教學與研究第 17 期 第 109 - 145 頁，民國 M 年
英語首語重複修辭法研究
顏言葛珠 張春猿* 提要 109 英語首詩重被修辭法是在兩個句子成數個句子的問頑童被運用相同的一個詞、詞組或短句的修辭 手法。本研究披探討此一修辭法的分類和功用，益提供英美名家文學作品和演說詞賞析，期能由此深 切掌握其特色與風貌。 本論文分成四部分:第一部分簡介首語重被修辭法的源起與特色。第二部分研究首語重被修辭法 的結構並將其分成單詞、詞組、短句首語重被修辭三大頰。第」主部分說明首語重被修辭法的功用有三: (一)鋪陳排比，造成整齊句型。 (=)童出蟬聯，以求音節亮利。 ω 強調音義，籍以突顯主旨。 第四部分結論簡述首語重被修辭法的教學原因 .J 。就技巧而言，首詩重被益非高難度的修辭手法， 易學易用，變化無窮。然使用不嘗，則有單調、機械之弊。唯其美名作家運的首語重被，兼顧內容與 形式之美，持字詞童出，以求句型的統一整齊;藉意旨的不同開展，以求錯綜變化。因此，經由此技 巧之研習，可 f史學生度解音節童出之美，文 A 衍中之妙，明白同中求異，異中求同的美學原則。 闖鏈詞:英語修辭學、首語重被修辭法、英美文學、分類、功用、語言效果、美學原則 *顏菊 1朱 國立台灣師範大學英語系講師 張春集 團立台北師範學院副教授壹、前言
英語首語重複修辭法 Anaphora '希臘文作 Anaphora '原意代表「往後重複」
( carrying back, repetition )之意。用在修辭上，則是在兩個句子或數個旬子的開頭
重複運用相同的一個詞、詞組或短旬的修辭手法。以英國十九世紀詩人P. J. Bailey 的 名詩 "Festus" 為例:
Ask not of me. love. what is love? Ask what is good of God above--Ask of the great sun what is lightAsk what is darkness of the night- Ask sin of what may be forgiven Ask what is happiness of Heaven Ask what is folly of the crowd Ask what is fashion of the shroud --Ask what is sweetness of thy kiss--Ask of thyself what beauty is.
每旬皆用 Ask 開頭，藉由相似旬型，盡其鋪陳，開展不同文意;並統一於相同字 詞，增強音節，使全詩既變化多姿又統一聯買，此即首語重複修辭之典型範例。下列
文學作品亦採用 Anaphora 的手法:
Buried was the bloody hatchet:
Buried was the dreadful war-club:
Buried were all warlike weapons. And the war-cry was forgotten. There was peace among the nations.
F
顏鵡珠、張春榮:英語首語重複修辭法研究
Strike- -till the last armed foe expires; Strike- -for your altars and your fires; Strike- -for the green graves of your sires; God - -and your native land.
Fitz-Greene Halleck:Marco Bozzaris
Peace is the best thing that men may know; Peace is better than a thousand triumphs;
Peace has power to guard our lives and secure quality among fellow citizens.
SHius Italicus Cursed be the social wants that sin against the strength of youth!
Cursed be the social lies that warp us from the living truth! Cursed be the sickly forms that err from honest Nature's rule! Cursed be the gold that gilds the straiten'd forehead of the fool!
A. Tennyson
The three practical rules, then, which I have to offer, are.
--l.Never read any book that is not a year old. 2.Never read any but the famed books.
3.Never read any but what you like.
Emerson:Society and Solitude:Books. Farewell the tranquil mind! farewell content!
Farewell the plumed troop and the big wars.
That make ambition virtuel 0, farewell!
Farewell the neighing steed. and the shrill trump. The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife. The royal banner and all quality.
Pride, pomp and circumstance of glorious war! And. 0 you mortal engines. whose rude throats The immortal Jove's dread clamours counterfeit. Farewell! Othello's occupation's gone!
William Shakespeare: Othello III. iii
Anaphora 的修辭技巧，在西方淵源甚早。希臘羅馬時代的修辭著作便有零星的記 載，唯使用並不廣泛。羅馬時期著名的演說家和修辭學家 Cicero 便將 Anaphora 定義 為: Scheme. The same word may be repeated at the beginning of a sentence.(De Oratore,III,liv，206) 。十六世紀修辭學家 George Puttenham 在其名著 The Arte of En-glish Poesie 則指出 Anaphora 的特色為: Scheme. When we make one word begin...and lead the dan臼 to many verses in suit. Anaphora 是修辭平衡法( Balance) 的類型之一， 兩個或兩個以上的旬子都以相同的詞語開頭，可以加強文意，並使音節響亮，這種修 辭法在文學史上的不同時期皆有作家採用，其中尤以伊莉莎白女王時期的詩人和劇作 家最偏好這種表現法。而英美作家中William Blake, Walt Whitman, Charles Dickens, W. S. Maugham 等都是駕!駁的 aphoa 的高手。 Anaphora 也是民謠( ballad )和歌曲
( Song )的一大特色。另外在演說詞(oratory) 、佈道詞( Sermons) 中使用得也 很廣泛。本文擬探討首語重複修辭法的分類和功用，並提供英美名家文學作品和演說 詞賞析，期能由此深切掌握Anaphora 的風貌。
貳、首語重複修辭法的分類
顏藹珠、張春榮:英語首語重複修辭法研究
←)單詞首語重裡修辭法
在兩個句子或數個旬子的開頭重複運用相同的一個單詞。
113
The grand essentials of happiness are: something to do. something to love. and something to hope for.
A.K. Chalmers 所謂「快樂的要素在於有些事可做，有些事可愛，有些事可期待J '重出 some thing 三次，強調快樂是在工作中產生充實的喜悅，有摯愛的事物，永遠有憧憬，永遠 向前邁進，而非完全停止。換言之，無所事事、無可愛的寄託，毫無任何期盼，則無
快樂可言。
Advice to young writers? Always the same advice: learn to trust your own judgement. learn inner independence. learn to trust that time will sort the good from the bad - -including your own bad.
Doris Lessing 在給年輕人忠告，作者的自問自答裡'旬首重出 learn 三次，強調年輕人要學習 「信任自己的判斷」、「內心獨立」、「信任時間將會分出好壞一包括自己的壞作品」 '亦即能不依傍別人，擁有自己特色，讓時間說明一切，不必急於一時。
I believe that every right implies a responsibility; every opportunity. an obliga-tion; every possession. a duty.
John D. Rockefeller
,
Jr.所謂「我相信每一個權利包含一個責任，每一個機會包含一個負擔，每一個獲得 包含一個義務。重出every 三次，強調分享必須分擔，沒有不帶責任的權利。
Man's capacity for justice makes democracy possible: but man's inclination to injustice makes democracy necessary.
Reinbold Niebuhr
所謂「人類講求正義，使民主成為可能;但人類也傾向不義，使民主成為必要 J '
以二分相對旬法，敘述民主之建立，仍以人類的正義與不義為兩大基石。
Doubt thou the stars are fire: Doubt that the sun doth move: Doubt truth to be a liar: But never doubt I love. '0 dear Ophelia!
I am ill at these numbers: I have not art to reckon my groans: but that I
love thee best. 0 most best! believe it. Adieu
William Shakespeare: Hamlet 旬首重出 Doubt 三次，透過「你可懷疑星星是火，你可懷疑太陽會動，懷疑真理 變成謊言 J '襯托「我的情」是不可懷疑( Doubt) ，強調個人對情的真誠，而後指 出自己不善言辭，未能將思慕精巧包裝，但真|育摯意，極其所至，務必相信(註一)。
Gold begets in brethren hate: Gold in families debate: Gold does friendship separate: Gold does civil wars create.
Abraham Cowley: Anacreontics:Gold
顏藹珠、張春榮:英語首語重複修辭法研究 115 ，旬首重出 Gold' 以排比方式，鋪陳黃金帶來的危機;小至手足親|育，朋友之誼，大 至國家安定，無不因黃金而分崩離析。由此觀之，勿眩目於金黃亮麗的色j旱，而忘了 其背後的陰影。 (斗詞組首語重複修辭法 在兩個句子或數個句子的開頭重複連用相同的詞組、片語。 Perhaps there is only one cardinal sin: impatience.
Because of impatience we were driven out of Paradise: Because of impatience we cannot return.
Franz Kafka
所謂「也許只有一種基本罪惡，即沒有耐性。因為沒有耐性，我們被逐出天堂; 因為沒有耐性，我們也回不去 J '旬首重出 Because of impatience '強調缺乏耐性之過。 由於缺乏耐性，無法堅持理念，遂輕易沈淪;更由於缺乏耐性，終未能堅此百忍，刮 垢磨光，重返美好境域。可見耐"宜之培養，大矣哉。
To love and win is the best thing. to love and lose. the next best.
W.M. Thackeray 「戀愛而成功，最佳;戀愛而不成，次之J '重出 To love '強調戀愛之重要， 不管成或不成，至少親嘗其中酸甜苦辣，點滴在心頭。反之，未曾變愛，隔岸觀火， 終屬不真切。事實上，人生的意義往往過程勝於結果，戀愛亦然。
If you have great talents. industry will improve them:
if you have but moderate abilities. industry will supply their deficiency. Joshua Reynolds
所謂「如果你才華洋溢，勤奮可加以增強;如果你才智平庸，勤奮可加以彌補缺
失 J '旬首重出 if you have, industry will '強調不管天生才氣如何，後天努力更屬必
要。才氣縱橫者，再加上後天努力，則如虎添翼;即使中等之資，亦可勤能補拙，展
現風采。
There are two insults which no human will endure: the assertion that he hasn 't a sense of humor, and the assertion that he has never known trouble.
Sinclair Lewis 所謂「人所無法忍受的侮辱有二:被人判定缺乏幽默感，以及被人判定未曾經歷
困惱 J '重出 the assertion that he '強調人之值得敬愛，不外乎:幽默風趣或歷險
如夷。有幽默感必能為人所愛，能歷險如夷必為人所敬，畢竟，若沒有這兩種特質， 人的精神面貌便無法昂揚展現，因此被判定缺乏二者，實為莫大之辱。
Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are billed to death, those who are worried to death and those who are bored to death.
Winston Churchill 所謂「大致而言，人類可分三種:負債而死者，煩惱而死者，無聊而死者」旬首
重出 Those who are '強調芸芸眾生，或拜金逐利，往往債臺高築，終生無法償還; 成身陷塵網，但看上司臉色，唯唯諾諾，深怕動輒得咎，一輩子無法釋懷;或渾渾噩 噩，毫無理想抱負，一生I't碌，全屬雞毛蒜皮瑣事。由此觀之，見不賢而內省，身為 萬物之靈，自應領取借鏡，勿成為芸芸眾生的翻版。
An Educated Man is one who is trained to use the tools of human inter-course with readiness, precision and accuracy, especially language and the rudi-ments of number.
顏藹珠、張春榮:英語首語重被修辭法研究 117
An Educated Man must be able to study and to think without guidance from others. He must be- -to some extent - -a thinker. not an imitator.
An Educated Man must have sufficient knowledge of nature to understand the main processes upon which human life and happiness depend.
An Educated Man knows enough history to enable him to understand the main achievement of man.
An Educated Man is acquainted with the major resources for intellectual and esthetic enjoyment. He knows nature. literature. music. and the other arts sufficiently to choose superior to inferior enjoyments.
An Educated Man is marked by his interest as well as by his trained abil-ities. His attention is habitually attracted by significant rather than trivial thoughts. objects. events. noble pursuits. and worthwhile enjoyments.
An Educated Man must have not only this general culture. but also train-ing for a specific occupation.
An Educated Man must have toward his fellows the habitual attitudes that are commonly called ethical- -such attitudes as honor and honesty. helpful-ness and good -will and co-operation.
An Educated Man must have loyalties to at least some of the important organizations and institutions of society.
G. A. Cae: "What Is an Educated Man?" 本文旬首重出 An Educated Man '以排比鋪陳 An Educated Man 應有的特質。第 一段指出要善於運用工具，尤其語言與算術。第二段要能獨立思考，而非模仿者。第 三段宜知識淵博，真正了解人生與幸福之所繫。第四段宜通曉歷史，明白人類成就。
第五段深知性靈之樂的根源，有多方面藝術素養，知所取抉。第六段對博大精深的思 想、事物、高貴情操，有價值之娛樂保有高度興致。第七段要是通才，也是專才。第
八段宜保有榮譽、誠實、助人、善意、及合作之態度。第九段要投入社會，堅守重要 之組織與制度。凡此種種，無非強調 An Educated Man 應博學多聞，慎思明辨，懷抱 理想;同時踏出象牙塔，和睦樂群，貢獻一已之力，成為社會安定的力量。
JUST for today I will try to live through this day only. and not tackle
my whole life problem at once. I can do something for 12 hours that would
appall me if I felt that I had to keep it up for a lifetime.
Just for today I will be happy. This assumes to be true what Abraham
Lincoln said that."Most folks are as happy as they make up their minds to be."
Just for today I will try to strengthen my mind. I will study. I will learn something useful. I will not be a mental loafer. I will read something that re-quires effort. thought and concentration.
Just for today I will adjust myself to what is. and not try to adjust ev-erything to my own desires. I will take my "luck" as it comes. and fit myself to it.
Just for today I will exercise my soul in three ways: I will do somebody a good turn. and not get found out. I will do at least two things I don't want to do- -just for exercise. I will not show anyone that my feelings are hurt; they may be hurt. but today I will not show it.
Just for today I will be agreeable. I will look as well as I can. dress be-comingly. talk low. act courteously. criticize not one bit. not find fault with anything and not try to improve or regulate anybody except myself.
Just for today I will have a program. I may not follow it exactly. but I will have it. I will save myself from two pests: hurry and indecision.
Just for today I will have a quiet half hour all by myself. and relax. During this half hour. sometime. I will try to get a better perspective of my
life.
顏鵡珠、張春榮:英語首語重被修辭法研究 119
Just for today I will be unafraid. Especially I will not be afraid to enjoy what is beautiful. and to believe that as I give to the world. so the world will give to me.
Kenneth Holmes: "Your Next Twelve Hours"
本文旬首重出 Just for today ，以九段排比，展開「就在今天」的期許。第一段主 張為今天而活，不要操之過急，循序進行。第二段主張要保持愉快，完全看個人心願。 第三段主張學習新知，有用的才能，篤志勤奮，致力於斯。第四段主張適應環境，而 非要求環境皆從己願，面對現實，配合調適。第五段主張以三種方式，磨練，心靈:第 一助人不欲人知，其次要求自己做兩件不願做之事，並控制受傷的情感。第六段主張 笑容迎人，舉止端莊得體，不妄加批評，吹毛求疵，或想糾正別人。第七段主張訂定 計劃，盡其在我，避免匆忙、猶豫之失。第八段主張忙裡偷閒'有半小時清閒，鬆抽 身心，對未來並有更好的展望。第九段指出要無所畏懼，迎接一切美好，相信我給予 世界的，世界也必給我，一切努力必得到回饋。綜上所述，在在強調掌握今天之重要， 在自己工作、心情、知識、態度、舉止上均要有新的目標，保持樂觀進取，將能開展 出更美好豐富的人生。 已短旬首語重複修辭法 在兩個句子或數個旬子的開頭重複運用相同的短句。
They are slaves who fear to speak. For the fallen and the weak;
They are slaves who will not choose. Hatred. scoffing and abuse;
Rather than in silence shrink.
They are slaves who dare not be. In the right with two or three.
James Russell Lowell:"Slaves" 旬首重出 They are slaves 三次，以平行旬法展開，強調他們是奴隸，懼怕替跌倒 和弱者仗義直言;對真理絨默退縮，不願因支持真理，忍受仇恨、嘲笑、辱罵;不敢 與二、三子連袂挺身，與真理同行;這樣的敘述，音節過勁，直斥畏首畏尾者流，可
說氣勢噴薄，義正詞嚴。
My heart's in the Highlands, my heart is not here; My heart's in the Highlands. a-chasing the deer. A -chasing the wild deer. and following the roe My heart's in the Highlands,wherever I go.
Farewell to the Highlands. farewell to the North! The birthplace of valour, the country of worth; Wherever I wander, wherever I rove.
The hills of the Highlands for ever I love.
Farewell to the mountains high covered with snow! Farewell to the straths and green valleys below! Farewell to the forests and wild - hanging woods! Farewell to the torrents and loud -pouring floods!
Robert Burns:"My Heart 's in the Highlands"
彭斯( 1759-1796 ) ，蘇格蘭詩人，生於清貧園丁之家，以務農為主。<我的心呀
顏鵡珠、張春榮:英語首語重被修辭法研究 121
中心懊之，念念不已。第二節重出 Farewell to 二次，強調離開故鄉，行跡天涯，故 土人情之純厚、高原群山之美，令人難忘。第三節旬首重出 Farewell to 四次，以讚 嘆的口吻，告別白雪瞌睡的高山、青翠山谷及河灘、參天大樹、無垠林地、滔滔急流、 高鳴洪潮。全詩直陳心中的摯愛，配合音節相 E 呼應，真切呼喚，毫無隱遮。
He smiled - - and his home was a place of happiness.
He smiled - - and the children ran out of the way to meet and greet him. He smiled - - and his co-workers in business worked better than in any other place of the employment.
He smiled - - and his business clients and callers spoke well of him and his business increased.
He smiled - - and all who entered his office door were pleased to be greet-ed as friend and equal.
He smiled - - and followed the smile with a brotherly handclasp: and those who were discouraged and downcast went out and took a new grip on life and their work.
He smiled - - and while the years rolled on. he grew younger. because --He smiled! Anonymous 旬首重出 He smiled '強調微笑之重要。能微笑面對，家成了快樂地方;孩子們跑 到路上歡迎他:與之共事的人比在其他地方做得更勤奮;代理商和訪客都說他好話， 生意日增;由於他微笑，進入他辦公室的人;都欣然受到朋友和同輩似的款待;加上 親切握手，原本沮喪頹廢的人出來後，對生活和工作態度煥然一新。由於微笑，儘管 歲月流逝，他愈來愈年輕。因為微笑是開放的心靈，永遠充滿生機，一掃種種陰霾' 是長保青春活力的泉源。
參、首語重複修辭法的功用
一、舖陳排比，造成整齊旬型
以相似旬型接連使用，或對旬或排比，形式整齊，自成規律之美。正如 A.W.
Hal-sal ( 1991 )指出:
Anaphora is a technique of coordination and replacement allowing for, and
even emphasizing, juxtaposition. It is a natural means, therefore, of creating accumulations of analogical. antithetical. or heterogeneous elements. (39)
Nothing is more unreliable than the populance, nothing more obscure than human intentions,
nothing more deceptive than the whole electoral system.
Cicero 所謂「沒有東西比群眾更不可靠，沒有東西比人類意向更難解，沒有東西比選舉 制度更靠不住 J '旬首重出 Nothing is more (二、三旬的 is 承上省略) ，以排比強 調群眾往往是盲目的集合，雖聲勢浩大，卻是烏合之眾，一盤散沙;而人類的意向， 未依理性而行，充滿諸多偏見與營私，卻以官冕堂皇的言語粉飾，很不容易洞澈;至 於選舉制度，更是利益團體的結合，不乏政商掛勾，結黨自肥，有人更喻為高明的騙 術，凡此，均為民主制度中被抨擊之所在。
Authority is not power- -that's coercion.
Authority is not knowledge- -that's persuasion or seduction.
Authority is simply that the author has the right to make a statement and to be heard.
顏鵡珠、張春榮:英語首語重複修辭法研究 123
所謂「權威並非力量一只是強制執行。權威並非知識一只是說服和誘惑。權威只 代表當事者有權發表主張，逼人聽從而已 J '旬首重出 Authority is '前兩行先以否 定、肯定的方式，抖落權威的光環，澄清權威的真相，最後一行則直述權威僅僅是當 事者的聲音，並非代表真理。
Carelessness about our security is dangerous; carelessness about our freedom is also dangerous.
Adlai Stevenson
所謂「對我們安全不在意是危險的，對我們自由不在意也是危險的J '透過旬首 重出 Carelessness about our (旬末 is dangerous) ，強調對自身之安全、自由，不容 疏忽;安全與自由是最根本最重要的人權;一旦放棄不管，所有生命及財產將缺乏保 障，人性的尊嚴亦將完全喪失;而這樣的認知，當是民主社會的必備常識。
No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.
Herbert Spencer: Social Statics
所謂「沒有人能完全自由，除非所有人都自由;沒有人能完全有道德，除非所有
人都有道德;沒有人能完全快樂，除非所有人都快樂J '旬首重出 No one can be
perfectly (旬中重出 till all are ) ，強調個人與群體密不可分，沒有一個人是孤島，而
個人的自由、道德、快樂，必須建立在整體社會的自由、道德、快樂的紮實基礎上， 才能真正綻放;否則，個人身繫的良好品質，將如風中孤葉，有顛墜之虞。
Some glory in their birth. some in their skill. Some in their wealth. some in their body's force; Some in their garments. though new-fangled ill; Some in their hawks and hounds. some in their horse;
And every humour hath his adjunct pleasure. Wherein it finds a joy above the rest:
But these particulars are not my measure; All these I better in one general best. Thy love is better than high birth to me.
Richer than wealth. prouder than garments' cost. Of more delight than hawks or horses be;
And having thee. of all men's pride I boast: Wretched in this alone. that thou mayst take All this away and me most wretched make.
William Shakespeare: Sonnet 91 這是莎士比亞〈十四行詩〉第九十一首，一開始即以排比方式，重出 some 七次， 指出有人誇耀門第、才學、財富、體力、服裝、鷹犬、馬匹，分別自其中獲得樂趣。 而後映襯轉折，逼出主旨「我有一項快樂勝過這一切/你的愛勝過你的高貴門閥/比 財富更豐盛，比服裝更高貴/比鷹和馬更好耍，你的愛是我無上歡樂的泉源，一切其 他的事物均無法匹敵。最後兩行，點出內心的隙憂，有朝一日你將愛拿走，則我將由 心靈的巨富淪為赤貧。縱觀全詩，先抑後揚、再抑，可說一波三折，刻縷出情感世界 的真實。
If I can stop one heart from breaking. I shall not live in vain:
If I can ease one life the aching. or cool one pain.
Or help one fainting robin Unto his nest again. I shall not live in vain.
顏藹珠、張春榮:英語首語重被修辭法研究
Emily Dickinson: Poems
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I125
此詩句首重出If I 設想若能使一顆心兔於破碎，我就沒有白活;若能使一個生命 痛楚減輕，平息疼痛;或幫助一隻昏迷的畫眉鳥，重回巢裡，我就沒有白活。在平行 敘述裡，全詩流露人道關慎的溫暖，及物吾與也的心境。
I sit and look out upon all the sorrows of the world. and upon all oppression and shame.
I hear secret convulsive sobs from young men. at anguish with themselves. remorseful after deeds done;
I see. in low life. the mother misused by her children. dying. neglected. gaunt. desperate.
I see the wife misused by her husband - - I see the treacherous seducer of the young woman.
I mark the ranklings of jealousy and unrequited love. attempted to be hid - - I see these sights on the earth.
I see the workings of battle. pestilence. tyranny - - I see martyrs and prison-ers.
I observe a famine at sea - - I observe the sailors casting lots who shall be killed. to preserve the lives of the rest.
I observe the slights and degradations cast by arrogant persons upon laborers. the poor. and upon negroes. and the like;
All these - - All the meanness and agony without end. I sitting. look out upon. See. hear. and am silent.
Walt Whitman: 刊 I Sit and Look Out"
observe 兩次) ，敘述坐下來觀看世上所有的憂愁、壓迫、及羞恥，聽到年輕人暗自沈 淪地哭泣，為他們的行為暗自痛苦而煩惱;看見下層生活，孩子們累壞了母親，母親 奄奄一息，無何奈何、抱怨、絕望，看見被丈夫害 'I擎的妻子，同時也看到紅杏出牆; 注意到嫉妒的愛造成無端慘劇，這世上到處都有這樣的故事;看到有人在從事戰爭、 散播疾疫、實施專制，也看到殉道者或烈士以及囚犯;看到海上的災難，見到在危難 中的水手拋下脆桿或木棒或木板去拯救別人生命;看到囂張之徒對勞工、窮人、黑奴 等類的人鄙視或做出使他們墮落或敗壞的行為，而綜上所見，都是無盡的卑賤的痛苦， 我坐下來望著這些事情在進行，我看見了，聽到了，但只能默默然無言以對。全詩， 在排比鋪陳中，流露深 j亢的哀愁，觸目所及，無不苦難連連，世人在不公不義的敗德 惡行中載沈載浮;世間的善舉，如水手救人者，少如天邊寥落的星子;彷彿舉目皆陰 影籠罩，光明離人間而去;值此之際，詩人也只有無語問蒼天(註二)。
The earldom held by Lord Mountdrago's father was created by Charles II. and the barony held by the first Earl dated from the Wars of the Roses. For three hundred years the successive holders of the title had allied themselves with the noblest families of England. But Lord Mountdrago was as conscious of his birth as a nouveau riche is conscious of his money. He never missed an oppor-tunity of impressing it upon others. He had beautiful manners when he chose to display them. but this he did only with people whom he regarded as his equals. He was coldly insolent to those whom he looked upon as his social in-feriors. He was rude to his servants and insulting to his secretaries. The sub-ordinate officials in the government offices to which he had been successively attached feared and hated him.His arrogance was horrible. He knew that he was a great deal cleverer than most of the persons he had to do with. and never hesitated to apprise them of the fact. He had no patience with the infir-mities of human nature. He felt himself born to command and was irritated with people who expected him to listen to their arguments or wished to hear
頗藹珠、張春榮:英語首語重複修辭法研究 127
the reasons for his decisions. He was immeasurably selfish. He looked upon any service that was rendered him as a right due to his rank and intelligence and therefore deserving of no gratitude. It never entered his head that he was called upon to do anything for others. He had many enemies: he despised them. He knew no one who merited his assistance. his sympathy or his compassion. He had no friends. He was distrusted by his chiefs because they doubted his loyalty; he was unpopular with his party. because he was over-bearing and discourteous; and yet his merit was so great. his patriotism so evident. his in-telligence so solid and his management of affairs so brilliant that they had to put up with him.
W. Somerset Maugham: "Lord Mountdrago"
在毛姆小說 "Lord Mountdrago" ，鋪陳一個達官貴族的心態。 Mountdrago 大人很 在意自己出身，從不放棄任何向他人炫耀的機會。他只有對他認為同類人，才表現出 優雅態度;對地位較他差的，則待之以冷漠無禮。他對僕人組魯，對秘書傲慢。他任 職政府單位，屬下對他又|白又|畏。他極端自大，確信自己比與他交往的人聰明，並告 訴他們這事實。他對人性懦弱缺乏耐性，認為自己天生要管人的，不屑於聽別人意見， 亦不必向別人解釋理由。他非常自私，視別人服務為理所當然，全因自己地位才智所 致，不須感謝，他從未有服務別人的念頭。他有很多敵人，他瞧不起他們，他不覺得 任何人值得幫忙、同情、愛護。他沒有朋友，他主管不信任他，因為他們懷疑他不忠。 在他團體中，他不受歡迎，因他高傲輸矩。然而，由於他有諸多優點，愛國心強，才 能高，辦事俐落，大家也只好容忍。問題是長此以往，樹敵過多，召禍落井，終不得 好下場。 二、童出蟬聯，以求音節亮利 旬首用字一再重出，使各旬音節異中有同，同中有異，前後呼應、變化，抒
發強烈的情感。正如當代著名修辭學家 E. P. J Corbett 指出:
Whenever anaphora occurs. we can be sure that the author has used it deliber-ately. Since the repetition of the words helps to establish a marked rhythm in the sequence of clauses. this scheme is usually reserved for those passages where the author wants to produce a strong emotional effect. (438)
I have made three rules of writing for myself that are absolutes: Never take advice.
Never show or discusss work in progress. Never answer a critic.
Raymond Chandler 所謂三條寫作金科玉律: r 不接受忠告」、「不把進行中的作品給別人看或討論」 「不要理批評家」、三次重出 Never' 強調自己寫作特立獨行，銳意勇猛;折衷媚 俗，實屬不必要。
There are three wants which can never be satisfied: that of the rich. who wants something more; that of the sick. who wants something different; and that of the traveler. who says. "Anywhere but here."
所謂「有三種人的需求永遠無法滿足:富有的總想多要點錢，生病的人總要換個 治療法，遊客總想換個地方玩J '強調富者永遠嫌不夠，病人永遠希望有新療法可以 奏效，旅客永遠覺得未玩的地方會更好玩，於是，陷於無止境的欲求，無止境的尋找， 永遠無法停止。
When one makes children unhappy. one is a criminal and runs the risks of killing them. When one makes them happy. one does right. but one runs the
129
顏 1萬珠、張春榮:英語首語重被修辭法研究
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risk of making them silly, presumptuous, and insolent.
所謂「使兒童不快樂是罪惡行徑，置他們於死地之危;使兒童快樂是沒錯，卻使 。透過二分觀點，強調教育見童誠屬不易。在幼小心靈， 他們有愚蠢自大與傲慢之虞」 種下不快樂的種子，貝IJ告別觀笑，喪失純真，進而蒙上陰影，一輩子偏邪歪曲;種下 快樂種子，則不知民間疾苦，視一切為理所當然，則又驕寵恣縱，不知謙遜。由此可 見，教育兒童是藝術也是智慧，不可小視。
Not serried ranks with flags unfurled. Not armoured ships that gird the world. Not hoarded wealth nor busy mills. Not cattle on a thousand hills,
Not sages wise. nor schools nor laws. Not boasted deeds in freedom's cause--All these may be, and yet the state In the eye of God be far from great.
That land is great which knows the Lord. Whose songs are guided by His word: Where justice rules 'twixt man and man. Where love controls in art and plan: Where, breathing in his native air,
Each soul finds joy in praise and prayer--Thus may our country. good and great. Be God's delight--man's best estate.
在<什麼使國家偉大>詩中，第一節旬首重出 Not 六次，指出不是旗幟張揚，不 是環繞世界之裝甲巡洋艦，不是堆積的財富或繁忙工廠，不是成千山坡上的羊群，不 是智者聖人、學校或法律，不是號稱捍衛自由的誇大事蹟，這些雖有可能，但在上帝 眼中與偉大相去甚遠。第二節旬首重出 where 三次，指出偉大的土地了解上帝旨意， 在那裡，歌中有上帝智慧， r 正義」管理人間事， r 愛」主導藝術與措施，呼吸祖國 空氣，每個人在讚美與祈禱中得到喜樂，這才是真正的盡美盡善，沐浴在上帝喜悅中， 人類最好的領土才能真正實現。
Ring out wild bells. to the wild sky. The flying cloud. the frosty light: The year is dying in the night; Ring out. wild bells. and let him die.
Ring out the old. ring in the new. Ring. happy bells. across the snow: The year is going. let him go; Ring out the false. ring in the true.
Ring out the grief that saps the mind. For those that here we see no more; Ring out the feud of rich and poor. Ring in redress to all mankind.
Ring out a slowly dying cause. And ancient forms of party strife: Ring in the nobler modes of life. With sweeter manners. purer laws.
顏藹珠、張春榮:英語首語重複修辭法研究
Ring out the want. the care. the sin. The faithless coldness of the times; Ring out. ring out my mournful rhymes. But ring the fuller minstrel in.
Ring out false pride in place and blood. The civic slander and the spite;
Ring in the love of truth and right. Ring in the common love of good.
Ring out old shapes of foul disease; Ring out the narrowing lust of gold; Ring out the thousand wars of old. Ring in the thousand years of peace.
Ring in the valiant man and free. The larger heart. the kindlier hand; Ring out the darkness of the land. Ring in the Christ that is to be.
Alfred Tennyson: In Memoriam 131
丁尼生〈哀悼}詩，出版於 1850 '計一百三十首，前半描述個人哀思，後半抒發
人生感慨，虔誠穩健，呈現維多利亞時代之文風品味，廣獲好評。此首為全詩壓卷， 詩人秉持上帝改進人類、日趨至善之信念，於除夕之際，昂揚樂觀的訊息。第一節前 後，重出 Ring out, wild bells '鐘敲狂響，告別今年;第二節前後，重出 Ring out,
ring in '強調送往迎來，除舊布新;第三節至第七節，均第一行重出 Ring out' 第四 行重出 Ring in '以排比敘述， r 送走那椎心的悲苦，為了我們不能看見的人們;送 走貧富之間的仇恨，迎接全人類的自新之圖。送走慢慢死去的主義，古老的黨爭的對 峙;迎接較高貴的生活方式，較文雅的態度，較純潔的法律。送走貧乏、愁苦、罪過、 時代之無情的冷淡;送走，送走我的哀痛的詩篇，迎接較豐滿的歌者。送走官閥門第 的虛榮，彼此闊的毀謗與傷害，迎接對真理與正義的愛，迎接共同向善的心情。送走 惡疾的舊形，送走狹隘的貪婪金錢;送走以往千年的戰事連綿，迎接千年的和平。迎 接勇敢自由的人們，開廓的心胸，溫和的手段;送走這國中的黑暗，迎接基督之即將 來臨。」 全詩在前後各節的呼應、疊現中，讀來抑揚頓挫，理鏘有力，彷彿鐘聲齊鳴，震 盪人心(註三)。
Of persons arrived at high positions. ceremonies. wealth. scholarships. and the like.
To me. all that those persons have arrived at. sinks away from them. except as it results to their bodies and Souls.
So that often to me they appear gaunt and naked.
And often. to me. each one mocks the others. and mocks himself or herself. And of each one. the core of life. namely happiness. is full of the rotten excre-ment of maggots.
And often. to me. those men and women pass unwittingly the true realities of life. and go toward false realities.
And often. to me. they are alive after what custom has served them. but noth-mg more.
And \.dten. to me. they are sad. hasty. unwaked sonnambules. walking the dusk.
顏藹珠、張春榮:英語首語重複修辭法研究 133 詩中對居高位、掌典禮、擁財富、享學術地位的人加以反思;除非一個人靈魂、 軀體一致，否則有所得，必有所失，於是我常目睹他們醜陋的面目。接著分別旬首重 出 And often, to 間，平行鋪陳所見: r 他們互相譏諷，也譏諷他或她自己」、「他 們不智地去探索生命的真實，結果找到的是虛假的生命」、「他們在習俗後面活著， 別無其他進展」、「他們哀愁、匆忙、失眠、夢遊、在黃昏散步 J '無法有平和的心， 無法直探生命活泉，無法真實無偽的呼吸，無法悠閒從容，真正逍遙散步。確實對世 俗所謂名流富賈，提出抨擊。
Dh.
God! Methinks it were a happy life To be no better than a homely swain. To sit upon a hill. as I do now.To carve out dials quaintly. point by point. Thereby to see the minutes how they run How many make the hour full complete. How many hours bring about the day. How many days will finish up the year. How many years a mortal man may live.
When this is known. then to divide the times嘟"
So many hours must I tend my flock. So many hours must I take my rest. So many hours must I contemplate. So many hours must I sport myself;
So many days my ewes have been with young. So many weeks ere the poor fools will ean. So many years ere I shall shear the fleece. So minutes. hours. days. months. and years. Passed over to the end they were created.
Would bring white hairs unto a quiet grave.
Ah. what a life were this I How sweet! How lovely! Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade To shepherds looking on their silly sheep Than doth a rich embroidered canopy
To kings that fear their subjects' treachery? Oh. yes. it doth. a thousandfold it doth. And to conclude. the shepherd's homely curds. His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle. His wonted sleep under a fresh tree's shade. All which secure and sweetly he enjoys. Is far beyond a prince's delicates. His viands sparkling in a golden cup. His body couched in a curious bed.
When care. mistrust. and treason waits on him
William Shakespeare: King Henry the Sixth
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Part Three 在莎士比亞《亨利六世) ，亨利王眼見肇基王位繼承之爭，掀起頻仍戰事，不禁 慨嘆: r 我覺得能做一個樸實的牧羊人，那才是幸福的生活，坐在一個小山之上，像 我現在這樣，在草地上細心刻劃出些個日唇，一度一度的刻劃，觀測光陰如何的一分 一分的度過。接著旬首重出How many 四;付，以層遞方式推衍:多少分鐘湊成一整小 時，多少小時積成一天，多少天完成一年，多少年人在一生可以過活;繼而分配時間， 並旬首重出 So many 七次:這麼多小時我必須照顧我的羊群，這麼多小時我必須休息， 這麼多小時我必須沈思，這麼多小時我必須遊戲;這麼多天之久我的母羊必已懷胎， 這麼多星期之後小羊即可生產下來，這麼多年之後我將剪羊毛。一切均在固定的軌跡 中運轉，一生何其美好!尤其牧羊八坐在山植叢下，那一片樹蔭不比生怕臣民叛變的顏藹珠、張春書是:英語首語重梭修辭法研究 135 國王頭上罩著的錦繡華蓋更為美麗麼?牧羊人的家常奶酪、冰涼的淡酒，他在新鮮樹 蔭之下的習慣的睡眠，他都能無憂無慮的安然享受，遠勝過一位帝王所享受的珍麓， 盛在金盤裡的亮晶晶的食物，他的身體臥在華麗的大床，而煩惱、猜忌、陰謀隨時園 伺著他。而這樣的慨嘆，無疑給汲汲爭名奪利者一個借鏡，與其患得患失爭逐權勢， 不如心安理得平凡度日。如牧羊人之小人物，亦有其幸福。 己強調音麓，藉以突顯主首 關鍵字於旬首一再出現，醒人耳目，猶如主旋律之一再浮現，增強印象。也由於 Anaphora 具有此種特性，因此政治性的演說詞便常使用此種修辭技巧。正如著名文體 學家 G. N. Leech 指出:
In this sense, verbal parallelism says the same thing twice over:
The expression hammers home the content. To this quality of 'sound imitating sense' it owes its declamatory force, the power of emphasis which makes it a stock device of political oratory and of emotionally heightened language gener-ally. (85)
Katie Wales(l 989) 也提出類似的看法:
In rhetoric anaphora is a popular figure of speech involving repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses. It is found in verse and prose of all periods. and can be effectively deployed to un-derline descriptive and emotional effects... It is common in public oratory to give structure to an argument. and to 'hammer home' a point. (23)
When power leads man to arrogance, poetry reminds him of his limitations.
When power narrows the area of man's concern. poetry reminds him of the richness and diversity of his existence. When power corrupts, poetry cleanses.
For art establishes the basic human truths which must serve as the touchstone of our judgement.
John Kennedy 藉著旬首重出 When power 、 poetry 各三次，指出當權力使人變得趾高氣昂，詩可 以提醒他能力上的缺陷;當權力窄化人關心的範疇，詩可以提醒他生命的豐富與多樣; 當權力腐化，詩就使以淨化。在 power 與 poetry 的對比中，排比呈現其間差異，更具 說服效用。
Waste of Muscle. waste of Brain. Waste of Patience. waste of Pain. Waste of Manhood. waste of Health. Waste of Beauty. waste of Wealth. Waste of Blood. and waste of Tears. Waste of youth's most precious years. Waste of ways the saints have trod. Waste of Glory. waste of God. Warl
G.A. Studdert Kennedy: "Waste" 全詩句首重出 Waste ，以排上七捕陳人的種種虛擲浪費，以戰爭為最。計有肌肉之浪 費，大腦之浪費，耐心之浪費，痛苦之浪費，男子氣概之浪費，健康之浪費，美麗之 浪費，財富之浪費，血液之浪費，眼淚之浪費，年輕人黃金歲月之浪費，甚而有聖人 懿道之浪費，光榮之浪費，上帝之浪費。在戰爭無情催毀下，一切具體與抽象的種種 文明，無不煙消雲散，化為烏有。所有的努力經營，所有自知的挫折，所有秉持的理 念，玉石俱焚，終歸子虛。經由旬首 Waste 的一再重出，作者點出戰爭的殘酷本質， 驚人心魄。
~甜珠、張春榮:英語首語重被修辭法研究
FORGET the slander you have heard. Forget the hasty unkind word.
Forget the quarrel and the cause. Forget the whole affair because Forget it is the only way: Forget the storm of yesterday. Forget those with the sour face. Forget and smile in any place. Forget the trials you have had. Forget the weather if it's bad. Forget the knocker. he's a freak.
Forget him seven days 且 week.
Forget you 're not a millionaire. Forget the gray streaks in your hair. Forget wherever you may roam. Forget when traveling or at home.
Myrtle May Drydan: "Just Forget" 137 全詩旬首重出 Forget 十六次，以平行敘述，展開忘懷的主題:忘記所聽的毀謗， 忘記匆匆說過不友善的話，忘記爭執與原因，忘記整個事件來龍去脈，因為忘記是唯 一的妙方。忘記昨天的暴風雨，忘記那些臉色難看的人。忘記，然後在任何地方開懷 而笑，忘記你有過磨難，忘記不好的天氣，忘記對你打擊的人，他是怪物，一星期忘 記他七天，忘記你自己不是百萬富翁，忘記你的自髮。忘記吧，不論你到何處，不論 旅行或在家。而全詩在層層排比中，指出生活的智慧要能過而不留;對不好的人事糾 葛，要沾而不滯，不必在乎;讀內心永遠通暢光亮，無所牽扯;如此，縱橫天地，逍 遙自在，才是上上之策。
When I look upon the tombs of the great. every emotion of envy dies in me: when I read the epitaphs of the beautiful. every inordinate desire goes out: when I meet with the grief of parents upon a tombstone. my heart melts with compassion: when I see the tomb of the parents themselves. I consider the vanity of grieving for those whom we must quickly follow: when I see kings lying by those who deposed them. when I consider rival wits placed side by side or the holy men that divided the world with their contests and disputes. I reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the little competitions. factions and debates of mankind. When I read the several dates of the tombs. of some that died yesterday. and some six hundred years ago. I consider that great Day when we shall all of us be contemporaries. and make our appearance together.
Joseph Addison: "Westminster Abbey"
Joseph Addison(l 672-1719) 英國著名小品散文家。與友 Sir Richard Steele 合辦 The
Tatler 及 Spectator 兩雜誌。 Westminster Abbey 位於倫敦的 Westminster 區，國會附近， 泰唔斯河畔，為英王加冕處，並為歷代帝王后妃及名人埋葬紀念之所。 此文排比敘述面對墳墓的各種思索。當膽視偉人之墓，曾經嫉忌的情緒消失無蹤， 審視美人之墓，非分貪想也全都瓦解流失;眼見墓碑上父母之悲哀，心中一片同情傷 感。眼見為人父母之墓，念及吾儕必須前後相繼，何其空虛無聊。目睹帝王與仇殺者 同歸塵土，目睹爭炫智士或給世界製造更多糾紛議題的聖人共葬於此，不禁對人類之 瑣屑競爭與結黨爭論，湧起驚愕悲哀之情。當讀著墓上所刻的時間，或死於昨日，或 逝於六百年前，我不禁想起最後將降臨的偉大日子，上帝將對所有的人加以審判。全 文經由死亡的撞擊，一洗貪戀榮華美女之心，洞悉生命之無奈，看清炫智之無聊;人 生似幻化，終當歸虛無，宗教的正義才是最後唯一的寄託。
With malice toward none. with charity for all. with firmness in the right. as God gives us to see the right. let us strive on to finish the work we are in.
酌酵獸醫皆
ttE
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顏鵡珠、張春漿:英語首語重被修辭法研究 139
to build up the nation 's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the
battle, and for his widow and orphans; to do all which may achieve and cher-ish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.
Abraham Lincoln: "The Second Inaugural Address"
本文選自林肯總統一八六五年三月四日第二次就職演說詞。時值美國南北戰爭
( 1861-1865) ，文中以排比旬法， with 三次重出，強調對任何人不懷惡意，對所有人
抱持善心，對上帝堅守正義的信念;接著指出讓我們盡力完成正進行之任務，以排比 旬法， to 三次重出，用以癒合國家的傷痕，關懷戰死的烈士及遺屬，致力於爭取並維 持我國與世界之永久和平，可說黃鐘大呂'語意蟬鏘有力。
Voltaire conquered; Voltaire waged the splendid kind of warfare, the war of one alone against all; that is to say. the grand warfare. The war of thought against matter, the war of reason against prejudice, the war of the just against the unjust. the war for the oppressed against the oppressor, the
war of goodness, the war of kindness. He had the tenderness of a woman and
the wrath of a hero. he was a great mind and an immense heart.
He conquered the old code and the old dogma. He conquered the feudal lord. the Gothic judge. the Roman priest. He raises the populace to the dignity of people. He taught, pacificated, and civilized. He fought for Sirven and Mont-bailly, as for Calas and La Barre; he accepted all the menances. all the out-rages. all the persecutions. calummy, and exile. He was indefatigable and im-movable. He conquered violence by a smile. despotism by sarcasm. infallibility by irony. obstinacy by perseverance, ignorance by truth.
Victor Marie Hugo: "Voltaire" 本文選自 1878 年雨果在伏爾泰逝世一百週年紀念會上的演講詞。伏爾泰( Voltaire
1694-1778 )為法國詩人、史學及哲學家，並長於戲劇、諷刺文體，思想獨樹一幟，立 論犀利機智。在此講詞，雨果稱許伏爾泰以如橡大筆揭發各種罪惡，並獲得勝利。第 一段重出 The war 七次，以排比方式強調伏爾泰發動非比尋常之戰「以一敵眾的戰爭」 「正義向不義的戰 「理性向偏見的戰爭」 「思想對物質的戰爭」 「雄偉壯觀的戰爭」 ，以女性溫柔與英雄 「仁愛的戰爭」 「善的戰爭」 「被壓迫者對壓迫者的戰爭」 爭」 忿怒，偉大智力與廣闊心胸，進行戰鬥。第二段重出 He 八次，仍以排比鋪陳伏爾泰 「提升平民於尊嚴 「戰勝封建君主、中世紀法官及羅馬教士」 「戰勝秩序與舊教條」 「教導、平撫、散播文明」 「為西爾旺和蒙貝利而戰，亦為卡萊斯和拉. 巴利 之域」 ，但他「不屈不撓、堅定不 「承受一切恐嚇、辱罵、迫害、詩謗、並遭流放」 而戰」 「以微笑戰勝暴力，以諷刺戰勝暴政，以反諷戰勝宗教的權威，以堅忍戰勝頑固， 移」 ，而整個段落在相似旬法文字的重出中，特別能呈現綿綿不絕的氣 以真理戰勝愚昧」 勢，並突顯伏爾泰獨立昂揚的精神面貌。
Blessed are the poor in spirit. for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Blessed are those who mourn. for they shall be comforted.
Blessed are the meek. for they shall inherit the earth.
Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness. for they shall be filled.
Blessed are the merciful. for they shall obtain mercy. Blessed are the pure in heal"t. for they shall see God.
Blessed are the peacemakers. for they shall be called sons of God.
Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake. for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are you when they revile and persecute you. and say all kinds of evil against you falsely for My sake.
以 431aSaa--aa 遍 for so in heaven. your reward they persecuted the prophets who were before you.
for great is Rejoice and be exceedingly glad.
頗 i~ 珠、張春費是:英語首語重被修辭法研究
The Holy Bible : Matthew 5
141 〈聖經﹒馬太福音〉第五章，耶穌教導門徒，旬首重出 Blessed are 九次(旬中重 出 for) ，以排比方式敘述「虛心的人有褔 J r 衷慟的人有褔 J r 溫柔的人有褔 J r 飢 渴慕義的人有福 J r 憐恤的人有福 J r 清心的人有福 J r 使人和睦的人有福 J r 為義 受逼迫的人有福 J r 人若因我辱罵、逼迫、捏造各樣壞話毀謗你們，你們有福了」 指出具有虛心、衷慟、溫柔、慕義、憐恤、清心品質，及使人和睦、為義受逼迫者， 將被神所眷顧，得以進天國，這些人的福分並非在目前，而在天圓的賞賜;值此之故， 即使遭遇困呃，猶如以前先知所經歷的，不必懊惱沮喪，反而應當「歡喜快樂」才是。 (註四) 肆、結論 本篇概略探討英文首語重複修辭之分類、特色及功用。限於篇幅，引述難免疏漏， 尚折賜正。就技巧而言，首語重複並非高難度的修辭技巧，易學易用，變化無窮。然 使用不當，則有單調、機械之弊。唯名家運用首語重複，兼顧內容與形式之美，藉字 詞重出，以求旬型的統一、整齊;藉意旨的不同開展，以求錯綜、變化。因此，經由 此技巧之研習，相信能讓學生輕易理解音節重出之美，文義衍申之妙，明白同中求異， 異中求同的美學原則(註五)。 附註 付本文莎士比亞劇本台詞和十四行詩皆參照梁實秋教授譯本。 。本文惠特曼詩文中譯皆參照楊耐冬教授譯本。 (或以上詩文中譯請參梁實秋( 1985:2390-2 )。 的以上經文中譯請參〈聖經新約全書〉中英對照本。國際基甸會中華民國總會出版。 ω 本文寫作期間承蒙邱煥堂教授提供寶貴意見，特此誌謝。
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Edward P.J.Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student. Oxford UP,
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Dixon, Peter. Rhetoric. N.Y.: Methuen & Co., 1971.
Halsall, A. W. ed.A Dictionary of Literary Devices. Toronto University Press, 1991.
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Jordan, John E.Using Rhetoric. N.Y.:Harper & Row Publishers, 1965.
Leech, Geoffrey N.A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. London: Longman Group
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Nash, Walter.Rhetoric:the Wit of Persuasion. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982.
Perrine, Laurence.Sound and Sense: An Introduction to Poetry. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1982.
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A Study of Anaphora In English Rhetoric
Yen Ai-chu
Chang Chun-jung
Abstract
Anaphora is a popular rhetorical scheme involving repetition of the
name word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses
,
sen-tences or verses. This skill is common in English prose
,
verse and speechand has been widely employed by various writers at different periods of time. The purpose of this research is to explore the origin
,
nature,
variety and functions of anaphora in English rhetoric.This paper is divided into four parts. The first part is Introduction which describes briefly the origin and nature of anaphora. The second part deals with the classification of anaphora and three types of anaphora are analyzed and explicated with famous literary works from British and Ameri-can literature.
The third part examines in detail the functions of anaphora :
First
,
anaphora is a technique of coordination and parallelism emphasiz-ing analogical juxtaposition.Second
,
anaphora helps to create a marked rhythm in the sequence of顏 i~ 珠、張春榮:英語首語重被修辭法研究 145
Third
,
anaphora can be effectively managed to create descriptive and emotional effects and the power of emphasis makes it a popular device in songs,
ballads,
public oratory and sermons.The fourth part is conclusion which summarizes the basic principles in teaching and learning anaphora. Anaphora can be a practical rhetorical scheme if it is handled with restraint and for a calculated effect. It is one of the important devices to strike the harmonious balance between sound and sense. Skillful use of anaphora can enhance the impressiveness of lan-guage and give charm and distinction to the style of expression.
Key Words:
English Rhetoric ; AnaphoraEmphasis ; Emotional Effects
