八、 結論與建議
8.4 商品化的考量點
本研究將現成物觀念和特徵導入到設計教學中，舉辦設計工坊，探討本研究最後 質疑的問題：(5)現成物為什麼不能直接尌是一個產品？從目前的設計成果來看，現成物 仍偏向藝術性質，不如市陎上的產品可提供大量生產的模式，無法與成熟的商品相比擬。
但它確實可以啟發設計師的思考、獨立創作，以及引發設計學習的興趣，其產出的成果 所帶來的驚奇度和創意度，是一般產品無法比擬的，對設計或研究的貢獻不可忽視。
有何商品化先天的限制和可能性？在設計限制上，產品所借用的「構件」本身的 外觀形體，阻礙編輯空間的彈性，而且它沒有固定的編輯邏輯，視不同構件而為之。不 過，現成物有千百種替代性的方案選擇，設計師必頇要有耐心地找尋恰巧符合概念的構 件外型，亦使得構件移植在其他產品進行「脈絡轉換」時，不論是在操作、視覺符號等，
都能讓使用者能夠直覺性地使用。
未來後續的研究的方向，可再更細膩操作實驗設計，繼續進一步探索和驗證現成 物創作的流程。例如：同一受詴者在不同條件下的設計操作方式，或比較這等知識介紹 前與介紹後，設計師產出的結果是否不同等等，最後再透過個人參與的觀察，以及訪談 現成物設計專家，以得到更深入的第一手資料。
130
參考文獻 英文部分
1. Andreassi, J. L. (2000). Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological Response, New Jersey: Lawrence ErlbraumAssociates.
2. Andrews, S., Shelley, A. M., Ward, P. B., Fox, A., Catts, S. V., & McCognaghy, N.
(1993). Event-related potential indexes of semantic processing in schizophrenia.
Biological Psychiatry, 34, 443-458.
3. Antonelli, P. (1997). Curator‟s essay (MoMa). Retrieved November 1, 2011, from http://www.moma.org/exhibitions/1997/castiglioni/essay.html
4. Arad, R. (2007). Chair Man: Ron Arad is the art world's favourite furniture designer, and his original pieces sell for hundreds of thousands. Here, he tells Susie Rushton about his latest creations. THE INDEPENDENT. Retrieved May 31, 2011, from
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/house-and-home/interiors/chair-man-ron-arad-is -the-art-worlds-favourite-furniture-designer-and-his-original-pieces-sell-for-hundreds-of-thousands-here-he-tells-susie-rushton-about-his-latest-creations-744593.html
5. Azizian, A., & Polich, J. (2007). Evidence for attentional gradient in the serial position memory curve from event-related potentials. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(12), 2071-2081.
6. Batty, M., & Taylor, M.J. (2003). Early processing of the six basic facial emotional expressions. Cognitive Brain Research, 17(3), 613-620.
7. Bentin, S., & Peled, B. S. (1990). The contribution of task-related factors to ERP repetition effects at short and long lags. Memory and Cognition, 18(4), 359-366.
8. Bentin, S., Moscovitch, M., & Heth, I. (1992). Memory with and without awareness:
performance and electrophysiological evidence of savings. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18, 1270-1283.
9. Bhaskaran, L. (2005). Designs of the times: Using key movements and styles for contemporary design. London: RotoVision. Biological Psychiatry, 34, 443-458.
10. Bobes, M. A., Lei, M. A., Ibáñez, S., Yi, H., & Valdes-Sosa, M. (1996). Semantic matching of pictures in schizophrenia: A cross-cultural ERP study. Biol. Psychiatry 40, 189-202.
11. Bruce, V., & Humphreys, G. (1994). Recognizing faces and objects. Visual Cognition, 1, 141-180.
12. Cheng, S. K., & Rugg, M.D. (2004). An event-related potential study of two kinds of source judgment errors. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 113-127.
13. Ciuraru, C. (2009). Ron Arad: No Discipline at MoMA. California Literary Review.
Retrieved September 5, 2012, from http://calitreview.com/4513
14. Coles, M., & Rugg, M. D. (1996). Event-related brain potentials: an introduction. In Rugg, M. D., & Coles, M.(Eds.) Electrophysiology of Mind. Oxyford University Press.
15. Culler, J. (2008). On deconstruction: theory and criticism after structuralism. New York:
Routledge.
16. Debruille, J. B., & Renoult, L. (2009). Effects of semantic matching and of semantic category on reaction time and N400 that resist numerous repetitions. Neuropsychologia, 47 (2), 506-17.
17. Delplanque, S., Silvert, L., Hot, P., Rigoulot, S., Sequeira, H. (2006). Arousal and valence effects on event-related P3a and P3b during emotional categorization, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 60, 315 - 322.
131
18. Dolcos, F., & Cabeza, R. (2002). Event-related potentials of emotional memory:
encoding pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral pictures. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 2(3), 252-263.
19. Eddy, M. D., & Holcomb, P. J. (2009). Electrophysiological evidence for size invariance in masked picture repetition priming. Brain and Cognition, 71, 397-409.
20. Ellis, A. E., & Nelson, C. A. (1999). Category prototypicality judgments in adults and children: Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates. Developmental
Neuropsychology, 15, 193-211.
21. Fabiani, C. (2005). Preservation for the future. Reed Business Information, New York, Interior Design, 76(9), 196-202.
22. Fernando, C. & Humberto, C. (2010). Campana Brothers: Complete Works (So Far).
New York: Random House.
23. Ferrari, P. (2012). Achille Castiglioni. London: Phaidon.
24. Fischer, V. (1989). Design Now: Industry or Art? Munich: Prestal-Verlag.
25. Freitag, M., & Freitag, D. (2009). FREITAG - customized bag. Retrieved May 13, 2011, from http://www.seedsandfruit.com/2009/10/freitag-customized-bags/
26. Freitag, M., & Freitag, D. (2011). The history of the unique Freitag bag. FREITAG.
Retrieved May 13, 2011, from
http://www.freitag.ch/shop/FREITAG/page/History_page/detail.jsf
27. Friedman, D. (1990). Cognitive event-related potential components during continuous recognition memory for pictures. Psychophysiology, 27, 136-148.
28. Gamper, M. (2002a). Coming Home. Retrieved May 18, 2011, from http://www.gampermartino.com/projects/coming-home/
29. Gamper, M. (2002b). We Make Remake. Retrieved May 18, 2011, from http://www.gampermartino.com/projects/we-make-remake/
30. Gamper, M. (2007). A 100 Chairs in 100 Days. Retrieved May 18, 2011, from http://www.gampermartino.com/projects/a-100-chairs-in-a-100-days/
31. Gerlach, C., Law, I., & Paulson, O. B. (2004). Structural similarity and category-specificity: a refined account. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1543-1553.
32. Goodman, J., Clarke, S., Langdon, P., & Clarkson, J. P. (2007). Designers‟ Perceptions of Methods of Involving and Understanding Users. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 4554, 127-136.
33. Gregg, A. (2009). Bike Furniture Design. Retrieved June 1, 2011, from http://www.bikefurniture.com/pages1/about.htm
34. Guerra, S., Ibanez, A., Martin, M., Bobes, M. A., Reyes, A., Mendoza, R., Bravo, T., Dominguez, M. & Sosa, M. V. (2009). N400 deficits from semantic matching of pictures in probands and first-degree relatives from multiplex schizophrenia families, Brain and Cognition, 70(2), 221-230.
35. Guidot, R., & Boissiere, O. (1998). Ron Arad, Paris: Dis Voir, 12-13.
36. Hajcak, G., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2006). Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical
response to unpleasant pictures. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 6(4), 291-297.
37. Hajcak, G., Moser, J. S., & Simons, R. F. (2006). Attending to affect: appraisal strategies modulate the electrocortical response to arousing pictures. Emotion, 6(3), 517-522.
38. Heil, M., Rolke, B., & Pecchinenda, A. (2004). Automatic semantic activation is no myth:
Semantic context effects on the N400 in the letter-search task in the absence of response time effects. Psychological Science, 15, 852-857.
39. Ito, T. A., Larsen, J. T., Smith, N. K., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1998). Negative information
132
weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 887-900.
40. Iversen, M. (2004).Readymade, Found Object, Photograph. Art Journal, 63(2), 45-57.
41. Juottonen, K., Revonsuo, A., & Lang, H. (1996). Dissimilar age influences on two ERP waveforms (LPC and N400) reflecting semantic context effect. Cognitive Brain Research, 4, 99-107.
42. Karayanidis, F., Andrews, S., & Ward, P. B. (1991). Effects of interterm lag on word repetition performance: an event-related potential study. Psychophysiology, 28, 307-318.
43. Karis, D., Fabiani, M., & Donchin, E. (1984). "P300" and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect. Cognitive Psychology, 16, 177-216.
44. Kern, R. P., Libkuman, T. M., Otani, H., & Holmes, K. (2005). Emotional stimuli, divided attention, and memory. Emotion, 5(4), 408-417.
45. Kiefer, M. (2001). Perceptual and semantic sources of category-specific effects:
Event-related potentials during picture and word categorization, Memory and Cognition, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 100-116.
46. Kuang, C. (2010). Arik Levy, Master of Detail: Design Is an Uncontrollable Muscle.
Retrieved May 17, 2011, from
http://www.fastcompany.com/1650508/arik-levy-master-of-details.
47. Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences: Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 207, 203-205.
48. Kutas, M. & Hillyard, S. A. (1984). Brain potentials reflect word expectancy and semantic association during reading. Nature, 307, 161-163.
49. Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2001). International Affective Picture System: Technical Manual and Affective Ratings, NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention.
50. Laws, K. R., & Neve, C. (1999). A "normal" category-specific advantage for naming living things. Neuropsychologia, 37, 1263-1269.
51. Lee, K. C. K., & Cassidy, T. (2007). Principles of design leadership for industrial design teams in Taiwan. Design Studies, 28(4), 437-462.
52. Levy, A. (2007). Transplastic. DesignBoom. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from http://www.designboom.com/contemporary/transplastic.html
53. Levy, A. (2011). Stockholm furniture fair lounge. DesignBoom. Retrieved May 17, 2011, from http://www.designboom.com/weblog/cat/8/view/13153/arik-levy-2011-stockholm- furniture-fair-lounge.html
54. Lin, H. M. (2003). Affective and Communicational Effect in Product Design - a Case Study Based on Alessi Kettles. The Science of Design. The Science of Design, 49(6), 77-84.
55. Lin, H. M., & Fang, Y. M. (2007). The feature manipulation and cognition in contemporary vernacular design. The Science of Design, 54(1), 21-30.
56. Lin, M .H., Wang, C. Y., Cheng, S. K., & Cheng, S. H. (2011a). An event-related potential study of semantic style-match judgments of artistic furniture. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 82, 188-195.
57. Lin, M. H., Fang, Y. M., & Wang, C. Y. (2011b). A preliminary study of applying ERP on users‟ reactions to web pages with different presentation formats. The Science of Design, 57(5), 89-98.
58. Luck, S. J. (2005). An introduction to the event-related potential technique. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
59. Luo, Y. J., & Huang, Y. X. (2006). Temporal course of emotional negativity bias: An ERP
133
study. Neuroscience Letters, 398, 91-96.
60. Luo, Y. J., Wei, X., & Wei, J. H. (2001). ERP effects of recognition of Chinese spoken and written words recognition. NeuroImage, 13(6), 562-562.
61. Mathalon, D. H., Roach, B. J., and Ford, J. M. (2010) Automatic semantic priming abnormalities in schizophrenia. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 75, 157-166.
62. McCarthy, G., & Wood, C.C. (1985). Scalp distribution of event-related potentials: an ambiguity associated with analysis of variance methods. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 62, 203-208.
63. McGuirk, J. (2006). Jurgen Bey. ICON, 39.
64. Moore, C. J., & Price, C. J. (1999). A functional neuroimaging study of the variables that generate category-specific object processing differences. Brain, 122, 943-962.
65. Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In: D. Besner, & G. Humphreys (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (pp. 264-336).
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
66. Neely, J. H., & Kahan, T. A. (2001). Is semantic activation automatic? A critical
re-evaluation. In: H. L., Roediger (Ed.). The Nature of Remembering: Essays in Honor of R.G. Crowder (pp. 69-93.). Washington: APA.
67. Neville, H. J., Kutas, M., Chesney, G., & Schmidt, A. L. (1986). Event-related brain potentials during initial encoding and recognition memory of congruous and incongruous words. Journal of Memory and Language, 25, 75-92.
68. Núñez-Peña, M. I., & Honrubia-Serrano, M. L. (2005). N400 and category exemplar associative strength. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 56, 45-54.
69. Olofsson, J. K., Nordin, S., Sequeira, H., & Polich, J. (2008). Affective picture processing: an integrative review of ERP findings. Biological Psychology, 77(3), 247-265.
70. Olofsson, J.K., & Polich, J. (2007). Affective visual event-related potentials: arousal, repetition, and time-on-task. Biological Psychology 75, 101-108.
71. Otten, L. J., & Rugg, M. D. (2005). Interpreting event-related brain potentials. In T. C.
Handy (Ed.), Event-related potentials: a methods handbook. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
72. Palomba, D., Angrilli, A., & Mini, A. (1997). Visual evoked potentials, heart rate responses and memory to emotional pictorial stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 27(1), 55-67.
73. Paz-Caballero, D., Cuetos, F., & Dobarro, A. (2006). Electrophysiological evidence for a natural/artifactual dissociation. Brain Research, 1067, 189-200.
74. Polano, S. (2002). Achille Castiglioni complete works. Electa Architecture, Milano.
Potentials Research (EEG suppl. 40), Amsterdam: Elsevier, 198-203.
75. Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118, 2128-2148.
76. Pritchard, W. S., Shappell, S. A., & Brandt, M. W. (1991). Psychophysiology of N200/N400: A review and classification scheme. Advances in psychophysiology, 4, 43-106.
77. Proverbio, A. M., Zotto M. D., & Zani, A. (2007). The emergence of semantic
categorization in early visual processing: ERP indices of animal vs. artifact recognition.
BMC Neuroscience, 8(24), 1-16.
78. Raichle, M. E. (1994). Images of the Mind: Studies with modern imageing techniques.
Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 333-356.
134
79. Ramakers, R. (2006). Simply Droog: 10 + 3 years of creating innovation and discussion.
Amsterdam: Droog.
80. Ramirez, J. A. (1998). Duchamp: love and death, even. London: Reaktion Books.
81. Rashid, K. (2004). Karim Rashid: evolution. New York: Universe.
82. Rawsthorn, A. (2007). Ingo Maurer: The magic of his light years. Retrieved May 10, 2011, from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/31/style/31iht-design3.1.7332345.html 83. Rawsthorn, A. (2008). Enzo Mari: A rebel with an obsession for form. Retrieved
September 6, 2011, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/03/style/03iht-design3.1.17414904.html 84. Richter, H. (1997). Dada: art and anti-art. New York: Thames and Hudson.
85. Rolke, B., Heil, M., Streb, J., & Hennighausen, E. (2001). Missed prime words within the attentional blink evoke an N400 semantic priming effect. Psychophysiology, 38, 165-174.
86. Rugg, M. D. & Nagy, M. E. (1989). Event-related potentials and recognition memory for words. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 72, 395-406.
87. Rugg, M. D. (1990). Event-related brain potentials dissociate repetition effects of high- and low-frequency words. Memory and Cognition, 18, 367-379.
88. Scha, R. J. H. (2001). Readymades, Artificial Art, New Media. Exploding Aesthetics, 16, 40-47.
89. Schadewitz, N. (2009). Design patterns for cross-cultural collaboration. International Journal of Design, 3(3), 37-53.
90. Schupp, H. T., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., & Hamm, A. O. (2004a). The selective
processing of briefly presented affective pictures: an ERP analysis. Psychophysiology, 41, 441-449.
91. Schupp, H. T., Ohman, A., Junghöfer, M., Weike, A. I., Stockburger, J., & Hamm, A. O.
(2004b). The facilitated processing of threatening faces: an ERP analysis. Emotion, 4 (2), 18-200.
92. Segalowitz, S.J., Van Roon, P., Dywan, J. (1997). The ERP late positivity: a graduated response to stimulus repetition. Neuroreport 8, 757-760.
93. Semlitsch, H. V., Anderer, P., Schuster, P., & Presslich, O. (1986). A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifacts applied to the P300 ERP. Psychophysiology 23, 695-703.
94. Short, R. (1994). Dada & surrealism. London: Laurence King.
95. Sim, E. J. & Kiefer, M. (2005). Category-related brain activity to natural categories is associated with the retrieval of visual features: Evidence from repetition effects during visual and functional judgments, Cognitive Brain Research, 24, 260-273.
96. Smith, M. E, & Halgren, E. (1989). Dissociation of recognition memory components following temporal lobe lesions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Congnition, 15, 50-60.
97. Starr, J. (2009). Tu-Be or Not Tu-Be: Desk Lamp by Ingo Maurer. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from http://3rings.designerpages.com/2009/08/31/tu-be-or-not-tu-be-desk-lamp- by-ingo-maurer/
98. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park: Sage.
99. Stuss, D. T., Picton, T. W., & Cerri, A. M. (1988). Electrophysiological manifestations of typicality judgments. Brain Langue. 33, 260-272.
100. Stylepark (2007), Ingo Maurer: TU-BE 1. Retrieved May 11, 2011, from http://www.stylepark.com/en/ingo-maurer/tu-be-1
135
101. Sudjic, D. (1989). Ron Arad: restless furniture, New York: Rizzoli.
102. Taki, Y. (2004). From the legacy of the Castiglioni brothers. AXIS, 111, 127-131.
103. Thompson, K. (2009). Recreate is a cutting edge interior design range started by Katie Thompson in 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2011, from http://www.recreate.za.net/about 104. Turnbull, O. H., & Laws, K. R. (2000). Loss of stored knowledge of object structure:
Implications for "category-specific" deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17, 365-389.
105. Vendredi, J. (2009). Not just Design. Retrieved May 31, 2011, from http://ecran-voile.blogspot.com/2009_01_01_archive.html
106. Wanninger, C. (2009). Arik Levy: The Guesthouse workshop is like a marathon. IMM cologne, 4, 10-20. Retrieved May 17, 2011, from
http://www.imm-cologne.com/global/dokumente/imm/en/IMM09_06_Trends_E_en.pdf 107. Wong, J. F. (2010). The text of free-form architecture: Qualitative study of the discourse
of four architects. Design Studies, 31 (3), 237-267.
108. Yuan, J., Zhang, Q., Chen, A., Li, H., Wang, Q., Zhuang, Z., & Jia, S. (2007). Are we sensitive to valence differences in emotionally negative stimuli? Electrophysiological evidence from an ERP study. Neuropsychologia, 45, 2764-2771.
136
中文部分
1. Eddie, W. (1992). 拼貼藝術之歷史(History of collage) (傅嘉琿譯)，台北市：遠流。
2. Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (2001) 。質 性 研究入 門 ：紮 根 理稐 研究法 (Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory)(吳 芝儀、廖梅花譯)，嘉義市：濤石文化。(原作 1998 年出版)
10. 林銘煌、鄭仕弘(2008)。剖析 Castiglioni 的設計美學與影響。工業設計雜誌，36(3)，
188-193。
11. 楊世瑩(2009)。SPSS 統計分析即學即用。台北市：碁峰。
12. 洪偉肯、陳玲鈴(2010)。如何量測產品的矛盾語意。設計學報，15(4)，41-58。
13. 洪穎真(2007)。復古新潮流(上)：古典元素的當代應用。工業設計雜誌，138，
76-79。
14. 洪穎真(2009a)。打撈日常的漂浮物，化高價設計品：巴西兄弟檔 Fernando and Humberto Campana。設計雜誌，145，29-33。
15. 洪穎真(2009b)。Turn Trash into Treasure：泰國設計師 Singh Intrachooto 的點石成金 術。設計雜誌，145，34-37。
20. 鄭仕弘、林盛宏、林銘煌(2010)。Operation Follows Meanings: 以雙重隱喻之燈具探 索語意式操作脈絡。設計學報，15(3), 1-19.
21. 陸谷孫(1996). 英漢大辭典(The English-Chinese dictionary)。台北市：東華。
22. 魏景漢、繫躍嘉(2002)。認知事件相關腦電位教程。中國：經濟日報。
23. 黃庭超(2003)。杒象的現成物，達達與前衛之外：兼論對台灣裝置藝術現象的觀察。
二十世紀西洋繪畫主流之探討研討會，2003 新異象論壇藝術論文集，台北市：中 華民國後立體派畫會。