• 沒有找到結果。

第三章 語言遊戲

第一節 聽文字在唱歌

在《閱讀兒童文學的樂趣》中,培利.諾德曼在探討詩如何引起兒童閱讀文 學的樂趣時發現,詩透過特定的文字排列,創造出反覆的韻律與節奏,形成詩的 音樂性。富音樂性的詩,能先於文字閱讀刺激感官。「詩的力量來自韻律所提供 的感官樂趣。」35 詩的節奏和韻律能讓兒童獲得閱讀樂趣。因此,「許多兒童最 初是從詩歌(如押韻或童謠)的形式體會文學樂趣。」36 李爾的無稽詩,以固 定形式的打油詩創作。除了五行固定的文字排列,也以固定形式的押韻規則創造 出詩的音樂性。在本論文研究範圍中的 112 首無稽詩,每一首都是抑抑揚格,押 aabba 的韻。第一、二、五句押相同的韻,三、四句押相同的韻。首首都是節奏 鮮明、富韻律的音樂詩。朗讀詩句的節奏和韻律,如音樂般的詩句,能帶給兒童 感官上的刺激。在尚未理解文字所傳達出的意象之前,兒童就能經由感官得到快 樂。

詩人羅青在《詩人之橋》中提到:

學習一國的詩歌,必先從其傳統的童謠開始。也許不是每首童謠都有很 深刻的意義,遣詞造句也不見得都很簡單,但在學習朗誦的過程中,卻

35 培利.諾德曼著,《閱讀兒童文學的樂趣》,頁 303。

36 培利.諾德曼著,《閱讀兒童文學的樂趣》,頁 301。

往往最能夠使讀者了解該國語文的「個性」,從而與之建立感情。這是 教科書與字典所辦不到的。語言的學習,可分實用與非實用兩種。學校 教科書上所傳授的,偏重於實用,學生只學習到一些文法知識,沒有辦 法與文字本身建立親切的感情。因此,學習成果總要大打折扣。而童謠 的誦唱,偏重於感性方面,平常無事時,自然脫口而出,為了念童謠而 念童謠,充滿了音韻節奏的樂趣。37

李爾的無稽詩,充滿了音樂性,有童謠中重複出現的特質,十分適合兒童朗誦。

朗誦而出的感性聲音,讓兒童能先於文意,感受到語言的樂趣。佛洛依德也提及:

人們也普遍承認,韻腳、頭韻、疊句甚至詩句中常出現的重覆類似 的詞語聲音的其他形式都使用了同一快樂來源—對熟悉事物的再發 現。38

在李爾的 112 首無稽詩中,幾乎每一首詩句都以重覆類似的詞語聲音,不斷出現。

有在拼音上相似的作法,也有句型上的重複。以下分類舉例,來討論李爾善用詞 語聲音的重複,讓兒童透過對熟悉事物的再發現,而感受讀詩的樂趣。

一、 韻腳的部分(聲音的重複)

李爾在五行打油詩裡,第一、二、五行押相同的韻;第三、四行押相同的韻。

112 首詩第一行的最後一個單字,有 109 首和最末行的最末字是相同的單字。筆 者覺得有趣的是,李爾善用簡單的單字,製造韻律。李爾押韻的單字,九成是單 音節和雙音節的字,少數出現三音節或三音節以上的單字。製造韻律的單字,不 只是押相同的韻,在拼音上也只有字首的子音不同(例如下列表格中加框及畫底 線的部分)。對於正在學習語言的兒童,可以很簡單就掌握聲音的熟悉聲韻,並 享受到遊戲般的樂趣。舉例如下39

37 羅青著,《詩人之橋》,頁 87。

38 佛洛依德著,《詼諧與潛意識的關係》,頁 181。

39 表格中無稽詩的編號,是按照李爾 1861 年《無稽詩集》中 112 首無稽詩的順序所編。表格中

舉例的每一首無稽詩中,□ 中的單字,押相同的聲韻; 的單字,押相同的聲韻。

1.

以單音節為主的例子:

Have all built their nests in my beard!'

No.2

There was an Old Man on a hill , Who seldom, if ever, stood still ; He ran up and down ,

In his Grandmother's gown ,

Which adorned that Old Man on a hill . No.12

There was a Young Lady whose chin, Resembled the point of a pin;

So she had it made sharp, And purchased a harp,

And played several tunes with her chin.

No.19

There was an Old Person of Leeds, Whose head was infested with beads;

She sat on a stool, And ate gooseberry fool,

Which agreed with that person of Leeds.

No.28

There was an Old Man of the West, Who wore a pale plum-coloured vest;

When they said, 'Does it fit?' He replied, 'Not a bit!'

That uneasy Old Man of the West.

No.40

The was a Young Lady of Bute, Who played on a silver-gilt flute;

She played several jigs, To her uncle's white pigs,

That amusing Young Lady of Bute No.47

There was a Young Lady of Poole, Whose soup was excessively cool;

So she put it to boil By the aid of some oil,

That ingenious Young Lady of Poole.

No.48

There was an Old Person of Mold, Who shrank from sensations of cold, So he purchased some muffs, Some furs and some fluffs,

And wrapped himself from the cold.

No.57

There was an Old Man of Cape Horn, Who wished he had never been born;

So he sat on a chair, Till he died of despair,

That dolorous Man of Cape Horn.

No.60

There was an Old Man of the South, Who had an immederate mouth;

But in swallowing a dish, That was quite full of fish,

He was choked, that Old Man of the South.

No.63

There was an old person of Troy, Whose drink was warm brandy and soy, Which he took with a spoon,

No.78

There was an Old Person of Dutton, Whose head was as small as a button, So, to make it look big,

By the light of the moon, In sight of the city of Troy.

He purchased a wig,

And rapidly rushed about Dutton.

No.79

There was a Young Lady of Tyre, Who swept the loud chords of a lyre;

At the sound of each sweep She enraptured the deep, And enchanted the city of Tyre.

No.80

There was an Old Man who said, 'Hush!

I perceive a young bird in this bush!' When they said, 'Is it small?' He replied, 'Not at all!

It is four times as big as the bush!' No.86

There was an Old Man of the West, Who never could get any rest;

So they set him to spin On his nose and chin,

Which cured that Old Man of the West.

No.90

There was an Old Person of Spain, Who hated all trouble and pain;

So he sat on a chair, With his feet in the air,

That umbrageous Old Person of Spain.

No.93

There was a Young Lady of Wales, Who caught a large fish without scales;

When she lifted her hook She exclaimed, 'Only look!'

That ecstatic Young Lady of Wales.

No.102

There was an Old Man of the Cape, Who possessed a large Barbary ape, Till the ape one dark night

Set the house all alight,

Which burned that Old Man of the Cape.

2.

以雙音節為主的例子:

表 3-2 李爾無稽詩以雙音節為主要押韻字

No.33

There was an Old Person whose habits, Induced him to feed upon rabbits;

When he'd eaten eighteen, He turned perfectly green,

Upon which he relinquished those habits.

No.45

There was an Old Person of Prague, Who was suddenly seized with the Plague;

But they gave his some butter, Which caused him to mutter,

And cured that Old Person of Prague.

No.95

There was a Young Lady of Welling, Whose praise all the world was a-telling;

She played on a harp, And caught several carp,

That accomplished Young Lady of Welling.

No.9

There was an Old Lady of Chertsey, Who made a remarkable curtsey;

She twirled round and round, Till she sunk underground,

Which distressed all the people of Chertsey.

3.

含三音節及三音節以上的例子:

表 3-3 李爾無稽詩以三音節以上為主要押韻字

No.55

There was an Old Man of Bohemia, Whose daughter was christened Euphemia, Till one day, to his grief,

She married a thief,

Which grieved that Old Man of Bohemia.

No.56

There was an Old Man of Vesuvius, Who studied the works of Vitruvius;

When the flames burnt his book, To drinking he took,

That morbid Old Man of Vesuvius.

No.96

There was an Old Person of Tartary, Who divided his jugular artery;

But he screeched to his wife, And she said, 'Oh, my life!

Your death will be felt by all Tartary!'

No.13

There was an Old Man of Kilkenny, Who never had more than a penny;

He spent all that money, In onions and honey,

That wayward Old Man of Kilkenny.

李爾運用相同的聲韻,來製造詩的音樂性。詩的韻律和節奏,是讓讀者愉悅

究範圍內的 112 首無稽詩,雖無疊句的運用,卻是利用「疊字」來製造重複的聲 音。無稽打油詩形式固定,只有五行詩句,無法再有多餘的空間放進兩行重複的 句子。因而並不適合在此使用兩句以上相同的疊句。李爾運用了大量拼音類似的 單字,來營造詞與聲音的重複,達到如歌曲旋律般重複的效果,筆者大膽稱之為

「疊字」。

以上一段所舉的例子來說明。編號第 1 首的無稽詩中,運用含單音節的簡單 單字。第一行最末字的 beard,第二行最末字的 feared,第五行最末字的 beard,

第三行最末字的 Hen,第四行最末字的 Wren;只有字首的子音不同,運用簡單 的單字,不僅在字的聲音上,字的「外表」也充滿了熟悉感。編號第 45 首的無 稽詩,運用含雙音節的單字。第一行最末字的 Prague,第二行最末字的 plague,

第五行最末字的 Prague。雖然事實上,Prague 和 plague 是單音節的單字,但是

「外表」上卻長的像雙音節的字(字母 a 和 u 都有機會發母音),對於在建構語 音規則的兒童讀者而言,是容易混淆的。第三行最末字的 butter,第四行最末字 的 mutter。李爾在這首詩裡面所安排的押韻單字之間,只有一個字母不同。第二 行的 r 變化成第二行的 l;第三行的 b 替換成第四行的 m。編號第 56 首的無稽詩,

運用含三音節以上的單字。第一行最末字的 Vesuvius,第二行最末字的 Vitruvius,

第五行最末字的 Vesuvius,第三行最末字的 book,第四行最末字的 hook。Vesuvius 和 Vitruvius 對兒童而言,應屬難字。然而,第一行出現的難字,馬上在第二行 就發現很像的字,有一股遊戲中發現線索的雀躍。最後在最末句又再重複一次,

難字也變得令人親近多了。

雖然在無稽詩中無法運用疊句的技巧,但是在有限的字數,和固定行數的限 制之下,李爾利用類似的單字來玩遊戲,讓文字唱歌,讓文字跳舞,字母與字母 在交換著舞伴。讓讀者充分感受到音樂般的旋律,跳舞般的節奏。與疊句運用連 續出現相同的句子一樣,「疊字」連續出現近似的字,營造出如歌曲般的詩句。

一而再,再而三的在重複的熟悉中,讓讀者享受著遊戲般的樂趣。誠如佛洛依德 所說:「詼諧分為言語詼諧(verbal jokes)和概念詼諧(conceptual)。有很多單

純性詼諧是通過語詞玩弄和語音的類似性而起作用的。」41 李爾運用語音當材 料,堆疊著一塊塊的語音積木,讀者和李爾一起沉浸在遊戲的快樂中。李爾大量 的玩弄著語音遊戲,讓讀在於「再現」中享受樂趣,創造的正是佛洛依德所說的 單純性詼諧。

三、 打油詩(句型的重複)

如果在上一小段中,稱連續出現相似的字為「疊字」,那麼筆者在此再次大膽 的稱呼,一首接一首出現的相同形式的無稽詩為「疊詩」。

李爾 112 首的無稽詩,以打油詩的形式寫成。此寫作形式是模仿 1821 年出版 的《十六位令人讚嘆的老太婆》和 1822 年的《十五位紳士的冒險軼事》。打油詩 以五行固定格式形成,句型也幾乎固定。無稽詩的第一句句型為:There was a

(an)+ 主角身分。每一首詩第一句相同句型的重複,對兒童而言,就是一種熟 悉事物的再發現。而佛洛依德也提出:

用於移置作用的聯繫,也許僅僅是語音上的類似,這樣,這個亞類就與 音語詼諧(verbal jokes)中的雙關語相同。然而,這裡的聯繫卻不是兩 個語詞之間語音上的類似,而是句子與句子之間、短語與短語之間等等

用於移置作用的聯繫,也許僅僅是語音上的類似,這樣,這個亞類就與 音語詼諧(verbal jokes)中的雙關語相同。然而,這裡的聯繫卻不是兩 個語詞之間語音上的類似,而是句子與句子之間、短語與短語之間等等