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第一款 JOBS Act 的立法背景 第一目 經濟衰退與嚴格管制法規

歷經2000 年網路泡沫化所帶來的經濟衰退與 2001 年 911 恐怖攻擊事件,

投資人信心降低,使得投入商業活動的資金減少123。2001 年與 2002 年間,美 國安隆(Enron)、世界通訊(WorldCom)等企業財務醜聞事件相繼曝光,暴露 出上市公司會計與證券監管方面諸多缺失,美國國會遂制定「Sarbanes-Oxley 上市公司會計改革和投資者保護法案(Sarbanes-Oxley Public Company

Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002)」,以加強監管。2007 年 與2008 年間,投資銀行貝爾斯登、房貸公司房地美、房利美與投資銀行雷曼兄 弟相繼破產倒閉,引發世界性的金融海嘯,為防範金融危機再度發生,重建金 融消費者對金融市場的信心,美國國會制定「Dodd-Frank 華爾街改革與消費者 保護法(Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010)」,

透過多項總體審慎措施,處理系統性風險,補強金融監理體制不足之處並提升 消費者保護功能。此兩次的金融監理立法將投資人保護優先於資本的有效形成 之上。

在JOBS Act 通過之前,由於經濟衰退和 Sarbanes-Oxley Act、Dodd-Frank Act 的嚴格管制法規,十年來美國新創事業面臨可利用資本短少的困境124。在

123 See IPO Task Force, Rebuilding the IPO On-Ramp—Putting Emerging Companies and the Job Market Back on The Read to Growth (Oct. 20, 2011), available at

https://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acsec/rebuilding_the_ipo_on-ramp.pdf

124 Jeffrey W. Rubin, The JOBS Act: An Overview—What Every Business Lawyer Should Know, BUS.

L. TODAY (May 2012), available at

http://www.americanbar.org/publications/blt/2012/05/01_rubin.html ("Many smaller companies

Sarbanes-Oxley Act 和 Dodd-Frank Act 通過後,SEC 先後成立諮詢委員會

(Advisory Committee),針對較小型公開發行公司(smaller public companies)

和小型及新興公司(small and emerging companies)的資金問題,研擬因應措 施,提供支持小型企業的方法建議125。2004 年成立的諮詢委員會,檢視 Sarbanes-Oxley 法案與其他聯邦證券法規對較小型公開發行公司所造成的衝 擊,認為應針對較小型公開發行公司建立一個新的規模化或依比例的證券管制 系統,豁免(exmptive relief)於 Sarbanes-Oxley 法第 404 條的規定,有條件免 除私募對於一般勸誘及廣告的限制126。而2011 年成立的諮詢委員會則在

have expressed concerns about the cost and regulatory burdens associated with raising capital. In the case of smaller public companies, these burdens have increased in recent years as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 have expanded the disclosure obligations and liabilities applicable to public companies.").

125 Press Release, Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC Establishes Advisory Committee to Examine Impact of Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Smaller Public Companies (Dec. 16, 2004), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2004-174.htm ("Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman William H. Donaldson today announced the establishment of an advisory committee to assist the Commission in examining the impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other aspects of the federal securities laws on smaller public companies."); Press Release, Securities and Exchange

Commission, SEC Announces Formation of Advisory Committee on Small and Emerging

Companies (Sept. 13, 2011), available at http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2011/2011-182.htm ("The Securities and Exchange Commission today announced the formation of the Advisory Committee on Small and Emerging Companies to focus on interests and priorities of small businesses and smaller public companies.").

126 SEC Advisory Committee on Smaller Public Companies, Final Report of the Advisory Committee on Smaller Public Companies to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 4-8 (Apr. 23, 2006), available at https://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acspc/acspc-finalreport.pdf ("The recommendation reads as follows: [e]stablish a new system of scaled or proportional securities regulation for smaller public companies . . . . provide exemptive relief from the Section 404 requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act . . . .[a]dopt a new private offering exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 . . . that does not prohibit general solicitation and advertising for transactions with purchasers who do not need all the protections of the Securities Act's registration

requirements.").

Frank 法案之下,以小型公司與較小型公開發行公司的利益與優先事務為考量,

127 SEC Advisory Committee on Small and Emerging Companies, Recommendation Regarding Relaxing or Modifying Restrictions on General Solicitation in Certain Private Offerings of Securities (Jan. 6, 2012), available at

http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acsec/acsec-recommendation-010612.pdf ("[T]he Advisory Committee recommends that the Commission take immediate action to relax or modify the restrictions on general solicitation and general advertising to permit general solicitation and general advertising in private offerings of securities under Rule 506 where securities are sold only to accredited investors.").

128 SEC Advisory Committee on Small and Emerging Companies, Recommendations Regarding Registration Requirements and Reporting Obligations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Feb. 1, 2012), available at http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acsec/acsec-recommendation-020112-registration.pdf ("The Advisory Committee recommends that: …… a company's obligation to register and begin public reporting would not be triggered until it had a class of securities held by 1,000 or more holders of record, ……").

129 SEC Advisory Committee on Small and Emerging Companies, Recommendation Regarding Improving Access to the Public Markets for Small and Emerging Companies (Feb. 1, 2012), available at http://www.sec.gov/info/smallbus/acsec/acsec-recommendation-020112-improve-access.pdf ("The Advisory Committee recommends that: …… [t]he Commission develop the terms and conditions of a new exemption for offerings modeled on the terms and conditions of Regulation A, but that provides for public offerings of up to $50 million annually.").

130 United States Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS14000000.

為挽救衰退的經濟活動與上升的失業率,美國總統歐巴馬(Barack Obama)於 2011 年 1 月提出「創業美國計畫」(Startup America Initiative),希 望藉此提倡、驅動、增加美國的高成長新創企業,透過優化新興與成長中小企 業的創設和成長的生態環境,創造新的就業機會並促進經濟成長131。Obama 總 統認為創業家象徵了美國的承諾,即如果你有一個好的創業點子,並且願意努 力工作去實現它,你便可在這個國家成功。而在成就承諾的過程中,創業家亦 在促進國家經濟發展與創造就業機會上扮演了關鍵性的角色132

創業美國計畫的核心目標為:(1)增加能夠帶來經濟成長、創新和優質工 作的高成長企業(high-growth firms)之數量及規模;(2)讚揚企業家精神

(entrepreneurship)為美國核心價值與競爭優勢來源;(3)鼓勵並准許社群與 個人更加多樣化,建立偉大的美國企業。該計畫分為五大領域,包括:(1)開 放籌資管道:增加高成長新創企業(high-growth startups)取得資金的管道;

(2)連結業師:提供創業者創業教育(entrepreneurship education)與業師方案

(mentorship programs);(3)減少障礙:減少對高成長新創企業的(行政)障 礙;(4)加速創新:加強聯邦政府研究計畫的商業化,以產生創新新創事業與 全新的產業;(5)釋放市場機會:開放醫療照護(healthcare)、潔淨能源

(clean energy)和教育產業的市場機會。

開放籌資管道的部分,包含政府創投基金、減稅與法規鬆綁。JOBS Act 即 為「創業美國計畫」中「開放籌資管道」的法規鬆綁措施,透過立法開放更多 新創事業資金,讓新創事業更有效率的從投資人取得資金,以增加僱用並加速

131 Startup America, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/economy/business/startup-america.

132 Id. "Entrepreneurs embody the promise of America: the idea that if you have a good idea and are willing to work hard and see it through, you can succeed in this country. And in fulfilling this promise, entrepreneurs also play a critical role in expanding our economy and creating jobs."—

PRESIDENT BARACK OBAMA, JANUARY 31, 2011.

經濟成長。JOBS ACT 允許透過群眾募資模式進行小額投資(small-dollar investments)、擴大迷你公開發行(mini public-offers)、打開上市方便之門

(IPO on-ramp)的同時,亦兼顧投資人保護。這些概念首見於 Obama 總統於 2011 年 9 月就擴大就業方案(American Jobs Act)發布的背景說明資料133,並 進一步在2012 年 1 月公布的創業美國立法議程(Startup America Legislative Agenda)中進一步說明134,最終實現於JOBS Act 中,於 2012 年 4 月 5 日由歐 巴馬總統簽署通過。

第二款 JOBS Act 的立法過程

JOBS Act 是包含六個領域之法案的包裹立法,其提出看似天外飛來一筆,

實為2011 年中各種開放企業融資管道立法努力的總結,呼應 Obama 政府創業 美國計畫的施政理念。以下按照各領域第一個提出之法案的先後順序,介紹 JOBS Act 的成型歷程(參見【圖 4】)。

133 Press Release, The White House, Fact Sheet and Overview: President Obama's American Jobs Act (Sep. 8, 2011), available at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/08/fact-sheet-and-overview.

134 Press Release, The White House, On One-Year Anniversary of Startup America Initiative President Obama Sends Startup America Legislative Agenda to Congress (Jan. 31, 2012), available at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/01/31/one-year-anniversary-startup-america-initiative-president-obama-sends-st; The White House, Startup America Legislative Agenda (Jan. 24, 2012), available at

https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/startup_america_legislative_agenda.pdf.

【圖4】 JOBS Act 立法過程

1. 首先是小額發行豁免的改革。

2011 年 3 月 14 日,代表 Arizona 的共和黨眾議員 David Schweikert,

提出H.R. 1070 (112th)草案,2011 年小型公司募集資金法(Small Company Capital Formation Act of 2011)。9 月 14 日,委員會提出修正。11 月 2 日,

眾議院以421 票贊成對 1 票反對通過,11 月 3 日送交參議院一讀,11 月 7 日二讀並排入議程135。2011 年 9 月 12 日,代表 Montana 的民主黨參議員 Jon Tester,提出 S. 1544 (112th)草案,亦名 2011 年小型公司募集資金法

(Small Company Capital Formation Act of 2011),同日經二讀送交委員會,

135 Small Company Capital Formation Act of 2011, H.R. 1070, 112th Cong. (1st Sess. 2011), avalibale at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr1070.

其內容與H.R. 1070 (112th)眾議院通過的版本相似,相較於 H.R. 1070 (112th) 眾議院金融服務委員會的修正版本,增加要求州法影響研究的部分136

2. 再來是強制公開發行制度的改革。

一是新增特定發行人的情況,2011 年 5 月 24 日,代表 Connecticut 的 民主黨眾議員James Himes,提出 H.R. 1965 (112th)草案,11 月 2 日,參議 院以420 票贊成對 2 票反對通過,11 月 3 日送交參議院一讀,11 月 7 日參 議院二讀並排入議程137。2012 年 2 月 24 日,代表 Arizona 的共和黨眾議員 Ben Quayle,提出 H.R. 4088 (112th)草案,擴增資金法(Capital Expansion Act),並送交委員會,H.R. 4088 (112th)以 H.R. 1965 (112th)為樣本,刪除其 中研究與報告的要求138

二是認定門檻的放寬,2011 年 6 月 14 日,代表 Arizona 的共和黨眾議 員David Schweikert,提出,H.R. 2167 (112th)草案,非公開發行公司彈性與 成長法(Private Company Flexibility and Growth Act),並提交眾議院金融服 務委員會。10 月 26 日委員會做出修正139。2011 年 11 月 8 日,代表

Pennsylvania 的共和黨參議員 Patrick Toomey,提出 S. 1824 (112th)草案,亦 名非公開發行公司彈性與成長法(Private Company Flexibility and Growth

136 Small Company Capital Formation Act of 2011, S. 1544, 112th Cong. (1st Sess. 2011), avalibale at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s1544.

137 To amend the securities laws to establish certain thresholds for shareholder registration, and for other purposes., H.R. 1965, 112th Cong. (1st Sess. 2011), avalible at

https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr1965.

138 Capital Expansion Act, H.R. 4088, 112th Cong. (2nd Sess. 2012), avalible at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr4088.

139 Private Company Flexibility and Growth Act, H.R. 2167, 112th Cong. (1st Sess. 2011), avalible at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2167.

Act),並提交參議院銀行、住房與都市事務委員會,其內容較 H.R. 2167 (112th)增加銀行與銀行控股公司的特殊情形140

3. 接著是股權式群眾募資的豁免。

2011 年 9 月 14 日,第一個群眾募資法草案(H.R. 2930 (112th)),創業 家獲取資金法(Entrepreneur Access to Capital Act),由來自北克羅拉多州的 共和黨眾議員Patrick McHenry 所提出 。這個提案被 Obama 總統批准 , 並在2011 年 11 月 3 日在眾議院以獲得兩黨支持的 407 票贊成票對 17 票反 對票通過141 。2011 年 11 月 2 日,來自麻塞諸塞州的共和黨參議員 Scott Brown 提出另一個群眾募資法草案(S. 1791 (112th)),民主化資金取得法

(the Democratizing Access to Capital Act of 2011)142。2011 年 11 月 8 日,

來自奧瑞岡州的民主黨參議員Jeff Merkley 提出第三個群眾募資法草案(S.

1970 (112th)),線上集資並抑止詐欺與不道德隱匿法(the Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2011, CROUDFUND Act)143。參議院對這兩個法案並沒有採取立即的行動。

最早對群眾募資豁免的提案在2010 年,Sustainable Economies Law Center 向 SEC 提出請願,希望將單一投資人投資額在 100 美元以下,募集 金額小於10 萬美元的發行,豁免於聯邦證券法規的規範144,Small

140 Private Company Flexibility and Growth Act, S. 1824 112th Cong. (1st Sess. 2011), avalible at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s1824.

141 Entrepreneur Access to Capital Act, H.R. 2930, 112th Cong. (1st Sess. 2011), avalible at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr2930.

142 Democratizing Access to Capital Act of 2011, S. 1791, 112th Cong. (1st Sess. 2011), avalible at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s1791.

143 Capital Raising Online While Deterring Fraud and Unethical Non-Disclosure Act of 2012, S. 2190, 112th Cong. (2nd Sess. 2012), avalible at https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s2190.

144 Sustainable Economies Law Center, Petition for Rulemaking: Exempt securities offerings up to

Business & Entrepreneurship Council 和 STARTUP EXEMPTION 隨後也都有

Business & Entrepreneurship Council 和 STARTUP EXEMPTION 隨後也都有