• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 巴黎協定

第一節 巴黎協定之緣起及介紹

第15 屆「締約方大會(Conference of the Parties, COP)」的後續進展開始敘述374

有感於《京都議定書》的不足,UNFCCC 之締約方亟欲在 2009 年舉行的 COP 15 上達成後續協議,然最終僅談判出一份不具拘束力的政治宣言,即《哥本哈根協議》

371 UNFCCC 自 1994 年 3 月 21 日起生效,截至目前共有 197 個締約方。作為全球第一個旨在處理全球

暖化議題,同時保護易受傷害的國家免於遭受氣候變遷所帶來的災難性後果之多邊協定,UNFCCC 的

條文卻多為宣言性質,僅刻畫出全球氣候治理之原則。Status of Ratification of the Convention, UNITED

NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE [UNFCCC],

https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/status-of-ratification/status-of-ratification-of-the-convention (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); KATERYNA

HOLZER,CARBON-RELATED BORDER ADJUSTMENT AND WTOLAW 12 (2014).

372 Daniel Bodansky, The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope?, 110 (2) AM. J. INTL L. 288, 291 (2016).

373 《京都議定書》的第一個減排承諾期為 2008 年至 2012 年,列於 UNFCCC 附件一上的已開發國家,

必須將溫室氣體排放量削減至少5%(以 1990 年代為標準)。Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, art. 4.1, Dec. 11, 1997, 2303 U.N.T.S. 162 [hereinafter Kyoto Protocol].

374 為了有效評估締約方在履行條約義務上的進展,並考慮是否採取進一步的行動以對抗氣候變遷之威

脅,從1995 年 3 月開始,UNFCCC 的締約方每年將召開至少一次的 COP。Introduction to the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol, IISD REP. SERV., https://enb.iisd.org/process/climate_atm-fcccintro.html (last visited Aug.

21, 2020); Conference of the Parties (COP),UNFCCC, https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

(Copenhagen Accord)375。有論者表示《哥本哈根協議》中之內容,在許多層面上影響 了《巴黎協定》的架構根基,包含376:(一)將全球氣溫的上升幅度限縮於2 °C 內377

在2011 年的 COP 17 上,締約方創設了「德班平台(Durban Platform)」,以制定出 適用於2020 年以後時期的氣候變遷管制協定為目標,展開新一輪談判,並交由「德班 強化行動平台特設工作組(Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, ADP)」負責相關事宜382。其後於2013 年的 COP 19 中,締約方將 ADP 提出的 報告內容採納為決議,該決議最為重要的部分,便是要求各締約方在COP 21 以前,提 交「國家自定預期貢獻(intended nationally determined contributions, INDC)」,以作為各

375 David Doniger, The Copenhagen Accord: A Big Step Forward, NDRC (Dec. 22, 2009),

https://www.nrdc.org/experts/david-doniger/copenhagen-accord-big-step-forward;HOLZER,supranote 371, at 14; see Oscar Reyes & Tamra Gilbertson, Fact Sheet: What's at Stake in Copenhagen, TRANSNATL INST. (Dec.

7, 2009), https://www.tni.org/en/article/fact-sheet-whats-at-stake-in-copenhagen.

376 STEPHEN HOWES,FROM KYOTO TO PARIS:WHICH STOP MATTERED?, http://devpolicy.org/2016-Australasian-aid-conference/Presentations/Day-2/Perspectives-on-Paris_Stephen-Howes.pdf (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

377 UNFCCC, Copenhagen Accord, ¶ 2, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2009/L.7 (Dec. 18, 2009).

378 Id. ¶¶ 4, 5.

379 Id. ¶ 8.

380 Id. ¶¶ 4, 5; 在《京都議定書》下,僅有列於 UNFCCC 附件一上的國家必須做出受拘束的減排承諾。

Julia Dehm, Reflections on Paris: Thoughts Towards A Critical Approach to Climate Law, 31(1) REVUE QUÉBÉCOISEDE DROIT INTL 61, 81 (2018); Kyoto Protocol, supra note 373, art. 3.1.

381 The Road to Paris, EUR. COMMN, https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/negotiations/progress_en (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); UNEP,UNEPFICLIMATE CHANGE WORKING GROUP BRIEFING ON COP16 AND THE

CANCÚN AGREEMENTS 2,https://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/events/2010/cancun/COP16summary.pdf (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); Bodansky, supranote 372, at 292.

382 Daniel Bodansky, Policy Brief of The Durban Platform Negotiations: Goals and Options, BELFER CTR. FOR

SCI &INTL AFF. (July, 2012), https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/durban-platform-negotiations-goals-and-options; 「德班強化行動平台特設工作組(Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, ADP)」被要求在 2015 年(COP 21)以前,通過協議、法律文書或任何具法律效力的 成果,以使其生效並在2020 年開始實施。UNFCCC, Establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, ¶ 4, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1 (Mar. 15, 2012).

383 UNFCCC, Further Advancing the Durban Platform, ¶ 2(b), U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.1 (Jan. 31, 2014); UNFCCC, Lima Call for Climate Action, ¶ 13, FCCC/CP/2014/10/Add.1 (Feb. 2, 2015); Max

Meulemann, The Purpose of INDCs for an International Climate Agreement, E-INTL REL. (Aug. 5, 2015), https://www.e-ir.info/2015/08/05/the-purpose-of-indcs-for-an-international-climate-agreement/; Bodansky, supranote 372, at 293.

384 What is the Paris Agreement?, UNFCCC, https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/what-is-the-paris-agreement (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); Bodansky, supranote 372, at 293.

385 Paris Agreement - Status of Ratification, UNFCCC, https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/status-of-ratification (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); Paris Agreement, ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA,

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Paris-Agreement-2015 (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

386 2012 年的 COP 18 通過了《杜哈修正案》(Doha Amendment),為《京都議定書》之締約方設下第二 減排期之要求,以填補第一減排期結束後,至新協定(即《巴黎協定》)預計生效時點之間的空白期。

由於其之生效條件要求至少四分之三的《京都議定書》締約方(即144 個締約方)遞交接受書,然直到

2020 年 6 月 15 日,仍僅有 139 個締約方交存文件,因此《杜哈修正案》到目前仍未生效。The Doha Amendment, UNFCCC, https://unfccc.int/process/the-kyoto-protocol/the-doha-amendment (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); Kyoto 2nd Commitment Period (2013–20), EUR. COMMN,

https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/progress/kyoto_2_en (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

387 Paris Agreement, art. 2.1(a), Dec. 12, 2015, https://treaties.un.org/doc/Treaties/2016/02/20160215%2006-03%20PM/Ch_XXVII-7-d.pdf.

388 Id. art. 4.1; CLIMATE FOCUS,THE PARIS AGREEMENT SUMMARY 2 (2015),

https://climatefocus.com/sites/default/files/20151228%20COP%2021%20briefing%20FIN.pdf.

389 What Are the NDCs and Why Are They So Important to Halting Climate Change, SUSTAINABILITYFOR ALL, https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/what-are-ndcs-why-are-important-climate-change/ (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 4.2; CLIMATE FOCUS,supranote 388, at 1.

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境公約下的新穎性及特殊性,且又是《巴黎協定》中,最主要被建議用於化石燃料補貼 改革之機制,本文將留待第二節再對其做出完整之介紹。

前段雖介紹了締約方在《巴黎協定》下的主要目標與義務,不過協定中亦包含其他 條文,以輔助並確保UNFCCC 體系之共融。該等條文的設計重點包括:(一)透過第 5 條,將UNFCCC 下已通過的森林保育相關條文、決議與框架納入協定390;(二)透過第 7 條,宣示締約方採取氣候變遷調適(adaptation)作業的重要性,並建議其酌情從事之

391;(三)透過第8 條,將 COP 19 建立之「華沙損失與損害國際機制(Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage)」作為協定之指導原則之一,惟同時聲明此條文不得作 為任何責任或損害賠償之基礎392;(四)透過第9 條至第 11 條,強調已開發國家的資金 與技術支持及能力建置,對協助開發中國家履行承諾之重要性393,以及;(五)透過第 13 條的透明化機制,與第 15 條的遵循機制,監督締約方對協定義務的執行情況394

不同於《京都議定書》「由上而下(top-down)」,即直接為締約方設置明確的減排目 標與時程表的管制模式,《巴黎協定》創設了一種混合型態之管制模式,讓締約方由下 而上地,提交依據自主意願而設定之減排目標,再透過由上而下的審查機制監督履行成 果,此種手法亦被稱作「宣示與審查(pledge and review)」途徑395。NDC 所帶來的彈性 空間,讓締約方在能夠考量自身政經條件與成本效率的前提下,以可預測之方式實施低

390 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 5; CLIMATE FOCUS,supranote 388, at 3.

391 許耀明,國際氣候變遷法制 2.0:巴黎協議評析,人文與社會科學簡訊,20 卷 4 期,頁 14,17

2019 年);Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 7; 本條文所指之氣候變遷調適作業,為在符合《巴黎

協定》目標的前提下,增進各締約方對氣候變遷的適應力、抵禦能力,並減少脆弱性。Paris Agreement,

supranote 387, art. 7.1.

392 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 7; 許耀明,前揭註 391,頁 17;UNFCCC, Adoption of the Paris Agreement, ¶ 51, U.N. Doc. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1 (Jan. 29, 2016) [hereinafter Decision 1/CP.21].

393 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, arts. 9, 10, 11; CLIMATE FOCUS,supranote 388, at 5.

394 UNFCCC, supranote 384; Paris Agreement, supranote 387, arts. 13, 15.

395 Annalisa Savaresi & Francesco Sindico, The Role of Law in A Bottom-Up International Climate Governance Architecture: Early Reflections on the Paris Agreement, QUESTIONS INTL L. (Mar. 24, 2016), http://www.qil-qdi.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/01_COP21_INTRO_FIN-2.pdf; Sharaban Tahura Zaman, The ‘Bottom-Up Pledge and Review’ Approach of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in the Paris Agreement: A Historical Breakthrough or a Setback in New Climate Governance?, 5(2) IALSSTUDENT L.R. 3, 8 (2018).

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碳轉型,比起過往其他協定之管制模式,其對各國主權造成的威脅相對微小396;換言之,

此種前所未見之管制模式,或許更能吸引締約方之加入。《巴黎協定》希望透過給予締 約方極大自主權之方式,擬定出有效對抗氣候變遷之長期策略,該體系將十分仰賴締約 方間的信任與積極度397。有論者表示,該協定已在可行之程度上,確保了互惠與合作得 以被落實,只要後續之自發性導向的國際行動,能夠忠於原始條文理念,相信必然能夠 創造出強大而持久的體制398