中華大學碩士論文

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中華大學碩士論文

海嘯衝擊減緩下濱海觀光區的空間利用 Space Utilization of Waterfront Tourism Area

under Mitigation of Tsunami Impacts

系所別：建築與都市計畫學系碩士班學號姓名：M09905029 莉莎

指導教授：林文欽博士

中華民國 101 年 8 月

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摘要

於 2004 年 12 月 26 日發生的地震和海嘯災難之後，班達亞齊市遭受到了嚴重的損害，特別是在沿海地區。本研究試圖以優化班達亞齊市海岸地區的空間利用以符合開發成為觀光區的潛力以及透過受到海嘯衝擊的經驗，建置以降低與減輕海嘯影響的濱海遊樂區為基礎的需求。

本研究分析方法的階段程序為鑑定、合成、依不同文獻理論中實地觀察調整以及過去研究及方式的引用。第一階段是利用 SWOT 分析將濱海空間作為休閒區利用的內部參數研究基礎。第二階段是在開放空間保護設置及救援實質元件安排的品質分析以及使用調整方式作循環模式的分析。

本研究顯示結果已達到符合現有濱海地區休閒設施設置的最佳化、保護富有的文化及當地文化遺產、人力資源發展和高標準之基礎設施服務，預計將可增加濱海旅遊地區的吸引力。此外，為降低受海嘯之影響，結果制定將擴大種植植物以作為屏障，丘陵區作為救援區，建設新道路以作為疏散路線以及完整明顯標記疏散方向，以協助人員迅速疏散到安全的地方。

關鍵字:海嘯減災、濱海地區、觀光

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ABSTRACT

After the earthquake and tsunami disaster that occurred on December 26, 2004, Banda Aceh City suffered huge damage, especially in coastal areas. This study tries to optimize the space utilization of the waterfront area in Banda Aceh, in accordance with the potentials and problems to develop as tourism objects, and the need for arrangement of waterfront recreation area based on tsunami mitigation to minimize the impact of tsunami as the learning of disaster that happened in the past.

The process of analysis carried out through the stages of identification, synthesis, field observations adjusted to the various references from theory, previous research, and regulation. The first stage is to analyze the internal factor of space utilization of waterfront as recreation area using SWOT analysis. The second stage is to analyze the quality of the physical elements arrangement of open space as protection and rescue, and also circulation pattern using the method of adjustment.

The result implies the concept of optimization of recreational facilities in accordance with the existing potential of waterfront area; maintain the rich cultural and local heritage, development of human resources and service infrastructure with higher standard, which is expected to increase the attractiveness of the waterfront tourist area.

As the mitigation effort, the result formulate the expansion of planting vegetation as a barrier, hilly area used as the rescue area, use of the additional roads as evacuation routes, completeness marker to the evacuation direction to facilitate the population to the safer place easily.

Keywords: Tsunami mitigation, waterfront area, tourism.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I pray a lot of thanks to Allah, for the blessing and giving me the strength to finish this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to the following people for their support and assistance during the long time to write this thesis.

First, I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my adviser, Dr. Wenchin, Lin, in providing guidelines for the scope and material of this paper. He has been hard to guide and care for me during the past two years. Without his guidance, I can’t overcome many problems and challenges to finish thesis. I also acknowledge the support of the fellows in Architecture and Urban Planning Department, Chung Hua University.

Especially, I would like to acknowledge my beloved parents, Ir. Darwin Abdullah and Dra. Potjut Ernawati, M.Pd, and my sister and my brother, Kak Wina and Bang Kemal, and also my beloved fiancée M. Zulfan, who always help and support me, give me a lot of encouragements and care for my life so far. They really support me for meticulous concern and I appreciate them again.

I would like to extent my thanks to my Indonesian friends; Bang Iqbal, Bang Ikram, Bang Denny, Kak Desi, Kak Nadya, Kak Ira, Bang Ilham, Bang Agus, Bang Jhonny, Bang Hendri, Bang Iqmal, Okta, Reza, Ria, Vivi and all of big families of Ranub Lampuan (Acehnese Students Groups in Taiwan).

I will dedicate this thesis to everyone who has ever supported and assisted me.

At last, I’m so glad to study in Chung Hua University and be one of the alumni. Thanks for CHU and Department of Architecture and Urban Planning.

July 13, 2012 - Hsinchu, Taiwan Astrid Annisa

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 Supporting Data of Study ... 28

Table 3.2 Example of Matrix SWOT ... 31

Scheme 3.1 Schematic Framework of Research ... 47

Table 4.1 Characteristic of User Activity ... 43

Table 4.2 Internal Factor Analysis ... 46

Table 4.3 External Factor Analysis ... 47

Table 4.4 Strategy Analysis ... 48

Table 4.5 Existing Condition of Open Space Protection Function 1 ... 53

Table 4.6 Suitability analysis of existing conditions of land protection function of mangroves with the provisions... 54

Table 4.7 Existing Condition of Open Space Protection Function 2 ... 55

Table 4.8 Suitability Analysis of Existing Conditions of Protection Function of Green Museum Land with the Provisions ... 55

Table 4.9 The Existing Condition of Field Area 1... 57

Table 4.10 Suitability analysis of existing conditions of the rescue function of the field with the provisions of land. ... 58

Table 4.11 Existing Condition of Field Area 2 ... 59

Table 4.12 Suitability analysis of existing conditions of the rescue function with the provisions of tourist land ... 60

Table 4.13 Elaboration Concept ... 67

Table 4.14 Review Aspect of Open Space-Rescue Function ... 69

Table 4.15 Review Aspect of Circulation ... 70

Table 4.16 Planning of Optimization of Evacuation Route ... 71

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 The Existing Plate Composing Indonesia ... 13

Figure 2.2 Stages of Tsunami Occurrence ... 14

Figure 2.3 Indian Ocean Tsunami of Dec,26^th ... 16

Figure 2.4 Damaged and Inundation Zone in Banda Aceh city ... 17

Figure 2.5 Banda Aceh Zone I ... 18

Figure 2.6 Banda Aceh Zone II ... 18

Figure 2.7 The functions of coastal vegetations during tsunami inundation 21 Figure 3.1 Geographical Situation ... 28

Figure 3.2 Topographic Map and the Condition of Banda Aceh City ... 29

Figure 3.3 Semangko Plate... 29

Figure 3.4 Administration area of Banda Aceh, Indonesia ... 33

Figure 3.5 Ulee Lheue Beach,Banda Aceh City... 40

Figure 3.6 Tourism Spot of Ulee Lheue Waterfront Area... 34

Figure 3.7 Location of Ulee Lheue area, Meuraxa sub district, Banda Aceh City ... 35

Figure 4.1 Zone I of the recreation area ... 39

Figure 4.2 Zone II of the recreation area ... 40

Figure 4.3 Supporting Zone of Recreation Area ... 41

Figure 4.4 Map of open space land in the Meuraxa District Area ... 51

Figure 4.5 Satellite Imagery Map of Green Museum Location ... 56

Figure 4.6 Map Projection and Direction of Tsunami ... 61

Figure 4.7 Map Projection of Coastal Direction ... 63

Figure 4.8 Road Network Map and Location of Escape Building ... 63

Figure 4.9 Roads that Patterned in the Direction of Coastline ... 64

Figure 4.10 Conclusion of the Identification of Markers Completeness ... 65

Figure 4.11 Map of Ulee Lheue beach area ... 72

Figure 4.12 The Location of Open Space for Protection and Recreation Area ... 72

Figure 4.13 Detail A: Green Museum Area (Before and After) ... 73

Figure 4.14 Detail B : Recreation Area (Before and After) ... 74

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Figure 4.15 Detail C : Mangrove Area ... 75 Figure 4.37 Detail D : Tourism Area ... 75

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Review

Banda Aceh is a city located in the most western tip at the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. Banda Aceh is one of the cities in Indonesia that most frequently experienced the earthquake. The largest earthquake that occurred in Aceh region on December 26, 2004, measuring 9.1 Scale Richter (SR) that triggered a giant tsunami also destroyed the coastal area of Aceh, and reaching up into the mainland. Aceh’s Search and Rescue Agency (Satkorlak) in 2006 noted that Banda Aceh is the closest city to the epicenter position, thus caused the worst damage, reaching 2/3 the area include the city center.

After the tsunami disaster, the rehabilitation and reconstruction was performed immediately in Banda Aceh. Rehabilitation carried out in all of development sectors, and Banda Aceh has made many changes and improvements in all areas, including tourism. Since 2011, the Government of Banda Aceh has been promoting a program of

"Visit Banda Aceh 2011", where with this program the government wants to attract more number of tourists who come to Banda Aceh. This program is one of the city government's efforts to resurrect the charm of Banda Aceh city to other regions and abroad after the tsunami disaster. Banda Aceh itself has tremendous potential to be developed as a tourist attraction in the eyes of the world. One of the hallmarks of Banda Aceh itself that heavily promoted by the government is the tsunami tourist attraction, where there are many relics of the historical tsunamis that want to be seen by the tourists.

One of the tourism attractions that want to develop is the waterfront attractions.

The beach in Aceh is a leading tourist area because in addition besides having the panoramic beauty, the coast of Aceh is a silent witness of the tsunami disaster and have a lot of tsunami relics that attract much attention of everyone to see, and also can be remembered for all time as a historic place. However, the city of Banda Aceh as a city that has experienced the enormity of the tsunami disaster, must be fully alert and

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disaster responsive. As learning that can be taken from the disaster that has occurred the city should take every planning that has to consider the risk of disasters that might come in the future. It required a planning area of tourism disaster response.

1.2 Background of Study

Currently many cities around the world are facing changing economics.

Waterfront revitalization is mainly considered as one solution to deal with such problems. It has been as measurable opportunities for these cities to increase significantly benefits to residents in term of aesthetics, economic, social and environmental factors (Dovey 2005). National Development Planning Agency in Indonesia (BAPPENAS) in 2005 noted that waterfront revitalization is not only determined by economic purposes but also as part of a for tsunami mitigation plan since mostly of its cities are located in a tsunami prone area. This mitigation plan can effectively be embedded within the urban planning and design for respective cities.

According to the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) in 2006, urban planning and design can be utilized as an appropriate method to minimize the economic and social risks of the tsunami. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in 2005 noted that the application of urban planning and design for the mitigation plan includes arrangement of land use and site planning, development of supporting infrastructure, planting of coastal forest, provision of an early warning system, emergency road network planning and pre tsunami evacuation planning. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program (NTHMP) in 2001 also strongly recommended in involving public participation during development such a plan to meet the plan’s objective successfully.

The comprehensive tsunami mitigation plan requires incorporation of urban planning and design strategies, public participation and appropriate method implementation from stakeholders such as government, planners as well as communities.

Ulee Lheue beach in Banda Aceh is the beach that had been hit by the tsunami disaster, the beach is an area that frequently visited by the people every day. In addition to its beauty, its location relatively close to downtown, this beach also has many historical places, where many tsunami relics around it. To support government

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programs to promote tourism, it is necessary need an arrangement and proper space utilization that used as a recreation area, as well as protection against disaster, due to the prone location on the waterfront. To be able to create a waterfront tourist area that has disaster response, it required a space utilization of waterfront tourism based on tsunami disaster mitigation.

During the rehabilitation and reconstruction process undergoing in Banda Aceh, there are some people who feel the improvement that has been done in this city has not been optimal yet. This opinion was expressed by a number of other spatial experts, marine scientists, expert seismic science, etc. According to these experts the success of reconstruction and rehabilitation of post-disaster city is guided by the master plan and spatial planning. Therefore, many emerging research and studies conducted by experts and students, who can guide and help to create a good spatial.

1.3 Problem Formulation

Based on location of Banda Aceh that located in the most western tip at the island of Sumatra, Indonesia, the city has surrounded by the ocean, and this make Banda Aceh has a lot of beach area that potential to be developed. Besides that potential, Banda Aceh also has some vulnerability because the geographic location. The vulnerability is the hazard of earthquake and tsunami, which can occur any time in Banda Aceh. There are advantages and disadvantages that must be balanced, there are advantages that can be highlighted and developed, as well as existing deficiencies, the potential for disaster, should be able to be handled and how the measures planned to overcome them. Natural advantages of Banda Aceh is the natural charm of coastal areas that can still be developed into a tourism capital, with the arrangement in accordance with the existing potential, but must have a proper concept of disaster mitigation to avoid the threat of disaster that could come any time.

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1.4 Objectives

The research focused on development concept of waterfront as recreational area and open public space that implement tsunami mitigation. Optimizing the waterfront space utilization as a tsunami tourism recreation area based on tsunami mitigation and participate success of government programs "Visit Banda Aceh 2011" in the field of tourism by creating a tourist recreation area that has tsunami disaster response, so as to create a friendly environmental recreational area, it can minimize the impact of a possible impending disaster as well. This study try to find the basic needs for tsunami mitigation of recreation area, and enhance the development concept about how to make the tsunami mitigation steps that can be implemented on waterfront recreation area.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Waterfront City in Indonesia

Waterfront is literally the waterfront district, the city that borders the water, the harbor area (Echols, 2003), the dynamic area of the cities and towns where land and water meet (Breen, Ann and Rigby, Dick, 1994), land or areas are located adjacent to water in particular is part of the city overlooking the waters of either the sea, rivers, and lakes (Thahir, 2005). Waterfront development is a business arrangement and development of the city or region which the scale of activities and functions are very diverse with high intensity as a function of activity for both urban residential, commercial port and trade and industry to the tourist area (Thahir, 2005). According to Breen and Rigby (1994), the phenomenon of waterfront development in beginning in 1960 and peaked in the 1970s until the 1980s. The factors triggering the development of the waterfront begins with an awareness of the clean water environment and globally is very useful to increase the attractiveness of the city as a tourism asset that can increase revenue.

There are several criteria that can be used to help determine the limit of waterfront area management planning, among others as expressed by Chua Thia-Eng and Scura (1992) the following:

1. Uniqueness criterion of the most prominent physical condition and other physical conditions.

2. This criterion is delineated the waterfront area based on the similarity certain physical conditions that have certain peculiarities compared to other areas.

3. Political criteria.

4. Administrative criteria.

5. Arbitrary distances.

6. Selected environmental units that are used.

Furthermore, Breen and Rigby (1994) classify the themes of waterfronts as follows:

1. The Cultural Waterfront, the waterfront with cultural backgrounds.

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2. The Environmental Waterfront, waterfront that is used the way it is.

3. The Historic (Educational) Waterfront, the preservation of the uniquely original characteristics in the area.

4. The Mix Use Waterfront, characterized by the mixing of the mutual support functions, not harming each other and can accepted by the environment.

5. The Recreational Waterfront, more creative and tend to maintained the naturalness of the nature.

6. The Residential Waterfront, a residential facility or residential areas.

7. The Working Waterfront, more like a working area, industry and office buildings, adjacent and related to the water.

Historical of waterfront development area in Indonesia in the past are more prevalent in coastal areas (Soetomo, 1992). Waterfront development concept is enforced by the colonialists who occupied Jakarta or Batavia at that time, to build a replica Dutch town which served as a meeting place in the trade traffic. At the time of Indonesia's independence, based on the paradigm of development has been touted marine since the establishment of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in the Year 1999. The trigger in the awareness of the magnitude of the potential of marine and fisheries in the water of Indonesia is experiencing a continuous latent looting by neighboring countries. Besides the reduced revenue from the state of forest products and mining sectors are also becoming a trigger. The fact is, that about 60% of the world's population lived in areas as wide as 60 km from the coast and is expected to increase to 75% in 2025, and 85% in 2050. Directorate General of Coasts and Small Islands itself stated that some 166 cities in Indonesia are on the waterfront (Adisasmita, 2006). Indonesia is an archipelago country, so it is appropriate for the areas that are close to the water edge to develop the area with the reference of waterfront development, because in addition to optimize the land so it can also become business area as well as recreation area. Therefore, the city income will remain unfulfilled.

Based on the concept of waterfront city that offered by each of the city in Indonesia show that there are planning considerations that city waterfront area of social, economic and environmental. Social aspects include efforts to achieve compliance with the needs and improved quality of life and improving the welfare of individuals,

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families and whole communities in the region. Economic activities include efforts to maintain and promote the expansion and economic growth sufficient to maintain the continuing of sustainability and improved economic conditions that good for life and enable growth towards the better. Insights include efforts to prevent damage to the environment and preservation of environmental balance. These three aspects must receive equal attention in accordance with the role and influence of each on the development of the waterfront city, so the concepts really make an impact on the community in the development area (Stefan, 2012). According to World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 1987, application of the three aspects of waterfront development in the social, economic and environmental clearly shows that this concept is a concept that upholds the concept of Sustainable Development or Sustainable development aims to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising future generations to meet their needs in the future. Therefore, the concept is necessary and very important for application in cities in Indonesia in an attempt to overcome the problems of population and environment in Indonesia and in general also affect the sustainability of the whole earth.

2.2 Waterfront Area as a Tourism Attraction and Recreation Area

Tourism is an activity trip or part of these activities which is voluntary and temporary objects or to enjoy a tourist attraction (Law of Tourism No.9, 1990).

Recreation is one of the fundamental human needs, and through the recreation people can encounter, experience, and enjoy the happiness of life (Haryono, 1978). Nature tourism is the main attraction of tourism activities with the natural resource base consists of five formations of nature, namely: water, topography, flora, fauna, and climate (Gunn, 1994). Cultural tourism is tourism activities with the main attraction is the cultural resources. Improved stewardship of natural resources led to the emergence of universal forms of activities for nature-based tourism. One form of nature tourism activities are tourism or ecotourism (Gunn, 1994). Ecotourism is a form of tourism activities approach that aims to minimize the damage and use a local approach.

Motivation to travel is for pleasure, power, spiritual experience, as well as commercial (Jacobs, 1995).

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The main criteria for the development of the waterfront recreation (Breen, 1994):

1. Utilizing the physical condition of the beach for recreational activities (indoor or outdoor);

2. Development is directed along the bodies of water while maintaining the existence of open space;

3. Differences in culture and geography are directed to support tourism activities, especially water tourism;

4. The specificity of the local architecture can be exploited commercially in order to attract visitors;

5. Utilization of the physical condition of the beach for recreational activities / beach tourism.

Main criteria for the development of the historical/heritage waterfront (Breen, 1994):

1. Preservation of historic relics (landscape, sites, buildings, etc.) and rehabilitate them to different use (modern).

2. Control of new development that contradicts the existing building in order to maintain the character (characteristics) of the city.

3. These space utilization programs may include securing the beach with a breakwater to prevent abrasion (to protect the historic buildings on the waterfront), the construction of dikes, polders and pumping to avoid a puddle on historic buildings, etc.

Main criteria for the development of the waterfront commercial district (Breen, 1994):

1. Must be able to attract visitors who will exploit the potential of coastal areas as a place to work, shopping and leisure (tourism);

2. Activities are created to remain attractive and comfortable place to visit (dynamic);

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3. Buildings should characterize a unique local culture and a means of socializing and commercial;

4. Maintain the existence of weak economic segments of society through the provision of subsidies.

5. The beauty of physical form was appointed as the coastal pull factor for economic activities, socio-cultural, etc.

The main criteria for the development of the waterfront area as culture area, education, and environment (Breen, 1994):

1. Utilizing the natural potential of coastal area to research activities, culture and conservation.

2. Emphasis on the cleanliness of water bodies and water supplies that are not only for health purposes but also to attract investors.

3. Directed to disenchant and educate the public about natural coastal resources that need to be preserved and researched.

4. The existence of culture should be preserved and integrated with environmental management supported the awareness to protect / maintain the physical integrity of water bodies to be enjoyed and used as a vehicle for education (the existence of diversity of marine life, shore profiles, seabed, mangroves, etc).

5. Needs to be supported by space utilization programs, such as the provision of facilities for religion ritual ceremonies, the research centers that associated with the specification of the region, etc.

6. Necessary efforts to settings / control functions and benefits of water.

2.3 The Concept of Waterfront City as Public Spaces

According to Torre (1989), some of the aspects for waterfront city development consists as follows:

1. Theme, history is an important factor to determine theme. Then theme will be successful if we can analyze and predict the land use, climate, material, scale, and the meaning of space.

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2. Image, the image of the public space can be created according to the user’s needs.

3. Authenticity, a waterfront that is live together with water dependent activities is the basis for an authentic and enjoyable experience.

4. Function, a waterfront has a good function on all levels. From regional access and circulation to adequate parking capacity, to ease and comfort of pedestrian movement, to the visitor experiences, all levels must sequences successfully as well as meet capacities on peak activity days.

5. Public perception of need, to form a consensus, a potential developer must sell his/her idea to the majority. Carefully formulated, well thought out plans that effectively respond to theme, image, authenticity, function and financial environmental concerns must be brought before interesting citizens in public meetings. The developer must be open to ideas and feedback from this sessions, which will help him/her to anticipate what will be accept and what will be not.

The developer must understand what core elements must be realized successfully within the total project.

6. Financial Feasibility, there is nothing comparable to a successful of waterfront development, if effectively packaged, designed, promoted, managed, and operated. The development must be sound in its understanding of demographics, community, buying power, response to the project, and future prospects.

7. Environmental Approval, the developer must be open, research the ecological processes of the project area, design to mitigate impacts, and utilize the development sites resources in a logical and conscientious way.

8. Construction Technology, stabilize the edge where the land and water meet.

Traditional techniques ranged from setting stones in either breakwater or riprap, to the later more economical use of timber. Stability is based on complexity, and barrier as protection are the great examples of principles of nature. The dunes, plantings, and fauna allow for flexibility but can withstand the onslaught of inevitable storm.

9. Effective management, the facility must be progressively managed to provide an excellent environment and services for the user.

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Most of the waterfront cities in Indonesia, haven’t been designed in details, includes the city in Banda Aceh. Moreover, to face the big earthquake and tsunami disaster, we really haven’t ready yet both in technical aspects or the people comprehension about the impact of the disaster (Darmawan, 2005).

The principle of designing a public space are consist of three critical dimensions emerge from our values and from the foundation of our perspective on public spaces:

needs, rights, and meanings (Carr, 1992).

2.4 Disaster in Indonesia

According to United Nation International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) in 2006, disaster is defined as a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

UNISDR noted that Indonesia is located in a region that highly vulnerable to the threat of disaster. Disaster in Indonesia includes the earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption, flood and tornado. Indonesia located in a meeting of tectonic plates, which form the convergent zone and create the formation of volcanoes, ocean trenches, and fault zones. Some types of disasters such as earthquakes, may not be accurately predicted when and where will occur, and how much strength. National Coordinating Board for Disaster Management in 2007 noted that while some other disasters in Indonesia such as floods, landslides, droughts, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis can still be predicted in advance.

People in the Asia Pacific are 4 times more susceptible than the impact of natural disasters in Africa and 25 times more vulnerable than in North America and Europe (Asia-Pacific Disaster, 2010). The United Nation (UN) report estimates that more than 18 million people affected by natural disasters in Indonesia from 1980 to 2009. From the same report Indonesia was ranked fourth as one of the most vulnerable countries affected by natural disasters in Asia Pacific from 1980-2009. In 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction also gave high ratings to Indonesia on the effect of disasters on the human level - ranked third of 153 for the earthquake and one of 265 for the tsunami. Although the development of disaster management in

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Indonesia increased considerably since the 2004 tsunami disaster, natural disasters that followed indicate a need for a more significant improvement. The areas prone to natural disasters is still weak in the application of early warning systems, disaster risk precautions and skills disaster management. Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning System that began in 2005, still under development.

2.5 Tsunami in Indonesia

United States Geological Survey (USGS) in 2008 mentioned that in Indonesia, natural disasters are frequent phenomena that caused loss of life, destruction of property and irreversible damage to the coastal and land environment. It is situated between Asia and Australia continents, the Indian and pacific oceans and also located in the tectonic Zone. Geologically, it is composed of parts of three crucial active plates: Eurasian plate, Indian-Australia plate, and Pacific Ocean floor. This composition makes Indonesia, particularly waterfront cities vulnerable to natural disasters such as earth quake and volcanoes eruption which may generate catastrophic tsunami On December 26, 2004, an earthquake of Mw= 9.3 occurred in the northwest coast of Sumatera island, Indonesia. According to Earthquake Support Subsidy (ESS) in 2005 the earthquake generated a catastrophic tsunami that caused a massive scale destruction and enormous death toll in Indonesia. The December 26 tsunami has increased awareness for stakeholders to integrate tsunami mitigation plan into urban planning and design for cities located in the tsunami-prone area. (Golonka, 2004).

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Figure 2.1 The existing plate composing Indonesia (Source: Prasetyo et.al 2004) 2.5.1 The Characteristic of Tsunami

Tsunami (soo- Nah- mee) is Japanese, and it means harbor wave (Regional Council for North and South East Asia, 2005). Tsunami is a huge volume of moving seawater, a series of large waves generated when a group of water, such as an ocean or a lake quickly moved to a very large scale. The tsunami can travel for thousands of miles across the sea and still have enough energy to destroy building, trees, wildlife, and people. Scientifically tsunami can be interpreted as a gravitational system formed by sea water body impaired on a large scale and in a relatively short period of time.

Tsunamis are generated by any large, impulsive displacement of the seabed level. Earthquake generates tsunami by vertical movement of the sea floor. If the sea floor movement is horizontal, tsunami is not generated. Tsunamis often occurs due to the result of an earthquake, where the tectonic shift along the seafloor vertical fracture zone in the earth’s crust cause vertical noise on the body of water. Tsunamis can also be generated by volcanic eruptions in the near or under the sea, seabed sediment movement, the events of landslides in coastal regions are moving towards the sea, man- made explosion, and the collision of celestial bodies or meteor impact that occurred at

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sea. All of these mechanisms will result in the cause of tsunami or earthquake shocks (Gonzales, 1999).

Figure 2.2 Stages of Tsunami Occurrences (Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2009)

Empirically, the speed of a tsunami depends on the depth of the sea and the acceleration of gravity at that place. To the deep ocean, tsunami speeds can be equal to the speed of jet aircraft, which is about 800 km/h. The more shallow the sea, the tsunami speed is reduced, which ranges between 2-5 km/h. Tsunamis range in size from centimeters to over 30 m height. Most tsunamis are less than 3 m in height. In deep water (greater than 200 m), tsunamis are rarely over 1m high and will not be noticed by ships due to their long period (time between crests). As tsunamis propagate into shallow water, the wave height can increase by over 10 times.

On the coast, the tsunami may have different forms of expression depending on the size and wave period, variations in the depth and shape of the coastline, tidal conditions, and other factors. Based on the distance of the source causes a tsunami, and the danger area, the tsunami can be divided into two, short range tsunami and long distance tsunami. The size of the tsunami threat can be seen from the following parameters:

1. Tsunami heights that rise to the mainland (run- up).

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2. The long sweep of the tsunami to the mainland (m/km).

3. The Broad sweep of the area affected by tsunami waves (km²).

How to identify its major small tsunami can be obtained in several ways, through observation and direct measurement in the field, using satellite imagery photos, or using computational simulation.

2.5.2 The Impact Caused by the Tsunami on the Region

The impact of the tsunami on a large scale is very dangerous. Tsunami can damage and destroy buildings and other structures. In addition, the tsunami contaminated land with sea water (Mraz, 2005). The elements of land that is susceptible to tsunami impact is the natural environment, built environment, and human.

Environmental damage that occurs is the damage of the physical elements of nature and natural ecosystems. The damage is the destruction of vegetation in the coastal forest, open spaces, trees to grass. Tsunami could destroy all the objects in its path, trees can be uprooted, and the grasses and other plants can also die because of the contamination by salty sea water. Environmental damage that occurs also includes the damage of the physical elements of the city, such as building, bridges, municipal utilities, and even highways.

In addition to damage to the environment and also the element of physical elements, the tsunami also resulted in damage to human physical. Damage experienced by humans such as loss, death, injury, etc. Human damage is more directed to the side of human psychology. This damage is the most expensive damage, and the primary focus in prevention efforts (Arya, 2005). In addition there are secondary hazards caused by the tsunami, fires and pollution due to the destruction. (Gonzales, 1999).

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Figure 2.3 Indian Ocean Tsunami of Dec 26^th, 2004

(Source: Regional Council for North and South East Asia, 2005).

According to Pacific Disaster Center (2005), there are some effects caused by tsunami:

Some of the more direct physical effects of tsunami include:

1. Loss of life.

2. Damage or destruction of buildings, boats, critical facilities and coastal infrastructure.

3. Loss of coastline.

4. Excessive scattered debris.

Less direct effects, and those with sometimes long-term consequences, can include:

1. Contamination of coastal soils.

2. Diminished domestic water supply due to contamination of shallow wells and aquifers (with salt water and other toxic substances).

3. Disease outbreaks.

4. Interruption of business and economic processes.

5. Disruption of education and social services.

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Waterfront cities located in a tsunami hazard-prone area are vulnerable to disaster because of the high concentration of people, buildings, infrastructure and socio- economic activities. Coastlines have always been a favored location for human settlements. Because of the attractiveness of coastal locations and the long gaps between devastating tsunami events, coastal communities have continued to develop in recent times with new housing, maritime facilities, and resort developments. As a result, more people and facilities are threatened by the destructive force of tsunamis (NTHMP, 2001). Once the tsunami strikes, there will be tremendous losses and damages in the city. Therefore, it is important to prepare the city and its community with a disaster mitigation plan in order to reduce the damage and losses.

Figure 2.4 Damaged and Inundation Zone in Banda Aceh city (Source: Boen, 2005)

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Figure 2.5 Banda Aceh (Zone I) (Source: Boen, 2005).

Figure 2.6 Banda Aceh Zone II

( Source : Boen, 2005)

In general there are two zones affected by the tsunami (Boen, 2005):

1. Zone 1 is the coastal areas were destructed by the tsunami forces such as battering, scouring, impact and buoyancy; this zone goes up to 3 km inland.

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2. Zone 2 was only inundated, where the tsunami force is already reduced and only caused flooding, dumping mud and debris, this zone is approximately 0.5 to 1.5 km further inland.

2.5.3 Urban Planning and Design Strategies for Tsunami Mitigation to Reduce the Vulnerability

Mitigation is a planned and sustained action in order to reduce long-term impact

on the lives and property in the affected areas

(www.manajemenbencana.wordpress.com). Tsunamis cannot be prevented, or their destructive effects entirely avoided, actions can be taken to mitigate the risks of this hazard, thereby reducing the impacts on life, physical structures and livelihoods.

Urban planning and design can be used as an effective tool in reducing the economic and social risks of tsunami (FIG, 2006). A disaster mitigation plan can be involved at every stage of the urban planning and design process: planning, monitoring, evaluating, and revising plans (Pelling, 2003). The implementation of urban planning and design for mitigation plan particularly tsunami hazard includes as follow (JICA 2005):

1. Arrangement of land use and site planning consists of designation of tsunami hazard areas for open space uses, land use designation in hazard area, zoning arrangement from the public to private zone, capital improvement planning and budgeting.

2. Development of supporting infrastructure consists of costal structures, public emergency facilities, housing strategies, critical facilities.

3. Planting of coastal forest.

4. Providing an early warning system.

5. Emergency road network planning: this consists of an escape and relief road.

6. Pre-tsunami evacuation planning: this is classified into horizontal and vertical methods.

A Tsunami mitigation plan also requires public participation since the community becomes the subject (actor) and the object (target) of the mitigation plan (NTHMP 2001). The mitigation plan when applied to the comprehensive urban

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planning and design policies allows the community to be involved and discuss the main issues in a systematic way. It also acknowledges that the community needs to understand the risks and makes them more aware of the mitigation strategies that the local government plans to apply (Pearce, 2003). However, there is no single method to design a hazard mitigation plan in the urban and design planning process. It will depend on the planners, authorities as well as other stakeholders to choose an appropriate method that would suit the region (Tauhid, 2008).

According to Ilyas (2006), a few things that have to be considered to create a mitigation plan for the future are:

1. Land management and peopling settings.

2. Perform preventive efforts with high activity reallocate to safer areas by developing micro-zoning.

3. Protect from damage by environmental improvement efforts in order to absorb the energy of tsunami waves. For example, by planting mangrove along the coast.

4. Strengthening of buildings and infrastructure as well as improving regulation (code) the appropriate design.

2.5.4 Disaster Prevention Functions of Coastal Vegetation

The European Community Joint Research Centre (ECJRC) in 2005 noted that the loss of mangrove forest and other coastal vegetation will have important implications regarding protection from future tsunamis, as evidence from 2004 tsunami showed that regions which once had extensive mangroves were relatively more damaged than regions where they remain intact.

Shuto (1987) outlined different ways in which coastal forests may reduce tsunami impact and asserted that a forest is effective for several reasons:

1. It stops driftwood and other flotsam.

2. It reduces water flow velocity and inundation depth.

3. It provides a life-saving snare for people swept off land by a tsunami run- down.

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4. It amasses wind-blown sand and creates dunes, which serve as natural barriers against tsunamis.

Schematic of the possible functions that coastal vegetation can perform are shown in picture 2.9. Coastal vegetation or land-use planning, at least the function as described in the picture above should be considered in the future (Tanaka et.al, 2006):

1. The Soft-Landing Effect

To provide a soft-landing, a tree species that has dense branches and leaves, e.g., R. apiculata-type is effective.

2. Trapping Effect

Large diameter trees trapped the debris at many sites. In particular, if a mangrove forest is located behind a sand dune, it could trap most of the debris and prevent the building behind the forest from being damaged.

3. Escaping Effect

The effective trees that enough for people to climb, that have high branches to save themselves when tsunami came are Thespesia Populnea, Pongamia Pinnata, and Terminalia Catappa.

Figure 2.7 : The functions of coastal vegetations during tsunami inundation (Source: Tanaka et.al, 2006)

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Generally, the concept of mitigation has three aspects (Webb, 2005):

1. Protection, physical interventions such as building sea walls, plaster stone, sand or gravel mound, the use of vegetation as green belt, or create an elevated road as a barrier.

2. Adaption, an attempt to change the plan and physical design of each element in order to minimize the impact of the tsunami. For example engineering structures such as buildings and infrastructure, restructuring and circulation patterns, etc.

3. Avoid, is an effort to keep environmental objects that are susceptible to tsunami impacts to the area that is not threatened. Such as moving the settlement and infrastructure that are vulnerable, fragile elements of open space, etc.

An aspect of the arrangement which is closely related to tsunami mitigation is the quality of the arrangement of physical elements and the environment, which may serve to reduce the risk of tsunami impact. These aspects include the quality aspect of the arrangement of open space, and quality of infrastructure arrangement.

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Types and Methods of Research

This study attempts to formulate the concept of physical arrangement of waterfront tourism area that include mitigation efforts, develops a method of analysis, and generate the appropriate structuring concept. At this stage the researchers set research goals and objectives that will be used as a basis for research. Targets of the research is the detail that being pursued by researchers as a result of the investigation activities (Black, 1992). In the early stages of research using quantitative descriptive research method, to determine the quality of the physical arrangement of elements within the study area and environmental aspects of tsunami mitigation through observation and assessment, then using a qualitative-descriptive methods, to formulate the concept of the results of previous analysis and from the various sources of data.

Descriptive research is one of the methods of research that describes and interprets an object in accordance with what it is (Best, 1982). Descriptive method aims to describe and reveal a problem, situation, event, or uncover the facts deeper. The researcher position in the qualitative descriptive study functions as a "key instrument". In a qualitative descriptive study, investigator act as collector and interpreter of data (Moleong, 2005). In this study the subjects studied had an equal position with researchers, so not as an object or a lower position. Researchers do not consider themselves higher or more experts (Nasution, 1996).

3.2 Source of Data

In this study, the authors use secondary data sources. Secondary data sources are sources that do not directly provide data to data collectors, can be obtained through other people, documents, journals, etc (Sugiyono,2009).

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3.3 Determination of Variables

The variables used to analyze the vulnerability of the physical elements of the existing condition is a data structuring all aspects of coastal / waterfront, and the provision of quality arrangements that have been formulated. The result is a description of the physical elements of vulnerability identification and study of the environment. In the final stage, the formulation of the concept of settlement is influenced by several factors that are considered relevant as a source, such as the theory, regulation, and references.

Establishment of data variables, the data used and the method of retrieval structured as follows:

Table 3.1 Supporting Data of Study

No. Variable Data Collection Methods

1. Potential attraction of the recreation area  Photographs of the potential attraction of the area.

 Tourism promotion brochures

 Field observations

 Image documentation

2. Characteristics of user activity  Photographs of

visitor activity

 Activities of the community and visitors

 Visitor activity, activity participants, the number of tourists, the types of activities

 Image documentation.

 Depictions descriptively

 Reorder based on analysis of previous studies.

3. Level of availability of tourist facilities  Photographs of activities supporting facilities

 Map the distribution of facilities

 Field observations.

 Depictions descriptively.

 Ssynthesis.

4.. The condition of open space protection function  Existing condition of open space area.

 Criteria for open space based on the theory poteksi function and regulation.

 Synthesis

5. The condition of open space rescue function  Existing condition of open space area.

 Criteria for open space protection function based on theory and regulations.

 Synthesis

6. Circulation pattern.  Map the circulation

patterns.

Re-draw from the map of Open Space Detail Plan documents the City Meuraxa 2007.

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3.4 Processing Techniques and Data Presentation

The procedure of data processing to be performed in the analysis of the study activities are:

1. Editing, which aims to check the data have been obtained thus improving the quality of data is about to be processed or analyzed.

2. Tabulation, aims to compile the data in tabular form which serves to summarize the existing data in the field.

3. Digitization and the scaling back at the satellite image maps using Autocad software.

4. Cite, copy, adapt and develop according to the needs analysis.

3.5 Analysis Method

Methods of analysis used in this study is customized and based on research needs and objectives to be achieved. The first thing to do is review the literature of the physical arrangement aspects of the waterfront environment, recreation and mitigation efforts, vulnerability factors and also the various theories about the physical arrangement of waterfront area. Due to the waterfront area designated as a recreation area, also analyzed the suitability of land use appropriate recreation that can be applied in the area that vulnerable to tsunami. The first analysis is to identify the potential of attraction recreation area, user activity characteristic in the area, the availability of the recreation facilities. The second analysis is to identify quality of the arrangement of physical elements, such as open space that function as protection and rescue, and circulation pattern of evacuation route. The final analysis is to formulate a concept that gained from the whole analysis, by combining some of the data obtained from the identification of the first analysis, and the reference (theory, case studies, regulatory/

policy).

Analytical techniques used to analyze the internal factor space utilization of waterfront area as a recreation area is a SWOT analysis where the function is to facilitate the:

1. Provide an overview of issues that need to be indicated for a particular purpose.

2. Analyze the relationship between the problems.

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3. Give the present scenario for now and the future.

Table 3.2 Example of Matrix SWOT (Source: Thahir, 2005)

External Factor

Internal Factor

Strengths Weaknesses

Opportunities Use force to take advantage of opportunities.

S-O Strategy

Tackle weaknesses by taking advantage of opportunities.

W-O Strategy Threats Use force to prevent the

threat.

S-T Strategy

Minimize weaknesses and avoid threats.

W-T Strategy

To identify quality of the arrangement of physical elements, such as open space that function as protection as rescue, and also circulation, identification was initiated by using the method of compliance, where the objective is to seek compatibility and incompatibility between existing conditions and provisions of the arrangement.

Identification will be done by using the tabulation.

3.6 Stages of Research

In the framework of the preparation of a thesis statement is made based on the methodology and implementation phases associated with the output to be generated.

Stages of implementation include:

1. Stage of data collection and compilation.

At this stage held a variety of matters relating to the collection and compilation of data through a secondary survey, among others: Constructing needs and the necessary literature. Listing data is required to prepare a survey to be conducted.

Further data have been collected in the survey stage, classified and categorized according to the unit of analysis performed. Activities are included in the compilation of data is the verification, classification, and tabulation.

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2. Analysis Stage

Phase analysis was conducted based on qualitative and quantitative descriptive based on data have been obtained and based on analytical methods which have been determined.

3. Synthesis Stage

Formulate a synthesis based on the results of previous analyzes.

3.7 Data Collection

Required data obtained from variable needs. Based on the needs of data is divided into physical character of the object of study, while the rest is called a data supplement. The data obtained from the journal, paper, previous studies, maps, tables, and graphs that are downloaded from a number of internet sites. Data were also obtained from several agencies, among others:

1. Sea Defense Consultant ( SDC).

2. Tsunami Disaster Research and Mitigation Centre ( TDRMC).

3. Aceh Development Planning Agency (BAPPEDA Aceh Province).

4. Tourism Institution Agency of Banda Aceh City.

3.8 Study Area 3.8.1 Banda Aceh City

Banda Aceh is the provincial capital of Aceh, Indonesia. Banda Aceh is located on the northwestern tip of Sumatera Island, Indonesia. Banda Aceh has natural conditions that are surrounded by ocean and mountain. The city of Banda Aceh is geographically located at 16’ 15” N and 050 36’ 16 N latitudes and 950 16’ 15” E and 950 22’ 35” E longitudes. The average height of 0.80 meters above sea level which has an area of 6.113 Ha consists of 9 districts, 69 villages and 20 urban villages. Aceh Province covers an area approximately ± 57.365.57 km². The only land connection is to the North Sumatera province that has a high dependence with the province of North Sumatera.

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Name of Regional Aceh Province

Status Special Regional

Location 16’ 15”-050 36’ 16 N 950 16’ 15” -950 22’35” E

Land Area 57. 365. 57 km²

Average of Altitude 125 m above sea level Bonders of Region

North South

East

West

Malacca Strait

Darul Imarah Sub district and Ingin Jaya Sub district, District of Aceh Besar.

Barona Jaya Sub district and Darussalam Sub district, District of Aceh Besar.

Peukan Bada Sub district, District of Aceh Besar.

Include of Area 119 Island 35 Mountains 73 Rivers Number of Regency/Municipality 16 Regency

4 City

District 216

Habitation 642

Settlement 112

Village 5.750

Figure 3.1 Geographical Situation (Source: BAPPEDA,2006)

The province has a flat topography and the mountains. Areas with flat and sloping topography of the area around 32 percent of the total area, while the hilly reaches about 68 percent of the total area. Geologically, Aceh is located on the meeting of Asia and Australia plates, and also located at the tip of Sumatera fault, (Sumatran fault/ transform) which divides the island of Sumatra, from Aceh to the Sunda Strait, known as the Fault Semangko. Active fault zone in the region of Aceh is located in the center of the region, district of Aceh Besar, Pidie, Pidie Jaya, Central Aceh, Gayo Lues, East Aceh, West Aceh, Nagan Raya, Southwest Aceh, and South Aceh. This can cause geological disasters in Aceh suffered long enough.

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Figure 3.2 Topographic Map and the Condition of Banda Aceh City (Source: BRR, 2005).

Figure 3.3 Semangko Plate (Source: JICA, 2005)

Aceh Province is the beginning of the Bukit Barisan mountain range that stretches across the center of the island of Sumatra from the northwest to southeast. At the Bukit Barisan mountain landscape, there are approximately 39 pieces of the mountain. Some of them are quite famous mountain, namely Mount Seulawah Agam (1810 m) and Mount Leuser (3404 m). The rivers are located in Aceh Province from the

Steep sloping hills

Flood Plains:

-Height ≤ 5 m.

-Tend to permanently flooded -Difficult drainage

-Shallow and brackish groundwater

Plain :

- Height 5-10 m

- Downstream areas prone to flooding

- Difficult drainage especially downstream area - Brackish groundwater

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point of its origin can be divided into two classes, namely the rivers that empties into the Indian Ocean and the rivers that empties into the sea and the Strait of Malacca.

Aceh region is surrounded by a number of large and small islands. In total there are 119 islands, both islands are inhabited or uninhabited island. Area of Aceh waters approximately 35,000 km², covering waters ocean Indonesia to the west and south, and the ocean Andaman to the north.

Aceh is one area in the archipelago that has multi-ethnic society. In this area there are eight sub-ethnic groups, namely Aceh, Alas, Aneuk Jamee, Gayo, Kluet, Simeulu, Singkil, and Tamiang. The eight groups have a history of ethnic and cultural origins that very different between the ethnic groups with other ethnic groups. Thus, in the end culture in Aceh is very rich and diverse. Aceh as an ethnic and regional is very different from other regions in Indonesia. Acehnese society is a pluralistic society.

Diverse ethnic Acehnese have to be proud, because with a very rich culture they still holds strong religious principle, which is in accordance with the Islamic lessons. Banda Aceh has the variety of historical and cultural tourism potential that very attractive, colored by the nuances of Islamic. Excellent potential to be developed in Banda Aceh include tourism, history, eco tourism, spiritual tourism, educational tourism, shopping etc.

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Figure 3.4 Administration area of Banda Aceh, Indonesia

3.8.2 Ulee Lheue Beach as Waterfront Recreation in Banda Aceh City

One of the potential area to develop as tourism in the city of Banda Aceh is the tourist area of Ulee Lheue. Ulee Lheue beach is a waterfront tourist recreation area which is relatively close to the center of Banda Aceh that just located about 5 km.

Because it is close enough to downtown so it easy to achieve, the area is always crowded with visitors who come to enjoy the facilities or just watch the sunset.

Ulee Lheue beach is an area that suffered heavy damage after the tsunami. At that time this area has a high population density, because there were many people

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around who build houses and live in very close proximity to the beach. Post tsunami, resulted several damage, which destroyed almost all of public housing, roads, bridges and ports.

Ulee Lheue area is very potential to be developed as a historical tourist sites.

Physically, Ulee Lheue tourist areas have a fairly gentle slope and topography that suitable for development as recreational facilities such as cottages, restaurant, play facilities etc. Ulee Lheue has been developed with community participation;

development of this area was pioneered and developed by the community. The existence of this region has experienced a golden age before the tsunami, but after that time the activities of tourism area almost totally dead, but due to the dedication of the people that try to keep alive the region, tourism activity is still running.

Ulee Lheue tourist areas do not have the facilities and infrastructure such as special attractions yet, but tourism facilities and infrastructure already available such as restaurants, mushalla, playgrounds etc. Some tourism facilities have been damaged and need repair, as well as infrastructure and utilities such as access roads, trails, clean water, electricity, telephone, waste management and drainage system needs an overhaul.

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Figure 3.5 Ulee Lheue Beach, Banda Aceh City

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Figure 3.6 Tourism Spots of Ulee Lheue Waterfront Area

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