概念構圖教學策略對小五學生科學文章理解及概念構圖能力之影響

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 135

ඒߛઔߒႃע

ร؄Լ԰ᙀรԫཚʳ 2003 ڣ 3 ִʳ ଄ 135-169

྅܈ᄺყఀᏰ๊౱ᄇωϤᏰҡ!

ऋᏰМണ౩၌Ѕ྅܈ᄺყ૖ΨϞኇ៪!

֔ ၉ ထ ʽʳ ෆ ҝ ؆ ʽʽʳ ᄢ ! ौ

ءઔߒຘመᄷኔ᧭ඒᖂࠐ൶ಘԿጟඒᖂ࿜ฃኙ՛նᖂسऱᔹᦰ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌ ቹ౨Ժऱᐙ᥼Δࠀૠጩඒᖂ࿜ฃய࣠ऱᣂຑൎ৫ΰω²αΖઔߒආ 3ΰඒᖂ࿜ฃαͪ 2 ΰ೏܅ᖂᄐࢤٻαᗑمᑌءԲڂ՗լ࿛ิছ৵ྒྷ๻ૠΔᑌءڶԿଡఄ్٥ 109 ټ ᖂسΔᙟᖲ։੡Κᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิΕᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิΕႚอඒᖂิ ΰ൳ࠫิαΖ Կิઃ٣ਜאઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹհছྒྷΔᆖመԮၜऱඒᖂ৵Δ݁٦ኔਜ৵

ྒྷΖԲڂ՗٥᧢ᑇ։࣫࿨࣠࿇෼Κ1. ඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᖂᄐࢤٻྤٌյ܂شΖ2. ࠟิኔ

᧭ิऱᔹᦰ෻ᇞ։ᑇ݁೏࣍൳ࠫิΔ܀ኔ᧭ิհၴྤ஁ฆΙඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᔹᦰ෻ᇞ

ࠠڶխ࿛հᣂຑൎ৫Ζ3. ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժᚌ࣍ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิΔ

ۖ৵ृԾ೏࣍൳ࠫิΙඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժࠠڶൎঢհᣂຑൎ৫Ζ4. ೏ᖂᄐ ࢤٻऱᖂسڇছ૪ࠟଡࠉ᧢ႈऱ।෼݁ᚌ࣍܅ᖂᄐࢤٻृΙࢤٻፖࠉ᧢ႈႛڶპ இऱᣂຑൎ৫Ζ

ᜢᗖӷǺཷۺᄬკǵ௲Ꮲ฼ౣǵ᎙᠐౛ှ

*ᆵࠄѱ஖Ꮲ୯λ௲ৣ

**୯ҥύ҅εᏢ௲ػᏢำύЈշ౛௲௤

ҁЎ܍ᆾᆵࠄѱ஖Ꮲ୯λϷύ҅εᏢ௲ػᏢࣴز܌ϐڐշǴ੝ԜҙᖴǶӕਔགᖴ ٿՏቩࢗΓ܌ගٮϐᝊ຦ཀـǶԖᜢҁࣴزϐҺՖࡰ௲ǴፎᆶҁЎಃΒբޣᖄ๎Ƕ

ႝηແҹࣁǺttcytt@ccu.edu.tw

׫ዺВයǺ2002 ԃ 10 Д 17 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 2 Д 14 В

136ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

Bulletin of Educational Research March, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 1 pp. 135-169

The Effects of Concept Mapping Instructional Strategies on Science Text Comprehension and

Concept Mapping Ability for Fifth Grade Students

Yu-Sheng Wu*! Yuhtsuen Tzeng**

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of concept mapping instructional strategies on reading comprehension and concept mapping abilities among fifth grade students. Importantly, the strength of associationΰω²αbetween independent ʳ and dependent variables were computed to examine the significance of practical applications. This study was a quasi-experiment with a 3ΰInstructional Strategiesα× 2 ΰAptitudeαfactorial design. Participants were 109 fifth grade students in 3 intact classes and each class was randomly assigned to a treatment group. All three groups received pretests in reading comprehension and concept mapping abilities as covriates.

*Teacher, Chung-Shae Elementary School, Tainan, Taiwan

**Assistant Professor in the Center for Teacher Education, National Chung Cheng University

E-mailǺttcytt@ccu.edu.tw

Manuscript received: Oct. 17, 2002; Accepted: Feb. 14, 2003

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 137

Posttests were administered after 7 weeks of instruction for 80 minutes per week.

Two-way ANCOVA revealed several parallel patterns in the results. As for the results in reading comprehension, there were main effects for instructional strategies and students’ academic aptitudes but no interactions between them. Both experimental groups had higher scores on a reading comprehension test than did the control group.

There were no differences between the two experimental groups, however. Students with higher academic aptitudes had higher scores on a reading comprehension test than did those with lower aptitudes. The strength of association between instructional strategies and reading comprehension was at a medium level. Similarly, the results on concept mapping abilities indicated that there were main effects for instructional strategies and students’ academic aptitudes but no interactions between them. The concept-mapping-construction group had higher scores on the concept mapping test than the concept-mapping- reading group and the latter group scored higher than the control group. The strength of association between instructional strategies and concept mapping abilities was high. Additionally, both the strength of association between student aptitudes and reading comprehension and concept mapping abilities were low.

Concept mapping instructional strategies appear to be effective and bear enough strengths for classroom instruction.

Keywords: concept mapping, instructional strategy, reading com- prehension

Yu-Sheng Wu, Yuhtsuen Tzeng Concept Mapping Instructional Strategies

138ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ಥă݈! ֏

ᖂீխ׌૞ऱᖂ฾੒೯հԫΔ༉ਢ૞ޣᖂسװᔹᦰٱࠧऱ֮ີࢨႜᦫᝑᓰΔ ࠀ׊ࠡ৵૞൷࠹ࢬܧ෼ऱඒޗհྒྷ᧭Δࠀࠉྒྷ᧭ऱګᜎࠐංᓵᖂسڇீऱګפ࿓

৫Ζኙ࣍ᔹᦰݾ؏ለ஁ऱᖂسΔՈ๺ᄎނԫᒧ֮ີီ੡ԫࠄյլઌᣂऱࠃኔ໢ڗΔ הଚᔹᦰऱؾऱా֏ګڇ࣍גาऱψᦰݙޢଡڗωΖኙᅃհՀΔڶݾ؏ऱᔹᦰृΔ ױ౨ނᖞᒧ֮ີီ੡ڶิ៣ڶრᆠऱवᢝΖຍᣊᔹᦰृवሐڕ۶ެࡳ֮ີऱ׌

ᠲΕڕ۶ެࡳ߷ࠄਢૹ૞ऱࠃኔΕڕ۶ಖᖋૹ૞ࠃኔΔۖຍࠄݾ؏ኙᖂسڇᖂீ

ऱᖂ฾ګפਢᄕࠠૹ૞ࢤऱΖឈྥڶࠄᖂس޲ڶࣔᒔऱಝᒭ༉ᛧ൓ຍࠄݾ؏Δ܀

ڶࠄᖂسথຑഗءऱᖂ฾࿜ฃՈآམᑵᒭΖᕣጥᖂسऱᖂ฾౨ԺڶڕڼՕऱ஁

ฆΔؾছᖂீսྥլജૹီᖂسψڕ۶ᖂ฾ωΖ

ڶᦸ࣍ڼΔբڶყࠐყڍ֨෻ᖂ୮ࡉඒߛᖂ୮༼ଠψඒᖄᖂسڕ۶ᖂ฾ωऱ ૹ૞ࢤΔٍܛൎᓳނᖂ฾࿜ฃ౏Եګ੡ᓰ࿓ऱԫຝ։Δ׊ࡅᩃ૞ංᐖψᎁवᖵ࿓

ඒᖂωΰcognitive process instructionαඒᖂسڕ۶๠෻ಛஒΰMayer, 1987/1990:

190αΖ۟࣍ඒᖂسڕ۶๠෻ಛஒऱ࿜ฃઌᅝڍΔࠏڕ೚࿝ಖΕቤૹរΕڃ࿠ംᠲΕ ᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿛࿜ฃΖڇᓯڍ࿜ฃխΔᄗ࢚ዌቹΰconcept mappingαਢԫጟױ઎ߠऱ ᎁव࿨ዌ।قऄΔאࡎᠲࢨᄗ࢚੡ഗ៕Δല֮ີխᄗ࢚ΕڗნΕહནवᢝΕ࿨ዌ

࿛։ᣊΔྥ৵ބנٺຝ։հၴऱᜤ࿨ᣂএΔףՂᔞᅝऱᜤ࿨፿֗ᜤ࿨ᒵΔאլٵ

ীڤࡉฤᇆܧ෼Բፂቹᇞΰڕቹ 1αΖط࣍ᄗ࢚ዌቹאቹᇞ़ၴܧ෼ᄗ࢚ၴऱᜤ࿨

ᣂএΔڶܗ࣍ᖂ฾ृ৬ዌࡉૹิवᢝ࿨ዌΰۂිହΔ1997ΙHeinze-Fry, Crovello,

& Novak, 1984αΖߒࠡጲళऎ᦭ Ausubelΰ1968αऱψڶრᆠऱᖂ฾෻ᓵωΰmean- ingful learning theoryαΔڱڇᚥܗᖂ฾ृิ៣ΕอᖞΕಖᖋࡉᜤ࿨ᄅऱಛஒ࣍٣ছ वᢝऱٚ۶ิ៣ਮዌΔլႛױא܂੡ඒᖂ࿜ฃΔՈױא܂੡ေၦՠࠠΔޓૹ૞ऱ ਢᅝᖂسڇዌቹழڶრᢝچലᄅवᢝΔፖࠡբᆖवሐऱᄗ࢚ઌᜤ࿨ழΔڶრᆠऱ ᖂ฾ܛขسԱΰ܇اኑΔ1997ΙNovak & Gowin, 1984αΔࢬאᄗ࢚ዌቹਢᖂسڶ რᆠᖂ฾ऱԫጟ৵๻ᎁवՠࠠΰBriscoe & LaMaster, 1991; Jegede, Alaiyemola &

Okebukola, 1990; Kinchin & Hay, 2000; Novak, 1998; Novak & Gowin, 1984αΔਢش

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 139

ࠐᚥܗᖂسᖂ฾ڕ۶װᖂऱՠࠠΰNovak, 1990αΖࠡᚏژᇷಛऱֱڤڕٵՕᆰא ᖫࣤणΕאᆏរ֗ᜤ࿨ऱֱڤࠐᚏژΔࢬאᖂس࣐࣍ݶຒᖂ฾֗᎘࣐໦ڃ९ཚಖ ᖋऱփ୲ΰVos & Dryden, 1994/1997αΖڂڼᄗ࢚ዌቹߩױီ੡׼ԫጟᚥܗᖂسᖂ

฾ऱߜړ࿜ฃΔ֠ࠡਢኙ߷ࠄેྤᖂ฾ֱऄऱᖂسΔޓᏁ૞࿯ղՕԺտฯࡉඒᖄΖ

ʳ

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ʳ

ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ

ʳ ʳ

ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ

ᎅࣔΚGC ।ԫ౳ऱᄗ࢚ΔSC ।ڻ్ᄗ࢚ΔR1ΔR2ΔR3ΔR4।ᄗ࢚ၴլٵऱᣂএΔ

ࠡխ R4੡ٌՐᜤ࿨Ζ

ყ 1! ྅܈ᄺყȞHeinze-Fry, Crovello & Novak, 1984ȟ

ΙȃϚӣفಛޟ྅܈ᄺყ๊౱!

ؾছڶᣂᄗ࢚ዌቹऱઔߒΔڶ༓ଡ׌૞ߓอΚ(1)א Dansereau ੡ு֨ऱ TCU ΰTexas Christian Universityαᄗ࢚ዌቹߓอ׌૞ਢಝᒭس֫ᔹᦰറ୮ऱᄗ࢚

ዌቹΔڼߓอՕڍሎشڇઝᖂऱ෻ᇞ౨ԺΰۂිହΔ1997ΙHolley & Dansereau, 1984 ; Lambiotte, Dansereau, Cross & Reynolds, 1989 ; McCagg & Dansereau, 1991αΖ(2)א Novak ੡ு֨ऱᄗ࢚ዌቹߓอ׌૞ਢಝᒭس֫۞۩ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚

ዌቹΔՕڍሎشڇઝᖂඒߛࡉᖂ฾ګ༉ऱေၦֱ૿ΰۂිହΔ1997ΙNovak &

Gowin, 1984; Novak, 1991; Wilkes, Cooper, Lewin & Batts, 1999αΖ(3)אْܓᘭՕ ᖂᔹᦰઔߒխ֨੡ு֨ऱቹᇞิ៣᧯ΰgraphic organizerαߓอ׌૞ਢಝᒭس

֫۞۩ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΔՕڍሎشڇ፿֮ࡉषᄎઝᖂऱᏆ഑ΰۂිହΔ1997ΙAnder- R1

(SC)

R4

R3

(SC)

SC

SC

SC

GC

R2

140ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

son, 1990; Armbruster & Anderson, 1984αΖ(4)א Tony Buzan ੡ு֨ऱ֨ᨋ៴ቹߓ อ׌૞ಝᒭس֫۞۩ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΔڼߓอՕڍሎشڇڶயᖂ฾Ε৸ەݾ؏

ֱ֗ூૠ྽ΰBrennan, 1996; Margulies, 1991; Vos & Dryden 1994/1997αΖאՂ؄Օ ߓอΔೈԱ֨ᨋ៴ቹߓอ؆Δࠡᕉߓอઃ᥆࣍ψၸᐋڤᄗ࢚ዌቹωΔՕીאၸᐋऱ ቹᇞֱڤܧ෼ᄗ࢚հၴऱᣂএΖ

Πȃ྅܈ᄺყ๊౱Ϟࣺᜰंـ!

ڶᣂᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃऱઔߒ֮᣸ઌᅝڍΰAl-Kunifed & Wandersee, 1990αΔאՀ

ႛڃ᥽ࠡඒᖂګயऱઔߒΔࠀ൶ಘຍࠄඒᖂګய࠹ᖂسհࢤٻࢨ౨Ժհᐙ᥼Ζ )Ι*྅܈ᄺყ๊౱ޟఀᏰԙਝ!

ڇഏփΔઌᅝڍऱઔߒឭڇಝᒭᖂس۞۩ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΔྥ৵൶ޣࠡᐙ᥼ய

࣠ΖڇຍࠄઔߒխΔڶऱ൶ಘᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂፖႚอඒᖂኙᖂઝګ༉ऱᐙ᥼ΰຫ ቯګΔ1996Ι႓ᆄࡺΔ1993Ι᝔టဎΔ1999αΔઔߒ࿨࣠Օી֭਍ᄗ࢚ዌቹऱඒᖂ ய࣠Ιڶऱ൶ಘᄗ࢚ዌቹ܂੡ေၦՠࠠΰ܇اኑΕຫቯګΔ1996Ι๺࣪ᑚΔ1989αΔ

࿨࣠࿇෼Δױאሎشᄗ࢚ዌቹ܂੡ႚอ౐࿝ګ༉ྒྷ᧭؆׼ԫጟေၦጥሐΔޓױא ᅝ܂ေࡳᄗ࢚࿨ዌፖवᢝ࿨ዌऱေၦՠࠠΖ۟࣍൶ಘᖂسᔹᦰറ୮ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹ ऱᐙ᥼ઌᅝ֟ߠΔࢨृֺለᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹፖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂګயՈናናྤ༓Ζ ڇഏ؆Δբڶઌᅝڍऱᖂृઔߒᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃऱඒᖂய࣠ΰGuri-Rozenblit, 1989; Hall, 1988;Rewey, Danrsereau, Hall & Pitre, 1989;Skaggs, 1988αࠡྡྷរ

ႃխڇՕᖂسᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹਢܡڶܗ࣍෻ᇞ౨Ժࡉᣊ֏౨ԺΕ֮ີխףԵᄗ࢚ዌ ቹਢܡڶܗ࣍ڃᖋᄗ࢚ࡉᄗ࢚ၴऱᣂএΕᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹኙ࣍ಖᖋ࿜ฃऱய࣠࿛ֱ

૿Ζ۟࣍ઔߒᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹፖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃհඒᖂயֺ࣠ለֱ૿ΰBerkowitz, 1986;Boyle & Weisharr, 1997;Dardis, 1998;Smith & Dwyer, 1995αࠡྡྷរឭڇ լٵऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃኙګ༉ྒྷ᧭Ε෻ᇞྒྷ᧭Εዌቹྒྷ᧭ऱ൓։।෼ਢܡڶ஁ฆΔ լٵऱᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃਢܡᚌ࣍ႚอඒᖂ࿜ฃΖຍࠄઔߒ࿨࣠ΔՕી֭਍ຍࠟ

ጟᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃऱய࣠Δ܀۶ृለᚌࠀྤࡳᓵΖࢬאΔڇຍᑌऱഗ៕ՂΔᚨ ᇠױאၞԫޡᛀီΔࠀֺለຍࠟጟլٵ࿜ฃऱඒᖂګயΖڼ؆ΔڇઔߒኙွՂΔ ഏ؆ຍֱ૿ऱઔߒՕڍೣٻՕᖂس੡׌ΔՕᖂسᖂ฾ऱய࣠ਢܡፖ՛ᖂسઌٵΔ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 141

ٍڶৱ෡Ե൶ಘΖ

)Π*྅܈ᄺყఀᏰ๊౱ᇄᏰಬޱ੫ܒϞҺϣհҢ!

ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃऱய࣠ਢܡ࠹ᖂ฾ृऱ௽ᔆࢨ౨Ժࢬᐙ᥼Δઔߒ࿨࣠սฒ ᎅ౑౎Ζڶऱઔߒ࿇෼Δᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹኙ܅౨Ժृऱᖂ฾ګயᚌ࣍೏౨Ժृΰຫ ቯګΔ1996αΔ܀ڶऱઔߒথ࿇෼೏ګ༉ृᖂ฾ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹ।෼ለړΔ܅ګ༉ृ

ᖂᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹࠡ।෼ለ஁ΰSeaman, 1990αΖኙ࣍ઔߒ࿨࣠հ։ࣴΔڶऱᖂृᎁ

੡ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹױ౨ਢԫጟᔞٽ܅ګ༉ᖂسऱᖂ฾ֱऄΔ೏౨Ժᖂسءߪբࠠڶ

۞աऱᖂ฾࿜ฃΔࠡ،࿜ฃऱտԵΔ֘ۖեឫࠡᖂ฾ய࣠ΰHolley & Dansereau, 1984αΙ܀ Jonassen, Beissner, and Yacciΰ1993αঞ਍լٵऱ઎ऄΔᎁ੡ڇᖂ฾ᢄ

፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹءߪઌᅝᓤᠧΔ୲࣐ທګᖂسᎁवऱመ৫૤๛Δᎁव౨Ժለ܅ृᖂ฾

ய࣠ױ౨ᄎ࠹ࠩᐙ᥼Ζط࣍ຍጟլԫીऱ઎ऄፖ࿇෼Δءઔߒᚵץܶլٵᖂᄐࢤ ٻऱᖂ฾ृڇඒᖂ৵ࠡઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱ।෼ΔאԱᇞᖂ฾ृऱࢤ ٻࢨ౨ԺհխտயشΖڼ൶ಘഗ࣍ڕՀऱ෻࢚Κޢԫۯᖂ฾ृຟਢԫଡ౨׌೯๠

෻؆੺ಛஒऱଡ᧯Δڂڼᚨᇠૹီᖂ฾ृऱ௽ࢤΔࣹრ։࣫ᖂس൅ထչᏖ٣ছव ᢝΕಮ؈ᄗ࢚Εᖂ฾ଅ௑࿛ࠐࠩඒ৛ΔࠀᙟழԱᇞຍࠄᖂ฾ृ௽ࢤڕ۶ᐙ᥼ထޢ ԫۯᖂسऱᖂ฾ࡉඒஃऱඒᖂய࣠ΰMayer, 1987/1990αΖࠃኔՂΔڇඒߛൣቼխ ط࣍ଡܑ஁ฆࠃኔऱژڇΔڇ൶ಘᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂګயऱٵழΔՈᚨەᐞਢܡڂ੡

࠹ᇢृऱ௽ᔆհլٵࢬીΖٍܛΔ࠹ᇢृऱࢤٻࡉኔ᧭๠෻հၴױ౨ขسٌյ܂

شΖ

լٵऱઔߒ൶ಘڍጟऱᖂس௽ࢤኙඒᖂய࣠ऱխտ܂شΔڶऱઔߒᢄ፹ᄗ࢚

ዌቹኙᖂ฾ृऱᖂ฾ᑨ౨Εઝᖂอᖞ౨ԺΕཕԺհඒᖂګயΰ׆⼰ಀΔ1994Ι႓ ᆄࡺΔ1992ΙHolley & Dansereau, 1984αΔڶऱ൶ಘᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹኙᖂ฾ृऱ፿֮

౨ԺΕ़ၴ౨ԺΕᎁवীኪΰHall, 1988 ; Skaggs, 1988αհᐙ᥼Ζઔߒ࿨࣠Օી࿇

෼ᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃऱய࣠Δᄎ࠹ᖂ฾ृ௽ࢤऱᐙ᥼Ζ܀ᄕ֟ઔߒጵٽ൶ಘᢄ፹ᄗ࢚

ዌቹΕᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃፖ࠹ᇢृऱࢤٻհၴΔਢܡขسٌյ܂شΖీڇࢤٻፖ

๠෻ٌյ܂شΰaptitude x treatment interactionΔ១ጠ ATIαऱم⅘ۖߢΔ٣ছऱઔ ߒսڶլߩΔڂ ATI լቝመװऱઔߒ׽უ૞ބנԫጟᔞᅝऱඒᖂֱऄΔઌ֘ऱΔ

ۖਢ૞ބנړڍጟඒᖂֱऄΔޢԫጟ׽ᔞش࣍ਬԫᣊীऱᖂسΔࠌඒᖂऄፖᖂس

142ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ઌ಻Δא༼ࠎඒஃᔞᚨଡܑ஁ฆΔሒګڂޗਜඒऱഗءጲళΰ്ਞᘋΕࣥ෎՞Δ 1981αΔڂڼ൶ಘլٵᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᖂسࢤٻհױ౨ٌյ܂شਢڶؘࠡ૞

ࢤΖ

έȃҏंـϞ੫Փ!

ഗ࣍ڂޗਜඒ෻࢚Δءઔߒጵٽᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΕᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃ൶ಘ

ࠡኙഏ՛նڣ్լٵᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂسڇઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժհᐙ᥼Ζઌ ኙ࣍ഏփ؆٣ছऱઔߒΔءઔߒڶڕՀ༓ႈ௽រΚ

)Ι*ԤшϷޟၐఀ෈Ȃоಣᑖ྅܈ᄺყఀᏰငᡛ!

լ֟ઔߒਐנᄗ࢚ዌቹਢԫጟॺൄړشऱݾ๬Δ،լႛൎᓳᄗ࢚ิ៣อᖞΔ ޓאီᤚڤิ៣ಛஒΔֺႚอऴᒵڤ।ᐛಛஒऱጼ૞ิ៣ऄڍԱԫଡઌᣂᜤऱٻ ৫Δޓᔞٽشࠐ।ᐛᄗ࢚ၴऱࡎᠲᣂএΰ܇اኑΔ1997ΙAult, 1985; Cliburn, 1987 ; Novak, 1980αΔ܀ዌቹऱݾ؏ኙॣᖂृۖߢլਢԫٙ១໢୲࣐ऱࠃΔۖਢԫٙઌ ᅝ၄ழऱՠ܂ΰ٤խؓΔ1992Ι५ՂటΕ᝔٢ᑐΕᓐ९෌Ε๺࣪ᑚΔ1989Ι႓ᆄ

ࡺΔ1993Ι᝔టဎΔ1999ΙJegede, Alaiyemola & Okebukola, 1990αΔ੷۟ᖂسڶඈ

؞ऱ֨ኪΰޕߐୠΔ1997αΔࠡױ౨ऱ଺ڂਢඒஃኙᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂլജԱᇞΕඒᖂ ழ֧լದᖂسऱᘋᔊΕՈױ౨ਢᖂسऱᒭ฾ழၴ֜࿍լߩאᑵᒭዌቹΖಾኙڼΔ ءઔߒڇإڤඒᖂհছΔطᇷ෡ඒஃၞ۩ᇢ᧭ࢤඒᖂתڣΔࠐีᗨᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ ᆖ᧭Ζإڤඒᖂၸ੄ঞڜඈԮၜऱழၴࠐ܂ኔ᧭ඒᖂΔࠀڇඒᖂழቃఎᖂسጲ᝷

ᖂ฾ګ࣠ऱழၴΔױאඈೈڂᄷໂլߩۖᐙ᥼ඒᖂய࣠հױ౨ࢤΖ

)Π*๖ӫӻᆍ྅܈ᄺყفಛޟᓺᘈپ೩ॎ྅܈ᄺყఀᏰ፞แ!

ءઔߒ࿨ٽԱ Novak ֗ TCU ߓอ࣍ᓰ࿓խΖNovak ᄗ࢚ዌቹߓอૹီᄗ࢚ඒ ᖂΔᓰ࿓طᄗ࢚ඒದΔۖ TCU ᄗ࢚ዌቹߓอૹီ࿨ዌಝᒭݾ؏Δᓰ࿓ঞط࿨ዌټ ጠΰᜤ࿨፿αඒದΔছृඒᖂޡᨏڶߓอΔ৵ृ࿨ዌټጠΰᜤ࿨፿αڶߓอΔছ

ृૹ੒೯ൣᔊࠐ฾൓ዌቹݾ؏Δ৵ृऴ൷֊Ե֮؁࿨ዌऱಝᒭΔ࣐྽נᄗ࢚ዌቹΔ ױߠࠟߓอٺڶ௽ۥΖڂڼΔءઔߒऱᓰ࿓࿨ٽຍࠟጟߓอऱᚌរࠐ๻ૠΖଈ٣Δ տฯᖞଡᄗ࢚ዌቹΔଫ᥽ᄗ࢚ፖ࿨ዌΰᜤ࿨፿αऱඒᖂΔࠡ৵Δ٣ඒᄗ࢚൷ထඒ

֮؁࿨ዌΰᜤ࿨፿αΔ່৵Δٵழଫ᥽ᄗ࢚ፖ࿨ዌऱඒᖂΔᨃᖂسਝᄎބנ֮؁խ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 143

ऱᄗ࢚Ոᄎᚨش֮؁ऱ࿨ዌীڤΔନ౨ᑵᒭᄗ࢚ዌቹݾ؏ऱᚨشΖ )έ*ᐌӫᛲᇧ྅܈ᄺყȃᎧ᠞྅܈ᄺყ๊౱ܻ൐Ιंـ!

ᖞٽऱؾऱڇ࣍஢஦ለݙᖞऱᄗ࢚ዌቹᑌᎎΔԫֱ૿Δආشᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒ ᖂ࿜ฃࠐಝᒭس֫Δױᛧ൓़ၴऱឆ໧ΰspatial metaphorαΔڶܗ֧࣍ᖄנૹ૞ऱ ᄗ࢚Ι׼ԫֱ૿Δຘመᔹᦰറ୮ΰඒஃαऱᄗ࢚ዌቹΔױᛧ൓ᄗ࢚ᨓਮΰconcept scaffoldingαΔڶܗ࣍ٵ֏ᄗ࢚ΰJonassen, Beissner & Yacci, 1993αΖຍᑌऱᖞٽٍ

ฤٽ Kintsch and Van Dijkΰ1978α, Van Dijk and Kintschΰ1983αऱ෻ᇞᑓڤΔڼ ᑓڤץਔψطՀۖՂω֗ψطՂۖՀωऱवᢝ৬ዌመ࿓ΰۂිହΔ1997αΔڂڼء ઔߒࠉڼᑓڤᖞٽຍࠟጟլٵᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃΖᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃಝᒭس֫ψطՀ

ۖՂωऱ৬ዌवᢝ࿨ዌመ࿓Δ׌૞ەᐞᖂس౨۞ա׌೯৬ዌᄗ࢚ၴऱᣂএΔຘመ ٣ছऱवᢝ࿨ዌፖؾছ૞ᖂ฾ऱޗற࿨ٽದࠐΔྥ৵ขسრᆠΖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜

ฃಝᒭس֫ψطՂۖՀωऱ৬ዌवᢝ࿨ዌመ࿓Δඒᖂழܛڇࠉᖕඒஃࢬ৬ዌנࠐ ᄗ࢚ዌቹΔࠐᚥܗᖂسᛧ൓वᢝऱ࿨ዌΔٍܛਐᖄᖂسࠉᖕඒஃᄗ࢚ዌቹࠐބ༈

֮ີխऱᄗ࢚ᣂএΔൕۖᛧ൓वᢝΰۂිହΔ1997ΙJonassen et al., 1993αΖ )Ѳ*ٺҢᜰ೿஼࡙եॎȂࡊᢎ໔ϽҏंـޟᄂҢቋ঄!

ءઔߒಾኙ٥᧢ᑇ։࣫խ F ଖሒࠩ᧩ထֽᄷऱຝ։Δၞԫޡၞ۩۞᧢ႈፖࠉ

᧢ႈհၴऱψᣂຑൎ৫ωΰstrength of associationΙω² α۷ૠΔאԱᇞءઔߒऱඒ ᖂ࿜ฃհլٵፖᔹᦰ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ګᜎ೏܅ऱᣂຑࢤΖطᣂຑൎ৫ױאԱ ᇞኔ᧭๠෻൓אᇞᤩࠉ᧢ႈ᜔᧢ฆऱڍ֟ۍ։ֺΔթਢઔߒृڇᇞᤩኔ᧭ऱ࿨࣠

ழ່ڶشऱಛஒΔۖլਢ׽װवሐ F ଖਢܡሒࠩ᧩ထֽᄷۖբΔܡঞ ω²ଖৰ՛Δ ঞܛࠌ F ଖڇอૠՂڶ᧩ထΔኔᎾᚨشՂױ౨սྥ޲ڶრᆠΔٍܛ۞᧢ႈᇞᤩࠉ

᧢ႈ᜔᧢ฆऱۍ։ֺ֜՛ΔྤኔشᏝଖΰࣥ෎՞Δ1992αΖڂڼΔءઔߒೈૹီอ ૠ᧩ထࢤΔٍૹီኔشऱ᧩ထࢤΖڕڼԫࠐΔڶܗ࣍ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃڇංᐖᚨ شழऱ۸ᢞΖ

ጵٽՂ૪ऱ௽ۥΔݺଚڶڕՀऱؾऱΚຘመᄷኔ᧭ඒᖂࠐ൶ಘᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΕ ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹΕႚอඒᖂԿጟլٵඒᖂ࿜ฃኙഏ՛նڣ్೏Ε܅լٵᖂᄐࢤٻऱ ᖂسڇ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժհᐙ᥼Δࠀ׊ૠጩඒᖂய࣠ऱൎ৫Ζԫֱ૿᧭ᢞլٵ ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃऱګயΙ׼ԫֱ૿༼ࠎඒஃԱᇞᖂسᖂᄐࢤٻऱଡܑ஁ฆፖඒ

144ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ᖂ࿜ฃऱઌ಻ࢤΔ܂੡ڂޗਜඒհ೶ەΖءઔߒቃཚᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃڶܗ࣍ᖂ سऱઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱ༼֒Ζޓࠠ᧯ۖߢΚၞ۩ඒᖂ৵ऱψᢄ፹ᄗ

࢚ዌቹิωΕψᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิωΕψႚอඒᖂิωԿิᖂسڇψઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ωΕ ψᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ω։ᑇ।෼ՂΔլٵิܑΕլٵᖂᄐࢤٻၴ݁ڶ᧩ထ஁ฆΖլٵ ऱඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᖂᄐࢤٻױ౨ኙઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ขسٌյ܂شऱ෼

ွΖ

෮ă͞! ڱ

Ιȃंـ೩ॎ!

ءઔߒආ 3ΰඒᖂ࿜ฃαŰ2ΰᖂᄐࢤٻαψլ࿛ิছ৵ྒྷ๻ૠωၞ۩ᄷኔ᧭

ඒᖂΔ๻ૠᑓڤڕ। 1 ࢬقΔࠡ۞᧢ႈΕࠉ᧢ႈΕ൳ࠫ᧢ႈᎅࣔڕՀΖ ߒ 1! ҏंـޟᄂᡛ೩ॎ

Ռᡐ໶Ȟಢտȟ ௡ڙᡐ໶Ȟࠉกȟ ᄂᡛ೎౩ ٷᡐ໶Ȟࡣกȟ

ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิ ೏ᖂᄐࢤٻ

܅ᖂᄐࢤٻ O

X

O

ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิ ೏ᖂᄐࢤٻ

܅ᄐᄐࢤٻ O

X

O

ႚอඒᖂิ

ΰ൳ࠫิα

೏ᖂᄐࢤٻ

܅ᖂᄐࢤٻ O

C O

O₁ΕO2ΕO3Κ।قԿิ݁೚ছྒྷΔྒྷၦႈؾץਔΚઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ(҇)֗ᄗ࢚

ዌቹ౨ԺছྒྷΖ

X₁ΕX2 ΕCΚ।قԿิ൷࠹լٵऱኔ᧭๠෻Ζ

X₁Κ।قᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃิΔಝᒭᖂس۞աᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΖ X₂Κ।قᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃิΔಝᒭᖂسᔹᦰඒஃࢬᢄ፹ऱᄗ࢚ቹΖ CΚ।قႚอඒᖂิΔᔹᦰઝᖂ֮ີΔಝᒭᖂسބૹ૞ᄗ࢚྽ᒵΕ༼ം֗ಘ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 145

ᓵΔ܀լඒᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃΖ

O₄ΕO5ΕO6Κ।قԿิ݁೚৵ྒྷΔྒྷၦႈؾ݁ץਔΚઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞΰ҈α֗

ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժ৵ྒྷΖ

ط। 1 ױवءઔߒऱ۞᧢ႈڶඒᖂ๠෻ิܑ֗ᖂسऱᖂᄐࢤٻΖඒᖂิܑ։

੡ԿิΚᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิΕᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิΕႚอඒᖂิΖᖂᄐࢤٻ։੡೏Ε܅

ԲጟΖࠉ᧢ႈڶઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ(҈)৵ྒྷ։ᑇࡉᄗ࢚ዌቹ৵ྒྷ։ᑇΖ൳ࠫ᧢ႈڶઝ ᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ(҇)հছྒྷ։ᑇ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹছྒྷ։ᑇΔ܂੡٥᧢ᑇ։࣫խհ٥᧢ၦΖ ڼ؆Δ੡Ա൳ࠫඒஃऱ௽ᔆΔԿิඒᖂઃطء֮รԫ܂ृᘣ۞ᖜٚΖ

Πȃंـᄇຫ!

ءઔߒኙွᙇ۞ፕতؑശᖂഏ՛նڣ్ऱԼնଡఄ్ᖂسΔ࠷ࠡխԿଡఄ్

੡ઔߒኙွΔאఄ్੡໢ۯΔᙟᖲ։ګԿิΔԫิ੡ψᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิωᖂس 38 ԳΔԫิ੡ψᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิωᖂس 34 ԳΔԫิ੡ψႚอඒᖂิωᖂس 37 ԳΖ Կิ٥ڶ 109 ԳΖຍ 109 ټ࠹ᇢृ݁൷࠹ψഏ՛ߓ٨ᖂᄐࢤٻωհਜྒྷΖءઔߒ ᙇᖗڇڼࢤٻྒྷ᧭ۍ։࿛్ڇ 68 אՀऱ࠹ᇢृ੡܅ᖂᄐࢤٻᖂسΔઌᅝ࣍଺ࠐൄ

ᑓऱխ࿛אՀᖂسΔ٥ 54 ԳΖۍ։࿛్ڇ 69 אՂऱ࠹ᇢ੡೏ᖂᄐࢤٻᖂسΔઌ ᅝ࣍଺ࠐൄᑓխ࿛אՂऱᖂسΔ٥ 55 ԳΔ೏Ε܅ᖂᄐࢤٻԲิԳᑇՕપઌ࿛Ζٺ

ิԳᑇ։಻Δڕ। 2 ࢬقΖ

ߒ 2! ᄂᡛӨಢΡኵϷ଩ߒ

ᛲᇧ྅܈ᄺყಢ Ꭷ᠞྅܈ᄺყಢ ௡ڙಢ ӫॎ

ଽᏰཾܒө 23 12 20 55

ճᏰཾܒө 15 22 17 54

ӫ! ! ! ॎ 38 34 37 109

!

146ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

έȃंـώڎ!

)Ι*ऋᏰМണ౩၌กᡛ)҇*!

ءྒྷ᧭এطᔤڙᑚΰ1997αࢬᒳΔᔞش࣍ഏ՛նڣ్ᖂسΔਜྒྷ࣍ኔ᧭ඒᖂ ছΖءྒྷ᧭փ୲ץਔࠟᒧઝᖂ֮ີΚ(1)ֽΕ(2)٠Ζփ୲։ܑ᥆࣍֏ᖂΕढ෻Ζޢ ᒧ֮ີપ 700 ڗΔٺڶԼԫᠲ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ᠲؾΔየ։ 22 ։Ζאቸ᧯ֱڤኔਜΔਜྒྷ

ழၴપ 30 ։ᤪΖءྒྷ᧭հαॾ৫এᑇ੡.79ΰn = 204αΖڇய৫ە᧭ֱ૿ΔೈԱᛀ

ுᇢᠲऱփ୲אᒔمփ୲ய৫հ؆Ζፖ۞ྥઝᖂཚګᜎ֗۞ྥઝԿڻִەؓ݁ګ ᜎޣઌᣂΔ൓ࠩயᑑᣂᜤய৫ .56ΰp < .01αΕ.58ΰp < .01αΖ᧩قփຝԫીࢤΕ փ୲ய৫ࡉٵழய৫ઌᅝٽ෻Ζ

)Π*ऋᏰМണ౩၌กᡛ)҈*!

طઔߒृ۞ᒳΔءྒྷ᧭ऱؾऱΔڇေၦኔ᧭ඒᖂ৵ٺิ෻ᇞ౨ԺΖءྒྷ᧭ץ ਔԫᒧψᨃݺଚࠐᎁᢝسढ᧯ऱዌທω֮ີࡉԼԮᠲ؄ᙇԫऱᙇᖗᠲΖאՀᎅࣔ

ءྒྷ᧭ڶᣂޏᐊᔹᦰ֮ີࡉᒳ፹ءྒྷ᧭ऱૹរΚ

ءྒྷ᧭ޏᐊ֮ີऱመ࿓੡Κ1.ެࡳ֮ີऱᏆ഑Κא۞ྥઝᖂ੡௽ࡳᏆ഑Ζ2.

ެࡳ֮ີᙇ࠷ऱ଺ঞΚᙇ࠷ፖ۞ྥᓰءઌᣂऱඒޗ֗ەᐞ֮ີփለڶᄗ࢚࿨ዌऱ

֮ີΖ3.ޏᐊ֮ີΚ಻ٽᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹࡉᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹհᏁ૞ףאޏᐊΔྥ৵ᓮ

۞ྥઝඒஃΕᎁव֨෻ᖂ୮֗՛նᖂس࿛༼ࠎრߠףאଥޏݙګΖء֮փ୲٥ 975 ڗΔץਔԶጟ࿨ዌऱীڤΚຝ։Ε௽ᐛΕᇞᤩΕפ౨ΕᜰࠏΕ൷ထΕᣊীΕᖄી

ΰᓮ೶ەॵᙕαΖ

1.ᚵᠲΚءྒྷ᧭ऱᒳ፹ਢ٣ބנ֮ີխऱૹ૞ᄗ࢚֗ᄗ࢚ၸᐋ։ᣊΔᒳᚵ 23 ᠲᙇᖗᠲΔᓮഏ՛Բۯ۞ྥઝඒஃ༼ࠎრߠ֗؄ۯնڣ్ᖂسᇢྒྷΔࠀಾኙࠡᣪ ၆რߠףאଥޏΖ

2.ቃᇢፖႈؾ։࣫Κא؀তؑശᖂഏ՛նڣ్؄ఄ٥ 152 Գ੡ቃᇢኙွΔ௅

ᖕቃᇢ࿨࣠ᙇᖗᣄ৫ڇ .43 ۟ .84ΔᦸܑԺ .31 אՂᇢᠲ٥ 17 ᠲΖ

3.ॾ৫ፖய৫։࣫Κಾኙ 17 ᠲᇢᠲၞ۩ॾ৫։࣫Δ࿨࣠᧩ق Cronbachαএᑇ

੡ .77Ιၴሶ 30 ֚ૹྒྷॾ৫੡ .83ΰn = 42αΔ᧩قࠠڶߜړऱփຝԫીࢤ֗ૹྒྷ

ॾ৫Ζط࣍ຘመԲۯ۞ྥઝඒஃ٥ٵᛀுᇢᠲΔڂڼΔױאᒔঅࠠڶٽ෻փ୲ய

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 147

৫Ζፖഏ՛նڣ్Ղᖂཚ۞ྥઝᖂᖂཚګᜎઌᣂ੡ .482ΰp < .01αΔ᧩قࠠڶߜړ ٵழய৫Ζ

4.ਜྒྷፖૠ։Κءྒྷ᧭ආቸ᧯ਜྒྷΔਜྒྷழၴ 30 ։ᤪΖૠ։ֱڤ੡ޢ࿠ኙԫ ᠲ൓ԫ։Δ່৵ૠጩ᜔։Ζ

)έ*྅܈ᄺყ૖Ψกᡛ!

طઔߒृ۞ᒳΔءྒྷ᧭ऱؾऱΔڇေၦኔ᧭ඒᖂছ֗ඒᖂ৵ٺิऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ ౨ԺΔࠡᒳ፹መ࿓ױ։੡؄ଡޡᨏΚޏᐊ֮ີፖᚵᠲΕቃᇢፖᇢᠲ։࣫Εॾய৫

։࣫Εኔਜፖૠ։Ζ

1.ޏᐊ֮ີፖᚵᠲΚ֮ີᙇ۞তԫठ۞ྥᓰءรԼםรԫ໢ցψسढऱ᜗ཷω ઌᣂऱઝᖂ֮ີޏᐊګψسढऱسཷω٤֮९ 1250 ڗΔᔞٽնڣ్Հᖂཚᖂسᔹ ᦰऱޗறΖྒྷ᧭ᠲীऱ๻ૠ׌૞ਢࠉᖕ Novak & Gowinΰ1984αࢬ༼ऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ ऱඒᖂޡᨏ֗ዌቹመ࿓ࠀ೶ە᝔టဎΰ1999αנᠲਮዌᒳ፹ۖګΖᇢᠲᣊী٥։

੡Κ(1)ᙃܑᄗ࢚ΰնᠲαΖ(2)ᄗ࢚ऱ։ᣊ֗ᒤ໮ऱՕ՛ΰԼԫᠲαΖ(3)ᄗ࢚ऱۯᆜ ΰԶᠲα——ࠡؾऱܛڇ൷ݧছԲႈऱەᠲΔނᄗ࢚ჄԵᄗ࢚ၸᐋቹऱᔞᅝۯᆜΖ (4)ᄗ࢚ऱᜤ࿨፿ΰ؄ᠲα——ᙇᔞᅝᜤ࿨፿ჄԵࠟᄗ࢚ၴΖ(5)ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΰԫ Օᠲα——ॵ࣍ᖂسԫ੄࿍֮Δྥ৵ࠉᠲრऱ෻ᇞݙګၸᐋڤᄗ࢚ዌቹΔᖂسႊ

شࠩছ 4 ႈऱࢬڶݾ౨Ζ

2.ቃᇢፖႈؾ։࣫Κא؀তؑശᖂഏ՛նڣ్؄ଡఄ్ऱᖂس 147 ټ੡ቃᇢ ኙွΖ௅ᖕቃᇢ࿨࣠ᙇᖗᣄ৫ڇ .44 ۟ .89 հၴΔᦸܑ৫ڇ .23 ۟ .75 հၴऱᇢ ᠲ٥ڶ 22 ᠲΖ

3.ॾ৫ࡉய৫։࣫Κءྒྷ᧭ Cronbach αএᑇ੡ .71ΰn = 137αΔၴሶ 14 ֚ૹ

ྒྷॾ৫੡ .72ΰn = 38 , p < .01αΖױߠࠡࠠڶփຝԫીࢤ֗᡹ࡳࢤΖڇய৫ઔߒֱ

૿Δᓮྒྷ᧭റ୮ᛀுᇢᠲփ୲Δᒔمփ୲ய৫ΖፖնՂ۞ྥઝᖂཚګᜎޣઌᣂΔ

൓ࠩயᑑᣂᜤய৫੡ .472ΰp < .01αΔ᧩قࠠڶߜړٵழய৫Ζ

4.ኔਜፖૠ։Κءྒྷ᧭੡ྒྷ᧭ᖂسऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨ԺΔڼጟᠲীፖԫ౳ऱႚอ

ྒྷ᧭࿑ฆΔڂڼΔڇ܂࿠ছΔक़Ա 20 ։ᤪ܂࿠ᎅࣔࡉਐᖄ՛֖ࣛ܂ᒭ฾Δإڤਜ

ྒྷ 40 ։ᤪΖૠ։ֱڤছ 22 ᠲየ։ 22 ։Ζ່৵ԫՕᠲᄗ࢚ዌቹऱૠ։೶ە५Ղట ΰ1989αΕ᝔టဎΰ1999αૠ։ֱڤΔࠡေ։ਐᑑ੡Κإᒔऱᄗ࢚൓ 0.5 ։Δޢය

148ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ڶઌᣂऱᜤ࿨ᒵ൓ 0.5 ։Δאᔞ֊ऱᜤ࿨፿।ሒנࠟᄗ࢚ၴऱᣂএ൓ 1 ։Δየ։

10.5։Ζઔߒृေ։հ৵Δᓮ׼ԫۯေ։ृᓤေΔ࿨࣠ԫીࢤ 100%Ζ٤ྒྷ᧭የ։

32.5։Ζ

)Ѳ*୽ωفӖᏰཾܒөกᡛ!

ءྒྷ᧭এ១૊࿇Εᤕ৬֮Εຫිભ٥ٵଥૡΔ࣍اഏԮԼնڣطխഏ۩੡ઝ ᖂष࿇۩Ζࠎഏ՛ྒྷၦᖂ࿙ऱᖂ฾ᑨ౨հشΔᔞش࣍ഏ՛؄ΕնΕքڣ్ᖂسΖ ᖞଡྒྷ᧭։ࠟຝ։Δรԫຝ։ਢψ፿֮ං෻ωΔรԲຝ։ਢψᑇၦֺለωΔٺڶ 60 ᠲΔྒྷ᧭ழၴપնԼ։ᤪΖءྒྷ᧭ॾ৫ֱ૿Κૹྒྷॾ৫এᑇΔտ࣍ .77~ .92ΰn = 134Δp < .01αΔ٤ྒྷ᧭᜔։հމתॾ৫੡.85ΰp < .01αΖءྒྷ᧭ய৫ֱ૿Κፖഏا ཕᐝྒྷ᧭հய৫এᑇտ࣍ .42~ .82ΰp < .01αΔ٤ྒྷ᧭᜔։ፖնڣ్ᖂᄐګᜎհய ৫এᑇ੡ .70ΰp < .01αΖ

)Ϥ*กᡛМണЅߣёܻกᡛМണޟ྅܈ᄺყ!

৵ྒྷழࢬشհ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭(҈)——ψᨃݺଚࠐᎁᢝسढ᧯ऱዌທωΔএ೶ەፕ᨜

ઊਙࢌඒߛᨚΰ1984αխဎࠝ࿙ۍઝ٤஼รԶם࿛ޏᒳΖޏᒳݙࠀᓮ؄ۯնڣ్

ᖂسᇢᦰ֗ᓮࠟۯඒߛ໑ՓسΕ۞ྥઝඒஃ༼ࠎଥإრߠΖۖॵף࣍ྒྷ᧭֮ີऱ ᄗ࢚ዌቹհ๻ૠএط؄ۯඒஃΰࠟۯඒߛ໑ՓسΕઔߒृΕ۞ྥઝඒஃα௅ᖕ TCU

֗ Novak ߓอᆖಘᓵ৵٦ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΖڼᄗ࢚ዌቹ׽༼ࠎ࿯ψᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ

ิωΔڂڼิᖂس׌૞ڇಝᒭࠡᔹᦰඒஃ৬ዌऱᄗ࢚ዌቹΔࢬאኔਜ෻ᇞ౨Ժྒྷ᧭

ழΔڼิᖂسᔹᦰ֮ີႊॵףᄗ࢚ዌቹΙۖኙ࣍ψᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิωΔঞլ༼ࠎᄗ

࢚ዌቹΔڂڼิᖂس׌૞ڇಝᒭࠡ۞۩ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΔࢬאڇኔਜ෻ᇞ౨Ժྒྷ᧭

ழΔᔹᦰ֮ີլॵףᄗ࢚ዌቹΖ

Ѳȃᄂᡛ፞แ!

ڇኔ᧭ඒᖂՂ։ܑ๻ૠψᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃωΕψᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜

ฃωࡉψႚอඒᖂ࿜ฃωԿิᓰ࿓Δٺᒳ፹؄ଡ໢ցΔٺิՂᓰඒޗԳ֫ԫםΔ ޢิඒᖂழၴԮၜΔޢၜԲᆏᓰΰ80 ։ᤪαΔא൶ಘլٵ࿜ฃհඒᖂய࣠Ζڇ๻

ૠءኔ᧭ᓰ࿓ழΔނ༽Հ٨༓ଡ૞រΚ

(ԫ)ᓰ࿓๻ૠආش Novak ߓอ֗ TCU ߓอၸᐋᄗ࢚ዌቹΚNovak ߓอᄗ࢚ዌ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 149

ቹૹီՂՀᄗ࢚ၸᐋࢤΔڶܗ࣍៱ᆖ᧭ᜤ࿨ࠩᄅඒޗΔٌՐᜤ࿨ױᜤ࿨լٵᄗ࢚

ហႃΔࠠڶ໌რΔ׊ࠡᔞش࣍ઝᖂ࿛Ꮖ഑Δኙ࣍ඒᖂছऱᄷໂ੒೯ࠩኔᎾዌቹऱ ඒᖂ੒೯ΔڶᇡาऱտฯฤٽءઔߒᏁ૞Δڂڼءኔ᧭ࠉ Novak ߓอࠀ೶ە Novak and Gowinΰ1984α, Novakΰ1998α࿛ዌቹ੒೯ࠐ๻ૠᓰ࿓Ζ׼؆ΔTCU ߓอᄗ

࢚ዌቹऱᜤ࿨ীኪઌᅝڶߓอ׊ᜤ࿨ᒵڶᒢᙰΔڶܗ࣍ჼ౉ᄗ࢚ၴऱ௽ࡳᣂএΔ

ۖ׊़ၴ࿨ዌױא֘ਠवᢝऱ଺ীΰKnowledge prototypesαΔլٵ֮ີ࿨ዌڶլٵ

଺ীऱቹᇞΰۂිହΔ1997αΔٍᔞش࣍ઝᖂ࿛Ꮖ഑ΔฤٽءઔߒᏁ૞Δڂڼءኔ

᧭Ոආش TCU ߓอᄗ࢚ዌቹऱᜤ࿨ীኪΔࠀ೶ە Holley and Dansereauΰ1984α

࿛ᓰ࿓Ζءઔߒ࿨ٽຍࠟጟߓอऱᚌរࠐ๻ૠᄗ࢚ዌቹᓰ࿓Ζ

(Բ)ඒޗփ୲س੒֏Δඒޗᒳ፹༛ݧዬၞ֏Κءኔ᧭ऱᔹᦰޗறΔԿิઃઌ ٵΔጐၦᙇ۞ࠝ࿙س੒ᛩቼխࢬൄߠृ֗ᓰ࿓ઌᣂհᇷறΔڂڼᙇᖗඒޗழאࠝ

࿙ඒߛۍઝ٤஼֗۞ྥઝᖂඒઝ஼࿛ઌᣂᇷறΔᚥܗᖂسᎲ൷٣ໂवᢝআګڶრ ᆠऱᖂ฾Δٵழᨃᖂسᤚ൓ᖂ฾ڼ࿜ฃڶܗ࣍༼֒ࠡᓰփګᜎΔޓᣋრᖂ฾Ζඒ ޗᒳ፹ֱ૿Δආ༛ݧዬၞ଺ঞΔطรԫ໢ցऱԫጟ࿨ዌীڤᄗ࢚ዌቹດዬᏺףࠩ

ร؄໢ցऱ؄ጟ࿨ዌীڤᄗ࢚ዌቹΔᨃᖂسڇٺ໢ցխᑵᒭᄗ࢚ዌቹԶጟൄشऱ

࿨ዌীڤΰᓮᇡߠॵᙕαΖ

(Կ)ඒᖂ੒೯ڍᑌ֏Εጲ᝷֏Κψᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃωඒᖂؾऱڇಝᒭᖂ س౨ᢄ፹ၸᐋᄗ࢚ዌቹԶጟ࿨ዌীڤऱ౨Ժ֗෻ᇞ֮ີΖඒᖂ੒೯հ๻ૠ׌૞ຘ መඒஃقᒤΕᝑᇞΕಘᓵΕ֧ᖄΕჿ࿠ሏᚭΕٽ܂ᖂ฾Εᗑمᒭ฾Ε։ࠆΕڃ㕘 ࠐಝᒭᖂس։ᙃᄗ࢚ፖᜤ࿨፿ࠀڶߩജழၴᨃᖂس฾൓ᄗ࢚ዌቹݾ؏Ζψᔹᦰᄗ࢚

ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃωඒᖂؾऱڇಝᒭᖂسᔹᦰඒஃऱᄗ࢚ዌቹΔאԱᇞ֮რΖࠡᔹᦰ ऱ֮ີٵᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิΔࢬլٵऱਢ֮ີխॵףඒஃᢄ፹ऱᄗ࢚ዌቹΖඒᖂ੒

೯հ๻ૠ׌૞ຘመᛀᔹᄗ࢚ቹΕᔹᦰء֮ΕೖַᔹᦰΕ༈ބᄗ࢚ዌቹխ׌૞ᄗ࢚

֗าᆏᄗ࢚ΕၲࡨՀԫ੄֮ີΰBoyle & Weisharr, 1997αऱޡᨏΔڇඒஃᝑᇞΕ

༼ംΕಘᓵΕ࿇।Εڃ㕘խࠐᑵᒭඒஃࢬᢄ፹ऱᄗ࢚ዌቹΖψႚอඒᖂ࿜ฃωඒᖂ ؾऱڇ෻ᇞ֮რΖඒᖂ੒೯հၞ۩אބૹរቤᒵΕ༼ംᠲΕ࿇।ΕಘᓵΕᝑᇞࠐ

෻ᇞ֮რΖ

150ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

Ϥȃᄂࢊแו!

(ԫ)ᇢ᧭ࢤඒᖂΚઔߒၲࡨছΔאഏ՛նڣ్Բଡఄ్ၞ۩Բၜऱᇢ᧭ࢤඒ ᖂΔઔߒृࠉᖕᇢ൶ࢤඒᖂཚၴࢬᛧ൓ऱڃ㕘რߠΔଥૡඒޗփ୲Δ܂੡إڤऱ ኔ᧭ᓰ࿓Ζ

(Բ)ኔਜছྒྷΚڇઔߒၞ۩ছኙٺิᖂسኔਜઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭(҇)ፖᄗ࢚ዌ ቹছྒྷΔ܂੡৵ྒྷګᜎֺለऱ٥᧢ၦΖ

(Կ)ၞ۩ഏ՛ߓ٨ᖂᄐࢤٻྒྷ᧭Κءઔߒאڼྒྷ᧭೴։೏Ε܅ᖂᄐࢤٻΔא Աᇞլٵᖂᄐࢤٻृڇኔ᧭ඒᖂ৵ऱᖂ฾।෼Ζ

(؄)ၞ۩ඒᖂΚኔ᧭ඒᖂຑᥛၞ۩ԮၜΔٺิऱඒᖂழၴ։ܑ੡Κψᢄ፹ᄗ࢚

ዌቹิωၜԫڰՂ 8:00Ё9:20Ιψᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิωၜԿڰՂ 8:00Ё9:20Ιψႚอ ඒᖂิωၜնڰՂ 8:00Ё9:20Ζ

(ն)ኔਜ৵ྒྷΚኔ᧭ඒᖂ৵ኙԿิᖂسၞ۩ઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭(҈)֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ

৵ྒྷΔאԱᇞኔ᧭ඒᖂய࣠Ζ

ϲȃၥਟ೎౩!

א SPSS/PC+ၞ۩ 3ΰิܑαŰ2ΰᖂᄐࢤٻαᗑمᑌءԲڂ՗໢᧢ႈ٥᧢ᑇ

։࣫Ζࠀಾኙ F ଖሒࠩ᧩ထֽᄷຝ։Δၞԫޡၞ۩۞᧢ႈፖࠉ᧢ႈၴऱψᣂຑൎ ৫ωΰstrength of association ; ω²α۷ૠ¹Ζʳ

ણăࡁտඕڍ

౿ലઔߒ࿨࣠։ګઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժհயֱ࣠ࠟ૿ܧ෼ڕՀΚ

ΙȃᄇऋᏰМണ౩၌ޟਝݎ!

լٵิܑፖᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂسڇψઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ωՂࢬ൓։ᑇऱؓ݁ᑇፖ

1ʳགᖴ୯ҥᆵࠄৣጄᏢଣ߃฻௲ػᏢس΍ਁᙦറγϐࡌ᝼Ƕ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 151

ᑑᄷ஁ڕ। 3 ࢬقΖ ߒ

ߒ ߒ

ߒ 3 ऋᏰМണ౩၌(҇)ࠉกȃ(҈)ࡣกϷኵϞҁ֯ኵᇄ኿ྥ৯

ಢտ ᛲᇧ྅܈ᄺყಢ Ꭷ᠞྅܈ᄺყಢ ௡ڙಢ

Ᏸཾܒө ଽ ճ Ӓഋ ଽ ճ Ӓഋ ଽ ճ Ӓഋ

Գᑇ 23 15 38 12 22 34 20 17 37 ছྒྷ

ؓ݁ᑇ 15.74 11.93 14.24 13.50 9.95 11.21 15.65 12.71 14.30 ᑑᄷ஁ 3.49 3.69 4.00 4.25 3.32 4.00 2.72 3.58 3.44

৵ྒྷ

ؓ݁ᑇ 13.09 9.87 11.82 11.83 10.00 10.65 11.80 7.94 10.03 ᑑᄷ஁ 2.15 2.42 2.74 2.72 3.55 3.36 2.93 3.90 3.88

ط࣍ิփಱូٵᔆࢤە᧭ऱ࿨࣠Δฤٽ٥᧢ᑇಱូএᑇٵᔆࢤऱ೗ࡳΔ ΰF^ΰ5,97^α= 1.15ΔMSE = 7.16Δp > .05αΔ൷ထၞ۩٥᧢ᑇ։࣫Δۖאઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ (҈)৵ྒྷ։ᑇ੡ࠉ᧢ႈΔאઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ(҇)ছྒྷ։ᑇ੡൳ࠫ᧢ႈΔၞ۩ 3ΰඒᖂ

࿜ฃαͪ 2ΰᖂᄐࢤٻαԲڂ՗໢᧢ႈ٥᧢ᑇ։࣫Δ࿨࣠࿇෼Κิܑፖᖂᄐࢤٻၴ

հٌյ܂شլ᧩ထΰF^ΰ2,102^α= 1.808ΔMSE = 11.315Δp > .05αΔ᧩قլٵඒᖂ࿜ฃ ऱய࣠Δլڂᖂسࢤٻ೏܅ۖڶࢬ஁ฆΖิܑၴڶ᧩ထ஁ฆΰF^ΰ2,102^α= 7.472ΔMSE

= 46.764Δp < .01αΔᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิ೏࣍൳ࠫิΰp < .01αΔᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิ೏

࣍൳ࠫิΰp < .001αΔᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิፖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิྤ᧩ထ஁ฆΰp > .05αΖ ΰٺิऱઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ(҈)৵ྒྷ։ᑇᓳᖞؓ݁ᑇߠቹ 2αΖᖂᄐࢤٻၴڶ᧩ထ஁ฆ

ΰF^ΰ1,102^α= 5.505ΔMSE = 34.452Δp < .05αΔ೏ᖂᄐࢤٻ೏࣍܅ᖂᄐࢤٻΰp < .05αΖ

ΰ೏Ε܅ᖂᄐࢤٻհઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ(҈)৵ྒྷ։ᑇᓳᖞؓ݁ᑇߠቹ 3αΖ

ಾኙছ૿ F ଖሒࠩ᧩ထֽᄷຝ։Δၞ۩ψᣂຑൎ৫ωΰstrength of association ; ω² αऱ۷ૠΰࣥ෎՞Δ1992Κ327αΔאޣޓၞԫޡԱᇞ۞᧢ႈፖࠉ᧢ႈऱᣂຑࢤΖ

ඒᖂ࿜ฃፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞհᣂຑൎ৫Κ ω²⁼

w t

w b

MS SS ( k 1 ) MS

SS − + −

_{0 . 064}

259 . 6 349 .

1254 . 528 ( 3 1 ) 6 . 259

93 − + − =

152ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ᖂᄐࢤٻፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞհᣂຑൎ৫Κ ω^˅ː

w t

w b

MS SS(k 1)MS

SS − +− ː

34 1254 . 452 . 349 − ( 2 + − 6 1 ) . 259 6 . 259 = 0 . 022

طڼױवΔඒᖂ࿜ฃፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞհၴڶᣂຑࢤژڇΔۖ׊ඒᖂ࿜ฃױא ᇞᤩઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞګᜎ᜔᧢ฆၦհ 6.4%Δ᧩قڼԲ᧢ႈၴ᥆࣍խ࿛ൎ৫ऱᣂຑ ࢤ²Ζᖂᄐࢤٻፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞհၴٍڶᣂຑࢤژڇΔ܀ᖂᄐࢤٻױאᇞᤩઝᖂ֮

ີ෻ᇞګᜎ᜔᧢ฆၦႛ 2.2 %Δ᧩قڼԲ᧢ႈၴᣂএპஇΖ

˄˄ˁ˅˅ ˄˄ˁˉˌ

ˌˁˇˉˉ

˃

˅ ˇ ˉ ˋ

˄˃

˄˅

˄ˇ

ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิʳ ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิʳ ൳ࠫิ

ઝ ʳ ᖂ

֮

ີ

෻ ᇞ

൓ ։

ყ 2! ӨಢӵऋᏰМണ౩၌กᡛܚுϞ፡ᐌҁ֯ኵ

2 ӧᜢೱமࡋࡰኧଯեղᘐБय़Ǵ٩ CohenȐ1982, 1988ȑ܌ග኱ྗǴှញᡂ౦ໆӧ 6%аΠޣǴᡉҢᡂ໨໔ᜢ߯༾১ǹှញᡂ౦ໆӧ 6%а΢Ъӧ 16%аΠޣǴᡉҢᡂ

໨໔ឦܭύࡋᜢ߯ǹှញᡂ౦ໆӧ 16%а΢ޣǴᡉҢᡂ໨໔ڀமࡋᜢ߯ȐЇԾֆܴ

ໜǴ1999Ǻ7- 22ȑǶ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 153

˄˄ˁˇˆ˄

˄˃ˁ˄ˇ˅

˃

˅ ˇ ˉ ˋ

˄˃

˄˅

˄ˇ

೏ᖂᄐࢤٻ ܅ᖂᄐࢤٻ

ઝ ʳ ᖂ

֮

ີ

෻ ᇞ ൓

։

ყ 3! ଽճᏰཾܒө૖ΨӵऋᏰМണ౩၌กᡛܚுϞ፡ᐌҁ֯ኵ

Πȃᄇ྅܈ᄺყ૖ΨϞਝݎ!

ءઔߒऱ׼ԫଡඒᖂய࣠ਐᑑ੡ᖂسऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨ԺΔ। 4 ।قլٵิܑፖ ᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂسڇψᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ωՂࢬ൓։ᑇऱؓ݁ᑇፖᑑᄷ஁Ζ

ߒ 4! ྅܈ᄺყࠉกᇄࡣกϷኵϞҁ֯ኵᇄ኿ྥ৯

ಢտ ᛲᇧ྅܈ᄺყಢ Ꭷ᠞྅܈ᄺყಢ ௡ڙಢ

Ᏸཾܒө ଽ ճ Ӓഋ ଽ ճ Ӓഋ ଽ ճ Ӓഋ

Գᑇ 23 15 38 12 22 34 20 17 37 ছྒྷ

ؓ݁ᑇ 24.13 16.80 21.35 23.54 19.98 21.24 21.22 17.12 19.38 ᑑᄷ஁ 2.68 5.19 5.32 3.34 6.28 5.64 2.89 5.13 4.52

৵ྒྷ

ؓ݁ᑇ 28.85 23.40 26.70 25.92 20.57 22.16 19.28 12.14 16.12 ᑑᄷ஁ 2.19 2.84 3.63 4.62 7.12 6.92 5.85 6.59 7.03

ط࣍ิփಱូٵᔆࢤە᧭ऱ࿨࣠Δฤٽ٥᧢ᑇಱូএᑇٵᔆࢤऱ೗ࡳΔ

154ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ΰF^ΰ5,97^α= .76ΔMSE = 15.51Δp > .05αΔ൷ထၞ۩٥᧢ᑇ։࣫Δۖאᄗ࢚ዌቹ৵ྒྷ

։ᑇ੡ࠉ᧢ႈΔאᄗ࢚ዌቹছྒྷ։ᑇ੡൳ࠫ᧢ႈΔၞ۩ 3ΰඒᖂ࿜ฃαŰ2ΰᖂ ᄐࢤٻα໢᧢ႈ٥᧢ᑇ։࣫Δ࿨࣠࿇෼Κิܑፖᖂᄐࢤٻၴհٌյ܂شլ᧩ထ

ΰF^ΰ2,102^α= 1.411ΔMSE = 28.543Δp > .05αΔ᧩قլٵඒᖂ࿜ฃհய࣠լڂᖂسࢤ

ٻ೏܅ۖڶ஁ฆΖิܑၴڶ᧩ထ஁ฆΰF^ΰ2,102^α= 39.815ΔMSE= 805.127Δp < .001αΔ ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิ೏࣍൳ࠫิΰp < .001αΔᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิ೏࣍൳ࠫิΰp < .001αΔ ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิ೏࣍ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิΰp < .001αΖΰאՂٺඒᖂ࿜ฃิհᄗ࢚ዌቹ

৵ྒྷ։ᑇᓳᖞؓ݁ᑇߠቹ 4αΖᖂᄐࢤٻၴڶ᧩ထ஁ฆΰF^ΰ1,102^α= 7.261ΔMSE = 146.825Δp < .01αΔ೏ᖂᄐࢤٻิ೏࣍܅ᖂᄐࢤٻิΰp < .01αΖΰ೏Ε܅ᖂᄐࢤٻ

ิհᄗ࢚ዌቹ৵ྒྷ։ᑇᓳᖞؓ݁ᑇߠቹ 5αΖ

ၞԫޡၞ۩ඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱψᣂຑൎ৫ω۷ૠΔ൓ࠩω² = 0.2649Δ ױߠΔඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨ԺհၴڶᣂຑࢤژڇΔۖ׊ඒᖂ࿜ฃױאᇞᤩᄗ࢚

ዌቹྒྷ᧭ګᜎ᜔᧢ฆၦհ 26.49%Δ᧩قڼԲ᧢ႈၴࠠڶ೏࿛ൎ৫ऱᣂຑࢤΖۖᖂ ᄐࢤٻፖᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժհᣂຑൎ৫ω²= 0.021Δᖂᄐࢤٻױאᇞᤩᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ګ ᜎ᜔᧢ฆၦհ 2.1%Δ᧩قڼԲ᧢ႈၴऱᣂএპஇΖ

ʳ

˅ˉˁ˄ˊ

˅˅ˁˈˇ

˄ˉˁˊˈ˄

˃ ˈ

˄˃

˄ˈ

˅˃

˅ˈ ˆ˃

ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิʳ ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิʳ ൳ࠫิ

ʳ ʳ ᄗ

࢚ ዌ ቹ

൓

։

ʳ ყ 4! Өಢӵ྅܈ᄺყกᡛܚுϞ፡ᐌҁ֯ኵ

ʳ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 155

˅ˆˁ˄ˋˌ

˅˃ˁˇˈ˅

˃ ˈ

˄˃

˄ˈ

˅˃

˅ˈ ˆ˃

೏ᖂᄐࢤٻ ܅ᖂᄐࢤٻ

ᄗ

࢚ ዌ ቹ

൓

։

ʳ ყ 5! ϚӣᏰཾܒөᏰҡӵ྅܈ᄺყกᡛܚுϞ፡ᐌҁ֯ኵ

དྷă੅! ኢ

Ղ૪ऱ࿨࣠Δ෎ᄑऱ֭਍ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃऱڶயࢤΔ܀ࠡய࣠ൎ৫ঞڂࢬ ආشऱࠉ᧢ႈۖլٵΔຍࠄ࿨࣠ፖ٣ছਬࠄઔߒլԫીΔଖ൓ၞԫޡಘᓵΖ

Ιȃ྅܈ᄺყఀᏰ๊౱ᄇऋᏰМണ౩၌Ϟኇ៪

ءኔ᧭ඒᖂ࿇෼լٵऱඒᖂ࿜ฃኙլٵᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂ฾ृΔࠡψઝᖂ֮ີ෻

ᇞྒྷ᧭ω։ᑇΔྤٌյ܂شΖڼ᧩قլٵऱᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΔኙઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ ౨Ժऱய࣠Δլڂᖂᄐࢤٻऱ೏܅ۖڶࢬ஁ฆΔڼፖ଺٣ऱቃཚլฤΔՈፖլ֟

֮᣸լԫીΔࠏڕΚWiegmann, Dansereau, McCagg, Rewey and Pitreΰ1992α࿇෼

լٵ࿨ዌ௽ࢤऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃΔኙլٵ፿֮౨Ժࡉ़ၴ౨Ժऱᖂ฾ृΔઃڶٌյ

܂شऱய࣠Ζۂිହΰ1997α࿇෼լٵᖂ฾መ࿓ऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃኙլٵ۞ྥઝᖂ ౨ԺऱᖂسΔࠠڶٌյ܂شऱய࣠Ζ׆⼰ಀΰ1994αאլٵᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂऄࡉլ ٵᖂ฾ᑨ౨ृઔߒΔ࿇෼ࠠڶٌյ܂شய࣠Ζࠡլԫીऱױ౨଺ڂΚ(ԫ)౨Ժ։

ิ੺ࡳլٵΚءઔߒ੺ࡳᖂسऱᖂ฾ᑨ౨੡೏Ε܅౨ԺԲิΔڼጟ੺ࡳֱڤፖ Holley and Dansereauΰ1984αऱ੺ࡳઌ२Ζ܀ፖ Wiegmann ࿛Գΰ1992αΕۂිହ ΰ1997α֗׆⼰ಀΰ1994α੺ࡳ౨Ժ੡೏ΕխΕ܅ԿิլٵΔԯ࿇෼ڶٌյ܂شΖ

156ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ڇءઔߒխૉ։ګ೏ΕխΕ܅౨ԺԿิΔڶऱิܑႛ 2 ԳΔࠡઔߒז।ࢤലለլ ߩΔڂڼڇٺิԳᑇ 30 ᕉԳऱൣउՀΔ։ګ೏Ε܅౨ԺԲิለᔞٽΔڕڼԫࠐΔ ࢬڶ೏Ε܅౨Ժิ᜔Գᑇ൷२Δ։ܑ੡ 55 ԳΕ54 ԳΖ܀ຍᑌەᐞࢬݮګऱംᠲ រਢٺา௑Գᑇࠀլ݁֌Δאી࣍ٺา௑Գᑇࢬ൓ऱؓ݁։ᑇױ౨ᐙ᥼ٌյ܂ش հய࣠Ζ(Բ)։ᣊՠࠠ֗ࠡ։ᣊެឰଖլٵΚءઔߒආش១૊࿇࿛Գΰ1986αࢬ ଥૡऱഏ՛ᖂᄐߓ٨ࢤٻྒྷ᧭Δڼྒྷ᧭ץਔψ፿֮ං෻ω֗ψᑇၦֺለωΖ܀ Wieg- mann࿛Գΰ1992αऱࢤٻྒྷ᧭੡፿़֮֗ၴ౨ԺΔۂිହΰ1997αऱྒྷ᧭ՠࠠঞ

੡۞ྥઝᖂ౨ԺΔۖ׆⼰ಀΰ1994αࢬආشऱྒྷ᧭ՠࠠ੡ᢅௌ፿֮ཕԺΔط࣍ຍ ࠄྒྷ᧭ՠࠠऱࢤᔆլጐઌٵΔۖ׊ࠡ։ᣊऱެឰଖՈլԫΔીࠌٵԫ౨Ժᆢऱᖂ سڇլٵࢤٻྒྷ᧭ՠࠠՂױ౨ូڇլٵ౨ԺᣊܑΔࠏڕխ࿛౨ԺृΔᅝڼྒྷ᧭૞

։ګ೏܅౨ԺழΔױ౨ڇظྒྷ᧭ՠࠠូڇ೏౨ԺΔۖڇԬྒྷ᧭ՠࠠូڇ܅౨ԺΔ ຍᑌऱ։ᣊֱڤڂۖޱ෉Ա౨Ժ։ᣊၴऱ᧢ฆࢤΔીࠌࢤٻ౨Ժፖኔ᧭๠෻ၴऱ

ٌյ܂ش᧢൓ᑓᒫΔڂۖᐙ᥼ٌࠡյ܂شऱױ౨ࢤΖ

ݺଚऱ࿨࣠Ո࿇෼ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิፖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิڇψઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ

᧭ω։ᑇՂ݁೏࣍൳ࠫิΔ܀ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิፖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิ։ᑇྤ᧩ထ஁ฆΖ ຍᑌऱ࿨࣠ፖ Chmielewski and Dansereauΰ1998α, McCagg and Dansereauΰ1991α ऱઔߒԫીΔהଚ࿇෼ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃհඒᖂய࣠Δ౨ڶயᏺၞ෻ᇞ౨ԺΖء ઔߒՈፖ Guri-Rozenblitΰ1989α֗ Reway, Dansereau, Hall and Pitreΰ1989αऱઔ ߒԫીΔהଚ࿇෼ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃհඒᖂய࣠Δ౨ڶய༼֒ᄗ࢚ऱڃᖋΖࠡױ ౨଺ڂਢΚ(ԫ)ᄗ࢚ዌቹױআၞڶრᆠऱᖂ฾ΰNovak & Gowin, 1984; Novak, 1998αΔۖ׊ਢԫጟൎۖڶԺऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΔ༼೏ᖂسऱᖂ฾ګயΔޏ᧢ᖂسᖲඳ ऱᖂ฾Δګ੡ڶრᆠऱᖂ฾ΰNovak, 1991αΖ(Բ)ᄗ࢚ዌቹءߪਢԫᖂ฾ܓᕴΚᄗ

࢚ዌቹਢԲፂ़ၴऱቹقΔڶܓ࣍।ᐛवᢝࡉ৬ዌवᢝΰMcCagg & Danrsereau, 1991; Novak, 1991αΖLambiotte, Dansereau, Cross and Reynoldsΰ1989α༼נᄗ࢚ዌ ቹऱ෻ᇞᑓڤΔڼᑓڤ೗๻ᄗ࢚ዌቹࠠڶ़ၴ֗፿֮।ᐛΔࠠڶ੒֏़ၴ๠෻ߓ อΰवᤚࡉ֨ቝα֗੒֏፿֮๠෻ߓอΰ፿؁ࡉࡎᠲαΔڂڼΔڇಛஒ๠෻ᖵ࿓ऱ

෻ᇞΕᒳᒘЯᚏژΕ༼࠷ЯሎشԿଡၸ੄Δڶࠡ௽௘פ౨Ζ

۟࣍ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃڇᏺၞᖂسઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ౨ԺՂΔፖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 157

ቹඒᖂ࿜ฃྤ᧩ထ஁ฆΖڼፖ Berkowitzΰ1986α, Boyle and Weisharrΰ1997α֗

Dardisΰ1998αઔߒ࿨࣠լԫીΔהଚ࿇෼ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิऱᖂ฾࿨ֺ࣠ᔹᦰܑ

Գऱᄗ࢚ዌቹړΙՈፖ Smith and Dwyerΰ1995αऱઔߒլԫીΔהଚ࿇෼ᔹᦰᄗ

࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃᚌ࣍ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΖߒࠡլԫીऱױ౨଺ڂΚᢄ፹ᄗ࢚

ዌቹ࿜ฃ֗ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃΔٺڶࠡפ౨ࡉૻࠫΖഗءՂΔᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ

࿜ฃࠠڶ࠰ܗᖂسขسψطՀۖՂωऱᖂ฾հפ౨Δඒᖂழ׌૞ਢەᐞᖂس౨۞

ա׌೯৬ዌᄗ࢚ऱᣂএΔຘመ٣ছऱवᢝ࿨ዌፖؾছ૞ᖂ฾ऱޗற࿨ٽದࠐΔྥ

৵ขسრᆠΰJonassen et al., 1993αΔ܀ຍጟ࿜ฃٍڶࠡૻࠫΔ୲࣐ທګᎁवऱመ ৫૤๛Δ׊၄ழࡉܺᣄΰJonassen et al., 1993; McCagg & Dansereau, 1991αΖᔹᦰ ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃਢԫጟψطՂۖՀωऱඒᖂֱڤΔඒᖂழܛਢਐᖄᖂسࠉᖕറ ୮ᄗ࢚ዌቹࠐބ༈֮ີխऱᄗ࢚ᣂএΔൕۖᛧ൓वᢝΔڶܗ࣍෻ᇞ֮ີΔڼ࿜ฃ ኙඒஃڇඒᖂழለᆏઊழၴΔኙᖂسۖߢࢬ૞ᖂऱٍࣟ۫ለࣔᒔΰHolley &

Dansereau, 1984; McCagg & Dansereau, 1991αΔ܀ຍጟ࿜ฃٍڶࠡૻࠫΔᖂسֺለ ᄎࣹრࠩٺଡᆏរΔ࢙֘ۖฃԱᜤ࿨৵ऱრᆠΰMcCagg & Dansereau, 1991αΖط

࣍ຍࠟጟ࿜ฃٺڶࠡפ౨ࡉૻࠫΔڂڼڇኔᎾඒᖂൣቼՀΔࢬܧ෼ऱګயՈ༉ڶ ڍጟൣउΰ܇اኑΔ1997αΖءઔߒڇڼរՂΔࠀآڕ଺٣ࢬቃཚऱᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹ ඒᖂ࿜ฃᚌ࣍ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΔױ౨଺ڂࠐ۞ψྒྷ᧭ऱழၴωΚڂ࠹ྒྷᇢழ

ၴࡐࡳΔᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิऱᖂسࡸႊڍक़၄ழၴࠐዌቹΔނ֮ີຘመࢬᢄऱᄗ࢚

ዌቹࠐ෻ᇞΔ٦ڃ࿠ംᠲΔڕڼԫࠐΔڃ࿠ᇢᠲऱழၴ྇֟Δᣄ܍૿ᜯەᇢழऱ ழၴᚘԺΖڂڼΔᖂسਢܡᣋრലࢬᖂࠩऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃش࣍ەᇢխΔ༉լ൓ۖ

वΔڕ࣠ྤऄࢨլᣋ࿇ཀࢬᖂࠩऱᄗ࢚ዌቹݾ౨ΔࠡەᇢګᜎႨؘ࠹ᐙ᥼Δڼࢨ

๺ױאᎅࣔᢄ፹ፖᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹຍࠟิऱګᜎྤ᧩ထ஁ฆΔ܀৵ृڶለࠋ᝟ٻऱ

଺ڂΖ

ڇᣂຑൎ৫ऱ։࣫࿨࣠࿇෼Δඒᖂ࿜ฃፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞګᜎհၴऱᣂຑൎ৫ ਐᑇ᥆࣍խ৫ᣂএΔז।ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃኙઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞլႛڶᐙ᥼Δۖ׊ࠡ

ᐙ᥼࿓৫լױ࢙ฃΔڼጟ࿨࣠լႛڶอૠ᧩ထრᆠژڇΔ׊।قڼඒᖂ࿜ฃࠠڶ ઌᅝኔشᏝଖΔຍጟኔشᏝଖऱ۷ૠԼ։ૹ૞Δ༼ࠎԱԫଡড়ᨠױ೶ەᑇᖕΔڼ

੡ءઔߒઌᅝڶشऱ࿇෼Ζ

158ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ءઔߒ࿇෼೏ᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂ฾ृΔࠡψઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ω։ᑇΔ᧩ထ೏࣍

܅ᖂᄐࢤٻᖂ฾ृΖڼઔߒ࿨࣠ፖ Seamanΰ1990αऱ࿇෼ԫીΔ܀ Holley and Dansereauΰ1984αऱઔߒথ࿇෼܅౨Ժृආᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃࠐᖂ฾ᄗ࢚ࠡய࣠

ᚌ࣍೏౨ԺृΔࠡլԫીऱ଺ڂױ౨ਢΚ(ԫ)೏౨Ժऱᖂسءߪױ౨բࠠڶᖂ฾

࿜ฃΔڼ࿜ฃऱտԵ֘ۖեឫԱᖂ฾ய࣠Δڂڼᖂ฾ய࣠լ֗܅౨ԺृΰHolley &

Dansereau, 1984αΖ܀ംᠲਢࠡઔߒኙွਢՕᖂسΔՕᖂسऱᖂ฾࿜ฃૉڰ༉ࠠڶ ԱΔᅝྥ࣐ආشբ฾ክ֏ऱᖂ฾࿜ฃΔ֠ࠡڇᄅᖂऱ࿜ฃլৰᑵᒭऱൣउՀΔޓ ਢڕڼΖ۟࣍ءઔߒऱઔߒኙွਢ՛ᖂسΔ՛ᖂسऱױႿࢤለ೏ΔԾਢᄅᖂऱၸ

੄Δለ࣐࠹ᄅऱᖂ฾࿜ฃᐙ᥼Δۖለլ࣐ቝՕᖂسࠌشբ฾ክ֏ऱᖂ฾࿜ฃࠐᖂ

฾Ζ(Բ)೏౨Ժऱ՛ᖂسለ܅౨Ժृࠠڶለࠋऱᎁव౨ԺΔ׽૞ຘመᔞ৫ऱ֧ᖄ ܛױאআၞࠡᖂ฾ய࣠Ζڇඒߛൣቼխ࢓࢓࿇෼೏౨ԺृΔڇᖂ฾ᄅऱࠃढழຒ ৫ݶΔۖ׊࿳شᖂ฾࿜ฃڶய෻ᇞ֮ີխऱᄗ࢚Δ۟࣍܅౨ԺृΔᅝᖂ฾ᖵ࿓ለ ᓤᠧழΔࠡᎁव౨Ժ࣐ขسመ৫૤๛ΔڂڼΔឈඒאᖂ฾࿜ฃΔለᣄᚥܗࠡ༳༽

ࢬڶૹ૞ಛஒΰJonassen et al., 1993αΖ۶उڶࠄ܅౨Ժृຑഗءऱᖂ฾࿜ฃຟ޲

ڶᖂࠩΖឈྥ܅౨Ժृࠡᖂ฾آڕ೏౨Ժृݶຒࡉ᧩ထய࣠Δ܀ࠀլრ࠺ထլᄎ

ၞޡΔڇ Ausubelΰ1968αࢬଠᖄऱڶრᆠऱᖂ฾෻ᓵΔࠡጲళհԫΔܛ৬مڇᖂ

฾ृբवऱवᢝՂࠐඒᖂΖڂڼΔಾኙ܅౨Ժᖂ฾ृڇࠡਝڶऱᎁव࿨ዌՂࠐਜ ඒΔսྥ౨࠰ܗࠡڶრᆠऱᖂ฾Δၞۖޏ᧢ࠡᎁव࿨ዌΖ

ڇᣂຑൎ৫ऱ։࣫࿨࣠࿇෼ᖂᄐࢤٻፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞګᜎհၴऱᣂຑൎ৫ঞ ᥆࣍პஇᣂএΔ।قᖂᄐࢤٻፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞګᜎឈڶᣂຑࢤژڇΔՈࠠڶอૠ

᧩ထࢤΔ܀ࠀ޲ڶኔشऱ᧩ထࢤΔՈ༉ֶ౒ኔᔆᚨشऱᏝଖΖང؁ᇩᎅΔᖂᄐࢤ ٻឈᄎᐙ᥼ᖂسऱઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞګᜎΔ܀ࠡᐙ᥼ԺࠀլߩאՕࠩڇኔᎾඒᖂழኙ լٵᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂسڶլٵऱ๠ሖΖڇڼޓ᧩قנࠌشᣂຑൎ৫ऱૹ૞ࢤΔڕ࣠

޲ᣂຑൎ৫ऱە᧭Δݺଚྤऄ઎נࢤٻኙઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞऱᐙ᥼ԺΔݺଚױ౨սᄎ

໢ᖇ F ଖሒ᧩ထࢤۖՀԱլฤኔᎾऱ࿨ᓵΖ

Πȃ྅܈ᄺყఀᏰ๊౱ᄇ྅܈ᄺყ૖ΨϞኇ៪!

ءኔ᧭ඒᖂ࿇෼լٵऱᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃኙլٵᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂسΔڇψᄗ࢚

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 159

ዌቹྒྷ᧭ω։ᑇՂΔྤٌյ܂شΖڼ࿨࣠ፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ࢬྒྷ൓࿨࣠ԫીΔ

ࠡױ౨଺ڂਢءઔߒࣹૹඒᖂ࿜ฃᚨش࣍ኔᎾఄ్ඒᖂհګயΔྤݮխՈࠌٺኔ

᧭᧢ฆၦ᧢՛Δຍጟࣹૹ༼֒ఄ్ኔᎾඒᖂګயհ࿨࣠Δথآ౨ࠌٺඒᖂ࿜ฃհ

ၴऱኔ᧭᧢ฆၦ᧢੡່ՕΔڼࢨ๺ਢࠌءઔߒ࿨࣠ྤٌյ܂شհ଺ڂΖڼԯط࣍

ٺิڇඒᖂழڜඈߩജऱᒭ฾ழၴΔඒޗᒳඈ༛ݧዬၞΔඒஃඒᖂڶૹរࡉߩജ ऱዌቹقᒤ࿛Δ܅౨ԺऱᖂسՈױאᖂᄎዌቹΔ༼֒ᖂ฾ګயΔڕڼԫࠐլႛ೏

౨Ժᖂسᔞٽᖂ฾ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΰࢨᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΕႚอඒᖂ

࿜ฃαΔ܅౨ԺृՈױאᖂ฾ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΰࢨᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΕ

ႚอඒᖂ࿜ฃαΔຍᑌऱඒᖂ࿨࣠ึݮګඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᖂᄐࢤٻၴऱٌյ܂شլ᧩

ထΖ

ءઔߒ࿇෼ڇψᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ω։ᑇՂΔᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิ೏࣍ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹ

ิࡉ൳ࠫิΔ׊ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิ೏࣍൳ࠫิΖڼፖ Masonΰ1992α֗ഏփऱ႓ᆄ

ࡺΰ1993αΕ᝔టဎΰ1999α࿇෼ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ౨ڶயᏺၞᖂ฾ृऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ ౨ԺΔઔߒԫીΖՈፖ Berkowitzΰ1986α, Boyle and Weisharrΰ1997α֗ Dardis ΰ1998αઔߒ࿨࣠ԫીΔהଚ࿇෼ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิऱᖂ฾࿨ֺ࣠ᔹᦰܑԳऱᄗ࢚

ዌቹิړΔ܀ፖ Smith and Dwyerΰ1995α࿇෼ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃᚌ࣍ᢄ፹ᄗ

࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃऱ࿨࣠լԫીΖ۶אᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิڇψᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ωऱګᜎ

೏࣍ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิΔۖڇψઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ωழΔࠟิ༉ྤ᧩ထ஁ฆΰ܀ࠟ

ิګᜎઃ೏࣍൳ࠫิαΔࠡױ౨଺ڂڕՀΚ

(ԫ)ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժྒྷ᧭ױऴ൷ྒྷ൓ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂګயΔ܀ڼጟ౨Ժᖂسࡸآ ٤ຝᣊ֏ࠩઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ՂΖ່ױ౨ऱ଺ڂڇ࣍ຍࠟጟྒྷ᧭ऱᠲীլٵΔઝ ᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ᠲীਢᙇᖗᠲΔᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժྒྷ᧭ऱᠲীΔឈՈڶຝ։ᙇᖗᠲΔ

܀ᝫڶԫຝ։ਢᢄ፹ၸᐋڤऱᄗ࢚ዌቹΔڂڼᖂس૞ڶ౨Ժอᖞᄅ៱ᄗ࢚Δ៶ထ ᄗ࢚ቹऱ৬ዌመ࿓Δࠠ᧯֏ऱ।ᐛנࠐΔڂڼࢬྒྷऱ౨Ժፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ࢬ

૞ྒྷऱ౨Ժ࿑ฆΔࠡ࠹ᇢګᜎጤ઎ᖂسڇຍࠟጟྒྷ᧭ᠲীऱᣊ֏౨ԺΖ

(Բ)ྒྷ᧭ൣቼፖؓழಝᒭऱൣቼყԫીृΔࠡ࠹ᇢګᜎყڶܓΖψᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ

᧭ωᠲؾᣊীڶᙇᖗڤऱᙃܑᄗ࢚Εᄗ࢚։ᣊ֗ᄗ࢚ᐋڻΕᄗ࢚ۯᆜΕᄗ࢚ऱᜤ

࿨፿ࡸڶᖂس۞۩৬ዌऱᄗ࢚ቹΔאڼᠲؾࠐ઎Δۿፖᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิؓழऱಝ

160ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ᒭለԫીΔኙ࣍ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹۿለڶܓΖឈྥᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิڇؓழՈඒຍࠄᠲ ؾᣊীΔ܀ڼิᖂس౒׎۞۩ዌቹऱಝᒭΔլቝᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิᖂس౨׌೯৬ዌ ᥆࣍۞աᄗ࢚ቹΔࠐ೴ᙃࠀ৸ەᄗ࢚ፖᄗ࢚ၴऱᣂএΔၞۖലຍࠄᄗ࢚ิ៣อᖞ ದࠐΰNovak, 1991αΔຍࢨ๺ױאᎅࣔᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิڇψᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ωழΔ

ࠡګᜎ೏࣍ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิΖ۟࣍ψઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ωழΔᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิΔ ڂॵڶറ୮ऱᄗ࢚ዌቹ֮࣍ີխΔ࣐ڶࣔᒔऱᄗ࢚Δঁ࣍ބ༈֮ີऱᄗ࢚ۖᛧ൓

෻ᇞΖףՂ࠹ᇢழΔழၴᚘԺլቝᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิ߷౳پጹΔۖ׊ፖؓழऱಝᒭ

ൣቼለԫીΔڼࢨ๺ױאᎅࣔᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹิऱψઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞྒྷ᧭ω։ᑇΔፖ ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹิྤ᧩ထ஁ฆΔ܀ڶለࠋ᝟ٻऱ଺ڂΖ

ٵழඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᄗ࢚ዌቹګᜎၴऱᣂຑൎ৫ਐᑇࠠڶ೏࿛ൎ৫ᣂএΔ।قඒ ᖂ࿜ฃፖᄗ࢚ዌቹګᜎլႛڶᣂຑࢤژڇΔۖ׊ࠠڶᄕ೏ऱᣂຑࢤΔڼጟ࿨࣠լ

ႛᎅࣔᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃࠠڶอૠ᧩ထࢤऱრᆠژڇΔޓࠠڶᄕ೏ऱኔشᏝଖΔ ଖ൓ඒஃආشΖٍܛૉਢ૞ഛᕆᖂسᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹΔᨃᖂسऴ൷װᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹ ױ౨ਢ່ࠋऱֱڤΖۖຍᑌऱ࿨࣠᧩قඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱᣂຑࢤઌለፖ ઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞޓࠠڶऴ൷ᣂຑΔࠡᐙ᥼࿓৫ޓՕ࣍ઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞΖ

ኔ᧭ඒᖂ৵࿇෼೏ᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂ฾ृΔڇψᄗ࢚ዌቹྒྷ᧭ω։ᑇՂΔ᧩ထ೏

࣍܅ᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂ฾ृΖNovak, Gowin and Johansenΰ1983αઔߒ࿇෼ٚ۶౨Ժֽ

ᄷᖂسຟױ౨ڇࠌشᄗ࢚ዌቹՂګפΔ܀૞ॺൄᑵᒭլ࣐Δۖᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ቹֺᑑᄷ

֏ګ༉ྒྷ᧭ޓᏁ૞լٵ౨ԺΖHolley and Dansereauΰ1984αઔߒਐנዌቹਢԫႈ

ৰᣄᑵᒭऱݾ؏ࡉױ౨ৰ၄ழթ౨ࠌشΔ௽ܑਢኙ܅࿓৫ऱᖂسޓਢڕڼΖڼ؆

ૉեઔߒΰࣥొڣΔ1997Ι႓ᆄࡺΔ1993αਐנං෻౨Ժለ೏ऱᖂ฾ृΔڶለࠋ ऱዌቹ౨ԺΔۖං෻౨Ժለ஁ऱᖂ฾ृΔࠡዌቹ౨ԺՈઌኙለ஁Ζጵٽຍࠄ࿨࣠

ۿ׏෎ᄑऱ᧩قᄗ࢚ዌቹݾ؏૞ᑵᒭΔᏁ૞ޓ೏ऱ౨ԺΖڇᣂຑൎ৫ऱ։࣫ՂΔ

࿇෼ᖂᄐࢤٻፖᄗ࢚ዌቹګᜎհၴऱᣂຑൎ৫᥆࣍პஇᣂএΔ।ق᧢ႈၴឈྥڶ ᣂຑࢤژڇΔF ଖՈࠠڶอૠ᧩ထࢤΔ܀ω²ଖৰ՛ΔኔᎾᚨشՂՈ๺ױ౨սྥ޲

ڶრᆠΔٍܛࢤٻኙᖂسᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժڶᐙ᥼Δ܀ᐙ᥼࿓৫֜՛Δլߩאشࠐᎅ

ࣚඒஃኙլٵࢤٻऱᖂسආլٵऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΖۖຍᑌऱ࿨࣠٦ڻᎅࣔࠌشᣂຑൎ ৫ऱૹ૞ࢤΔܡঞ໢ᖇ F ଖอૠ᧩ထࢤԾᄎ٦ڻऱՀԱլฤٽኔᎾऱ࿨ᓵΖ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 161

ݺଚૉڃᙰࠐ઎ΔՂ૪ڶᣂ F ଖፖω²ଖհە᧭ᣂএΔױא࿇෼ F ଖڶ᧩ထऱ

ൣउՀΔᣂຑൎ৫ΰω²αܧ෼პஇΕխ৫Εൎ৫ԿጟᣂএΔױߠ F ଖፖω²ଖ޲ڶ

ؘྥऱᣂএΔຍՈਢ੡չᏖ F ଖ᧩ထ૞ၞԫޡ܂ᣂຑൎ৫ە᧭Δթ౨Աᇞኔ᧭๠

෻౨ᇞᤩࠉ᧢ႈ᜔᧢ฆՕ՛ऱ෻طΖءઔߒխᣂຑൎ৫ਐᑇऱ೏܅ܒឰਢࠉ Cohenΰ1982, 1988αΰ֧۞ܦࣔၼΔ1999Κ7-22αऱᑑᄷΔڂڼڇω²ە᧭ऱ࿨࣠Δ ඒᖂ࿜ฃ౨ᇞᤩ֮ີ෻ᇞΕᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱ᜔᧢ฆၦ։ܑਢ 6.4%ΰխ৫αΕ26.49%

ΰൎ৫αΔۖᖂᄐࢤٻ౨ᇞᤩ֮ີ෻ᇞΕᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱ᜔᧢ฆၦ։ܑਢ 2.2%ΰპ இαΕ2.1%ΰპஇαΔຍጟࠉω²ଖە᧭ऱ࿨࣠ឈڶൎ৫Εխ৫ΕპஇᣂএΔ܀ຍᑌ ऱܒឰਢઌᅝٚრࢤΔࠡ࿨࣠ፖ F ଖە᧭࿨࣠ࠀլؘྥڶؿએࢤΖ

Ёăඕኢᄃޙᛉ

ء֮੡Աᇞᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃਢܡ౨ڶრᆠऱᚥܗᖂسᖂ฾Δຘመอૠ᧩ထ ࢤە᧭֗ኔشࢤऱ᧩ထࢤە᧭Δࠌઔߒ࿨࣠౨ᛧ൓ޓڍ۸ᢞΔڶܗ࣍ઔߒፖኔش ࢤऱ࿨ٽΖءઔߒࣔػऱ࿇෼ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃᒔኔለႚอඒᖂ࿜ฃ౨ڶயᐙ᥼

ᖂسڇઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞࡉᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨ԺΔۖ׊ࠡᐙ᥼ऱ࿓৫ױ౨ઌᅝ೏Δڂڼࠠڶ ߩജऱኔشᏝଖΖ೏ᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂسΔլᓵڇઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞࢨᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժ݁ᚌ

࣍܅ᖂᄐࢤٻऱᖂسΔ܀ᖂᄐࢤٻፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱᣂຑൎ৫᥆

࣍პஇᣂএΔ౨ᇞᤩઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱ᜔᧢ฆၦڶૻΔױאᎅኙઝ ᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱᐙ᥼࿓৫լ೏ΔڂڼΔᕣጥڇอૠՂڶ஁ฆ᧩ထࢤΔ

ࠡኔشᏝଖսֶ౒რᆠࢤΖլٵऱඒᖂ࿜ฃኙઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞࡉᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱޏ

᧢ய࣠Δլڂᖂᄐࢤٻհլٵۖڶࢬᐙ᥼Ζ

אኔشᏝଖࠐ઎Δඒᖂ࿜ฃፖᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱᣂຑൎ৫᥆࣍೏࿛ൎ৫Δڂڼ ඒᖂ࿜ฃᚨشڇᄗ࢚ዌቹऱඒᖂՂΔࠡኔشᏝଖࢤ່೏Ιඒᖂ࿜ฃፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻

ᇞऱᣂຑൎ৫᥆࣍խ࿛ൎ৫Δڂڼඒᖂ࿜ฃᚨشڇઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞඒᖂΔࠡኔشᏝ ଖࢤڻհΙᖂᄐࢤٻፖઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժऱᣂຑൎ৫ઃ᥆࣍პஇΔڂ ڼᖂᄐࢤٻᚨشڇຍֱࠟ૿ऱඒᖂՂΔࠡኔشᏝଖࢤ່܅Ζ

ഗ࣍ءઔߒऱ࿇෼Δݺଚױא༼נኙඒᖂ֗آࠐઔߒՂհ৬ᤜΖ

162ʳ ௲ػࣴز໣т! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය

ΙȃఀᏰΰޟ࡚ដ!

ءઔߒ࿇෼ᢄ፹ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃΔ౨ڶயᐙ᥼ᖂسڇઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞࡉᄗ࢚

ዌቹ౨ԺΖڂڼΔ৬ᤜڇ۞ྥᓰΕᔹᦰᓰΕᓰ৵܂ᄐ࿛ΔՈ๺ױאᣊංಝᒭΔီ

ඒᖂൣቼᏁ૞ᔞழ࿨ٽᄗ࢚ዌቹ࿜ฃΔආڶߓอΕ༛ݧዬၞֱڤࠐಝᒭᖂسᢄ፹ ᄗ࢚ዌቹΔאᏺၞઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞ֗ᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨ԺΔཚඨᖂسطᑵᒭዌቹݾ౨່ࠩ

৵ᑗ࣍ࠌشᄗ࢚ዌቹΔګ੡ᖂ฾ऱܓᕴΖڼ؆ΔݺଚՈ࿇෼ᔹᦰᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜

ฃΔྤᓵڇઝᖂ֮ີ෻ᇞࢨڇᄗ࢚ዌቹ౨Ժֱ૿Δࠡګய݁ᚌ࣍ႚอඒᖂ࿜ฃΖ ڂڼΔ৬ᤜڇ۞ྥઝᖂඒઝ஼Ε฾܂ࢨᓰ؆ඒޗ࿛Δ಻ٽ֮ີࢤᔆᘜԵԫࠄᄗ࢚

ቹΔᚥܗᖂسڶய෻ᇞ֮რΖ

ΠȃᄇҐپंـޟ࡚ដ!

طءઔߒ൓वڶอૠ᧩ထࢤլԫࡳڶኔش᧩ထࢤΔڂڼ૞Աᇞඒᖂګயਢܡ ڶኔᎾᚨشᏝଖΔࡵၞԫޡ܂ᣂຑൎ৫ە᧭ΖڕڼԫࠐΔլႛڶܗ࣍ኔشࢤऱԱ ᇞΔՈױאᝩ܍ڂڶอૠ᧩ထࢤۖᎄՀ࿨ᓵΖ

ڼ؆Δءઔߒאኔ᧭ඒᖂԮၜ৵Δ܂مܛய࣠ေ۷Δ᧩قᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂ࿜ฃ ڶயΔ܀ਢᖂ฾ृਢܡᤉᥛࠌشڼ฾൓ऱ࿜ฃ༉լ൓ۖवΔڂڼΔ৵ᥛઔߒױಾ

ኙ਍ᥛய࣠܂ၞԫޡေ۷Δཚ౨ݮګԫ᜕຃૿ऱԱᇞΖ׼؆Δൕ֮᣸ઔߒױवΔ ᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂઔߒኙွൕ՛ᖂࠩՕᖂઃڶԳઔߒΔ܀֟ڶٵழֺለլٵڣ᤿ᐋऱ ඒᖂய࣠ΔآࠐऱઔߒΔױൕࠃຍֱ૿ऱ൶ಘΔೈڶܗ࣍Աᇞլٵڣ᤿ᐋऱᖂ฾

ګயΔޓױൕᖩឰ૿Աᇞլٵګᑵ࿓৫ऱᖂ฾ृΔኙᄗ࢚ዌቹඒᖂய࣠հ஁ฆൣ

ݮΖ

ኙ࣍ኔ᧭ඒᖂޗறऱઔߒΔࠀլૻ࣍۞ྥઝᖂᏆ഑Δآࠐઔߒױאەᐞլٵ Ꮖ഑ऱඒޗ܂ઔߒΔࠏڕषᄎઝΕᑇᖂઝ࿛ඒޗΖഏ؆ڇٺ௽ࡳᏆ഑ऱઔߒለ᠆

ጚΰ܇اኑΔ1997αΔ֘ᨠഏփڇຍֱ૿ઔߒለ౒׎ΔڂڼΔഏփᝫڶ๺ڍઔߒ़

ၴৱၲ࿇ઔߒΖ

ֆျဃǵමҏ׸ ཷۺᄬკ௲Ꮲ฼ౣჹᏢғࣽᏢЎക౛ှϷཷۺᄬკૈΚϐቹៜʳ 163

ણ҂͛ᚥ

׆⼰ಀΰ1994αΖ྅܈ყఀᏰӵ୽ϛҡސᏰಬϞԙਝΖഏم೏ႂஃᒤՕᖂઝᖂඒߛઔߒࢬ ጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ

٤խؓΰ1992αΖഏمፕקஃᒤᖂೃॺᑇ෻ߓᖂسኙᄗ࢚ቹᖂ฾ኪ৫հઔߒΖᇃѕৱ଱Ᏸ

ൢΔ5Δ଄ 299-318Ζ

ۂිହΰ1997αΖޣᜋ๖ᄺޟ१ौ੫ܒϞϷݙᄲߴ໌ޣᜋ๖ᄺఀᏰ๊౱ϞᄂᡛंـΖഏم ፕ᨜ஃᒤՕᖂඒߛ֨෻ፖ᎖ᖄઔߒࢬ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ

܇اኑΰ1997αΖԤཎဎޟᏰಬ.྅܈ᄺყϞंـΖፕקΚ೸ቓΖ

܇اኑΕຫቯګΰ1996αΖᄗ࢚ዌቹΚ׼ԫጟေၦֱऄΖࢇσᏰൢȂ84Δ଄ 161-200Ζ ܦࣔၼΰ1999αΖTQTT ಛॎᔖҢᄂ୛ΖፕקΚ࣪ൂሽᆰቹ஼ֆ׹Ζ

ޕߐୠΰ1997αΖϚӣఀᏰ๊౱ᄇ୽ϛҡᏰಬҡސޟኇ៪Ζഏمፕ᨜ஃᒤՕᖂઝᖂඒߛઔ ߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ

ࣥొڣΰ1997αΖ྅܈ყᄇ୽ωᏰ็ՌרᏰಬऋᏰᇳ݂ၥਟϞኇ៪Ζഏمፕতஃᒤᖂೃഏ اඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ

ࣥ෎՞ΰ1992αΖЖ౩ᇄఀىಛॎᏰΖፕקΚࣟဎΖ

५Ղటΰ1989αΖवᢝ࿨ዌऱေၦΚᄗ࢚ዌቹݾ؏ऱ࿇୶ፖᇢشΖ୽ҳᇃᢊఀىᏰ଱੫੆

ఀىᏰفᄲंـܚ੫੆ఀىᏰൢȂ5Δ଄ 215-244Ζ

५ՂటΕ᝔٢ᑐΕᓐ९෌Ε๺࣪ᑚΰ1989αΖ୽ϛҡސऋ྅܈ȶᄺყ׬ѽȷຟ໔ंـΖഏ ઝᄎറᠲઔߒ໴ܫΖ

๺࣪ᑚΰ1989αΖ୽ϛҡސऋ྅܈ȶᄺყ׬ѽȷຟ໔ंـΖഏمፕ᨜ඒߛᖂೃઝᖂඒߛઔ ߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ

്ਞᘋΕࣥ෎՞ΰ1981αΖఀىЖ౩ᏰΖፕקΚࣟဎΖ

ຫቯګΰ1996αΖо྅܈ᄺყ࣏Ᏸಬ๊౱ϞఀᏰᄇωᏰҡՌณऋᏰಬϞԙਝंـΖഏمਙ एՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬጚՓᓵ֮ΔآנठΖ

႓ᆄࡺΰ1992αΖஃᒤᖂೃᖂسऱ࢚ዌቹࡉ֏ᖂګ༉Εઝᖂመ࿓ݾ౨᧤ᙀ৸ە౨Ժࡉࢤܑ

ઌᣂհઔߒΖᇃѕѿҳৱጒᏰ଱ᏰൢȂ34Δ଄ 345-356Ζ

႓ᆄࡺΰ1993αΖഏ՛ᖂسऱᄗ࢚ዌቹࡉ۞ྥઝᖂᖂ฾ګ༉հઔߒΖᇃѕѿҳৱጒᏰ଱Ᏸ

ൢȂ35Δ଄ 47-66Ζ

ፕ᨜ઊਙࢌඒߛᨚࠝ࿙ᦰढᒳᙀ՛ิΰ1984αΖϛ๼ڋ็ԻऋӒਪΰรԶםαΖፕ᨜ઊਙࢌ

ඒߛᨚΖ