第三章 語言遊戲
第四節 李爾的無稽世界
在約翰.洛威.湯森 ( John Rowe Townsend) 的《英語兒童文學史綱》中,
提到李爾在英語兒童文學史中的地位:
愛德華〃李爾(Edward Lear, 1812-1888)和路易斯〃卡洛爾是最會寫兒 童打油詩的作家,至今無人能及。李爾的《胡說八道書》(Book of Nonsense),敘述者是「愛看小傢伙快樂的老德利唐德利」,於 1846 年 出版,收集多首打油詩。李爾以韻文寫的胡鬧故事要過好幾年後才問世;
1870 年的《胡說八道歌》(Nonsense Songs)包括「亂七八糟」(―The Jumblies‖)和「貓頭鷹和咪咪貓」(―The Owl and the Pussy-Cat‖),而一 八七七年問世的《可笑的抒情詩》(Laughable Lyrics)包括「沒有腳趾 的波寶」 (―The Pobble who has no Toes‖)和「鼻子發亮的咚」 (―The Dong with the Luminous Nose‖)。卡洛爾最有名的詩可能是《愛麗絲》
書中的。《夢遊以境》裡多的是打油詩;但最有創意的詩卻在《鏡中奇 遇》裡。其中兩首是英語打油詩裡寫得最出色的;第一首是「海獅與木 匠」(―The Walrus and the Carpenter‖),有荒謬的邏輯、瘋狂的發明和對 偽善的嘲諷;另一首「說瞎話」(―Jabberwocky‖),創了不少新字。然 而李爾是個詩人,因此對文字的感受力可能比卡洛爾尖銳。李爾的傳記 作家薇薇安〃諾克(Vivien Noakes)就說過,他寫胡亂故事的發展「逐
漸遠離純粹的胡說八道,漸成悲傷感人的詩」。他的詩含有豐富的想像 力,只是到後期愈見憂鬱,尤其是在他寫的在遠方流浪的故事裡。51 李爾和卡洛爾常常被相提並論。兩人都被視作為英國維多利亞時期的無稽文學大 師。 ―The secret of their success is that both Lear and Carroll could step outside the categories of their century.‖52 他們兩人成功的原因在於,開創另一種文學類型的 流行。
李爾和卡洛爾無庸置疑的,是維多利亞時期無稽文學的大師:
Edward Lear and Lewis Carroll are so prominent as the masters of nonsense.
What Lear did, for example, was to make culture at large more aware of
―upside down‖ and of null categories in human language and experience: he set language on his head with his many nonce words; he mixes categories until we question what belong where.53
相較於大玩邏輯遊戲的數學家卡洛爾,李爾大量運用顛倒反置的想法,在人類的 語言和經驗中創造無意義的類別。他在腦海裡建立許多的創新字,混合著不同類 別的語言規則,讓讀者思索著什麼類別是來自哪裡。在社會約定俗成的規則之下,
創造了無限可能的無稽。在社會的框架中,開創無邊際的寬闊世界。
創作無稽作品的氛圍,當然不是一蹴可幾。而是在好幾個世紀中的演進。在
《兒童無稽文學》(Nonsense Literature for Children)中,第二章談論無稽文學的 歷史時提到,在十八世紀專門為兒童而寫的文學作品,繼紐伯瑞 (John Newbery)
之後,逐漸被接受與漸趨普及:
By the eighteen century, literature for children had become accepted and popular enough to bring profit to such publishers as John Newbery, whose landmark book A Little Pretty Pocket-Book: Intended for the Instruction and
51 約翰.洛威.湯森 ( John Rowe Townsend) 著,謝瑤玲譯,《英語兒童文學史綱》,頁 118-119。
52 Anderson, Celia Catlett and Apseloff, Marilyn Fain. Nonsense Literature for Children: Aesop to Seuss., 1989, 20.
53 同上註。
Amusement of Little Master Tommy and Pretty Missy Polly (1744) was among the first to capitalize on the growing popularity of humorous verse for children.54
紐伯瑞的這本口袋小書,是在逐漸成長的幽默韻文中,第一本為兒童投資的無稽 Stephen Prickett 在《維多利亞的奇幻》(Victorian Fantasy)一書中,提到李爾和 卡洛爾:
In childhood, dreams, and the frontiers of consciousness, in the marvelous, the grotesque, and the monstrous they〔the Victorians〕discovered the possibility of quite different rules from those of the prevailing consensus:
the rule of ―Nonsense.‖ (114)
在童年時期,在夢境中,在淺意識裡,他們(維多利亞子民)發現,從
54 Anderson, Celia Catlett and Apseloff, Marilyn Fain. Nonsense Literature for Children: Aesop to Seuss, 18.
55 Anderson, Celia Catlett and Apseloff, Marilyn Fain. Nonsense Literature for Children: Aesop to Seuss., 19.
Looking back on childhood, we may forget how much hard work growing up involves, and how much stress. It is small wonder that children turn so often to both laughter and tears. Humor is a major ingredient in a healthy childhood, and the extreme type of humor that is called nonsense is especially useful. Nonsense exchanges can give children their first lessons in distinguishing between logic and illogic, between what is to be taken seriously and what is comic. It has always had a special appeal for the young, partly because such blatant humor allows children to get the joke more readily that they do with other more subtle forms.56
回想童年時期,在成長的過程中,承受許多的艱辛和壓力。一個小小的幻想,能 讓成長的沉重轉換成笑淚交織。幽默是健康童年的主要配方。而創作出極致幽默 的無稽,特別有用。無稽的置換,讓兒童在邏輯與非邏輯之間辨識,在嚴肅與滑 稽之間學習。無稽對兒童而言,具特別的吸引力,因為無稽引起逗人發笑的幽默,
讓兒童更容易獲得快樂。在無稽的世界裡,兒童在規矩的束縛之中,找到出口。
因為兒童需要幽默,因為兒童需要歡樂,李爾的無稽世界,帶給兒童大量的 笑聲。這也是李爾的無稽,能歷經百餘年,受到歡迎的原因。
56 Anderson, Celia Catlett and Apseloff, Marilyn Fain. Nonsense Literature for Children: Aesop to Seuss., 6.