高等教育的國際化：亞太國家外國學生政策之比較分析

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ඒߛઔߒႃע

รնԼᙀรԲཚʳ 2004 ڣ 6 ִʳ ଄ 53-84

ଽ้ఀىޟ୽ሬϽȈ!

ٳЊ୽ড়Ѵ୽Ᏸҡࢇ๊ϞШၶϷݙ

ᐜ ጎ ᓸ ဢ ! ࡌ

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ᜢᗖຒǺଯ௲௲ػ୯ሞϯǵѦ୯ᏢғǵᐞࢪǵВҁǵଭٰՋ٥ǵ ᆵ᡼

ᔎ᐀ᗪǴ୯ҥҬ೯εᏢ௲ػࣴز܌௲௤

ႝηແҹࣁǺhhtai@mail.nctu.edu.tw

׫ዺВයǺ2004 ԃ 1 Д 27 Вǹঅ҅ВයǺ2004 ԃ 5 Д 7 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2004 ԃ 5 Д 21 В

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Bulletin of Educational Research June, 2004, Vol. 50 No. 2 pp. 53-84

The Internationalization of Higher Education:

A Comparative Study of Asian-Pacific Countries’ Foreign Student Policies

Hsiou-Hsia Tai A b s t r a c t

The internationalization of higher education can be carried out through the internationalization of students, teachers, curriculum, and research. Due to the magnitude of the political and economic benefits countries can reap from the international exchange of tertiary students, policies to increase the intake of foreign students have gained con- siderable attention. Through a historical analysis of the policy implications of the international flow of students at different periods and a comparative study of the policies adopted by Taiwan and the top three Asian-Pacific countries in attracting foreign studentsAustralia, Japan and Malaysia, this article suggests that foreign student policy has to take into account the country’s specific purposes. It also points out that despite its potential economic and political contributions, over-emphasis on the intake of foreign students may have a negative impact on the host countries, both culturally and academically. Finally the author argues that, according to the Asian-Pacific experi- ence and at least for this region, the internationalization of higher education tends more toward regionalization than toward globalization.

Keywords: internationalization of higher education, foreign students, Australia, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan

Hsiou-Hsia Tai, Professor, Institute of Education, National Chiao Tung University E-mail: hhtai@mail.nctu.edu.tw

Manuscript received: Jan. 27, 2004; Modified: May 7, 2004; Accepted: May 21, 2004

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೏࿛ඒߛխ׭ڶԫஂհچऱ௅ء࿜ฃΔ܀ਢ༉ݺഏܮ֧؆ഏᖂسऱ࿍Εխ࿓ਙ࿜

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Abelard ऱܮ֧Ժګ੡ᑛ੊ٺچᖂृऱፋႃچΔࠀດዬطᖂீΰstudiumα᠏᧢੡

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੒ᥬԱದࠐΖԫऴࠩ 20 ׈ધΔભഏΕףஞՕΕᖾ੊ᖂسੌٻᑛ੊Ոຟ᥆࣍ψՕள

۩ωऱႚอΖ

ᙟထᑛ੊০ഏ׌ᆠऱឩ്ΔՕᖂՈ๯൅ࠩཷاچΖᜰࠏࠐᎅΔ૎ഏ٣৵ലՕ ᖂᑓڤංᐖࠩભഏΕٱ৫Εॺ੊ࡉࣟতࠅΖ๺ڍཷاࡲ׌ഏ౑౑ڇࠡཷاچ๻م ՕᖂΔࠏڕऄഏڇ။তࡉ۫ॺΕ۫ఄ׃ࡉᆿရ׃ڇᖞଡࢮԭભ੊Ε๛ᥞڇٱ؍Ε ભഏڇဗ৳ᎏ࿛Ζֲءឈྥൕࠐ޲ڶ๯ཷاመΔ܀ڇ᧯ᎁઝᖂ֗ՠᄐ౨Ժऱૹ૞

ࢤհ৵Δ࣍ 1868 ڣ࣋ඵԱႚอऱᖂ๬ᖲዌࠀ᠏ٻֱ۫ՕᖂऱႚอΔطᐚഏΕભഏ

֗ࠡהഏ୮ᙁԵՕᖂऱ෻࢚ࡉᑓڤΖࠡהآ๯ཷاऱഏ୮Δࠏڕխഏࡉ௠ഏՈຬ ᥛ֧ၞֱ۫Օᖂᑓڤΰᚮᖠដ᤟Δ2003aαΖ

ʠă31 ̶ࠕۑ֗ 2:91 Б̈́!

ኙ࣍೏࿛ඒߛऱഏᎾ֏ۖߢΔ20 ׈ધױᎅਢԫଡ։ֽᚢΖڇຍհছΔឈྥഏ ୮ܓ墿բᆖດዬ࠷זᖂ๬ٌੌګ੡׌ᖄऱԺၦΔ܀ਢլᓵਢՕᖂᑓڤऱ؆ฝࢨઔ

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ߒЯᖂسऱٌੌຟ᥆ׂ࣍੄ΕଡԳۖॺิ៣ࡉ࿜ฃࢤऱΖၞԵ 20 ׈ધհ৵ΔഏᎾ ݝႨऱᇫᢠࡉࠟڻ׈੺Օᖏऱᡨ࿇Δᓿղ೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾ֏আၞഏᎾၴऱઌյᛵᇞ ࡉᕁࡐഏ୮ڜ٤ऱᄅٚ೭Ζ

ԫڻՕᖏհ৵Δ੡ԱআၞഏᎾٌੌאףൎࡉؓࡉᛵᇞΔഏᎾᜤᅩΰLeague of NationsαګمԱψഏᎾᖂ๬ٽ܂ࡡ୉ᄎωΰInternational Committee on Intellectual Co-operationαΙભഏऱψഏᎾඒߛઔߒೃωΰInstitute of International Education, IIEα ڇ 1919 ڣګمΙഏᎾᖂسᜤᅩΰConfederation Internationale des Etudiantsαڇऄ ഏګمΔ࠰ܗᖂسள۩ࡉ๶ംΙᐚഏڇ 1925 ڣګمԱψᐚഏᖂ๬ٌੌ᜔ᆟω ΰDeutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst, DAADαΙ૎ഏঞڇ 1934 ڣګمψ૎ഏ

ٌੌ࠰ᄎωΰBritish CouncilαΖឈྥຍࠄࡴֱิ៣ࡉԫࠄഗ८ᄎऱܘԺኙ࣍รԲ ڻ׈੺Օᖏऱ߻ങࠀآ࿇ཀࣔ᧩ऱ܂شΔ܀ਢຍࠄᖲዌᨃඒߛऱഏᎾੌ೯ګ੡ڶ

ิ៣ऱ੒೯ΔՈࠌࠡᛧ൓ছࢬآڶऱਙ࿜ࢤچۯΖ

ԲڻՕᖏཚၴΔ੡Աኙݼၗ֨ഏ୮ڇࢮԭભ੊ၞ۩ऱ֘ભ৙ႚ֗ࠡ༼ࠎࢮԭ ભ੊ᖂسఎᖂᐚഏΕᆠՕܓᑻᖂ८ऱ࿜ฃΔભഏഏ೭ೃ࣍ 1941 ࡉ 1943 ڣၴࡡಜ ഏᎾඒߛઔߒೃڜඈԫՏڍټࢮԭભ੊ᖂسఎᖂભഏΖԲڻՕᖏհ৵Δ۫ᑛഏ୮ ԫֱ૿࠹ࠩᖏञऱૹ໌Δ׼ԫֱ૿Ոط࣍Օၦᖂ๬੺ԳՓࢨڽ࣍ᖏञࢨฝاהഏ ΰ׌૞ਢભഏΕףஞՕࡉᖾ੊αΔભഏԯ࠷זᑛ੊Δԫᥬۖ੡ഏᎾᖂ๬ऱխ֨Ζڇ

೶ᤜ୉ William Fulbright ऱՕԺං೯ՀΔഏᄎຏመԱψແዿؒဒ௽ૠ྽ωΔطഏᎾ ඒߛઔߒೃࠐച۩ٺᣊᖂ๬ٌੌΖط࣍ڶࠐ۞ਙࢌऱ᡹ࡳᆖ၄ΔભഏऱഏᎾඒߛ

ٌੌޓਢڕॡ෌ᜠΰInstitute of International Education, 2003αΖ

ጵߢհΔឈྥࡉؓፖઌյᛵᇞսਢԲڻՕᖏհ৵ഏᎾᖂ๬ٌੌऱ׌૞္ޣΔ

܀ਢΔৰ᧩ྥऱΔഏ୮ڜ٤ࡉ؆ٌਙ࿜ऱᏁ૞թਢឩՕഏᎾඒߛऱ׌૞೯ԺΖኙ ભഏۖߢΔ੡Աᕁࡐا׌ೄᛜऱᏆᖄچۯ֗߻ങ٥ข׌ᆠऱዶຘΔᑛ੊ഏ୮ΰ௽ܑ

ਢؐ੔वᢝٝ՗αᏁ૞ၞ۩٦ඒߛΖᙟထભഏႨԺऱឩ്ࡉፂ਍׈੺఼ݧऱᏁޣΔ ඒߛٌངऱኙွլ٦ওૻ࣍ᑛ੊Δۖᐖ֗ࢬڶॺ٥ขႃቸഏ୮ΖࠃኔՂΔլᓵભ ഏࢨᤕᜤຍࠟՕႃቸΔ੡Աឩ്۞ߪऱᐙ᥼ԺΔ೏࿛ඒߛऱٌੌፖٽ܂ࡉኙ؆ག ܗΕ֮֏ٌੌຟګ੡؆ٌਙ࿜ՠࠠΔطਙࢌ༼ࠎᆖ၄ࡉၞ۩൳ጥΰDe Wit, 2002αΖ

1960ڣזհ৵Δԫֱ૿ࠐ۞ඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛ऱࡅᜢΔ׼ԫֱ૿ط࣍ԳԺᇷءᓵ

(8)

ൎᓳ೏࿛ඒߛ༼ࣙԳԺऱᆖᛎפ౨Δᑛભഏ୮ࡉᄅ२ឭๅཷاچۯऱรԿ׈੺ഏ ୮ՕԺឩ്೏࿛ඒߛΖ੡Աञ࠷ኙรԿ׈੺ऱᐙ᥼ΔೈԱભഏࡉᤕᜤΔڼழᆖᛎ բᓒড࿇୶ऱᐚΕऄΕ૎࿛ഏຟՕԺދԵΔၲ࿇խഏ୮ሑګ੡೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾ֏ऱ ᄅᖏ໱ΖભᤕႃቸऱՕᖂඒ඄ছ࢓ࠅ੊Εࢮԭભ੊Εॺ੊࠰ܗඒᖂΕ࿇୶ᓰ࿓Εᢤ ಬቹ஼ࡉ๻ໂΔࠀᢥܗඒஃऱٌੌࡉᖂسऱఎᖂΖڼԫழཚഏᎾ֏ऱ׌૞ؾऱڇ

࣍ਙएࡉᆖᛎᣂএऱൎ֏ΔഗءՂਢ੡ഏ୮ऱܓ墿ࣚ೭Δڂڼං೯໢ۯਢഏ୮ᖲ ዌΔۖॺՕᖂءߪΔ೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾ֏ऱൎ௺ਙए೯ᖲॺൄࣔ᧩ΰWallerstein, 1997αΖ

ʭă2:91 Б̈́̾࡬!

1980ڣזא৵Δᙟထᇷಛઝݾऱݶຒ࿇୶Δࣚ೭ᄐڇ٤෺ؑ໱խऱૹ૞ࢤ။

ࠐ။᧩ထΖ௅ᖕ׈੺၉࣐ิ៣֗ࠡছߪτᣂ࿔֗၉᜔࣐࠰ࡳυऱ։ᣊΔඒߛࡉ೸

ᄐࣚ೭ΕຏಛΕᔭഇΕ८ᘜ࿛ 14 ႈࠀ٨੡ψࣚ೭ຝ॰ωΰservice sectorαΔਢ٤෺

၉࣐խૹ૞ऱࣚ೭ࢤข঴Ζኙ࣍ભഏΕ૎ഏΕᖾ੊ΕףஞՕ࿛׌૞ఎᖂچ׌ഏۖ

ߢΔ೏࿛ඒߛګ੡ԫႈૹ૞ขᄐΖ؆ഏᖂس൅ࠐگԵΕჄᇖᖂسլߩऱઝߓΕ༼

ࠎკᏝऱܗඒΕઔߒܗ෻࿛Ζڼ؆Δڇഏ؆ၲ๻։ீࢨ඄ᦞഏ؆ᖂீඒ඄ᓰ࿓֗

ቇ඄ᖂۯΔլ܀ױאᏺףگԵΔޓױ៶א༼೏ՕᖂऱഏᎾवټ৫ࡉഏ୮ऱᐙ᥼Ժ ΰAltbach, 1998αΖ

੡Ա᝚࠷؆ഏᖂسࢬᢆٌऱ٤ᠰᖂ၄֗ࠡࢬ൅ࠐऱᆖᛎய墿Δ૎ഏΕᖾ੊࿛

ഏڇ 1980 ڣז࠷௣Ա଺ء࿯ղ؆ഏᖂسऱᇖܗΔࠀቔᚐՕᖂࢵگ؆ഏᖂسΔւ๺

ࠡ۞ࡳگ၄ᑑᄷΔՈױ಻ٽ؆ഏᖂسհᏁޣΔၲ๻௽ܑհᖂۯ֗ಝᒭᓰ࿓Ζ२ڣ ࠐΔ૎Εᖾࠟഏຟᗨᄕ੔᎞ז।ࠩၲ࿇խഏ୮ࢵႥᖂسΔ੷۟๻م௧؆։ீΖ

ೈԱထณ࣍؆ഏᖂسࢬ൅ࠐऱمܛࢤᆖᛎய墿հ؆Δ૿ኙᤁञ။ࠐ။ᖿ௺ऱ ഏᎾؑ໱Δ֗ᇷ८ΕԳԺऱ٤෺ࢤੌ೯Δՠᄐ٣ၞഏ୮ऱ೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾ֏ਙ࿜Ո լཊ࢙ฃ៶طࢵگ؆ഏᖂسא෡ౙਙᆖᣂএΕឩՕഏᎾᐙ᥼ԺऱᖲᄎΖᜰࠏࠐᎅΔ

ֲءਙࢌڇ 1983 ڣࠫૡቔᚐ؆ഏᖂسऱਙ࿜Δݦඨࠩ 2000 ڣΔছ࢓ֲءऱఎᖂ س౨ሒࠩ 10 ᆄԳΖᑛᅩՈ࣍ 1980 ڣזխཚၲࡨං೯ڍႈᑛ੊ഏ୮հၴՕীऱඒ ߛٌੌૠ྽Δݦඨอᖞൎ֏ᑛ੊ٺഏऱᤁञ౨ԺΖܛࠌ 1950 ڣזאࠐ༉ႂ᥹ഏᎾ

೏࿛ඒߛؑ໱ऱભഏΔڇ 1990 ڣזא৵ኙ࣍ഏᎾ೏࿛ඒߛڇਙएࡉᆖᛎऱᠨૹრ

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ොՈޓףࣹૹΖ

۞ൕ׈੺၉࣐ิ៣ࡉࠡছߪτᣂ࿔֗၉᜔࣐࠰ࡳυڇ 1994 ڣ௻ࢮڈڃٽᓫܒ ሒګτࣚ೭ᄐ၉᜔࣐࠰ࡳυΔലࣚ೭ᄐ၉࣐౏Ե׈੺၉࣐ิ៣๵ᒤႈؾΔࠀലඒߛ

౏Եࣚ೭ᄐ၉࣐ႈؾհ৵Δ଺ءॊ૤ഏ୮ᎁٵႿທΕ֮֏ႚᎠऱඒߛᏆ഑๯૰ࠉ ᖕٺഏऱࢭᘭΔٻഏᎾؑ໱ၲ࣋Ζ෡எՠᄐ٣ၞഏ஠ࠡ೏࿛ඒߛᚌႨ९ᦀऴԵΔ

๺ڍᄅᘋՠᄐഏ୮ྤլᣤೄאৱΔԫֱ૿Ժቹൎ֏ءഏ೏࿛ඒߛऱᤁञԺΔ׼ԫ

ֱ૿ঞ֏๯೯੡׌೯Δᗨᄕ๵ቤٺጟܮ֧؆ഏᖂسऱ࿜ฃΖ

ણă઼ᅫ੼ඈିֈξಞ۞ᙷݭ׶ఢሀ

௅ᖕ׈੺၉࣐ิ៣τࣚ೭ᄐ၉᜔࣐࠰ࡳυऱ։ᣊΔඒߛࣚ೭։੡ॣ࿛Εխ࿛Ε

೏࿛ΕګԳࡉࠡהඒߛնጟΔ༼ࠎऱᑓڤΰmode of supplyαࡉࠡהࣚ೭ᄐԫᑌױ

։੡؄ᣊΚψሀቼࣚ೭ωΰcross border supplyαΕψቼ؆௣၄ωΰconsumption abroadαΕʳ ʳ ʳ ψቼփ೸ᄐᖕរࣚ೭ωΰcommercial presenceαࡉψቼփ۞ྥԳࣚ೭ωΰpresence of

natural personαΰഏ၉ݝΔ2002αΖ༉೏࿛ඒߛऱഏᎾ֏ۖߢΔ؄ጟ༼ࠎऱᑓڤ֗

ࠡ௽ࢤΕᣊীࡉ๵ᑓױ։٨ڕ। 1Κ

ے1 ਽൉଀ՉභؾڟͲႍಪռᇁВ

ᇁВ ५ᔈ ᘸܮ ௣ᇁ

ሀቼࣚ೭ ࣚ೭ءߪሀቼΔ

༼ࠎृࡉ௣၄ृ

ຟྤႊሀቼ

•᎛၏ඒߛ

•ጻሁඒߛ

•ဠᚵՕᖂ

ؾছ๵ᑓઌኙۖߢᝫլՕΔ

܀ᙟထຏಛݾ๬ࡉጻሁऱཏ

֗Δ࿇୶ױཚ ቼ؆௣၄ ௣၄ृࠩהഏ൷

࠹ࣚ೭ •ႚอऱఎᖂ ਢؾছ೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾؑ໱խ

່׌૞ऱຝ։Δ׊ᤉᥛګ९ ቼփ೸ᄐ

ᖕរࣚ೭ ࣚ೭༼ࠎृࠩࣚ

೭௣၄چ৬مᖕ រא༼ࠎࣚ೭

•։ீ •ᠨᜤᖂۯᓰ࿓ΰtwinning pro- gramsα

•඄ᦞΰfranchising arrange- mentsα

ᖾ੊ࡉ૎ഏڇխഏΕଉཽ֗

ࣟতࠅഏ୮່ൄආ࠷ऱֱ

ڤΔਢႛڻ࣍ႚอఎᖂऱ׌

૞ؑ໱

ቼփ۞ྥ

Գࣚ೭ ଡԳছ࢓௣၄ृ

ࢬڇچΔ༼ࠎ࿍

ཚࢤऱࣚ೭

•ඒஃ֗ઔߒृᚨᆤഏ؆ ೈԱᑛᅩऱٌངֱூ؆Δؾ ছڍ᥆՛๵ᑓࢨଡԳࢤ੒೯

ၗ਑ٰྍǺOECD (2002a: 92)Ζ

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ط। 1 ױא઎נΔ༉ؾছ೏࿛ඒߛऱഏᎾ֏ۖߢΔႚอऱఎᖂΔٍܛᖂسছ

࢓הഏ༉ᖂսਢ່׌૞ऱֱڤΖ। 2 ܧ෼ 1980 ࠩ 2001 ڣၴԼଡܮ່֧ڍఎᖂس ऱچ׌ഏΰhost countryαΔൕ। 2 ױא࿇෼Κ

ے2 ϒ୨Ȉ˃ॼደΡϴ̺੽˞ॼደΡʡᆵ̅֏͛ϒ୨ॼደΡ˞

̨୥Ğ1980-2001Бğ

1980 1985 1990 1995 2001

! ! ʡᆵ % ! ! ! ʡᆵ % ! ! ʡᆵ % ! ! ʡᆵ % ! ! ʡᆵ % ભഏ

ऄഏ ᐚഏ ᕟ֣ኊ ףஞՕ

૎ഏ ᤕᜤ

ୗ֗

ॳ௅ݪ ᆠՕܓ

121,362 36,500 26,783 18,811 17,404 16,154 16,100 14,008 7,103 7,103

28.3 8.5 6.2 4.4 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.3 1.7 1.7

ભഏ ऄഏ ᤕᜤ ᐚഏ

૎ഏ ᕟ֣ኊ ףஞՕ ᆠՕܓ

ୗ֗

ᢅ್؍ࠅ 311,882 110,762 62,942 61,841 56,003 31,018 28,443 27,784 21,751 15,888

33.8 12.0 6.8 6.7 6.1 3.4 3.1 3.0 2.4 1.8

ભഏ ऄഏ ᐚഏ

૎ഏ ᤕᜤ ףஞՕ ᖾ੊

ֲء ᅗՓ ᆠՕܓ

407,529 136,015 91,926 70,717 66,806 35,187 28,993 23,816 22,621 21,416

34.9 11.6 7.9 6.1 5.7 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.9 1.8

૎ഏ ભഏ ऄഏ ᐚഏ

঎ഏ ᖾ੊

ֲء ףஞՕ∗

ֺܓழ∗

჋چܓ 453,787 197,188 170,574 159,894 73,172 69,819 53,847 35,451 34,966 26,883

28.2 12.2 10.6 9.9 4.5 4.3 3.3 2.2 2.2 1.7

ભഏ

૎ഏ ᐚഏ ऄഏ ᖾ੊

঎ഏ

ֲء

۫ఄ׃

ֺܓழ

჋چܓ 475,169 225,722 199,132 147,402 120,987 64,103 63,637 39,944 38,150 31,682

28.9 13.7 12.1 9.0 7.4 3.9 3.9 2.4 2.3 1.9

ፕ᨜ 3,720ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ 3,769 ʳ ʳ 5,900 ʳ ʳ 5,197 6,380

ၗ਑ٰྍǺCummings (1991:111); OECD (2003); UNESCO (1992: 391-413, 1993: 341-363); Welch (2002: 442); ௲ػ೽ΰ2002Κ50αΖ

*у৾εࣁ 1993-1994ΔКճਔࣁ 1994-1995 ಍ीኧӷΖ

1.ఎᖂسছ࢓ऱഏ୮ઌᅝႃխΔא 2001 ڣ੡ࠏΔԼՕچ׌ഏऱছԿഏΰભΕ

૎Εᐚαܮ֧٤෺ 54.7%ऱఎᖂسΔছնഏΰભΕ૎ΕᐚΕऄࡉᖾ੊αܮ֧ 71.1%

ऱఎᖂسΖ

2.༉چ׌ഏऱ፿ߢࠐ઎Δ2001 ڣऱছԼՕխڶԿଡ૎፿ഏ୮Δ٥ܮ֧Ա٤෺

50%ऱఎᖂسΖ

3.༉چ׌ഏऱࢬ᥆੊ܑࠐ઎Δ2001 ڣऱছԼՕխڶքଡ੡ᑛᅩഏ୮Δ٥ܮ֧

٤෺ 39.1%ऱఎᖂسΙࠅ֜چ೴ૠڶᖾ੊ࡉֲءࠟഏၞԵছԼՕΔ٥ܮ֧٤෺

12.3%ऱఎᖂسΖ

4.ڇ 1980 ڣז਍ᥛנ෼ऱᕟ֣ኊࡉୗ֗ΔࠩԱ 1990 ڣזբլ٦נ෼ڇছԼ Օټ໢խΔۖطฆ૨ડದΕ਍ᥛ៚֒ऱᖾ੊ࡉֲء࠷זΖ

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5.ࡉ 1980 ڣזֺለದࠐΔឈྥભഏڇ٤෺ఎᖂسؑ໱ऱ׭ڶ෷࣍ 1990 ڣז

᧩ထՀ૾Δ܀ࠉྥਢ່ܮ֧؆ഏᖂسऱഏ୮Ζ 6.ݺഏܮ֧ऱ؆ഏᖂسᑇࣔ᧩ೣ܅Ζ

। 3 ܧ෼ 1980 ࠩ 2001 ڣၴఎᖂسऱ׌૞ئഏΰcountry of originαΔൕ। 3 ױ א࿇෼Κ

ے3! ̺ࡌॼደΡΔ੽̅ʡᆵĞ1980-2001Бğ

1980 1985 1990 1995 2001

ْி

್ࠐ۫ࠅ ݦᢊ խഏ

࡜֗ܓࠅ ᐰ੖ୂ

ભഏ ଉཽ

۫ᐚ પ؟

58,204 32,850 30,597 27,055 23,715 20,981 19,692 19,646 16,894 15,833

խഏ

್ࠐ۫ࠅ

ْி

ݦᢊ ᐰ੖ୂ

তឌ પ؟

ଉཽ

۫ᐚ ભഏ ٱ৫

ֲء ףஞՕ

53,378 38,980 37,054 34,267 29,683 25,978 24,410 24,293 23,114 20,614 20,389 17,926 17,205

խഏ

ֲء ᐰ੖ୂ

ᐚഏ তឌ ٱ৫ ݦᢊ

್ࠐ۫ࠅ

ْி

ଉཽ

ᆠՕܓ ભഏ Ւۘࠡ

93,347 39,258 36,595 34,850 32,986 32,972 32,184 31,497 30,555 28,954 25,647 24,174 21,460

խഏ

ֲء ݦᢊ ᐚഏ

್ࠐ۫ࠅ Ւۘࠡ

ᆠՕܓ ٱ৫ ऄഏ ଉཽ

ᐰ੖ୂ

ભഏ ףஞՕ

121,371 64,284 54,072 49,876 49,413 41,901 40,663 40,448 39,152 36,481 36,595 36,181 29,643

խഏ তឌ ٱ৫ ᐚഏ

ֲء ݦᢊ ऄഏ Ւۘࠡ

ᐰ੖ୂ

ᆠՕܓ

್ࠐ۫ࠅ ٱ؍

ભഏ

131,138 70,925 62,018 54,644 55,499 55,076 47,722 44,254 43,671 41,518 32,929 32,130 31,558

ፕ᨜ 5933 5,979 19,291 24,751 32,162

ၗ਑ٰྍǺCummings (1991:111); OECD (2003); UNESCO (1992: 391-413, 1998: 396-422)Ι௲ػ

೽ΰ2001Κ60Δ2002Κ61αǶ

1.۞ 1985 ڣאࠐΔխഏԫऴਢ່׌૞ऱఎᖂسئഏΔ್ࠐ۫ࠅΕݦᢊΕᐰ੖

ୂࡉٱ৫Ո९ࡺئഏऱছԼՕΖ

2.ભഏΕᐚഏࡉֲءլ׽ਢ׌૞ऱچ׌ഏΔՈਢ׌૞ऱئഏΖ

3.ݺഏছ࢓הഏऱఎᖂسհԳᑇڇ 2001 ڣۯࡺ٤෺รԼԲټΔࡉ್ࠐ۫ࠅΕ ٱ؍ઌ२Ζ

௅ᖕ K. Larsen ࿛ԳऱઔߒΔ؆ഏᖂسऱؑ໱Ꮭଖڇ 1998 ڣ༉၌መ 300 Ꮩભ ցΔપ׭٤෺ࣚ೭נՑଖऱ 3%ΰ֧۞ OECD, 2002aαΖൕ। 4 ױא઎נΔא؄Օ

(12)

ܮ֧؆ഏᖂسऱ૎፿ഏ୮੡ࠏΔࠐ۞؆ഏᖂسऱگԵګ੡ઌᅝૹ૞ऱࣚ೭נՑႈ

ؾΖ؆ഏᖂسኙᖾ੊֠ࠡૹ૞ΔࠡگԵ׭೏ࡺᖾ੊ࣚ೭נՑऱรԿۯΔא֗٤ഏ נՑႈؾऱรԼ؄ۯΰ֧۞ CECD, 2002aαΖ

ے4 վьʹ੽ደΡڟНʣ̅֏͛وਜ਼͎ʿᒂᖞ˞̨୥

1989 1997 2000

Нʣ Ğл໲ࠛ˯ğ

͛وਜ਼͎ʿ ᒂᖞ%

Нʣ Ğл໲ࠛ˯ğ

͛وਜ਼͎ʿ ᒂᖞ%

Нʣ Ğл໲ࠛ˯ğ

͛وਜ਼͎ʿ ᒂᖞ%

ᖾ੊

ףஞՕ

૎ഏ ભഏ

584 530 2,214 4,575

6.6 3.0 4.5 4.4

2,190 595 4,080 8,346

11.8 1.9 4.3 3.5

2,155 796 3,758 12,280

11.8 2.1 3.2 3.5

ၗ਑ٰྍǺOECD (2002a: 99)Ζ

ឈྥᖂس۟הഏ༉ᖂᝫਢ೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾ֏່׌૞ऱֱڤΔ܀ਢၲᙄ։ீΕᠨ ᜤᖂۯऱψڇچఎᖂωΰoffshore educationα֗א᎛၏Яጻሁ࿛ၞ۩ऱሀഏᖂ฾ױ ᎅਢᑨԺլױૻၦऱᄅᑪੌΖᖾ੊ࡉ૎ഏਢၲࢷٺጟψڇچఎᖂωᓰ࿓່ᗨᄕऱ ഏ୮Ζڇ 1994 ࡉ 2001 ڣၴΔψڇچఎᖂωᖂس׭ᖾ੊؆ഏᖂسऱֺ෷ط 19.3%ᏺ ף੡ 33.2%Δڇᖾ੊ုםऱᄅףࡕΕଉཽࡉխഏՕຬᖂسપڶ 50%೶ፖψڇچఎ ᖂωᓰ࿓ΰOECD, 2002a: 104αΖ૎ഏڇ 1990 ڣזॣཚطڍցݾ๬ᖂೃ֒௑ۖࠐ ऱᄅՕᖂΔڇၲᙄψڇچఎᖂωᓰ࿓ֱ૿ॺൄᗨᄕΖ௅ᖕ P. Bennel ፖ T. Pearce

ࠟԳ 1997 ڣऱᓳ਷Δ૎ഏٺՕᖂீೃࢬၲ๻ऱψڇچఎᖂωᓰ࿓խΔપڶ 65%

ਢطᄅՕᖂၲᙄऱΔ੍ׄΕᏦᖯΕფԭ໵࿛۔ྨՕᖂঞݙ٤լၲ๻ڼᣊᓰ࿓Ζຍ ᣊᓰ࿓ؾছڍႃխڇଉཽΕ್ࠐ۫ࠅࡉᄅףࡕΔխഏࡉٱ৫ঞ๯ီ੡آࠐ່ڶၲ

࿇ᑨԺऱᄅؑ໱ΰBennel & Pearce, 2002αΖ

དྷă઼ֲ͉छγ઼ጯϠ߆ඉ

ࠅ੊ٻࠐਢ٤෺ఎᖂسऱ׌૞ࠐᄭچΖൕ। 3 ױא઎נΔא 2001 ڣ੡ࠏΔڇ Լ؄ଡఎᖂسئഏխΔڶԫת੡ࠅ੊ഏ୮ΖխΕឌΕٱ৫࿛Ԯଡഏ୮٥ڶ२ 42

(13)

ᆄᖂسڇ؆ഏ༉ᦰΔ׭٤෺ऱ؄։հԫΖڼ؆Δࠅ֜ഏ୮२ڣࠐՈܮ֧լ֟ᖂس ছ࢓༉ᦰΖط। 5 ױא࿇෼Δץਔፕ᨜ڇփऱքଡഏ୮Δ٥ܮ֧२ 23 ᆄ؆ഏᖂسΔ

׭٤෺ऱ 14%Δ׌૞ছ࢓ᖾ੊ࡉֲءΔࠡڻਢ್ࠐ۫ࠅΕో۫ᥞΔݺഏঞ੡ࡺร քΖ

ے5 ճ̊ϴ੢੽ࣜʹ੽ደΡᆵĞ2001Бğ

੽ࣜ ጬ޸ ̠Ώ ਻վљճ হљᛌ ϟݙ Ⴣដ ܒᓺ ॎ੽ අݡჽ ʡᆵ 120,987 63,637 18,892 11,609 6,988 6,380 3,850 2,508 2,323

ၗ਑ٰྍǺOECD (2003)ǹ௲ػ೽Ȑ2002ȑǶ

ʙăጬ޸!

ൕ 1880 ڣזၲࡨΔ੡ፂ਍ጟගऱᚌ။ࢤΔᖾ੊ආ࠷ψػᖾਙ࿜ωΰWhite ʳ

Australia PolicyαΔޓڇ 1901 ڣຏመψᜤ߶ฝࡺૻࠫऄூωΔඈ؞ॺᑛ੊ऱฝاࠀ

ٵ֏଺۰اΰૃฐঅΔ2002αΖ੡ԱᒷࡉഏᎾၴኙ࣍ػᖾਙ࿜ऱޅေ֗ፖᔣ२ഏ୮ ৬م֖ړᣂএΔᖾ੊ڇ 1951 ڣၲࡨං೯ψױ଩ंૠ྽ωΰColombo PlanαΖᇠૠ

྽ਢᖾ੊ࡉࣟࠅ֗ࣟতࠅഏ୮հၴऱ࠰ᤜΔ։੡࿇୶ૠ྽ࡉݾ๬ٽ܂ࠟଡֱூΖ ছृ׌૞ڇ೶ፖֆ٥ދᇷΔ৵ृঞڇݾ๬ࡉ๻ໂऱ࠰ܗ֗༼ࠎᑻᖂ८ഛಝԳթΖ ڂڼ 1950 ڣհ৵ΔՕڍᑇছ࢓ᖾ੊ऱ؆ഏᖂسຟਢطױ଩ंૠ྽༼ࠎᆖ၄Δ׽ڶ

֟ᑇ੡۞၄ᖂسΖ۞၄؆ഏᖂس૞ࠩ 1966 ڣ۞ط᤻ࡉഏ୮᤻ᜤᅩڶயچึַԱ ψػᖾਙ࿜ωΔ࣋ᐈॺᑛ੊ᇔԳՓฝاᖾ੊ऱઌᣂ๵ࡳհ৵ΔթດዬᏺףΖ1974 ڣط G. Whitlam ᜔෻Ꮖᖄऱ໎ՠ᤻ਙࢌ৙ؒ࠷௣Օᖂس଺ءᏁ૞ᢆٌऱᖂ၄Δط ᜤ߶ਙࢌࠐ૤ຂࢬڶऱ೏࿛ඒߛᆖ၄Ζڂڼڇ 1974 ڣհ৵Δ؆ഏᖂسࡉءഏᖂس ԫᑌΔຟլؘᢆٌᖂ၄Δ൫ᜤ߶ਙࢌՈૡࡳԱ؆ഏᖂس᜔ᑇլ൓၌መԫᆄԳऱՂ

ૻΖڂ੡ڼԫ೚ऄ࠹ࠩԫࠄޅေΔ௽ܑਢڶԳᎁ੡؆ഏᖂسױ౨៶ఎᖂհټΔ۩

ฝاհኔΔڂڼᜤ߶ਙࢌڇ 1979 ڣૡࡳψ௧؆ᖂسگ၄ᙄऄωΰOverseas Student

ChargeαΔطψ௧؆ᖂسᙄֆ৛ωٻ؆ഏᖂسگ࠷٤ᠰԿ։հԫऱᖂ၄Ζط࣍Օᖂ

ࠀլ౨ڂ੡ࢵگ؆ഏᖂسۖᛧ൓ᠰ؆ᆖ၄Δڂۖࠀլ௽ܑᑷ಑ࢵگ؆ഏᖂس ΰDobson & Holtta, 2001αΖ

(14)

࠹ࠩ૎ഏڇ 1980 ڣזॣཚٻ؆ഏᖂسگ࠷٤ᠰᖂ၄ਙ࿜ऱᐙ᥼Δᖾ੊ऱ؆ഏ ᖂسਙ࿜Ո֧ದᐖՕऱಘᓵΖ1984 ڣ Goldring ፖ Jackson ࡡ୉ᄎ։ܑ༼נم໱૮ ฆऱ໴ܫ஼ΚছृᤉᥛലഏᎾඒߛီ੡ԫጟኙ؆གܗΔ৵ृঞ׌്ഏᎾඒߛਢԫ ጟ၉࣐ΖJackson ࡡ୉ᄎऱᓵរ׭ԱՂଅΔᒔمԱᖾ੊ਙࢌലഏᎾඒߛ܂੡ԫጟ؆

ᔭ೸঴ऱم໱Ζڇ 1988 ڣֆؒऱඒߛػؼ஼π೏࿛ඒߛΚਙ࿜ᜢࣔρΰHigher

education: A policy statementαխΔᖾ੊ਙࢌൎᓳΔڶᦸ࣍؆ڇᆖᛎᛩቼΕਙ࿜֗

۩ਙᛩቼऱޏ᧢Δᖾ੊ፖࠡᤉᥛᢥܗၲ࿇խഏ୮հඒߛ֗ಝᒭᏁޣΔլڕᖜٚኃ ۴ऱߡۥΔאಳޣଡԳ֗ഏ୮ऱ٥ٵܓ墿ΖڂڼΔൕ 1990 ڣၲࡨΔࢬڶ؆ഏᖂس

ؘႊᢆב٤ᠰ၄شΖڼ؆Δᖾ੊ਙࢌᇞೈԱ؆ഏᖂسؑ໱ऱጥࠫΔւ๺ٺீऴ൷

ࢵگ؆ഏᖂسΔױ۞ૡࠀঅఎ؆ഏᖂسࢬᢆऱᖂᠧ၄ΔٵழՈլᄎڂڼᐙ᥼ٺՕ ᖂ଺٣ࠆڶऱਙࢌᆖ၄Ζ؆ഏᖂسؑ໱ऱၲ࣋ທګ೏࿛ඒߛᖲዌհၴऱᖿ௺ᤁ ञΔ༓׏ࢬڶՕᖂຟࡳཚ੔ז।ࠩ௧؆ࢵႥᖂسΖ

੡ԱףൎഏᎾ೏࿛ඒߛؑ໱ऱᤁञԺΔᖾ੊ല؆ഏᖂسᅝ܂ขᄐࠐᆖᛜΔࡉ ભΕ૎֗ףஞՕ࿛૎፿ഏ୮ᤁञܮ֧ࠅ੊ᖂسΖ੡ԱࡉભΕ૎࿛ഏऱఎᖂسؑ໱

ڶࢬ೴ሶΔᖾ੊אࣟতࠅഏ୮ࡉଉཽ੡׌૞ऱؾᑑؑ໱Ζ੡Ա૾܅ᖂسऱᆖᛎ૤

ᖜΕᏺףᖾ੊Օᖂऱܮ֧ԺΔᖾ੊௽ܑڇᇠچ೴ං೯ψڇچఎᖂωΰoffshore

educationαΖא๻م։ீΕࡉᅝچீೃٽᙄᠨᜤᖂۯΕ᎛၏ඒᖂ࿛ֱڤᨃᖂس౨༉

२ଥݙছࠟڣΰࢨԿڣαՕᖂඒߛΔհ৵٦૥ᖾ੊Օᖂீ೴ݙګᓰ࿓Εᛧ࠷ᖂۯΖ ط࣍ᨋ੒ሎشؑ໱೴ሶΕؾᑑؑ໱ࡉข঴ࡳۯ࿛۩ᔭ෻࢚ࡉ࿜ฃΔᖾ੊Օᖂ༼ࠎ ऱψข঴ࣚ೭ิٽωΰproduct-service mixαᏅ౨಻ٽψ᥽ড়ཚඨิٽωΰcus-

tomer-prospect mixαΔψڇچఎᖂωऱګ९ॺൄ᧩ထΖط। 6 ױא઎נΔ1994 ࡉ 2001

ڣၴΔψڇچఎᖂω؆ഏᖂسऱֺ෷׭ᖾ੊؆ഏᖂس᜔ᑇऱֺ෷ດڣՂ֒Ζ ط। 7 ױא઎נΔ۞၄ᖂسڇ 1989 ڣ׭ᖾ੊ቼփ٤ຝ؆ഏᖂسऱ 37.4%Δࠩ

Ա 1996 ڣհ৵Δڼԫֺ෷ԫऴፂ਍ڇ 95%ؐ׳Ζ؆ഏᖂسࢬᢆٌऱᖂ၄પ׭Օᖂ

᜔گԵऱ 8%ΔڶࠄՕᖂኙ࣍؆ഏᖂسٛᘸ֠੷Δࠏڕত࣒ՓᥞΰSouthern

QueenslandαՕᖂऱॺਙࢌᆖ၄խڶ 50%ࠐ۞ഏᎾඒߛऱگԵΰTurpin Iredale &

Crinnion, 2002αΖൕ। 7 Ոױא઎נΔ؆ഏᖂس׭ᖾ੊೏࿛ඒߛᖂس᜔ᑇऱֺ෷Δ

Ոᆏᆏ೏֒Δط 1989 ڣऱ 4.8%Ղ֒ࠩ 2000 ڣऱ 13.7%Δګ੡ᖾ੊೏࿛ඒߛᖂس

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խլױ࢙ီऱԫᛩΖၞԫޡ։࣫ױא࿇෼Δᖾ੊ऱ؆ഏᖂس׌૞ࠐ۞ࠅ੊ഏ୮Δ

௽ܑਢᄅףࡕΕٱ؍Εଉཽࡉ್ࠐ۫ࠅΖط। 8 ױא઎נΔࠐ۞ຍ؄ଡچ೴ࡉഏ ୮ऱᖂسڇ 1999 ڣ٥׭ᖾ੊؆ഏᖂس᜔ᑇऱ 44.6%Ζ

ے6!ጬ޸Ķϵϴॼደķʹ੽ደΡʡᆵ̅֏͛ጬ޸ॼደΡᒂᆵ˞̨୥

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 ϵϴॼደʡᆵ

ʹ੽ደΡᒂᆵ

͛ጬ޸ʹ੽ደΡ%

8,431 43,721 19.3

11,026 50,711 21.7

12,563 59,336 21.2

16,309 69,206 23.6

22,538 79,348 28.4

29,481 90,395 32.6

34,905 107,622 32.4

42,802 129,071 33.2

ၗ਑ٰྍǺAustralian Education International (2003)Ζ

ے 7 ጬ޸਽൉଀Չʹ੽ደΡʡᆵ̅֏͛ጬ޸਽൉଀ՉደΡᒂᆵ˞

̨୥Ğ1999-2000Бğ Бݙ ʹ੽ደΡ ʹ੽ь඲Ρ ʹ੽ь඲Ρ͛

ʹ੽ደΡ˞% ጬ޸ደΡᒂᆵ ʹ੽ደΡ͛

ጬ޸ደΡᒂᆵ˞% 1989

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

21,112 24,998 29,630 34,076 37,152 4,049 46,187 53,188 62,996 72,183 83,111 95,607

7,902 14,664 21,202 27,230 27,939 33,667 38,872 51,250 60,487 68,342 78,072 --

37.4 58.7 71.6 79.9 75.2 83.1 84.2 96.4 96.0 94.7 93.9 --

438,297 481,947 530,704 553,773 575,616 579,085 598,220 627,873 687,805 702,787 710,623 695,485

4.8 5.2 5.6 6.2 6.5 7.0 7.7 8.5 9.2 10.3 11.7 13.7

ၗ਑ٰྍǺTurpin, Iredale, & Crinnion (2002: 332)Ζ

੡Աൎ֏ᖾ੊ՕᖂڇഏᎾ೏࿛ඒߛؑ໱ऱᤁञԺΔᖾ੊ᜤ߶ਙࢌڇࠡψඒߛΕ ઝᖂፖಝᒭຝωΰDepartment of Education, Science and TrainingαհՀ๻ڶψᖾ੊

ഏᎾඒߛ๠ωΰAustralian Education International, AEIαΔ࠰ܗᖾ੊ٺՕᖂࢵگ؆ഏ

(16)

ᖂسΖ੡Աၲ࿇ࡉᕁࡐࠅ੊ؑ໱Δᖾ੊ഏᎾඒߛ๠ڇٱ؍Ε್ࠐ۫ࠅΕፕ᨜Εֲ

ءΕឌഏΕխഏΕٱ৫Ε௠ഏࡉ။ত࿛چຟ๻ڶᙄࠃ๠ΖೈԱࠅ੊ؑ໱Δᖾ੊ഏ Ꮎඒߛ๠ՈڇխࣟΕতભ࿛چၲ࿇ᄅऱ؆ഏᖂسؑ໱Δ༼ࠎՕᖂઌᣂᇷಛΕࠫૡ

۩ᔭ࿜ฃΕᜰᙄ໑ᥦᄎ࿛ΰAustralian Education International, 2003αΖ ے8 ጬ޸਽൉଀Չʹ੽ደΡ̺ࡌվປ̨̅୥

1994 1999 ደΡᆵ ͛ጬ޸ʹ੽ደΡᆵ˞%! ደΡᆵ! ͛ጬ޸ʹ੽ደΡᆵ˞%

ଉཽ

ٱ؍

್ࠐ۫ࠅ তឌ ֲء ᄅףࡕ ፕ᨜

խഏ ௠ഏ ٱ৫

4,323 10,964 10,447 9,862 9,682 7,894 6,194 5,533 5,038 1,501

14.3 11.1 10.5 9.9 9.7 7.9 6.2 5.5 5.0 1.5

17,727 18,748 15,887 9,547 9,825 17,972 5,885 8,717 6,569 9,362

11.2 11.9 10.1 6.0 6.2 11.4 3.7 5.5 4.2 5.9

ၗ਑ٰྍǺWestern Australian Technology & Industry Advisory Council (2003)Ζ

ೈԱᖾ੊ഏᎾඒߛ๠Δψᖾ੊ඒߛֱூωΰIDP Education Australia, IDPαڇᖾ

੊ഏᎾඒߛؑ໱ऱឩ୶ՂΔՈފዝԱઌᅝૹ૞ऱߡۥΖᖾ੊ඒߛֱூऱছߪਢ 1969ڣګمऱψᖾࠅՕᖂٽ܂ֱூωΰAustralian-Asian Universities’ Cooperation

Scheme, AAUCSαΔࠡࡲڱڇ࠰ܗٱ؍Εဗ৳ᎏࡉ௠ഏ࿛ഏ୮Օᖂհඒᖂፖઔߒऱ

࿇୶Δ᥆࣍ག؆ิ៣Δᆖ၄ࠐ۞ᖾ੊ਙࢌΔਙ࿜ঞطᖾ੊Օᖂீ९ࡡ୉ᄎ׌ᖄΖ

੡Աലག؆੒೯ឩ୶۟ࠅ੊ഏ୮א؆ऱچ೴ΰࠏڕত֜ؓ੉αΔᖾ੊Օᖂٽ܂ֱூ

ڇ 1981 ڣޏጠψᖾ੊ՕᖂഏᎾ࿇୶ֱூωΰAustralian Universities International

Development ProgramαΔհ৵Ծ࣍ 1984 ڣޏټ੡ψᖾ੊Օᖂ֗ᖂೃഏᎾ࿇୶ֱூω

ΰInternational Development Program of Australian Universities and CollegesαΔאঁ

ො።Օᖂא؆ऱ೏࿛ඒߛᖂೃΰcolleges of advanced educationαΖڶᦸ࣍೏࿛ඒߛ ᖂೃբ࣍ 1990 ڣזॣཚٽࠓΔࢨ๯ՕᖂଫࠓΔڼԫิ៣࣍ਢ٦৫ޏټΔګ੡ IDP Education AustraliaΖ

(17)

ط࣍ᖾ੊೏࿛ඒߛਙ࿜ऱޏ᧢ΔࠩԱ 1980 ڣזխཚΔᖾ੊Օᖂٽ܂ֱூດዬ ᘞװኙ؆གܗऱۥ൑Δ᠏ۖګ੡ᖾ੊ٺՕᖂࢵႥ؆ഏᖂسऱሀீิ៣ΖೈԱ༼ࠎ ඒߛᘬᇬΕנठעढΕᜰᙄඒߛ໑ᥦᄎ֗૎፿ྒྷ᧭հ؆Δᖾ੊ඒߛֱூڇ 1987 ڣڇᄅףࡕګمรԫଡ؆ഏᖂسࢵႥᙄֆ৛հ৵Δ۟վբڇ٤෺ګم 63 ๠ᙄֆ

৛Ζᖾ੊ඒߛֱூؾছբᆖ᠏ী੡ᗑمऱॺᛜܓิ៣Δڇআၞᖾ੊೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾ

֏ֱ૿ΔފዝԱૹ૞ߡۥΰIDP Education Australia, 2003αΖ

ʠă̠Ώ!

ኙֲء೏࿛ඒߛऱഏᎾ֏ۖߢΔ1980 ࠩ 1990 ڣזױᎅਢ່ᓒড࿇୶ऱழཚΖ 1980ڣזհছΔطֲ࣍ءषᄎ৞ຨऱ௽ࢤΔֲءڇ೏࿛ඒߛऱഏᎾ֏ֱ૿ࢬފዝ ऱߡۥઌᅝڶૻΖڇ 1980 ڣזհছΔլᓵਢ܂੡ఎᖂسऱئഏࢨچ׌ഏΔֲءຟ ඈլՂ٤෺ছԼټΰᓮ೶ߠ। 2 ֗। 3αΖ1980 ڣזհ৵ΔᙟထֲءᆖᛎڇഏᎾؑ

໱Ղऱ࠱။।෼ΔഏᎾ֏ၲࡨګ੡ֲء೏࿛ඒߛऱૹ૞ᤜᠲΖࡉհছለ੡ႚอऱ ഏᎾᖂ๬ٌངֺለದࠐΔ1980 ڣזֲء೏࿛ඒߛऱഏᎾ֏ڶࠟैࡉא࢓լઌٵऱ

࿇୶Κࠡԫਢ؆ഏΰ௽ܑਢભഏαڇֲء๻م։ீΔࠡԲঞਢֲءਙࢌՕԺࢵႥ

؆ഏᖂسΖ

ط࣍ᅝழֲႽڇഏᎾ؆Ⴊؑ໱ՂऱൎႨ।෼Δֲءᖂسנഏఎᖂઌኙ᧢൓ለ

੡܅კΖ੡Աܮֲ֧ءᖂسছװ༉ᦰΔڇࠡהᑇଡഏ୮բᆖ๻م։ீऱભഏ

TempleՕᖂՈڇֲء๻م։ீΔ༼ࠎભഏڤᓰ࿓Δ׌૞א૎፿඄ᓰΔቇ඄ᖂՓࡉ

ጚՓᖂۯΔਢรԫଡګפڇֲء๻م։ீऱભഏՕᖂΖࠩԱ 1990 ڣזॣཚΔ٥ڶ ԿԼքࢬભഏՕᖂڇֲء๻م։ீΖຍࠄ։ீऱֲءᖂسຏൄ٣ڇֲءݙګ૎֮

ࡉຏᢝᓰ࿓Δྥ৵٦૥ભഏئீ༉ᦰԲ۟ԿڣΔאݙګᖂՓᖂۯΰUmakoshi, 1997αΖឈྥભഏՕᖂڇֲءࢵسऱ۩೯ڂ੡ᆖᛎՕᛩቼऱޏ᧢ۖ࠹஫މΔ܀ਢֲ

ءఎᖂ௧؆ऱᖂسᑇথດዬᏺףΔ۟վբګ੡່׌૞ऱఎᖂسئഏհԫΖ

ೈԱڶ။ࠐ။ڍऱֲءᖂسఎᖂഏ؆Δ؆ഏᖂسছ࢓ֲءऱԳᑇՈڶ᧩ထᏺ ףΖ੡Աܮ֧ޓڍᖂسֲࠩءࠐఎᖂΔ֮ຝઊڇ 1983 ڣ࿇।ψ૿ኙ 21 ׈ધऱ؆

ഏᖂسਙ࿜৙ߢωΰThe Declaration Concerning Foreign Students Policy towards the 21st CenturyαΔࠀංנԱψࠩ 2000 ڣࢵگ 10 ᆄଡഏᎾᖂسૠ྽ωΰ100,000 by 2000

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planαΔݦඨ៶ڼআၞֲءࡉࠡהഏ୮հၴऱᛵᇞፖ֖ᓩΕൎ֏ֲءڇ٤෺षᄎऱ ԺၦΕ࠰ܗֲءᆖᛎࡉषᄎऱഏᎾ֏Ζڼԫૠ྽։ࠟཚኔਜΔรԫཚΰ1983-1992 ڣαቃ۷ޢڣ؆ഏᖂسऱᏺף෷੡ 16.1%ΔรԲཚΰ1993-2000 ڣαޢڣऱᏺף෷

ঞቃ۷੡ 12.1%Ζ

੡Աݙګψࠩ 2000 ڣࢵگ 10 ᆄଡഏᎾᖂسૠ྽ωऱؾᑑΔֲءਙࢌࡉٺՕ ᖂࢬ༼ࠎऱ಻୚ൻਜ׌૞ץਔאՀ؄រΰHorie, 2002αΚ

1.༼ࣙՕᖂඒߛࡉઔߒ঴ᔆΔᆵኔ؆ഏᖂسڇᓰ࿓֗ඒᖂֱ૿ऱᏁޣΙ 2.ޏ࿳ᖂۯቇ඄ऱ๵ࡳࡉᙄऄΔࠏڕᜍ࿍ᛧ൓໑ՓᖂۯࢬᏁऱழၴΙ 3.༼ࠎ؆ഏᖂسತ೭ֱ૿ऱ࠰ܗΔࠏڕᏺףᑻᖂ८ऱټᠰΰط 1983 ڣऱ 2,000 ټᏺף੡ 2000 ڣऱ 10,000 ټαࡉ࠰ܗڜඈؓᏝ۰മΙ

4.༼ࠎ፿ߢಝᒭΔאࠌ؆ഏᖂس౨ႉܓᔞᚨࠀڶயᖂ฾Ζ

ڼԫૠ྽รԫཚઌᅝګפΔڇ 1983-1992 ڣၴΔ؆ഏᖂسޢڣᏺף෷ؓ݁੡

20.1%Δ၌መቃ۷ऱ 16.1%Ζط। 9 ױא઎נΔࠩԱૠ྽ऱรԲཚΔ௽ܑਢڇ 1995

ڣհ৵Δ؆ഏᖂسԳᑇऱᏺףၲࡨೖዩΔ੷۟נ෼լᏺ֘྇ऱ෼ွΖ֮ຝઊڇ 1997 ڣ࿇।ᇠૠ྽ऱร؄ٝ໴ܫ஼ழΔኙ࣍૞ڇ 2000 ڣሒࠩ 10 ᆄ؆ഏᖂسऱؾᑑ।

ق༟ᨠऱ઎ऄΖψࠩ 2000 ڣࢵگ 10 ᆄଡഏᎾᖂسૠ྽ωྤऄႉܓݙګऱ׌૞଺ʳ ڂΔڇֲ࣍ءᆖᛎൕ 1992 ڣհ৵ၲࡨಐಯΖֲءᆖᛎڇຍհছऱᓒড࿇୶ࡉ੒Ժ ਢܮ֧؆ഏᖂسΔ௽ܑਢࠅ੊ᖂسছࠐ༉ᦰऱ׌૞଺ڂΖ׼ԫଡ଺ڂਢ؆ഏᖂس լ࣐ᘜԵֲءषᄎΔขس֮֏ᔞᚨՂऱܺᣄΖڂڼᕣጥֲءਙࢌ۞ 1980 ڣאࠐΔ Օၦ༼ࠎᑻᖂ८ΰؓ݁ޢڣપڶ 15иऱ؆ഏᖂسᛧ൓ֲءਙࢌᑻᖂ८αΔࠉྥྤ

ऄݙګਝࡳԳᑇؾᑑΖ

੡Աޏ࿳؆ഏᖂسԳᑇլڕቃཚऱࠃኔΔ֮ຝઊ 1997 ڣऱ໴ܫ஼խਐנΔֲ

ء೏࿛ඒߛऱഏᎾ֏ፖࠡൎᓳ؆ഏᖂسऱၦΔլڕൕഏᎾ೏࿛ඒߛ঴ᔆऱ༼ࣙထ

֫Δ௽ܑਢՀ٨Կֱ૿ΰHorie, 2002αΚ

1.༼ࣙՕᖂऱඒߛ঴ᔆࡉ۩ਙऱய෷Δא༼ࠎࠐ۞ٺഏᖂسޓړऱࣚ೭Ι 2.ኙױ౨ࠐֲءఎᖂऱᖂس༼ࠎޓݙ࿳ऱᇷಛΙ

3.ڇഏᎾᖂسऱᤜᠲՂΔ৬مچֱਙࢌࡉߏڶຝ॰ऱٽ܂ᣂএΖ

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ے9 ̠Ώь඲̅އ׺ᇩደۜʹ੽ደΡʡᆵ ᘸѿ

Бݙ ь඲ደΡ ̠Ώއ׺ᇩደۜ ᒂᆵ

1980 4,784ΰ73%α 1,369ΰ21%α 6,572ΰ100%α

1985 11,733ΰ78%α 2,502ΰ17%α 15,009ΰ100%α

1990 35,360ΰ86%α 4,961ΰ12%α 41,347ΰ100%α

1995 45,245ΰ84%α 7,371ΰ14%α 53,847ΰ100%α

1996 43,573ΰ82%α 8,061ΰ15%α 52,931ΰ100%α

1997 41,273ΰ81%α 8,250ΰ16%α 51,047ΰ100%α

1998 41,390ΰ81%α 8,323ΰ16%α 51,298ΰ100%α

1999 45,439ΰ81%α 8,774ΰ16%α 55,755ΰ100%α

2000 53,640ΰ84%α 8,930ΰ14%α 64,011ΰ100%α

2001 68,270ΰ87%α 9,173ΰ11%α 78,812ΰ100%α

ၗ਑ٰྍǺMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2001)Ζ

ೈԱՂ૪Կႈ଺ঞΔ੡Աࢵࠐ؆ഏᖂسΔֲءਙࢌޓ༼ࠎᆖ၄ᨃഏمՕᖂᘋ ৬؆ഏᖂسമॐΔࢨᇖܗߏԳٞᄐᤂ৬ޓڍᖂسമॐΖՕᖂՈޓᗨᄕ࠰ܗ؆ഏᖂ سீ؆఺ৢ֗᡽ૡٽપΔא܍ڂ੡ֲءԳႚอՂኙ࣍؆ഏԳऱฆᑌኪ৫ᨃ؆ഏᖂ سڇ۰മऱڜඈՂ૯ᔡܺᣄΖ੡Աܮ֧ޓڍ؆ഏᖂسΔڶऱՕᖂΰ௽ܑਢߏمՕ ᖂαᝫڇਙࢌऱਐᖄՀ੡؆ഏᖂسၲ඄א૎፿඄ᓰऱ࿍ཚᓰ࿓Δא࠰ܗᖂسᎁᢝ

ֲء֮֏Δࠀႉܓ᠏Ե९ཚऱإڤᓰ࿓Ζڼ؆Δֲءਙࢌ១֏؆ഏᖂسعᓮᖂس

᡽ᢞऱ࿓ݧፖࢬᏁऱழၴΔࠀ࢏९ᖂس᡽ᢞԫڻױೖఎऱழၴΰطתڣДԫڣ࢏

९੡ԫДԲڣαΔٵழՈ๵ࡳٚ۶ᄅ๻مऱߓΕᖂᆢࢨᖂೃؘႊᐸԫຝ։ᖂسټᠰ ࠐࢵگ؆ഏᖂسΖ

ֲءࢵگऱ؆ഏᖂسࠩԱ 2000 ڣ੡ 64,000 塒ԳΔೈԱࡉؾᑑऱ 10 ᆄԳڇᑇ ၦՂڶ᧩ထ஁၏հ؆Δ؆ഏᖂسऱࠐᄭՈլڕቃཚऱψഏᎾ֏ωΖא 2000 ڣ੡ࠏΔ

ֲء؆ഏᖂسࠉࠡࢬ᥆੊ܑ੡ࠅ੊ΰ90.5%αΕᑛ੊ΰ3.5%αΕקભ੊ΰ1.9%αΕত ભ੊ΰ1.4%αΕॺ੊ΰ1.1%αΕխࣟΰ0.8%α֗Օ੉੊ΰ0.8%αΖֲءऱ؆ഏᖂس լ׽ࣔ᧩چႃխ࣍ࠅ੊Δط। 10 ऱ؆ഏᖂسئഏऱอૠױא઎נΔֲءऱ؆ഏᖂ سપڶԫתࠐ۞խഏՕຬΖ

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ے10 ̠Ώʹ੽ደΡ˞վປĞ2000Бğ

੽ࣜ ˛੽ ᓺ੽ Ⴣដ ਻վљճ ϟͻ ॎ੽ ࠛ੽ ם͑؜ ඹܒ අݡჽ ֏͂

ʡᆵ

̨୥

32,297 50.5

12,851 20.1

4,189 6.5

1,856 2.9

1,348 2.1

1,245 1.9

1,044 1.6

800 1.3

717 1.1

477 0.8

7,187 11.2

ၗ਑ٰྍǺMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2001)Ζ

ʭă਻վљճ!

್ࠐ۫ࠅਢଡڍցጟගऱഏ୮ΔԿՕගᆢ੡್ࠐԳΕဎԳࡉٱ৫ԳΔࠡ։ؒ

ڇ 1960 ࠩ 1970 ڣזՕપ੡ 60%Ε30%ࡉ 10%Ζط࣍ဎԳࡉٱ৫ԳڇᆖᛎՂ׭ᚌ ႨΔڂڼڇඒߛᖲᄎࡉඒߛګ༉ֱ૿Ո᎛၌መ್ࠐԳΖא 1959 ڣ੡ࠏΔՕᖂسխ

׽ڶ 19.2%੡್ࠐԳΔဎԳࡉٱ৫Գ։ܑ׭Ա 60.6%ࡉ 20.2%Ζຍጟᣬ௘ऱֺࠏࠩ

Ա 1969 ڣբڶޏ࿳Δ್ࠐՕᖂسՂ֒۟ 35.6%ΔဎԳࡉٱ৫Գ։ܑՀ૾۟ 52.9%

ࡉ 11.5%Δ܀ਢ᧩ྥޏ࿳ऱ༏৫ᝫਢᣄא֘ਠගᆢऱ։ؒΖ್ࠐԳឈྥൕ 1957 ڣ

್ࠐ۫ࠅᗑمאࠐ༳༽ԱਙएऱᦞԺΔ܀ਢኙ࣍ᆖᛎΕඒߛ९ཚࡺ࣍լܓچۯऱ լየึ࣍ᖄીԱ 1969 ڣऱጟගᑊ೯Ζ੡Աᨃ್ࠐԳ౨ജށ᠏٭ႨΔ1970 ڣቇؒ

ऱψᄅᆖᛎਙ࿜ωΰNew Economic Policyαڇᆖᛎࡉඒߛֱ૿௽ܑঅᎽ್ࠐԳऱ ᦞ墿ΰSingh, 1991αΖ

ψᄅᆖᛎਙ࿜ωլ܀૞ޣਝڶՕᖂऱᖂسؘႊ֘ਠගᆢऱ։ؒΕ༼ࠎ್ࠐᖂ سٺጟᚌ༡ࡉ࠰ܗΕ๻مറگ್ࠐԳऱՕᖂ֗ᖂೃΔޓ๵ࡳٺ్ᖂீΰץਔֆم Օᖂαؘႊא್ࠐ፿ඒᖂΖڇጟጟऱૻࠫհՀΔဎԳࡉٱ৫Գ࣍ਢ᠏ٻߏمீೃΔ ࢨ೓౤૤⁪௧؆Ζൕ। 11 ױא઎נΔ1970 ࠩ 1990 ڣזΔ್ࠐ۫ࠅנഏఎᖂऱᖂ سऴᒵՂ֒Ζ

ے11! ਻վљճ͎੽ॼደʡᆵĞ1964-2001Бğ

Бݙ 1964 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2001 ʡᆵ 4,974 12,706 19,811 32,850 38,980 31,497 49,413 32,929

ၗ਑ٰྍǺUNESCO (1965, 1974, 1978, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1998)Ζ

(21)

ط࣍ڍڣࠐՕၦᖂسఎᖂഏ؆౛၄ऱ؆ႪઌᅝױᨠΔ್ࠐ۫ࠅਙࢌڇ 1995 ڣԫ֘መװ֘ኙߏԳ๻مՕᖂऱم໱ΔቔᚐߏԳΰץਔ؆ഏԳαދᇷ೏࿛ඒߛΖ ឈྥ್ࠐ۫ࠅڇ׈੺၉࣐ิ៣τࣚ೭ᄐ၉᜔࣐࠰ࡳυऱࢭᘭࠃႈխࠀآၲ࣋ඒߛ

ࣚ೭Δ܀್ഏਙࢌڇڶᣂߏم೏࿛ඒߛऱऄ৳Ղࠀآࠥრ೴։ءഏࡉ؆ഏீೃΖ

್ࠐ۫ࠅਙࢌ๵ࡳΔߏمՕᖂீೃऱ๻مؘႊᆖመאՀ؄ଡޡᨏΚ1.ٻඒߛ ຝ༼נ๻ீعᓮΰߏمՕᖂࢨ؆ഏՕᖂऱ್ࠐ۫ࠅ։ீհ๻مؘႊطඒߛຝᝮᓮ عᓮαΙ2.؆ഏ༼ࠎृؘႊڇ್ഏګمֆ׹Δඒߛຝ൓๵ᒤࠡैٝ਍ڶ֗ᇀࠃᄎګ

୉Ι3.ᛧ଱๻م৵Δᇠᖂೃؘႊٻߏمඒߛ׹عᓮုםΙ4.ߏمᖂೃုם৵Δࠡࢬ

ၲ඄ऱޢԫ॰ᓰຟؘႊٻඒߛຝுໂΔאᒔࡳࠡฤٽ່܅ᑑᄷΖߏمீೃऱᖂس ױאعᓮܗᖂ၊ཱིΔ܀ԫ౳ۖߢࠡฅᄐس޲ڶᇷ௑عᓮਙࢌᖲዌऱՠ܂Δೈॺᇠ

ீऱᓰ࿓ᆖመᣤ௑ऱᎁᢞ࿓ݧΰMcBurnie & Zuguras, 2001αΖ2000 ڣ್ࠐ۫ࠅૠ ڶ 11 ࢬֆمՕᖂΕ7 ࢬߏمՕᖂΕ3 ࢬ؆ഏՕᖂ։ீΔ֗ 400 塒ࢬߏمᖂೃΖՕ ڍᑇߏمᖂೃ༼ࠎءچ֗ࡉ؆ഏீೃٽ܂ऱᠨᜤᖂۯΔຍࠄᖂۯڶऱᏁ૞ᖂسࠩ

ഏ؆༉ᦰԫڣࢨאՂΔڶऱঞݙ٤լؘΖ

ຘመߏمᖂೃऱ๻مࡉሀഏᓰ࿓ऱၲ๻Δ್ࠐ۫ࠅਙࢌݦඨೈԱױאᆏઊఎ ᖂ؆ഏࢬᏁऱ؎ᠰ؆ႪΔޓݦඨࠩ 2020 ڣΔ್ࠐ۫ࠅױאطఎᖂسऱ׌૞ئഏ᧢

ګఎᖂسऱچ׌ഏΔᙁנ್ࠐ۫ࠅऱ೏࿛ඒߛΖሀഏᓰ࿓ऱၲ๻ᒔኔڇ྇֟ءഏ ᖂسఎᖂഏ؆ࡉܮ֧؆ഏᖂسֱࠟ૿ຟڶ᧩ထऱய࣠Δࠏڕ್ࠐ۫ࠅছ࢓؆ഏ༉

ᖂऱԳᑇط 1995 ڣऱ 49,413 ԳՀ૾۟ 2001 ڣऱ 32,929 ԳΔছࠐఎᖂऱ؆ഏᖂس ঞط 1997 ڣऱ 5,635 Գᏺףࠩ 1998 ڣऱ 11,733 Գ֗ 2001 ڣऱ 18,892 ԳΖ್ࠐ

۫ࠅਢႛڻ࣍ᖾ੊ࡉֲءΔܮ່֧ڍ؆ഏᖂسऱࠅ֜ഏ୮Ζط। 12 ױא઎נΔ್

ࠐ۫ࠅऱ؆ഏᖂس࿪Օڍᑇࠐ۞ࠅ੊ΔࠡխԾאխഏΰ5,976 ԳΔ32%αࡉٱ؍

ΰ5,296 ԳΔ28%α੡׌૞ئഏΖ

ឈྥ؆ഏᖂسڇ࿍࿍ᑇڣၴݶຒګ९Δ܀ਢ؆ഏՕᖂ։ீࡉሀഏᖂ࿓ऱᏺף ኙ࣍ψ್ࠐ֏ωऱ૤૿ᐙ᥼ΔԾᨃ್ࠐ۫ࠅਙࢌڶࢬ᥽ݲΖ್ࠐ۫ࠅਙࢌऱᐡᐞ ഗءՂਢψ್ࠐ֏ωࡉψഏᎾ֏ωऱᓢડΖ۞ൕ 1970 ڣאࠐΔ್ࠐ۫ࠅਙࢌ๠֨

ᗨᐞऱං೯್ࠐ֏ࡉঅᎽ್ࠐᖂس൷࠹ֆم೏࿛ඒߛऱᖲᄎ֗ࠡڇֆ៭༉ᄐؑ໱

ֱ૿ऱᚌႨΔץਔ๵ࡳֆمՕᖂؘႊא್ࠐ፿ඒᖂΕ׽ڶֆمՕᖂฅᄐس౨༉ٚ

(22)

ֆ៭࿛Ζ܀ਢຍጟঅᥨൻਜࠩԱ 1990 ڣזհ৵૿ኙԱᄅऱਗᖏΖط࣍ᆖᛎ੒೯ऱ ٤෺֏Δ್ࠐ۫ࠅऱءچࡉ؆ഏֆ׹ֲዬૹီᆤ቟Գ୉ऱ૎፿౨ԺΖڼԫᏁޣທ ګԱ್ࠐΕဎԳЯٱ৫ฅᄐسڇ༉ᄐؑ໱ᚌႨऱಭ᠏ΖՕၦฅᄐ࣍ֆمՕᖂऱ್

ࠐᖂسࡐྥለڶᖲᄎၞԵਙࢌຝ॰Δ܀ਢڂ੡ਙࢌຝ॰ྤऄ୲౏ࢬڶֆمՕᖂฅ ᄐسΔڶࠄᖂسᝫਢؘႊދԵߏڶຝ॰Ζຍࠄ൷࠹್ࠐ፿ඒᖂऱฅᄐسط࣍૎፿

౨Ժլ֗߷ࠄא૎፿ඒᖂऱߏمீೃᖂسΰપ 90%੡ဎԳࡉٱ৫ԳαΔۖቅ؈ᚌႨΖ ے12 ਻վљճʹ੽ደΡڟ̺ࡌվປĞշ޸ѿğĞ2001Бğ

ʡᆵ ̨୥%

ࠅ੊

ॺ੊

ᑛ੊

ભ੊

Օ੉੊

ࠡה

16,217 1,552 553 91 57 422

85.8 8.2 3.0 0.5 3 2.2

ϓࡎ 18,892 100.0

ၗ਑ٰྍǺOECD (2003)Ζ

੡Աށ᠏್ࠐᖂس༉ᄐऱլܓයٙࡉ૾܅ߏمீೃא૎፿ඒᖂኙ࣍ഏ୮ᎁʳ ٵࡉ֮֏ױ౨൅ࠐऱ૤૿ᐙ᥼Δ1996 ڣቇؒऱψߏم೏࿛ඒߛᖲዌऄωΰPrivate

Higher Educational Institutions Actα༉๵ࡳΔࢬڶߏم೏࿛ඒߛᖲዌؘႊאഏ፿ΰ್

ࠐ፿ Bahasa Malaysiaαࠐၞ۩ඒᖂΔڇ൓ࠩඒߛຝऱٵრհ৵Δਬࠄᓰ࿓൓א૎

፿ࢨॳࢮ܄፿ΰຏൄ੡ْཎᥞඒઌᣂᓰ࿓α඄ᓰΖܛࠌ൓ࠩא૎፿ࢨॳࢮ܄፿඄ʳ ᓰऱ๺ױΔᖂسᝫਢ૞ᖂ฾್ࠐ፿Δ׊ءഏᤄᖂسऱ್ࠐ፿ؘႊ֗௑ֱ౨ฅᄐΖʳ ψߏم೏࿛ඒߛᖲዌऄωՈ๵ࡳΔඒߛຝ९ڶᦞڇٚ۶ழଢ኶ڃא૎፿ࢨॳࢮ܄

፿඄ᓰऱ๺ױΔࠀ૞ޣא್ࠐ፿඄ᓰΰMcBurnie & Zuguras, 2001αΖ

ᕣጥڶՂ૪ऱ๵ࡳΔ૎፿ᝫਢߏمՕᖂீೃ່׌૞ऱ඄ᓰ፿ߢΖຍ׌૞ਢڂ

੡Κ༉ᖲዌۖߢΔՕڍᑇᠨᜤᖂۯᓰ࿓༼ࠎृຟࠐ۞૎፿ߓอΔڂڼؘႊא૎፿

඄ᓰΙ༉ᖂسۖߢΔߏمՕᖂீೃऱᖂس 90%੡ဎᇔࡉٱ৫ᇔᖂسΔڇ್ࠐ፿ࡉ

(23)

૎፿հၴΔءࠐ༉ೣٻ૎፿Ι༉ٞᄐ੺ۖߢΔ૎፿౨Ժޓڶܓ࣍ഏᎾؑ໱ऱၲࢷΙ

༉ਙࢌۖߢΔൎࠫ૞ޣߏمீೃא್ࠐ፿඄ᓰലᣄאܮ֧؆ഏᖂسΔ۞ྥՈᣄא ݙګڇ 2020 ڣګ੡೏࿛ඒߛᙁנഏऱؾᑑΖ១ߢհΔਙएऱەၦᝫਢլᑅᆖᛎऱ ەၦΖ

ͲăჃដ!

ઌኙ࣍ݺഏఎ؆ᖂسऱݶຒګ९ΰڕ। 13αΔݺഏࢬܮ֧ऱ؆ഏᖂسլᓵԳ ᑇ֗ࠡګ९ຟઌװ੷᎛ΰڕ। 14αΖط। 13 ױא઎נΔط 1955 ڣאࠐऱնԼڣ ࠐΔࠐፕఎᖂऱ؆ഏᖂسΰլץܶ቞سαઌᅝڶૻΖ

ط। 15 ױא઎נΔݺഏ؆ഏᖂسࠉࠡࢬ᥆੊ܑࠐ઎ΔՕڍᑇࠐ۞ࠅ੊Ζ। 16 ঞ᧩قΔݺഏऱ؆ഏᖂسࠉࠡࢬ᥆ഏܑࠐ઎Δ່׌૞ࠐ۞ֲءΕឌഏΕٱ؍ࡉભ ഏ࿛؄ഏΖ

ೈԱԳᑇլڍհ؆Δ࿪Օڍᑇऱࠐፕ؆ഏᖂس༉ᦰ࣍፿ߢխ֨Ζൕ। 17 ױא

࿇෼Δ1991 ࠩ 2000 ڣၴΔؓ݁પڶ 86%ऱ؆ഏᖂسڇ፿ߢխ֨ΔۖլਢڇՕᖂ ऱߓࢬ༉ᦰΖط। 18 Ոױא઎נΔא 1999 ڣ੡ࠏΔڇٺՕᖂ༉ᦰऱ؆ഏᖂسڶ 59%༉ᦰՕᖂຝΔ23%ՕᦰጚՓఄΔ18%༉ᦰ໑ՓఄΖ

ے13 Ө੽ॼʹደΡʡᆵ

Бݙ 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 ʡᆵ 760 643 2,339 2,056 2,301 5,933 5,979 19,291 24,751 32,807 32,162 33,791

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ௲ػ೽ΰ2003αΖ

ے14 ॼჃʹ੽ደΡʡᆵ)1955-2002Б*!

Бݙ 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 ʡᆵ 14 119 478 386 843 3,720 3,769 5,900 5,197 7,524 6,380 7,331

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ௲ػ೽ΰ2003αǶ

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ے15 ॼჃʹ੽ደΡ˞վປ)շ޸ѿƦ*)1998-2002Б*

Бݙ 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 ࠅ੊

ભ੊

ᑛ੊

Օ੉੊

ࠡה

65.5 14.8 7.8 1.2 10.7

71.4 13.3 5.8 1.2 8.3

71.7 12.6 5.3 1.3 9.1

66.6 16.3 5.3 1.3 10.5

64.5 14.9 5.6 1.5 13.6 ᒂࡎ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ௲ػ೽ΰ2003αǶ

ے16 ॼჃʹ੽ደΡ˞̺ࡌվປ)շ੽ѿ*)1998-2002Б*

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Бݙ ʡᆵ ̨୥ ʡᆵ ̨୥ ʡᆵ ̨୥ ʡᆵ ̨୥ ʡᆵ ̨୥

ֲء তឌ ٱ؍

ભഏ

1,171 1,331 579 632

22.9 26.1 11.3 12.4

1,324 1,315 1,685 737

20.0 19.9 25.5 11.1

1,486 1,217 2,174 721

19.8 16.2 28.9 12.6

1,520 1,038 1,158 790

23.8 16.3 18.2 12.4

1,832 1,223 961 849

25.0 16.7 13.1 11.6 ᒂࡎ 3,713 72.7 5,061 76.5 5,598 74.5 4,506 70.7 4,865 66.4

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ௲ػ೽Ȑ2003ȑǶ

ے17 ॼჃʹ੽ደΡ౷᜞ჭՐ˛̖˞ʡᆵ̨̅୥)1991-2000Б*

Бݙ ॼჃʹ੽ደΡᒂᆵ ౷᜞ჭՐ˛̖ʡᆵ̨̅୥Ğ%ğ 1991 5,959 5,008ΰ84%α

1992 5,440 4,534ΰ83%α 1993 5,154 4,313ΰ84%α 1994 5,596 4,923ΰ88%α 1995 5,197 4,430ΰ85%α 1996 5,431 4,713ΰ87%α 1997 5,210 4,511ΰ87%α 1998 5,109 4,337ΰ85%α 1999 6,616 5,724ΰ87%α 2000 7,524 6,579ΰ87%α

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ௲ػ೽Ȑ2003ȑǶ

(25)

ے18 1999ደБݙॼჃʹ੽ደΡ౷᜞Ϩደുʡᆵ

˃ደఋ ႈˁॲ ిˁॲ ᒂࡎ

ഏمፕ᨜Օᖂ 86 63 22 171

ഏمਙएՕᖂ 145 10 5 160 ഏمፕ᨜ஃᒤՕᖂ 20 35 16 71

ഏمխᘋՕᖂ 26 6 0 32

ഏم堚ဎՕᖂ 8 6 16 30

ഏمګפՕᖂ 17 11 2 30

ഏمխ՞Օᖂ 4 8 5 17

ഏمৠࣟઝݾՕᖂ 0 12 0 12

ഏم೏ႂஃᒤՕᖂ 2 2 0 4

ഏمᢌ๬ᖂೃ 1 0 0 1

ഏم೏ႂ塊ளጥ෻റઝ 1 0 0 1

խഏ֮֏Օᖂ 100 16 21 137

᎖ոՕᖂ 26 11 7 44

ࣟܦՕᖂ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ 31

෉ۂՕᖂ 17 12 1 30

ࣟ௧Օᖂ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ 19

֮ᤏ؆፿ᖂೃ 11 0 0 11

׈ᄅՕᖂ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ ∗∗∗ 8

ဎතՕᖂ 7 0 0 7

ນظՕᖂ 4 0 0 4

ᙩࡵՕᖂ 4 0 0 4

ኔᔌՕᖂ 5 0 0 5

خ୛Գ֮षᄎᖂೃ 2 0 0 2

ᖫᐚݾ๬ᖂೃ 2 0 0 2

೏ႂ᠔ᖂՕᖂ 1 0 0 1

Ϩደുˉࡎ 489 192 95 834

ၗ਑ٰྍǺ௲ػ೽୯ሞЎ௲ೀȐ2000ȑǶ

ឈྥݺഏছ࢓ഏ؆ఎᖂऱᖂسᑇբሒψ׈੺ֽᄷωΔ܀ਢছࠐݺഏ༉ᦰऱ؆ഏ ᖂسೣ܅Δڂڼ೏࿛ඒߛഏᎾ֏Ոਢݺഏ२ڣࠐઌᅝ࠹ࠩᣂࣹऱਙ࿜ᤜᠲΖೈԱ