• 沒有找到結果。

本研究的重要性在於了解國外遊客在旅遊規劃上的旅遊目的地型態以及旅遊 天氣資訊搜尋策略,以做為實務操作以及後續研究的初探。本節根據研究結論就實 務上以及後續研究提出建議分述如下。

一、 實務上的建議

研究發現從事國外旅遊的遊客在旅遊型態上的轉變,以及在旅遊目的地選擇上,

認為旅遊天氣條件是為旅遊目的地意象。因此在實務上建議在遊程規劃方面以自由 行為主要產品,在旅遊資訊的提供方面大眾交通運輸方式是十分重要的資訊,在行 銷旅遊目的地方面來說,合宜的天氣條件會對遊客留下適合從事旅遊的印象。

二、 後續研究建議

本研究整理歸納出四項主要的旅遊天氣因素,但是在衡量上略嫌粗糙,無法詳 細的衡量出遊客對於四項旅遊天氣因素的感受程度,建議後續研究可以依據此四項 旅遊天氣因素進一步發展衡量構面以及項目,才能更準確的反應出遊客對於旅遊天 氣因素的知覺情形。

參考文獻

中文文獻

Weathernews Inc. (2013)。櫻花前線情報。取自株式会社ウェザーニューズ網址

http://weathernews.jp/index.html

九寨溝國家級自然保護區管理局(2012)。九寨溝風景名勝管理局官方網站首頁。取 自九寨溝風景名勝管理局網址

http://www.jiuzhai.com/。

中央氣象局(2013)。生活氣象。取自交通部,中央氣象局網址

http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/life/Ent_A.htm。

中華民國主計處 (2012) 。教育程度標準分類。取自主計處,統計資訊網址

http://www.stat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1066&ctNode=3379。

中華民國交通部中央氣象局 (2012) 。關於氣象局重要業務。取自交通部,中央氣 象局網址

http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7/about/Missions.htm

中華民國交通部觀光局 (1999) 。觀光市場分析摘要:87 年來華旅客消費及動向調 查。取自中交通部,觀光局網址

http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/release_d.aspx?no=136&d=17。

中華民國交通部觀光局 (2012) 。2011 年國人旅遊狀況調查。取自交通部,觀光局 網址

http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/market.aspx?no=133。

中華民國交通部觀光局 (2013a) 。2012 年歷年國人出國按性別統計。取自交通部,

觀光局網址

http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/statistics/year.aspx?no=134

中華民國交通部觀光局 (2013b) 。2012 年歷年國人出國按年齡統計。取自交通部,

觀光局網址

http://recreation.tbroc.gov.tw/asp1/statistics/year/INIT.ASP。

日本気象協会(2013)。櫻情報。取自日本気象協会網址

http://tenki.jp/sakura/。

王昭正、陳益壯、李孟修(2002)。觀光資訊需求之結構分析。觀光研究學報,8(1),

57-70。

王雯宗、朱盈蒨 (2010) 。旅遊目的地意象與促銷活動對旅遊意願及旅遊行為之影 響研究-以澎湖為例。島嶼觀光研究,3 (1) ,100-113。

王鴻楷、劉惠麟、李君如 (1992) 。臺灣地區觀光遊憩系統開發計畫。臺北市:交通 部觀光局。

朱瑞淵、林俊妤、陳宗玄 (2009) 。台灣家庭國外旅遊支出影響因素之研究-世代分 析之應用。朝陽商管評論,8 (3、4) ,25-46。

行政院主計處 (2012) 。職業標準分類。取自中華民國行政院,主計處網址

http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=15817&CtNode=5480&mp=1

行政院勞工委員會 (2012) 。基本薪資。取自中華民國行政院,勞工委員會網址

http://www.cla.gov.tw/cgi-bin/siteMaker/SM_theme?page=46c2a8ca

吳英偉、陳慧玲 (譯) (2005) 。觀光學總論。臺北市:桂魯。 (Goeldner, C. R. & Brent Ritchie, J. R. B., 2000)

呂俐蓉 (2004) 。遊客在谷關溫泉區旅遊前資訊搜尋策略之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。 國立南華大學,嘉義縣。

李晶 (2008) 。不同型態的登山健行者對天氣狀況忍受度之差異研究。大學體育專 刊,10 (2) ,43-54。

李英弘、李昌勳 (1999) 。觀光規劃:基本原理、概念與案例。臺北市:田園城市。

李國志 (2003) 。消費者網路資訊搜尋行為之研究-以自助旅遊為例 (未出版碩士論 文) 。國立中山大學,高雄市。

李銘輝 (2000) 。觀光地理。臺北市:揚智文化。

李銘輝、郭建興 (2000) 。觀光遊憩資源規劃。臺北市:揚智文化。

林孟慧 (2006) 。網際網路型態旅遊資訊搜尋行為之初探 (未出版碩士論文) 。朝陽 科技大學,臺中市。

林宗賢、王維靖、劉沛瑜、王乃玉 (2009) 。重新檢視一般遊客旅遊決策模式--以襲 產觀光遊客為例。戶外遊憩研究,22 (4) ,81-104。

林琍羨 (2002) 。消費者購買海外旅遊產品前資訊蒐集策略研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。 世新大學,臺北市。

林進田 (1993) 。抽樣調查:理論與應用。臺北市:華泰書局。

林靈宏 (1994) 。消費者行為學。臺北市:五南。

施慧珉、林永森、劉冠佑、陳金輝 (2011) 。海域運動觀光吸引力、知覺價值與行 為意圖之研究。休閒觀光與運動健康學報,2 (1) ,75-94。

高中、范振德、王進欽 (2012) 。絲路旅遊目的地意象之研究。嶺東學報,31,

131-155。

高俊雄 (譯) (1998) 。觀光旅遊地區發展。臺北市:桂魯。 (Gunn, C.A., 1988)

張孝銘 (2009) 。遊客對海域運動觀光吸引力認知、旅遊體驗、知覺價值與行為意 向之研究。休閒產業管理學刊,2 (3) ,31-51。

張淑青 (2009) 。目的地意象、滿意度與行為意圖的關係-目的地意象的區隔效果。

台灣管理學刊,9 (1) ,1-22。

曹志豪 (2005) 。網際網路型態旅遊資訊搜尋行為之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。朝陽 科技大學,臺中市。

陸允怡、盧俊吉 (2011)。宜蘭遊客旅遊行為與滿意度之研究。農業推廣文彙,56,

140-150。

黃繼嫻 (2008) 。高齡者旅遊動機對旅遊資訊搜尋策略影響之研究-以台北地區參與 海外團體旅遊為例 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。

楊明賢 (1999) 。觀光學概論。臺北市:揚智文化。

鄭天爵 (1994) 。青少年學生長假日 (寒假、春假) 自家外休閒活動特徵研究-以宜 蘭農工專校武裝低年級學生為例。戶外遊憩研究,7 (1) ,1-16。

盧雲亭 (1993) 。現代旅遊地理學。臺北市:地景。

顏家芝 (1994) 。旅遊目的地選擇過程及策略之探討。戶外遊憩研究,7 (1) , 105-119。

魏國彥、許晃雄 (1997) 。全球環境變遷導論。臺北市:教育部。

蘇慧捷 (2002) 。從自助旅遊者資訊行為探討旅遊網站內容之規劃 (未出版碩士論 文) 。國立臺灣大學,臺北市。

英文文獻

Adams, R.L.A. (1973). Uncertainty in nature, cognitive dissonance, and the perceptual disortion of environmental information: Weather forecasts and New England beach trip decisions. Economic Geography, 49(4), 287-297.

Allen, P. (2009). Sunshine or your money back: French holiday companies take a gamble

on the weather. Retrieved from Daily Mail Web site:

www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-1200739/Sunshine-money-French-holiday-comp anies-gamble-weather.html?ITO=1490

Amelung, B., Nicholls, S., & Viner, D. (2007). Implications of global climate change for tourism flows and seasonality. Journal of Travel Research, 45, 285-296.

Amelung, B., & Viner, D. (2006). Mediterranean tourism: exploring the future with the Tourism Climate Index. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14, 349-366.

Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of

Tourism Research, 26, 868-897.

Becken, S., Wilson, J., & Reisinger, A. (2010). Weather, climate and tourism: A New Zealand perspective. Land Environment and People-Technical Report 20. Lincoln, PA: Lincoln University.

Bettman, J.R. (1979). An information processing theory of consumer choice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Bigano, A., Goria, A., Hamilton, J., & Tol, R. S. J. (2005). The Effect of Climate Change

and Extreme Weather Events on Tourism. Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.

Blomquist, G. C., Berger, M. C., & John P. Hoehn, J. P. (1988). New estimates of quality of life in urban areas. The American Economic Review, 78(1), 89-107.

Butler, A. (2002). Tourism burned: Visits to park down drastically, even away from

flames. Retrieved from Rocky Mountain News Web site:

http://www.rockymountainnews.com

Cai, L.A., Feng, R., & Breiter, D. (2003). Tourist purchase decision involvement and information preferences. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2) , 138-148.

Carter, B. & McGoldrick, M. (1989).Overview the changing family: A framework for family therapy. In B. Carter & M. Mc Goldrick (Eds.), The changing family cycle: A

framework for family therapy (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Allyn & Bacon.

Chen, C. F., & Tsai, D. C. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioral intentions?. Tourism Management, 28, 1115-1123.

Chen, P., & Kerstetter, D. (1999). International students’ image of rural Pennsylvania as a travel destination. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 256-266.

Church, N.J., Laroche, M., & Roseblatt, J.A. (1985). Consumer brand categorization for durables with limited problem solving: An empirical test and proposed extension of the Brisoux-Laroche model. Journal of Economic Psychology, 6, 231-253.

Coltman, M. M. (1989). Tourism Marketing. New York, NY: Van Norstrand Reinhold.

Crompton, J. (1992). Structure of vacation destination choice sets. Annals of Tourism

Research, 19, 420-434.

Crouch, G.I. (1995). A meta-analysis of tourism demand. Annals of Tourism Research,

22, 103-118.

de Freitas, C.R., Scott, D., & McBoyle, G. (2008). A second generation climate index for tourism (CIT): Specification and verification. International Journal of

Biometeorology, 52, 399-407.

Denstadli, J. M., Jacobsen, J. K. S., & Lohmann, M. (2011). Tourist perceptions of summer weather in Scandinavia. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 920-940.

Divisekera, S. (2003). A model of demand for international tourism. Annals of Tourism

Research, 30, 31-49.

Dodd, T.H. (1998). Influences on search behavior of industrial tourists. Journal of

Hospitality and Leisure Marketing, 5 (2/3) , 77-94.

Dwyer, L., Edwards, D., Mistilis, N., Roman, C., & Scott, N. (2009). Destination and enterprise management for a tourism future. Tourism Management, 30 (1), 63-74.

Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators.

Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414.

Echtner, C.M., & Ritchie, J.R.B. (1991). The meaning and measurement of destination image. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 2 (2) , 2-12.

Engel, J.F., Blackwell, R.D., Miniard, P.W. (1995). Consumer behavior (8th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Dryden.

Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1997). Tourist information search. Journal of Travel

Research, 24(3) , 503-523.

Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1998). A typology of tourist information search strategies.

Journal of Travel Research, 37(4), 108-119.

Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1999). A model of tourist information search behavior.

Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 220-230.

Førland, E. J., Steen Jacobsen, J. K., Denstadli, J. M., Lohmann, M., Hanssen -Bauer, I., Hygen, H. O., & Tømmervik, H. (2013). Cool weather tourism under global

warming: Comparing arctic summer tourists' weather preferences with regional climate statistics and projections. Tourism Management, 36(0), 567-579.

Gallarza, M. G., Saura, I. G., & Garcia, C. H. (2002). Destination image -towards a conceptual framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 66-67.

Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (2006a). Uncertainties in predicting tourist travel flows based on models. Climatic Change, 79(3-4), 163-173.

Gössling, S., & Hall, C. M. (eds) (2006b). Tourism and Global Environmental Change.

London, UK: Routledge.

Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C. M., Geron, J.-P., & Dubois, G. (2012). Consumer

Behaviour and Demand of Tourists to Climate Change. Annals of Tourism Research,

39 (1), 36-58.

Gunn, C. A., & Var, T. (2002). Tourism planning: basics, concept, cases (4th ed). New York, NY: Routledge.

Hamilton, J. M., & Lau, M. A. (2005). The role of climate information in tourist destination choice decision making. In S. Gössling, & C.M. Hall (Eds.), Tourism and Global Environmental Change(pp. 229-250). London, UK: Routledge.

Hamilton, J. M., Maddison, D. J., & Tol, R. S. J. (2005). Climate change and intervational tourism: a simulation study. Global Evironmental Change, 15, 253-266.

Hein, L., Metzger, M. J., & Moreno, A. (2009). Potential impacts of climate change on tourism; a case study for spain. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,

1(2), 170-178.

Hilton Worldwide (2012). About Hilton Garden Inn. Retrived from Hilton Garden Inn Anchorage Web site:

http://hiltongardeninn3.hilton.com/en/hotels/alaska/hilton -garden-inn-anchorage-A NCAGGI/index.html.

Hirschman, E. C. (1985). A multidimensional analysis of content preference for leisure-time media. Journal of Leisure Research, 17(1), 28-39.

Howard, J.A. (1994). Buyer behavior in marketing strategy (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Howard, J.A., & Sheten, J.N. (1969). The theory of buyer behavior. New York, NY:

Wiley.

Jenkins, R.L. (1978). Family vacation decision-making. Journal of Travel Research. 16, 2-7.

Jones, B., & Scott, D. (2006a). Climate change, seasonality and visitation to Canada’s National Parks. Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration, 24, 42-62.

Jones, B., & Scott, D. (2006b). Implications of climate change for visitation to Ontario’s Provincial Parks. Leisure, 30, 233-261.

Kodu Digital Ltd (2012). Weatherfor Golf. Retrived from Apple Inc., App Store Web site:

https://itunes.apple.com/tw/app/weatherfor-golf/id367626130?mt=8

Lam, T., & Hsu, C.H.C. (2005). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4) , 589-599.

Lars, H., Marc, J.M., & Alvaro, M. (2009). Potential impacts of climate change on

tourism: a case study for Spain. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 170-178.

Loomis, J. B., & Crespi, J. (1999). Estimated effects of climate change on selected outdoor recreation activities in the United States. The impact of climate change on

the United States economy, 289-314.

Loudon, D. L., & Della Bitta, A. J. (1993). Consumer behaviour. Concepts and

Applications(4th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Lyssiotou, P. (2000). Dynamic analysis of British demand for tourism abroad. Empirical

Economics, 15, 421-436.

Maddison, D. (2001). In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists. Climatic Change, 49, 193–208.

Matyas, C., Scrinivasan, S., Cahyanto, I., Thapa, B., Pennington -Gray, L., & Villegas, J.

(2011). Risk perception and evacuation decision of Florida tourists under hurricanes threats – a stated preference analysis. Natural Hazards, 59, 871-890.

McIntosh, R.W., Goeldner, C.R., & Ritchie, J.R. (1990). Tourism: principles, practices,

philosophies (6th ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Mieczkowski, Z. (1985). The Tourism Climate Index: A method of evaluating world climates for tourism. The Canadian Geographer, 29(3), 220-233.

Moreno, A. & Amelung, B. (2009a). Climate change and tourist comfort on Europe’s beaches in summer: A reassessment. Coastal Management, 37, 550-568.

Moreno, A. & Amelung, B. (2009b). A climate change vulnerability assessment methodology for coastal tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17, 473-488.

Morley, C.L. (1992). A microeconomic theory of international tourism demand. Annals

of Tourism Research, 19, 250-267.

Murray, K.B. (1991). A test of services marketing theory: consumer information acquisition activities. Journal of Marketing, 55, 10-25.

Narayana, C.L., & Markin, R.J. (1975). Consumer behavior and product performance:

An alternative conceptualization. Journal of Marketing, 39, 1-6.

Newman, J.W. (1977). Consumer external search: Amounts and determinants. In A.

Woodside, J. Sheth, & P. Bennett (Eds.), Consumer and industrial buying behavior (pp. 79-94). New York, NY: North-Holland.

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2007). Climate change in

the European Alps: Adapting winter tourism and natural hazards management.

Paris, FR: Author.

Perry, A. H., & Smith, K. (1997). Recreation and tourism. In R. D. Thompson, & A. H.

Perry (Eds.). Applied climatology (pp. 240-248). London, UK: Routledge.

Reed, M. (1999). E-commerce: An Era of Confusion. Marketing, 27-28.

Richardson, R. B., & Loomis, J. B. (2004). Adaptive recreation planning and climate change: A contingent visitation approach. Ecological Economics, 50, 83-99.

Rutty, M., & Scott, D. (2010).Will the Mediterranean become “too hot” for tourism? A reassessment. Tourism Planning and Development, 7, 267-281.

Schiffman, L.G., & Kanuak, L.L. (2000). Consumer behavior. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ:

Prentice Hall.

Schmidt, J.B., & Spreng, R.A. (1996). A proposed model of external consumer

information search. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 24(3) , 246-256.

Schröter, D., Cramer, W., Leemans, R., Prentice, I.C., Araújo, M.B., Arnell, N.W., ...

Garcia, C.A. (2005). Ecosystem service supply and human vulnerability to global change in Europe. Science, 310, 1333-1337.

Scott, D., & Lemieux, C. (2010). Weather and climate information for tourism. Procedia

Environmental Sciences, 1, 146-183.

Scott, D., Amelung, B., Becken, S., Ceron, J.P., Dubois, G., Gossling, S., ... Simpson, M.C. (2008). Climate change and tourism–responding to global challenges.

Madrid, ES: United Nations World Tourism Organization.

Scott, D., Hall, C.M., & Gössling, S. (2012). Tourism and climate change: Impacts,

adaptation and mitigation. London, UK: Routledge.

Scott, D., Jones, B., & Konopek, J. (2008). Exploring the impact of climate-induced environmental changes on future visitation to Canada’s Rocky Mountain National Parks. Tourism Review International, 12, 43-56.

Scott, D., & Jones, B. (2006). The impact of climate on golf participation in the greater Toronto area(GTA): A case study. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(3), 363-380.

Scott, D., McBoyle, G., & Schwartzentruber, M. (2004). Climate change and the

distribution of climatic resources for tourism in North America. Climate Research,

27, 105-117.

Smith, K. (1993). The influence of weather and climate on recreation and tourism.

Weather, 48(12), 398-404.

Solomon, M. R. (1996). Consumer behavior: buying, having, and being. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Szalai, K., & Rátz, T. (2007). Tourist Perceptions of Uncertainty and Risk Associated with Extreme Weather Events. The 3rd International Conference on “Tourism

Future Trends”, University Faculty of Tourism and Hotel Management.

Tasaur, S.H., & Wu, D.H. (2005). Theuseof stated preference model in travel itinerary choice behavior. Journal of Business Research, 57(7) , 776-786.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] (2012a).

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage .

Retrieved from UNESCO Web site: http://whc.unesco.org/en/conventiontext/

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO] (2012b).

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved

from UNESCO Web site:

http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=home

Weather Channel (2013). Lifestyle: Sports & Recreation. Retrived from Weather Channel Web site: http://www.weather.com/sports-rec/main

Woodside, A.G., & Lysonski, S. (1989). A general model of traveler destination choice.

Travel Research, winter, 8-14.

World Meteorological Organization (2009) . Global framework for climate services.

Retrieved from World Meteorological Organization Web site:

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/wcp/ccl/documents/ConceptNote_GlobalFramewor

k_ver3.4110309.pdf

附錄

附錄一 旅遊目的地型態對遊客旅遊天氣資訊搜尋策略影響之研究問卷

旅遊天氣資訊搜尋策略影響之研究 問卷調查

編號: 施測日期:______年___月___

日 您好:

這是一份探討「旅遊目的地型態對旅遊天氣資訊搜尋策略影響」的學術性問卷,調 查未來一年內計畫出國旅遊的遊客天氣資訊搜尋的情形。

問卷資料僅供學術參考,採不記名方式進行,個別內容絕不對外公布作為其他用途,

請安心作答。您寶貴的意見對於本研究將有莫大的貢獻,懇請您撥空填答,非常感 謝您的協助。對研究如有其他的問題與指教,歡迎與我聯繫。

誠祝 事事順心

國立臺灣師範大學運動休閒與餐旅管理研究所 指導教授:李晶

研究生:夏秉楓 電話:0919-947-969

e-mail:summer_maple@hotmail.com

地址:臺北市大安區和平東路一段 129 號 6 樓(綜合大樓) 第一部份:旅遊目的地型態

填答說明:請問您即將規劃的國外旅遊活動屬於什麼類型,以主要考量選取適當的 選項,並在□內打ˇ。(可複選)

□ (1)山岳型(高山名山、登山活動、山城、丘陵、高原)

□ (2)溪河湖泊型(湖泊、溪流瀑布、水壩水庫、溫泉、冰川)

□ (3)海岸海洋型(海岸海濱、海底活動、海蝕景觀)

□ (4)地質地貌型(岩石構造、地質地景、風蝕、火山、島嶼、平原)

□ (5)動植物類型(國家公園、森林遊樂區、動植物園、自然保護區)

□ (6)有形人文文化(歷史建築、遺址古蹟、陵墓)

□ (7)無形人文文化(民俗活動、節慶祭典、風味佳餚、宗教活動、民族風情)

□ (8)文教設施型(博物館、美術館、歌舞音樂劇、文學)

□ (9)遊憩活動型(百貨公司、度假村、高爾夫球場、體育活動、主題樂園、風帆、滑雪)

□ (10)都市聚落型(都市市容、建築、風貌、科技城)

□ (11)鄉村聚落型(農牧場、山地聚落、魚港、休閒農業、觀光果園)

第二部分:旅遊條件因素

第三部分:天氣資訊搜尋策略

填答說明:此部分詢問您在即將到來的國外旅遊規劃中,採取的天氣資訊搜尋決策 行為。請在最適當的選項□中打ˇ。

1.在規劃旅遊時,您是否會搜尋天氣資訊? □(1)是 □(2)否

2.您會從哪些管道搜尋天氣資訊,這些管道對您來說重要度以及您搜尋的頻率為

2.您會從哪些管道搜尋天氣資訊,這些管道對您來說重要度以及您搜尋的頻率為