؾ 1.ਊழՂᓰΔլ᎘࣐ᓳᓰஂ 8.ٽၞ৫ඒᖂ 2.ඒᖂᎁటΔڶᑷᇨ 9.ᜰኔࠏ૪ඒޗ 3.ඒޗփ୲ᄷໂך։ 10.ᚥܗᖂس৬مءઝؾհݙᖞᄗ࢚ 4.ᑗ࣍ᚥܗᖂسᖂ 11.֧࿇ᖂسᖂᘋᔊ 5.ေၦᖂسګᜎֆؓٽ 12.ᖿ࿇ᖂس৸ە 6.ᇞᓰᄐጊᣄ 13.֧ᖄᖂسፖಘᓵࢨᒭ 7.༳༽ඒޗૹរ 14.ࠉᖂسᖂ֘ᚨࠐᓳᖞඒᖂֱڤ
ԿΕټဲࡳ
ءઔߒऱ᧢ႈࡳᆠڕՀΚ ΰԫαඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΚڼএਐطᖂسࢬေࡳऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΔڇઔߒ խਢאᇠඒஃࢬڶᓰઝؾऱඒᖂေၦګᜎհؓ݁ᑇࠐז।Δ։ᑇყ ז।ᖂسኙᇠۯඒஃऱඒᖂေᏝყΖΰԲαඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫Κڼএਐඒஃղᖂسګᜎ։ऱ୲࣐࿓৫Δڇઔߒխ ਢאᇠඒஃࢬڶᓰઝؾऱᖂسګᜎհؓ݁ᑇࠐז।Δ։ᑇყז।ᇠ ඒஃ։ყᐈᠾΖڇءઔߒ᧢ฆᑇऱ։࣫խലࠉࠡ࿓৫։ګۍ։్ઌ ऱΕխΕ܅ԿิΖ ΰԿαᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺΚڼএਐඒஃղᖂسګᜎլ֗ΰ܅࣍ 60 ։αऱ ԳᑇֺΔڇઔߒխਢאᇠඒஃࢬڶᓰઝؾऱᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺհؓ ݁ᑇࠐז।Δֺყז।ᇠඒஃყ౨ኙᖂس֗ፖܡףאނᣂΖڇء ઔߒ᧢ฆᑇऱ։࣫խലࠉࠡ࿓৫։ګۍ։్ઌऱΕխΕ܅ԿิΖ
Εอૠֱऄ
ءઔߒࠌش SPSS 12.0 อૠຌ᧯Δಾኙઌᣂംᠲၞ۩אՀอૠ։࣫Κ ΰԫα༴૪อૠ։࣫Δشא։࣫ءઔߒڶயᑌءऱഗءᇷறፖٺ᧢ႈऱؓ݁ᑇ ፖᑑᄷΔೈԱڇ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫խθᇡՀΰԲαΕΰԿαιലඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ܂ᣊܑ᧢ႈհ؆Δڇࠡה։࣫խڼࠟଡ᧢ႈ݁ ຑᥛ᧢ႈΖڇ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫խΔءઔߒലඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳ ᑇֺ։ګΕխΕ܅ԿิΔ։ิֱڤএאီᤚ֏։ᣊΰvisual banderα ࿓ݧΔאઌٵۍ։్ֱڤല᧢ႈᇷற։ګԿٝΔڂᇷறխڶٵ։ൣ उΔڂڼٺิԳᑇլᄎઌٵΖ ΰԲαԲڂᗑمᑌء᧢ฆᑇ։࣫Δشא։࣫ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᖂೃΕᅝൾᖂ سԳᑇֺፖᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂऱฆΖ ΰԿαڂᗑمᑌء᧢ฆᑇ։࣫Δشא։࣫ᖂೃΕඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫Εᅝൾᖂ سԳᑇֺڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂऱฆΖ᧢ฆᑇٵᔆࢤ Levene ᛀࡳૉ آሒ᧩ထΔؓ݁ᑇฆᛀࡳ F ଖሒ᧩ထழΔࠃ৵ֺለࠌش Scheffe ऄΙ ᧢ ฆ ᑇ ٵ ᔆ ࢤ Levene ᛀ ࡳ ૉ ሒ ᧩ ထ Δ ؓ ݁ ᑇ ฆ ᛀ ࡳ F ଖ ޏ ආ Brown-Forsythe อૠၦΔࠃ৵ֺለࠌش Tamhane’s T2 ऄΰແጰᤲΔ1995Δ p.13-14Ιຫإ࣑Δ2002Δp. 204-205αΖ ΰαؼዿཤᗨઌᣂ։࣫Δشא։࣫ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺፖ ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎၴհઌᣂΖ ΰնαڍցಱូ։࣫Δشא։࣫ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙඒஃඒ ᖂေၦګᜎऱቃྒྷԺΖᆥΕઔߒ࣠ፖಘᓵ
ԫΕլٵᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂऱฆ։࣫
ءઔߒଈ٣։࣫լٵᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂऱฆൣउΔ࣠࿇ΰᇡ । 3αΚնଡᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂऱฆࠀآሒอૠՂऱ᧩ထֽᄷΰF=.34, p>.05αΔۖٺᖂೃऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎࠀլ܅Δտ࣍ 4.33Д4.18 հၴΔڇն รऱေ։խ݁ڇψ4 ٵრωאՂΔߩߠאᖂسᨠរࠐΔᇠீٺᖂೃᖞ᧯ۖߢඒ ஃऱඒᖂګயլᙑΖመװऱઔߒΰCashin & Clegg, 1987; Ramsden, 1991α࿇Δ ᑇᏆᖂسࢬေऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎለ܅Δۖᢌᣊઝऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎለ ΰ്ᐚΔ1999αΔྥۖءઔߒऱ࣠ࠀլ֭ຍᑌऱऄΖ । 3 լٵᖂೃڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂհؓ݁ᑇඈݧፖڂ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ ؓ݁ᑇฆᛀࡳ ඈݧ ᖂೃΰඒஃᑇα ؓ݁ᑇ ᑑᄷ ່Օଖ ່՛ଖ ᧢ฆٵᔆࢤ Levene ଖ F ଖ 1 ՠ࿓ᖂೃ(n=30) 4.33 .50 4.95 3.36 1.24 ns .34 ns 2 اسᖂೃ(n=30) 4.24 .46 4.88 3.57 3 ᠔ᥨᖂೃ(n=30) 4.23 .48 4.87 3.51 4 ጥᖂೃ(n=30) 4.20 .46 4.83 3.62 5 Գ֮ᖂೃ(n=30) 4.18 .55 4.82 3.32 ns p>.05ԲΕ լٵᖂೃፖඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂऱฆ
։࣫
ᅝאᖂೃፖඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫۞᧢ႈΔඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎࠉ᧢ႈΔၞ۩Բ ڂᗑمᑌء᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ழ࿇ΰᇡ। 4αΚᖂೃፖඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫հၴྤٌյ܂ شΰF=1.90, p>.05αΔᖂೃٍآڶய࣠ΰF=1.23, p>.05αΔ܀ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ঞ נய࣠ΰF=9.50, p<.001αΖ। 4ʳ ᖂೃፖඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂհԲڂ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ ᧢ฆࠐᄭ ᠦֱ݁ؓࡉ ۞ط৫ ֱ݁ F ଖ ᖂೃ .92 4 .23 1.23 ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ 3.55 2 1.77 9.50*** ٌյ܂ش 2.87 8 .36 1.90 ᎄႈ 25.20 135 .19 ***p<.001 ൷ထၞ۩ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ऱڂ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫৵࿇ΰᇡ। 5αΚေ։ᐈᠾ৫ ٺิඒஃऱඒᖂေၦګᜎຟᏅΔؓ݁ᑇຟڇψ4 ٵრωאՂΔ܀ေ։ᐈᠾ৫ ิፖխေ։ᐈᠾ৫ิऱඒஃΔࠡඒஃඒᖂေၦऱګᜎ݁࣍܅ေ։ᐈᠾ৫ิऱඒ ஃΰF=7.45, p<.01αΖངߢհΔေ։່լᐈᠾऱඒஃࢬᛧऱᖂسေᏝ່܅Ζൕؓ ݁ᑇऱฆ࿓৫ࠐΔຍࠄฆࠀլৰՕΔאฆ່Օऱေ։ᐈᠾ৫ิࡉ܅ေ ։ᐈᠾ৫ิઌለࠏΔԲृऱඒஃඒᖂေၦऱګᜎթԱ 0.33 ։Ζ । 5ʳ ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎհؓ݁ᑇඈݧፖڂ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ ؓ݁ᑇฆᛀࡳ ඈݧ ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ Գᑇ ؓ݁ᑇ ᑑᄷ ᧢ฆٵᔆ ࢤʳ ˟˸̉˸́˸ ଖ F ଖ ࠃ৵ֺለ 1 (1)ᐈᠾ(83-91 ։) 50 4.41 .45 1.86 7.45** 2 (2)խᐈᠾ(76-82 ։) 48 4.34 .48 3 (3)܅ᐈᠾ(65-75 ։) 52 4.08 .47 (1), (2)>(3) **p<.01 Ղ૪࣠᧩قΔྤᓵڇୌԫଡᖂೃΕՈլጥඒஃေ։ऱᐈᠾ࿓৫ڕ۶Δᇠீ ඒஃऱඒᖂຟᏅᛧᖂس्ࡳΔ܀ૉגาەߒΔঞսױ࿇ေ։່ᣤऱඒஃࢬ ᛧᖂسऱေᏝ່܅Δឈྥࠀآ܅ৰڍΖڼ࣠ࡅᚨڍઔߒᎁඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ ৫ᄎإٻᐙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱऄΰڕ Bordie, 1998; Nimmer & Stone, 1991; Wilson, 1997αΔՈࡅᚨܦፌᎮԳΰ199ˊαઔߒ࿇ඒஃ։ᐈᣤኙඒஃඒᖂေ ၦګᜎᐙࠀլՕऱ࣠ΖഗڼΔڕ࣠ඒஃኙඒஃඒᖂေၦऱ։ᑇԼ։ૠለழΔ սྥױ౨ᄎᎈࠌຍᑌऱඒஃᐈᠾچᖂس։ࠐಘړᖂسאޣڃΖ
ԿΕ լٵᖂೃፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂऱ
ฆ։࣫
ᛵᇞᖂೃፖඒஃᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺਢܡኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎڶࢬᐙΔᅝ אᖂೃ֗ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ۞᧢ႈΔඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎࠉ᧢ႈΔၞ۩Բڂ ᗑمᑌء᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ழ࿇ΰᇡ। 6αΚᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺፖᖂೃհၴྤٌյ܂ش ΰF=1.27, p>.05αΔᖂೃΰF=.51, p>.05α֗ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺΰF=2.46, p>.05α ٍآנய࣠ΖڇܦፌᎮԳΰ1997αऱઔߒխ࿇ΔඒஃᅝൾԳᑇֺኙ ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎᐙࠀլՕΔءઔߒڼঞ࿇ڶᐙΔլመຍਢᗑەᐞ ඒஃᅝൾԳᑇֺழऱ࣠Δૉፖඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ٵழەᐞழΔ࣠ঞլٵΰᇡ ৵૿ऱቃྒྷ։࣫αΖ । 6ʳ ᖂೃፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂհ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ ᧢ฆࠐᄭ ᠦֱ݁ؓࡉ ۞ط৫ ֱ݁ F ଖ ᖂೃ .ˇˈ 4 .11 0.51 ns ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ 1.07 2 .54 2.46 ns ٌյ܂ش 2.36 8 .30 1.27 ns ᎄႈ 29.41 135 .22 ns p>.05 ឈྥᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺآנய࣠Δ܀սലᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺٺิऱඒ ஃඒᖂေၦګᜎൣउຫ٨ڕ। ˊΖ । 7ʳ ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎհؓ݁ᑇඈݧፖڂ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫ؓ݁ᑇฆᛀࡳ
ඈݧ ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ Գᑇ ؓ݁ᑇ
ᑑᄷ ᧢ฆٵᔆࢤʳ ˟˸̉˸́˸ ଖF ଖ
1 (1)ֺ(3.3-25%)
34
4.13ʳ
0.43ʳ
4.67*
1.85
2 (2)խֺ(0.5-2.5%)
40
4.34ʳ
0.47ʳ
3 (3)܅ֺ(0%)
76
4.23ʳ
0.51ʳ
*p<.05
ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎၴ
ऱઌᣂ։࣫
ᅝᛀီࠟࠟ᧢ႈၴऱؼዿཤᗨઌᣂழ࿇ΰᇡ। 8αΔඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖඒ ஃඒᖂေၦګᜎၴڶ܅࿓৫ऱإઌᣂΰr=.26Δp<.01αΔ।قඒஃေ։ყᐈᠾΔࠡ ඒᖂေၦګᜎՈᄎყΔڼ࣠Ղ૪। 4 ֗। 5 խऱ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫࣠ઌฤΖ ࠡڻΔᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎၴྤઌᣂΰr= -.01Δp>.05αΔڼ ፖՂ૪। 6 ֗। 7 խऱ᧢ฆᑇ։࣫࣠ઌฤΖඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ ၴڶխ࿓৫ऱઌᣂΰr= -.60Δp<.01αΔຍ।قඒஃေ։ყᐈᠾΔᄎᅝൾऱᖂ سԳᑇՈყ֟Ζ । 8ʳ ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΕᖂسګᜎፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺၴऱؼዿཤᗨઌᣂ (N=150) ؼዿཤᗨઌᣂ ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ 1 ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ .26** 1 ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ -.01 -.60** 1 **p<.01նΕ ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱ
ቃྒྷ։࣫
ᅝٵழאඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ۞᧢ႈΔඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ ࠉ᧢ႈၞ۩ڍցಱូ։࣫ழ࿇ΰᇡ। 9αΚࠟଡ۞᧢ႈऱᘉএᑇΰVIFα݁ 1.57Δԫᎁױ౨ڶ٥ᒵࢤऱᑑᄷ VIF Օ࣍ ˄˃ΰ˛˴˼̅ʿʳ ˔́˷˸̅̆̂́ʿʳ ˧˴̇˻˴̀ʿʳ ʹʳ ˕˿˴˶˾ʿʳ˄ˌˌˋʿʳ̃ˁʳ˄ˌˆαΔڂڼڼႈቃྒྷ։࣫ᚨᇠ٥ᒵࢤऱംᠲΖቃྒྷᑓڤऱᖞ᧯ᇞ ᤩԺ R2 .10ΰF= 8.33, p<.001αΔ᧩قඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙᖂ سေၦඒஃඒᖂڶᐙΔ܀ᐙઌᅝ՛Δױߠᝫڶࠡהᐙඒஃඒᖂေၦऱૹ ڂైآԵᑓڤΔץਔࠡהॺඒᖂઌᣂऱڂై֗ඒᖂڶᣂऱڂైΔڂڼڼᖞ᧯ ᑓڤᇞᤩԺ܅ᏅٽΔൕ। 5 ፖ। 7 ڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂΔඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ ٺิऱฆլՕΕא֗ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺٺิྤฆױฃߠጤଧΖڼٍ࣠ࡅᚨܦፌᎮԳΰ199ˊαא֗ඦቯߐΕᠿຳΰ2003α࿇։ᐈᣤፖᖂسᅝԳᑇ ֺኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎᐙլՕऱ࣠ΖངߢհΔඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫Εᅝൾᖂس Գᑇֺຍࠟଡᆖൄڶጊᐞऱڂైࠡኔᐙඒஃඒᖂေၦऱ࣠ڶૻΔڂڼױא ᨃਬࠄᔆጊऱ۔ஃլؘ߷Ꮦጹ്Ζ ၞԫޡ։࣫۞᧢ႈଡܑऱᇞᤩԺ࿇ΰᇡ। 9αΚඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΰᑑᄷ֏ಱ ូএᑇ.40Δp<.001αፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺΰᑑᄷ֏ಱូএᑇ.23Δp<.05αຟ ౨إٻቃྒྷඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΔࠡխאඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ऱቃྒྷԺઌኙለΔڼ ࣠ࡅᚨԫࠄઔߒᎁඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ᄎإٻᐙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱऄΰڕ Bordie, 1998; Nimmer & Stone, 1991; Wilson, 1997αΔא്֗ᐚ (2000)࿇ᖂس ኙለᣤऱ۔ஃᄎղለေᏝऱऄΔՈፖ Brady (1988)࿇ᣤނᣂΰܛᄎ ᅝԳα܀լܝ։ΰܛ։ՈᐈᠾαऱඒஃᖂسေᏝ່ऱ࣠ԫીΖ ᖕՂ૪։࣫࣠ױאवΔឈྥኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ༼ऱᚥܗࠀլৰՕ ΰᖕᖞ᧯ᑓڤᇞᤩԺαΔ܀ඒஃڕ࣠ᛧለऱඒᖂေၦګᜎΔೈԱყףᣤ ނᣂΔኙᇠᅝऱᖂس༉ᅝհ؆Δޓૹऱਢኙᖂسऱေ։ՈᐈᠾԫࠄΔլ ܝא։ࠐቔᚐࢨಘړᖂسΰᖕଡܑ۞᧢ႈᇞᤩԺαΖ ܑଖࣹრऱਢΔڇ। 9 խΔᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎၴڶ إऱઌᣂΰ.19αፖإऱಱូቃྒྷԺΰ.23αΔྥۖڇ। ˉΕ। 7 ֗। 8 խΔᗑ ەᐞᅝൾᖂسֺழথ࿇ΔࠡኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎڶᐙࢨڶᣂᜤΖࠡრ ᆠᅝඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫൳ࠫࡐࡳழΔყኙᖂس֗ፖܡᣤނᣂऱඒஃթყᄎ ࠹ࠩᖂسऱړေΖངߢհΔല൳ࠫԫࡳऱඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ԵٵழەᐞழΔᅝൾ ᖂسԳᑇֺຍႈᏅࠠඒߛრᆠΕথൄඒஃီլܓࠡᖂسေᏝΔ܀ڇءઔߒ խᗑլದᐙ܂شऱڂైΔڼழথၲࡨ౨ജᛧᖂسإٻऱᎁٵΔຍྤጊڇᖂ سေၦඒஃඒᖂխΔຘנԫଡஃسᠨᤢऱᖲᄎរΔڼរડ᧩נඒஃေ։ᐈᣤፂ ԫࡳኙᆵኔඒஃᖂسګ༉ނᣂऱऱૹࢤΔઔߒृᎁڼႈ࣠ኙᖂீ৬م อԫٽऱေ։ᐈᣤᒤڶૹՕඔقΖ
। 9ʳ ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱڍցಱូ։࣫ (N=150) ಱូএᑇʳ ۞᧢ႈʳ ࡨʳ ᑑᄷ֏ ᑑᄷᎄʳ ̇ ଖʳ ઌᣂʳ ˩˜˙ʳ ൄᑇʳ 1.73 .60 ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ʳ .031 .40 .01 4.08*** .32*** 1.57 ᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺʳ 2.32 .23 .90 2.58* .19* 1.57 *p<.05 ***p<.001 R2=.10ʳʻ˙ːʳˋˁˆˆʿʳ̃<.001ʼ ʳ
ٔΕᓵ
࠰ܗ᠖堚ߏمઝݾՕᖂڇኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂመ࿓խᆖൄ֧࿇ऱጊᐞΔ ءઔߒאխຝԫࢬߏمઝݾՕᖂࠏΔ൶ಘᖂೃΕඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂ سԳᑇֺኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂګᜎऱױ౨ᐙᣂএΖ ઔߒ࣠࿇ΔլٵᖂೃڇᖂسࢬऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂࠀྤฆΔ᧩ق ᖂೃኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱګᜎࠀྤᐙΔڼፖመװᎁլٵᖂઝᏆऱඒஃඒ ᖂေၦګᜎᄎڶࢬլٵऱઔߒ࣠ڶࢬլٵΖઔߒՈ࿇ٺᖂೃऱඒஃඒᖂေၦ ګᜎຟլ܅Δڇڶயඒᖂႈؾնรऱٵრ࿓৫ၦ֡ՂΔٺೃऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګ ᜎຟڇψ4 ٵრωאՂΔ᧩قᇠீٺೃඒஃऱඒᖂᏅᛧᖂس्ࡳΖ ᅝലඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ։ګխ܅Կิ৵Δ։ܑፖᖂೃၞ ۩᧢ฆᑇ։࣫৵࿇Δڼࠟ᧢ႈፖᖂೃ݁ྤٌյ܂شΔࠟ᧢ႈٺิऱඒஃඒᖂေ ၦګᜎຟᏅΔ݁ڇψ4 ٵრωאՂΔྥۖլٵඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ڇඒஃඒᖂေၦ ګᜎՂսژڶࠄპฆΔۖٺᖂೃຟਢေ։ᐈᠾ৫່܅ิऱඒஃࢬᛧऱᖂس ေᏝ່܅ΔۖլٵᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺڇඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎՂঞآנฆΖ৵ᥛ ઌᣂ։࣫խՈ࿇ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ։ܑፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ հၴڶ܅ऱإઌᣂΕྤઌᣂΖຍࠄ࣠᧩قΚඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ᗑኙඒஃඒᖂေ ၦګᜎڶإٻᐙΔۖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇᗑኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎঞྤᐙΔ
ຍጟൣउڇٺᖂೃ݁ઌٵΖ
ᅝലඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺٵழ܂۞᧢ႈኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګ ᜎףאቃྒྷழ࿇Δࠟ᧢ႈᖞ᧯ऱᇞᤩԺࠀլΔױߠᝫڶࠡהૹڂైᄎᐙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΔࠏڕՈ༉ਢඒஃऱඒᖂᔆթਢؐ׳ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱ ᣂڂైΔڼ࣠ᚨױॣޡڶய྇᎘ຝ։ඒஃኙඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇ ֺຍࠟଡ᧢ႈऱԫࠄྡྷᐞፖૠለΖᅝၞԫޡ։࣫ࠟ᧢ႈଡܑऱቃྒྷԺழ࿇Δ ࠟଡ᧢ႈ݁౨إٻቃྒྷඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎΔࠡխאඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ऱቃྒྷԺለ Ζڼ࣠ೈԱ٦ڻٱᢞছ૪ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱإٻᐙԺ հ؆ΔٵழՈ᧩قڇඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፂԫࡳழΔඒஃᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙᛧ ᖂسለࠋऱေᏝױطྤᐙ᠏إ૿ऱܗԺΔڼࠠڶඒߛᔆጥՂऱૹრ ᆠΖຍࠄ࣠ᎅࣔԱΚܛࠌኙ༼ඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱ࿓৫ਢઌᅝڶૻऱΔ܀ყ ౨ജᣤނᣂΔᅝൾᇠᅝऱᖂسΔٵழլܝא։ࠐቔᚐࢨಘړᖂسऱ۔ஃױא ᛧᖂسለऱေᏝΖ
ຬΕ৬ᤜ
ᖕՂ૪ઔߒ࣠Δءઔߒ༼נאՀ৬ᤜࠎߏمઝݾՕᖂኔਜᖂسေၦඒஃ ඒᖂࠫ৫հەΚԫΕߏمઝݾՕᖂױא࣋֨ᐉშچᤉᥛං೯ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂ
ေ։ᐈᠾፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺױᎅਢᖂீڇං೯ᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂመ࿓խᏅ ൄ֧࿇ऱᣂࣹྡྷរΔءઔߒऱฆ։࣫࿇Δᇠࠟଡ᧢ႈ։ܑኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګ ᜎԫଡڶإٻᐙΕԫଡڶᐙΔۖڶᐙऱေ։ᐈᠾ৫ኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ ࢬທګऱฆࠀլՕΔڇնรऱေ։խ່ڍԱ 0.33 ։Ιઌᣂ։࣫Ո࿇Δࠟ ଡ᧢ႈፖඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎԫଡڶإઌᣂΕԫଡڶઌᣂΔࠡإઌᣂՈլΔ ڶ 0.2ˉΙቃྒྷ։࣫࿇Δᇠࠟଡڂైឈྥٵழኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱګᜎ݁ڶإ ٻቃྒྷԺΔ܀ൕᑓڤᇞᤩԺڶ.10 ࠐΔࠟଡ᧢ႈኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱᐙࠀ լՕΖངߢհΔຍࠟଡڂైऱᐙࠀլᣤૹΔڂڼױᑉழ֏ᇞຍֱ૿ऱጊᐞΔא ຍࠄڂై܂֘ኙࠫ৫ऱኔਜឈྥࠀլਢݙ٤ڶሐΔ܀ᚨᇠਢ᥆࣍መ৫ऱᖜ ᐡΔ֠ࠡءઔߒ࿇ᅝ൳ࠫေ։ᐈᣤ࿓৫ழΔඒஃᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺऱ༼ኙඒ ஃඒᖂေၦګᜎױאڶࢬᚥܗΔ֘ۖຘנඒߛጥխܓڍऱᖲᄎΖڂڼΔᖂீ ױ࣋֨ං೯ڼԫࠫ৫Δ܀սᚨᙟழፖஃسᄮຏΔ༈ބࠡהױ౨լᅝեឫඒᖂᔆ ऱڂైΔޏױ౨ऱ؈ΖԲΕᣤஃᓮᤉᥛഒ࢚Δྤႊᖂسऱေၦ։ᑇࢬ⋌ᡶ
ءઔߒ࿇ඒஃေ։ᐈᣤፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺឈኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ࣠ ڶᐙΔ܀ᐙࠀլՕΔۖܛࠌေ։່ᣤऱඒஃࢬᛧᖂسऱေᏝսྥઌᅝ Δڂڼᣤऱඒஃ๕ڂຍࠄംᠲۖᡖᐡໜݳΔൄߢሐψஃᣤۖ৵ሐ༇ωΕψᣤஃ נஈωΔᖂسԫழԱᣤஃࠄპऱ܅։Δૉ౨ངᖂسޓऱګ༉ፖტΔᚨᇠ ਢඒߛسෑխޓڶრᆠऱࠃൣΖʳ ʳԿΕ ሖඒஃေ։ᐈᣤΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺઌᣂञᤜழΔױ٣լ
ؘەᐞᖂೃऱฆംᠲ
ط࣍ءઔߒ࿇ᖂೃᏆኙᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱګᜎڶᐙΔඒஃေ։ᐈ ᣤፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺ։ܑຟፖᖂೃڶٌյ܂شΔڂڼᖂீڇኔਜᖂسေၦඒ ஃඒᖂመ࿓խૉᔡሖԫࠄፖඒஃေ։ᐈᣤΕᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺઌᣂञᤜழΔױ ٣լؘەᐞᖂೃऱฆംᠲΔאܗംᠲऱ᠖堚ΖΕૡࡳீփඒஃေ։ഗᄷΔאᖄ֧ለԫીऱေ։ᐈᣤᑑᄷ
ءઔߒ࿇Δඒஃေ։ყᐈᠾΔࢬᛧᖂسऱေᏝՈყΔڂڼױ౨ᄎᖄી ඒஃא։ࠐಘړᖂسאޣڃΔࢬᘯψݺߠॹ՞ڍᐄΔறॹ՞ߠݺᚨڕਢωΔ ڂڼڶؘኙඒஃေ։ऱᐈᣤ৫ףאᒤΖመװᖂீՕຟᒤ 60 ։֗ࢨլ ֗Δኙ࣍քԼ։אՂࢨאՀऱ։ᑇ༉֟ڶᒤΔڂڼ৬ᤜᖂீᚨᇠ৬مீփऱ ေ։ഗᄷΔܡঞڶऱ۔ஃൕ 70 ։ؚದΔڶऱ۔ஃൕ 90 ։ದሂΔೈᖂسᄎઌյֺ ለΕਗᙇ։ᑇለกऱઝؾࠐଥհ؆ΔՈທګᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂՂऱլֆؓΖ ֠ࠡءઔߒբ࿇Δᅝေ։ᐈᣤᑑᄷԫࡳழΔ۔ஃყ౨ജނᣂᅝൾᇠᅝऱᖂسΔ թყ౨ജᛧᖂگऱ्ࡳΔڂڼΔԱڍቔᚐᣋრᖂسऱᖂᔆຂނᣂऱ ඒஃΔՈᨃᖂسװ्ࡳຍᑌऱ۔ஃΔኔڶؘڇீփૡࡳඒஃေ։ഗᄷΔא֧ᖄ ஃسၴߜࢤऱ༛ᛩΖնΕޣඒஃᣤނᣂΔᅝൾᇠᅝൾऱᖂس
ءઔߒ࿇Δᅝլەᐞඒஃေ։ऱᐈᣤംᠲΔඒஃᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙඒஃ ඒᖂေၦګᜎࠀڶᐙΔ߷Ꮦޣඒஃኙᖂسऱᖂګ༉ᣤףނᣂऱࡅᩃΔኙ ඒஃඒᖂګᜎࠀڶܑऱቔᚐΙྥۖءઔߒՈ࿇Δᅝඒஃေ։ᐈᣤԫીழΔ ყ౨ജՕԸខ࣌ᅝൾᖂګ༉լ֗ᖂسऱඒஃΔ༉֘ۖყ౨ജᛧᖂسऱ्ࡳፖړေΖڂڼᅝᖂீૡڶ٥ٵऱေ։ᐈᣤഗᄷழΔڼழᖂீᚨᇠޣඒஃᣤނ ᣂΔ۟ֆၲٺೃΕߓࢨٺඒஃऱᅝൾᖂسֺΔࠌඒஃট࣍ᙃᎁᖂسਢܡᚨᇠ ຏመᇠઝऱᖂΖຍࠄ܂ऄኙൎᓳړޢԫۯᖂسΕޣᖂسᖂᄎԫݾհ९א ᏺၞฅᄐ৵ᤁञԺऱઝݾՕᖂۖߢΔᚨᇠਢॺൄૹऱΖ
քΕ ᖂسࢬေऱඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎش࣍ඒஃᜎயૠጩழᚨࣹრ
ᦞૹ
ءઔߒ࿇ඒஃေ։ᐈᠾ৫ፖᅝൾᖂسԳᑇֺኙඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎऱᐙ լՕΔڂڼ৬ᤜᖂீ࣋֨Εᣤஃᐈ֨Δ܀ຍጟᐙՕլՕኙඒஃۖߢڶழᝫ ᖂீലඒஃඒᖂေၦऱ։ᑇڕ۶ᚨش֗ᚨشऱؾऱ۶ۖࡳΖࠏڕΔᖕૉᖂீ ലඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ܂ԳࠃؾऱࠌشழΔਢലնរၦ֡Ղऱ։ଊא 20Δڂڼ אءઔߒۖߢΔڇᖂسऱေᏝ։ᑇՂΔေ։ᐈᠾ৫່ऱඒஃ༉ᤢԱေ։ᐈᠾ৫ ່܅ऱඒஃ 6.6 ։ΰ0.33ͪ20αΔૉ৵ᥛ٦ᤉᥛឩՕຍࠄฆΔঞေ։ᐈᠾ৫ኙඒஃ ༉ڶױ౨ขسઌᅝՕऱᐙΔױ౨ᄎ֧ᎈඒஃא։ᑇಘړᖂسࢨլ߷Ꮦᣤނ ᣂΔאޣඒᖂေၦ։ᑇऱ༼Δஎࢢڶჾஃሐ༇ᣤΔܑڇഏփԼԫࢬઝݾՕᖂ լጥչᏖહནऱඒஃຟᤚᖂسေၦඒஃඒᖂऱ࣠լߩאז।ඒஃऱඒᖂᜎ யΕՈֺᖂسለլٵრലေၦ࣠ش࣍ԳࠃެऱऱൣउՀΰ႓ᑚΔ2002αΔᖂ ீലඒஃඒᖂေၦګᜎ܂ԳࠃؾऱࠌشழΔޓᏁԵᛵᇞΕᔞᅝ壄ጩඒஃඒ ᖂေၦګᜎհᦞૹΖԮΕ ீփګمઔߒ՛ิΔܓشீ೭ߓอᇷறીԺ९ཚઔߒፖ։
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ܦፌᎮΕฯ֞ৠΕܦᡖటΕ֞壁٠(1997ʼΖᐙඒᖂေᦸ࣠հڂై൶ಘЁאխՕᖂ ᖂೃࠏΖሉ࣍႓ਙໃᒳΔՕᖂᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂΰ 215-228αΖקؑΚዧ֮Ζ ࣥੱڕΕᏥᛞᑚΰ1995αΖ፹ࡳᖂسေᦸඒᖂၦ।ΚאԲᐋڻڂైዌሒګᠨૹေᦸפ౨Ζ ሉ࣍խഏඒߛᖂᄎᒳΔඒߛေᦸΰ 161-198αΖקؑΚஃՕΖ ஊભ༡Ε៷॑ΰ1996αΖૹီඒஃေᦸᆵኔඒေᄎפ౨ΖඒߛΔ544Δ11-19Ζ ۂՕᖂඒߛઝᖂઔߒΰ1983αΖۂՕᖂඒᖂေᦸհઔߒΚᖂسေᦸඒஃඒᖂΰඒᖂ ፖ۩ਙᄅហΔNO.1αΖקᗼΚۂՕᖂΖ ຫإ࣑ΰ˅˃˃˅αΖ۩֗षᄎઝᖂอૠᖂΖקΚ؎ੌΖʳ ്ᐚᔲΰ1992αΖഏا՛ᖂඒஃေᦸհઔߒΖխဎاഏஃᒤඒߛᖂᄎᒳΔඒߛറᄐΰ 214-284αΖקؑΚஃՕΖ ്ᐚΰ1999αΖඒஃΕઝؾհࢤኙᖂسေᦸඒஃඒᖂհᐙЁאक़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃࠏΖ ഏمक़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃᖂࣚ೭ิᒳΔԶԼԮᖂڣ৫क़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃᖂઔಘᄎᓵ֮ႃ ΰ 77-118αΖक़ᓊؑΚഏمक़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃΖ ്ᐚΰ2000αΖᐙᖂسေᦸඒᖂڂైհ൶ಘЁאक़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃࠏΖഏمקஃᒤᖂ ೃᖂࣚ೭ิᒳΔԶԼԶᖂڣ৫ඒߛᖂઔಘᄎᓵ֮ႃΰ 33-66αΖקؑΚഏ مקஃᒤᖂೃΖ ്ᐚΰ2002αΖᖂسေᦸඒஃඒᖂΚᓵΕኔ೭ፖኪ৫ΖקؑΚཆཕ֮֏ΖඦቯߐΕ ᠿຳΰ2003αΖᐙᖂسေᦸለᖂհહནڂై൶ಘΖྒྷ᧭ᖂעΔ50ΰ1αΔ143-161Ζ ႓ࡗᙘΰ1995αΖൕඒஃറᄐᓵඒஃေᦸΖሉ࣍խഏඒߛᖂᄎᒳΔඒߛေᦸΰ 229-246αΖ קؑΚஃՕΖ ႓ᑚΰ2001αΖݺഏઝݾՕᖂᖂسေᦸඒஃඒᖂउհઔߒΖഏمקઝݾՕᖂݾ֗ ᄐඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΔקؑΖ ແጰᤲΰ1995αΖ᧢ฆᑇٵᔆհ൶ಘΖඒߛᖂעΔ11Δ˄ˀ˅ˈΖʳ ᆺૹᄅΰ1987αΖچࢬՕᖂඒஃψᖂسေᦸඒஃඒᖂωཚඨհઔߒΖഏمਙएՕ ᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΔקؑΖ ᆺຑᆁΕᇀୠୠΕᄘΕຫո௧Εᇀ॑ဎΰ2005αΖՕᖂᖂسေᦸඒஃඒᖂၦ।հᒳ፹Ζ ྒྷ᧭ᖂעΔ52(1ʼΔˈˌˀˋ˅ΖAnker Publishing Company, Inc.
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The Influences of Colleges, Instructor Grading
Leniencies and Percents of Flunk Students on
Student Evaluations of Instructions-taking One
Private University in Central Taiwan for
Example
Her-Maw Lin
*, Jau-Shyong Chen
**, Shan-Shan Kuo
***Abstract
In order to help dissolve the doubts often evoked during the process of implementing the systems of student evaluations of instructions in private technological universities, the current study taking one private university in central Taiwan for example was to examine the influences of colleges, instructor grading leniencies and percents of flunk students on student evaluations of instructions. Results revealed that student evaluations of instructions were at the same extent among different colleges, and there were no interactions between colleges and instructor grading leniencies, as well as no interactions between colleges and percents of flunk students. Instructors with least grading leniencies were appraised lowest by students. Further analysis showed that both instructor grading leniencies and percents of flunk students were positively predictive to student evaluations of instructions, while the predictive power of the former was stronger. These results indicated that instructors with more grading leniencies and higher percents of flunk students could acquire better student evaluations. Overall, the impacts of instructor grading leniencies and percents of flunk students on student evaluations of instructions were slight. Suggestions based on results were provided.
* Assistant Professor, Center of education, Hungkuang University. ** Professor and Vice President of Hungkuang University. *** Officer of academic Affairs, Hungkunag University
