• 沒有找到結果。

第五章 結論與建議

第三節 未來研究方向

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

第三節 未來研究方向

一、將多媒體標註平台從應用於國小階段學童之英語字彙學習,擴展到其它英語 學習階段學習者的字彙學習或英語文章的閱讀理解。

本研究中應用多媒體標註平台輔助國小學童進行英語字彙學習,建議可將研 究範圍擴增至其他階段學習者,例如中學或大專院校等學習者之英語字彙學習 上。此外,亦可從字彙學習擴展為英語文章的閱讀理解。

二、進一步發展獎勵機制作為課程預習平台,發展翻轉教學模式。

本研究所使用之系統除輔助課堂補充教材教學外,未來亦可做為課本內容的 預習平台,讓學生在家先透過平台進行單字認識及課文內容討論之預習,並可發 展平台的獎勵機制功能,鼓勵學生於課前預習。教師再於課堂上針對平台的討論 內容或提問進行引導教學,發展為翻轉教學模式。

三、延長實驗時間,探討學童在較長時間使用多媒體標註平台下對英語字彙學習 的影響。

本研究因時間限制未能進行長期字彙學習教學實驗,但外語學習者的字彙能 力需要較長時間的接觸和學習。 因而建議未來可延長實驗時間, 深入探討 WCRASMA 標註系統輔助學童英語字彙學習,在促進其英語字彙能力、英語字 彙保留程度與英語學習動機的影響。

四、結合眼動儀深入探討學童在採用不同多媒體標註系統輔以英語字彙學習時的 眼動歷程

本研究發現採用語音、文字及圖片標註功能進行合作式閱讀標註的實驗組 三,以及採用語音及圖片標註功能進行合作式閱讀標註的實驗組二學童,其英語 字彙學習成效及英語字彙保留程度皆優於採用語音及文字標註功能進行合作式 閱讀標註的實驗組一學童,但是無法得知學童如何藉由語音、文字及圖片標註彼 此之間的參照進行英語字彙學習。因此,未來可結合眼動儀分析採用不同多媒體 標註組合進行合作式閱讀標註學童的英語字彙學習眼動歷程差異,進一步分析學 童學習時眼動路徑對於學習所造成的影響。

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

參考文獻

一、中文

王姿雯(2011)。國小六年級學童家庭內社會資本、英語學習動機及英語學業成 就之研究:以新北市板橋區某公立國小為例。國立台北教育大學,台北市。

安詩潔(2006)。國小六年級學生英語字彙學習策略之探究。國立嘉義大學,嘉 義縣。

吳中信(2013)。不同資訊呈現方式多媒體影音開放式課程對於學習專注力、情 緒、認知負荷與學習成效之影響研究。國立政治大學。台北市。

吳青蓉(1998)。營造英語的學習情境對國中學生學習表現態度與動機影響之研 究。竹縣文教,17,79-100。

李宗謙(2007)。合作學習對國小學生英語學習動機、自我效能及口語表現之探 究。國立彰化師範大學:彰化縣。

沈中偉(2008)。科技與學習:理論與實務。台北市:心理。

周中天(1993)。外語學習中的動機因素。人文及社會學科教學通訊,4(4),15-25。

周文欽(1996)。心理與教育測驗。台北:心理。

林至誠(2011)。多媒體輔助字彙學習:文獻回顧。師大學報:語言與文學類 , 56(1),1-20。

林秀芩(2010)標註系統輔助不同模糊容忍度國小學童英語閱讀之研究。國立政 治大學。台北市。

徐玉婷(2004)。國中生英語焦慮、英語學習動機與英語學習策略之相關研究。

國立成功大學教育研究所,台南市。

張玉茹(1997)。國民中學學生英語學習動機、英語學習策略與英語學習成就相 關之研究。國立高雄師範大學,高雄市。

張玉茹、吳青蓉、羅廷瑛(2007):國小學生英語學習動機與英語聽力學習成就 相關之研究。載於台北市立教育大學主編「2007 年台灣教育學術研討會」

論文集(頁 470-496)。(國科會計畫編號:NSC-93-2413-H-260-013-) 張春興(1991)。張氏心理學辭典。台北:東華。

張春興(2007)。教育心理學:三化取向的理論與實踐。臺北市:東華。

張嘉凌(2008)。探討線上學習筆記與自我評量與其對學習的影響。國立中央大 學,桃園市。

教育部(2006)。國民中小學九年一貫課程與教學。

郭生玉(2000)。心理與教育測驗。台北:精華。

Teaching Vocabulary on Premedical Students' Achievement, Satisfaction and Attitude Toward English Language. College of Arts for Girls in Dammam.

Thesis.

Acha, J. (2009). The effectiveness of multimedia programs in children's vocabulary learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40(1), 23-31.

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8535.2007.00800.x.

Akbulut, Y. (2007). Effects of Multimedia Annotations on Incidental Vocabulary Learning and Reading Comprehension of Advanced Learners of English as a Foreign Language. Instruction Science, 35, 499-517.

Al-Seghayer, K. (2001). The Effect of Multimedia Annotation Modes on L2

Technology, 5(1), 202-232.

Anderson, R. C., & P. Freebody. (1981). Vocabulary knowledge. In J. T. Guthrie (ed.), Comprehension and Teaching: Research Reviews. Newark, DE: International.

Bender, W. N., & Larkin, M. J. (2003). Reading strategies for elementary students with learning difficulties. Thousand Oaks,CA : Corwin Press.

Birgit, B. (2005). Adaptation of learning spaces: Supporting ubiquitous learning in

higher distance education. Retrieved from

http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2005/371

Brophy, J. (2004). Motivating students to learn. Talks to teachers. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Brown, A. L. (1987). Metacognition, executive control, self-regulation and other more mysterious mechanisms. In Franz E. Weinert &; Rainer H. Kluwe, Metacognition, motivation, and understanding, 65-116. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Brush, A. J. B. (2002). Annotating Digital Documents for Asynchronous Collaboration. Technical Report, 02-09-02.

Cameron, L. (2001c). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge: Cambridge Press.

Carter, R. (1987). Vocabulary: Applied linguistic perspectives. London: Unwin Hyman.

Chapelle, C. (1997). CALL in the year 2000: Still in search of research paradigms?

Language Learning & Technology, 1(1), 19-43.

Chapelle, C. (1998). Multimedia call: Lessons to be learned from research on instructed SLA. Language Learning & Technology, 2(1), 22-34.

Chapelle, C. A. (1994). Are C-tests valid measures for L2 vocabulary research?

Second Language Research, 10, 157-187

Childers, T. L., Houston, M. J., Heckler, S. E. (1985).Measurement of individual differences in visual versus verbal information processing. Journal of Consumer Research, 12,125-134.

Chun, D. M. and J. L. Plass. (1996). Effect of Multimedia Annotations on Vocabulary Acquisition. The Modern Language Journal, 80, 183-198.

Chun, D., & Brandl, K. K. (1992). Beyond form-based drill and practice:

Meaning-enhancing CALL on the Macintosh. Foreign Language Annals, 25(3), 255-265.

Coady, J. (1993). Research on ESL/EFL vocabulary acquisition: putting it in context.

In T. Huckin, M. Haynes & J. Coady (Eds.), Second language reading and vocabulary learning (pp. 3-23). Norwood, N. J.: Ablex Publishing Corp.

Coady, J. (1997). L2 vocabulary acquisition through extensive reading. In J.

coady & T. Huckin (Eds.), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale

Covington, M. V. (1984). The self-worth theory of achievement motivation: Findings and implications. Elementary School Learning, 85, 5-20.

Dornyei(1998).Motivation in second and foreign language learning.

Language Teaching, 31(3), 117-135.

Dornyei, Z. (1990) Conceptualizing motivation in foreign language learning.

Language Learning, 40(1), 45-78.

Dornyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and Researching Motivation. England: Pearson Education Limited.

Dunkel, H. B. (1948). Second language learning. Boston: Ginn.

Dunkel, P (1990). Implications of the CAI effectiveness research for limited English proficient learners. Computers in the Schools, 7(1-2), 31-52.

Dunn, R., Dunn, K. (1993). Teaching Secondary Students Through Their Individualized Learning Styles. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co.

Effken, J. A., &; Doyle, M. (2001). Interface design and cognitive style in learning an instructional computer simulation. Comput Nurs, 19(4), 164-171.

Ehsani, F, & Knodt, E. (1998). Speech technology in computer-aided language learning: Strengths and limitations of a new CALL paradigm. Language Learning and Technology, 2(1), 45-60.

Ellis, N. C. (1995). Psychology of foreign language vocabulary acquisition:

Implications for CALL. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 8(2), 103-128.

Ellis, R. (1997). SLA research and language teaching. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Ely, C. (1986). Language learning motivation: A descriptive and causal analysis. The Modern Language Journal, 70, 28-35.

Felder, R. M., & Silverman, L. K. (1988). Learning and teaching Styles in engineering education. Journal of 1.Engineering Education, 78(7), 674-681.

Foil, C, R., & Alber, S, R. (2002). Fun and effective ways to build your students’ vocabulary. Interaction in School and Clinic, 37 (3), 131-139.

Gardner, R. C. & Lambert, W. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Newbury House Publisher.

Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.

Gardner, R. C. (1985b). The attitude motivation test battery: Technical report. London, Ontario, Canada: University of West Ontario, Department of Psychology.

Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W.E. (1959). Motivational variables in second language acquisition. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 13, 266-272.

Gardner, R. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1993). A student’s contributions to second-

language learning. Part II: Affective variables. Language Teaching, 26, 1-11 Gardner, R. C., & Smythe, P. C. (1975). Second language acquisition: a social

psychological approach (Research Bulletin No. 332). London, Ontario:

University of Western Ontario, Department of Psychology.

Gardner, R.C. (1985a). Social psychology and second-language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London, England: Edward Arnold.

Gass, S. (1997). Input, interaction, and the second language learner. Mahwah, NJ:

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Grabe, W., & Stoller, F. (1997). Reading and vocabulary development in a second language: A case study. In J. Coady & T. Huckin (Eds.), Second language vocabulary acquisition: A rationale for pedagogy. NY: Cambridge University Press.

Gui, S. (1985) A survey analysis of the English majors’ vocabulary size in China.

Modern Foreign Languages, 27(1), p1-6.

Guo, J. H., & Okita, Y. (2001). Chinese-Singaporean University students’ motivation for learning Japanese. Japanese Education, 110, 130-141.

Hart, G. (2007). Combining words and pictures: Degrees of abstraction. Intercom, 42, 38-39.

Herdon, J. N. (1987). Learner intersts, achievement, and continuing motivation in instruction. Journal of instructional development, 110, 130-141.

Hoffman, S. (1995-1996). Computers and instructional design in foreign language/ESL instruction. TESOL journal, 5(2), 24-29.

Horton, W. K. (1991). Illustrating computer documentation: The art of presenting information graphically on paper and online. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hult, S., Kalaja, M., Lassila, O., & Lehtisalo, T (1990). HYPERREADERAn interactive course in reading comprehension. System, 18(2), 189-198.

James, R. (1996). CALL and the speaking skill. System, 24(1), 15-21.

Janet Yu-gi Chao(2013). Factors Affecting College EFL Learners’ Listening Comprehension and Listening Problems. NCUE Journal of Humanities, 8, 71-84 Jonassen, D. H., Grabowski, B. L. (1993). Handbook of individual differences,

learning and instruction. NJ: Erlbaum.

Jones, F. (1991). Mickey Mouse and the state of the art: Program sophistication and classroom methodology in communicative CALL. System, 19(1-2), 1-13.

Jones, L. C. (2006b). Effects of collaboration and multimedia annotations on vocabulary learning and listening comprehension. CALICO Journal, 24, 33-58.

Jones, L. C., & Plass, J. L. (2002). Supporting listening comprehension and vocabulary acquisition in French with multimedia annotations. The Modern Language Journal, 86, 546-561.

Kawase, R., Herder, E. &; Nejdl, W. (2009). A comparison of paper-based and online annotations in the workplace. In Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning: Learning in the Synergy of Multiple Disciplines.

(pp. 240 - 253). New York: ACM Press.

Kiewra, K. A. (1989). A Review of Note-Taking: The Encoding-Storage Paradigm and Beyond. Educational Psychology Review, 1 (2), 147-172.

Kolb, D. A. (1976). Learning Style Inventory: Technical manual. Boston, MA: McBer

& Co.

Kolb, D. A. (1985). The learning style inventory and technical manual. Boston, MA:

McBer.

Kost, C. R., P. Foss, and J. J. Lenzini. (1999). Textual and Pictorial Glosses:

Effectiveness on Incidental Vocabulary Growth When Reading in a Foreign Language. Foreign Language Annals, 1(32), 89-113.

Kramsch, C., & Andersen, R. (1999). Teaching text and context through multimedia.

Language Learning and Technology, 2(2), 31-42.

Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition. New York: Pergamon.

Kuo, F. L. and H. K. Chiang. Story Animation: Helping Students Build Connections between Words and Pictures in Multimedia Learning, in Proceedings of 2006 International Conference on English Instruction and Assessment.

Laufer, B. (1992). How much lexis is necessary for reading comprehension?

Vocabulary and Applied Linguistics, 126-132.

Lewis, M. (1993). The Lexical Approach. Hove, UK: Language Teaching Publications.

Long, M.H. (1985). Input and second language acquisition theory. In S. M. Gass & C.

G. madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 377-393). Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.

Marshall, C. C. (1997). Annotation: From paper books to the digital library. In proceedings of the second ACM conference on digital libraries, July 23-26.

Marson, B., & Krashen, S. (1997). Extensive reading in English as a foreign language. System, 25, 91-102.

Mayer, R. E. (1997). Multimedia learning: Are we asking the right questions?

Educational Psychologist, 32(1), 1-19.

Mayer, R. E. (2001). Multimedia learning. USA: Cambridge University Press.

Mayer, R. E., & Moreno, R. (2002). Animation as an aid to multimedia learning.

Educational psychology review, 14(1), 87-99.

Meara, P. & Jones, G.. (1987). Tests of vocabulary size in English as a foreign language. Potyglot, 8(1), 1-40.

Meara, P. (1980). Vocabulary acquisition: a neglected aspect of language

learning. Language Teaching and Linguistics, 13, 221-246.

Messick, S. (1984). The nature of cognitive styles: Problems and promise in educational practice. Educational Psychologist, 19(1), 59-74.

Najjar, L. J. (1996). Multimedia information and learning. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 5, 129-150.

Nation, I.S.P. (1990). Teaching and learning vocabulary. Boston, Mass.: Heinle &

Heinle Publishers

Nation, I.S.P. (2001). Learning Vocabulary in another language. UK: Cambridge University Press.

Nielsen, B. (2003). A review of research into vocabulary learning and acquisition.

Retrieved December 2, 2010, from the World Wide Web:

http://www.kushiro-ct.ac.jp/library/kiyo/kiyo36/Brian.pdf.

Numeroff, L. (1985). The Very Hungry Caterpillar. United States: Harper & Row.

O'Malley & Chamot (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. NY:

Cambridge University Press.

Ovsiannikov,A. I., Arbib, M. A. & Mcneill, T. H. (1999). Annotation Technology.

International Journal of Human- Computer Studies, 50, 329-362.

Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning Strategies : What every teacher should know.

Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.

Oxford, R. L., Park-Oh, Y., Ito, S., & Sumrall, M. (1993). Learning Japanese by satellite: What Japanese by satellite: What influences student achievement?

System, 21(1), p31-48.

Paivio, A. (1986). Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Patrick Rau, P. L., Chen, S. H., & Chin, Y. T. (2004). Developing web annotation tools for learners and instructors. Interacting with Computers, 16, 163–181.

Pearson, P. D., & Fielding, L. (1991). Comprehension instruction. In R. Bar, et al (eds.) Handbook of Reading Research. vols. 2815-860. New York: Longman.

Pedro P., Pilar R. (2006). The application of learning styles in both individual and collaborative learning. Advanced Learning Technologies.

Pica, T. (1994). Research on negotiation: What does it reveal about second-language learning conditions, processes, and outcomes? Language Learning, 44(3), 493-527.

Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Plass, J. L. and L. Jones. (2002). Supporting listening comprehension with multimedia an-notations. The Modern Language Journal, 86 (4), 546-561.

Learning (pp.467-488). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Purdy, M. (1996). The limits to human contact: How communication technology mediates relationships. Paper presented to the International Listening Association.

Read, J. (2000). Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Read, J. (2000). Vocabulary and testing. In Schmitt N. and McCarthy M. (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, acquisition and pedagogy (pp. 303-320). Cambridge.

Richardson, A. (1977). Verbalizer-visualizer: A cognitive style dimension. Journal of Mental Imagery, 1(1), 109-126.

Riding, R. J., & Sadler-Smith, E. (1997). Cognitive style and learning strategies:

Some implications for training design. International Journal of Training and Development, 1(3), 199-208.

Rivers, W. M. (1982). Psychology linguistics and language teaching. English Teaching Forum, 20(2), 2-9.

Rost, M. (2011). Teaching and researching listening (2Nd ed.). London: Longman.

Salaberry, M. R. (2001). The use of technology for second language learning and teaching: A retrospective. The Modern Language Journal, 85, 39-56.

Schmitt, N. (1997). Vocabulary learning strategies. The proceedings of Vocabulary:

Description, acquisition, and pedagogy, 194-227. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, S.M., Woody, P.C. (2000). Interactive effect of multimedia instruction and learning styles. Teaching of Psychology, 27(3), 220-223.

Stoffer, I. (1995). University foreign language student’s choice of vocabulary learning strategies as related to individual difference variables. University of Alabama, Alabama.

Swain, M. (1985). Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. In S. M. Gass, & C. G. Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 235-253). Rowley, MA:

Newbury House Publishers.

Swain, M., & Lapkin, S. (1995). Problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate: A step towards second language learning. Applied Linguistics, 16, 371-391.

Sweller, J., Van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design. Educational psychology review, 10(3), 251–296.

Wachob, P. (2005). Methods and materials for motivation and learner autonomy.

Reflections on English Language Teaching, 1(5), 93-122.

Weiner, B (1972). Theories of motivation. Chicago: Rand McNally.

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Weiner, B (1974) (Ed). Cognitive views of human motivation. New York: Academic Press.

Weiner, B (1982). The emotional consequences of casual ascriptions. In M.S. Clark &

S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Affect and Cognition. Hillsidale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. . Witkin, H. A. (1976). Cognitive style in academic performance and in teacher-

student relations. In S. Messick & Associates: Individulity in learning. San Francisco: Jossey-bass Publishers.

Wittrock, M. C. (1974). Learning as a generative process. Education Psychologist, 11, 87-95.

Wolfe, J. (2002). Annotation technologies: A software and research review. Computers and Composition, 19(4), 471-497.

Xu, J. (2010) .Using Multimedia Vocabulary Annotations in L2 Reading and Listening Activities. CALICO Journal, 27(2), 311-327.

Yalcinkaya, F., Muluk, N. B., & Ashin, S. (2009). Effects of listening ability on speaking, writing and reading skills of children who were suspected of auditory processing difficulty. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 73(8), 1137-1142.

Yeh, Y. and C. Wang. (2003). Effects of Multimedia Vocabulary Annotations and Learning Styles on Vocabulary Learning, CALICO Journal, 21(1),131-144.

Yoshii, M. (2006). L1 and L2 Glosses: Their Effects on Incidental Vocabulary Learning. Language Learning & Technology, 10(3), 85-101.

Yoshii, M. and J. Flaitz. (2002) Second Language Incidental Vocabulary Retention:

The Effect of Picture and Annotation Types. CALICO Journal, 20(1), 33-58.

Zhao, X., & Okamoto, T. (2011). Adaptive multimedia content delivery for context-aware u-learning. International Journal Mobile Learning and Organization, 5(1), 46-63. doi:10.1504/IJMLO. 2011.038691