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第五章 巴黎協定

第二節 NDC、透明化機制與遵循機制

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碳轉型,比起過往其他協定之管制模式,其對各國主權造成的威脅相對微小396;換言之,

此種前所未見之管制模式,或許更能吸引締約方之加入。《巴黎協定》希望透過給予締 約方極大自主權之方式,擬定出有效對抗氣候變遷之長期策略,該體系將十分仰賴締約 方間的信任與積極度397。有論者表示,該協定已在可行之程度上,確保了互惠與合作得 以被落實,只要後續之自發性導向的國際行動,能夠忠於原始條文理念,相信必然能夠 創造出強大而持久的體制398

第二節 NDC、透明化機制與遵循機制

由第一節之敘述可知,《巴黎協定》下的管制模式主要是以NDC 為核心,並同步搭 配透明化機制與遵循機制,以確保會員義務之達成。本節將分別說明上述機制的運作方 式,以求在將化石燃料補貼套入此種管制模式前,建構完整的背景意識。

一、NDC 之介紹

NDC 為「共同但有區別的責任(Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities, CBDR-RC)」原則之展現,該原則源自於 UNFCCC 前言第六段,

其承認個別國家在參與對抗氣候變遷之國際合作方案時,會因能力及社會經濟條件上的 差異,而負擔不同之責任399。在《京都議定書》與之前的時期,CBDR-RC 原則主要透 過賦予不同類別之締約方(以是否被列於附件一上為區分標準),不同義務的方式實現,

396 Luke Grunbaum, From Kyoto To Paris: How Bottom-Up Regulation Could Revitalize the UNFCCC, VT.J.

ENVTL.L., http://vjel.vermontlaw.edu/from-kyoto-to-paris-how-bottom-up-regulation-could-revitalize-the-unfccc/ (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

397 Patricia Espinosa, The Paris Agreement, a Strategy for the Longer Term, WORLD RES.INST.,

https://www.wri.org/climate/expert-perspective/paris-agreement-strategy-longer-term (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

398 Todd Stern, The Paris Agreement and Its Future, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION (Oct., 2018), https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-paris-agreement-and-its-future/.

399 ZERRIN SAVAŞAN,PARIS CLIMATE AGREEMENT:ADEAL FOR BETTER COMPLIANCE? 225 (2019); United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change pmbl. ¶ 6, May 9, 1992, 1771 U.N.T.S. 107 [hereinafter UNFCCC].

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然此種途徑卻導致部分非附件一締約方,在經濟能力提升後仍未被課予相應之責任400。 於是自《哥本哈根協議》的談判開始,CBDR-RC 原則之應用方式逐漸被修正,最終促 成了《巴黎協定》下的NDC,其包含兩個重點401:(一)直接在NDC 中納入自行分類 之概念;(二)在與NDC 相關的程序性義務方面,所有締約方原則上擔負相同之責任。

NDC 是締約方依據自身情況與優先順序,所計畫採取之氣候變遷對抗行動402。《巴 黎協定》第4.2 條規定403:「各締約方應編制、通報並維持其打算實現的NDC。締約方 應在境內採取減緩措施,以達成NDC 之目標。」從該條文字可發現,協定僅在行為義 務的層面拘束締約方,即所有國家均須擬定、提交NDC,並採取有助於達成 NDC 之行 動,至於NDC 內容的實際達成與否,則不在咎責範圍內404。各締約方應每隔5 年向秘 書處提交新的NDC,同時根據相關 COP 決議之要求,附上有助於 NDC 之「清晰、透 明與理解(clarity, transparency and understanding, CTU)」之資訊405。此外,為確保已開 發國家所提交的 NDC,不亞於其在《京都議定書》下之減排承諾,協定要求已開發國 家做出涵蓋整個經濟體制的絕對減量目標,且所有締約方都被期待以逐步增強及具企圖 心之方式,編制每期的NDC406

根據1/CP.21 號決議文,締約方已通報之 INDC,除了欲更新內容者外,將自動被 轉換為第一期NDC,因此絕大多數的締約方在完成締約程序的同時,也完成了其在《巴 黎協定》下首次通報 NDC 之義務407,然而各締約方的首期 NDC 卻被發現具有諸多問 題。由於《巴黎協定》之條文並未為NDC 之格式與內容設下規定,1/CP.21 號決議文

400 Bodansky, supranote 372, at 298; 未列於附件一上之締約方通常被視為「開發中國家」。UNFCCC, supranote 399, Annex I.

401 Bodansky, supranote 372, at 300.

402 EUR.CAPACITY BLDG.INITIATIVE,POCKET GUIDE TO NDCS UNDER THE UNFCCC 1 (2018), https://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G04320.pdf.

403 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 4.2.

404 DANIEL BODANSKY,JUTTA BRUNNÉE &LAVANYA RAJAMANI,INTERNATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE LAW 231 (2017); 許耀明,前揭註 391,頁 16-17。

405 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, arts. 4.8, 4.12.

406 Id. arts. 4.3, 4.4; BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE &RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 234.

407 Decision 1/CP.21, supranote 392, ¶ 22.

了數項決議,又稱為《巴黎協定規則書》(Paris Rulebook)。在與 CTU 相關之內容上,

協議不僅將 1/CP.21 號決議文之七大方向列為標準內容,更清楚地闡釋了該七種類型

所列目的之達成。Decision 1/CP.21, supranote 392, ¶ 27.

409 BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE &RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 232.

410 儘管 NDC 的內容係由締約方自己決定,但在判斷是否符合此二要求時,《巴黎協定》採取了相對客

觀的做法,即公開各締約方的NDC 內容,讓其他國家或公眾媒體自由地評論。Id. at 234.

411 Mengpin Ge & Cihang Yuan, More than One-Third of National Climate Plans Aren’t Easily Measured, WORLD RES.INST. (Nov. 28, 2018), https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/11/more-one-third-national-climate-plans-arent-easily-measured.

412 Navigating the Paris Agreement Rulebook: NDC Mitigation Elements, WORLD RES.INST.,

https://www.wri.org/paris-rulebook/ndc-mitigation-elements (last visited Aug. 21, 2020); UNFCCC, Further Guidance in Relation to the Mitigation Section of Decision 1/CP.21, ¶¶ 7, 13, 15, Annex I, Annex II, U.N. Doc.

FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.1 (Mar. 19, 2019) [hereinafter Decision 4/CMA.1].

413 Noëmie Leprince-Ringuet, 4 Nations Are the First to Submit Stronger Climate Plans (NDCs). Who’s Next?, WORLD RES.INST. (Mar. 11, 2020), https://www.wri.org/blog/2020/03/first-nations-submit-stronger-ndcs;

Decision 1/CP.21, supranote 392, ¶¶ 23, 24; 《巴黎協定規則書》僅強烈建議締約方於 2020 年前,將公定 之CTU 資訊納入第二期 NDC。Decision 4/CMA.1, supranote 412, ¶ 7.

量與審查(International Assessment and Review, IAR)」機制415,以及開發中國家使用的

「國際諮詢與分析(International Consultation and Analysis, ICA)」機制416。然而,《巴黎 協定》卻首度創設了一個適用於全體的透明化框架,在賦予所有締約方原則上相同之義 外,亦特別提及應將LDC 及小型島嶼開發中國家(small island developing States)之特

414 BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE &RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 242.

415 「國際評量與審查(International Assessment and Review)」機制要求各已開發國家自主提出境內技術 審查報告,再透過多邊評量之方式,確認締約方是否正在實踐涵蓋整個經濟體制的減排計畫。

International Assessment and Review, UNFCCC, https://unfccc.int/IAR (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

416 「國際諮詢與分析(International Consultation and Analysis)」機制首先由開發中國家提出兩年期的更 新報告,邀請外部專家團隊對該報告作出技術分析後,再以開設工作坊的方式促進意見交流。

International Consultation and Analysis, UNFCCC, https://unfccc.int/ICA (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

417 Bodansky, supranote 372, at 300; BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE &RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 242.

418 BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE &RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 243.

419 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 14; BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE &RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 244-245;

什麼是氣候盤點,台灣青年氣候聯盟,網址:http://twycc.org.tw/global-stocktake/(最後瀏覽日:2020 年 8 月 21 日);須注意者為,該等「成果」並不僅限於 NDC,而是將綜合檢視締約方於協定下的一切義 務。

420 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 13.7;BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE &RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 243.

(biennial transparency report),第一份報 告之截止日期為2024 年 12 月 31 日422,其

(Facilitative, Multilateral Consideration of Progress, FMCP)」會議423,並將允許專家 線上參與FMCP 會議。

421 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, arts. 13.3, 13.4, 13.14, 13.15.

422 UNFCCC, Preparations for the Implementation of the Paris Agreement and the First Session of the Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, ¶¶ 38, 41, U.N. Doc.

FCCC/CP/2018/10/Add.1 (Mar. 19, 2019).

423 Id. ¶ 41; 「促進性之多邊進展考量(Facilitative, Multilateral Consideration of Progress)」會議係提供 一個場域,讓各締約方得以告知國際社群其於對抗氣候變遷行動上之進展,並分享實務經驗。

Understanding the Enhanced Transparency Framework, GLOB.NDCCONF.2019,

https://globalndcconference.org/understanding-the-enhanced-transparency-framework/ (last visited Aug. 21, 2020).

(資料來源:

Navigating the Paris Agreement Rulebook: Enhanced Transparency Framework,

WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE, https://www.wri.org/paris-rulebook/enhanced-transparency-framework(last visited Aug. 21, 2020).)

《巴黎協定》第15 條下的遵循機制,也就是國際環境公約中俗稱的「不遵約機制

(non-compliance mechanisms)」,則是用以處理締約方違約狀況之最後手段425。相對於

《京都議定書》對未履行義務者所採取的嚴格態度,《巴黎協定》明訂,相關情事將透

424 This Year’s COP24 Annual UN Climate Conference Concluded Late on Saturday Evening in Katowice, Poland, after Two Weeks of Tension-Filled Talks, CARBON BRIEF (Dec. 16, 2018),

https://www.carbonbrief.org/cop24-key-outcomes-agreed-at-the-un-climate-talks-in-katowice.

425 SAVAŞAN,supranote 399, at 85.

426 Paris Agreement, supranote 387, art. 15.2; Decision 1/CP.21, supranote 392, ¶ 102; BODANSKY,BRUNNÉE

&RAJAMANI,supranote 404, at 242.

427 UNFCCC, Modalities and Procedures for the Effective Operation of the Committee to Facilitate Implementation and Promote Compliance Referred to in Article 15, Paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, Annex, ¶¶ 22(a), 32, U.N. Doc. FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.2 (Mar. 19, 2019).

428 Id. Annex ¶ 30; David Waskow, Yamide Dagnet, Eliza Northrop & Joe Thwaites, COP24 Climate Change Package Brings Paris Agreement to Life, WORLD RES.INST. (Dec. 21, 2018),

https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/12/cop24-climate-change-package-brings-paris-agreement-life; see Lavanya Rajamani, Elaborating the Paris Agreement: Implementation and Compliance 2 (Center for Climate and Energy

Solutions, Issue Paper, 2017), https://www.c2es.org/site/assets/uploads/2017/11/elaborating-the-paris-agreement-implementation-and-compliance-11-17.pdf.

429 Harro van Asselt & Kati Kulovesi, Seizing the Opportunity: Tackling Fossil Fuel Subsidies under the UNFCCC, 17(3) INTL ENVTL.AGREEMENTS:POL.L.&ECON. 357, 360 (2017).

430 Id. at 362.

431 Id. at 361; UNFCCC, supranote 399, pmbl. 20, (“[R]ecognizing the special difficulties of those countries, especially developing countries, whose economies are particularly dependent on fossil fuel production, use and exportation, as a consequence of action taken on limiting greenhouse gas emissions.”); UNFCCC, supranote 399, art. 4.8(h), ([I]n the implementation of the commitments in this Article… to meet the specific needs and concerns of developing country Parties… especially on… (h) Countries whose economies are highly dependent on income generated from the production, processing and export, and/or on consumption of fossil fuels and associated energy-intensive products.”).

432 Kyoto Protocol, supranote 373, art. 2.1(a)(5); Van Asselt & Kulovesi, supranote 429, at 362-363.

433 Van Asselt & Kulovesi, supranote 429, at 363.

434 Id. at 364.

435 Jun Rentschler & Morgan Bazilian, Reforming Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Drivers, Barriers and the State of