第二章 動物福利之介紹──以歐盟動物福利政策及管制架構為中心
第四節 歐盟動物福利政策及管制架構
該公約而後於 2004 年重新修正37。1976 年《保護農場動物之歐洲公約》38 重視集營化經營農場隻動物福利。1979 年《保護屠宰動物之歐洲公約》39，
36 European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Transport, 1968, available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/065.htm.
37 European Convention for the Protection of Animals during International Transport (revised), 2004 O. J. (L 241) 22, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/l241-22_13-7-04_en.pdf.
38 European Convention for the Protection of Animals kept for Farming Purposes, 1976, available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/087.htm.
39 European Convention for the Protection of Animals for Slaughter, 1979, available at http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/Html/102.htm.
40 European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, 1986, available at
http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/treaties/html/123.htm.
41 Agreement on International Humane Trapping Standards between the European Community, Canada and the Russian Federation, 1997, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/prepareCreateTreatiesWorkspace/treatiesGeneralData.do?s tep=0&redirect=true&treatyId=625.
42 鑒於歐盟之動物福利管制架構係綜合式且分散於不同部會（Directorate General, DG）下
（如消費及健康 DG 與環境 DG 皆有涉及動物福利之規定，舉例而言，野生動物、實驗動
物及海豹皮即屬環境 DG），因此本論文此部分將從用途及生產過程兩種角度對歐盟動物福
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雞（laying hens）之指令第 1999/74/EC 號所取代43、1988 年《關於〈保護 屠宰用動物的歐洲公約〉的理事會決定》（88/306/EEC）、1989 年《關於動 物在共同體內部貿易過程中的獸醫檢查理事會指令》（89/662/EEC）、1991 年有關小牛（calves）之福利規範指令第 91/629/EEC 號而後為第 2008/119/EC 號所取代44、1991 年保護豬隻（pigs）第 91/630/EEC 號指令，而後為指令 第 2001/88/EC 號所修訂，此外，歐盟理事會亦採用指令第 2001/93/EC 號修 訂 91/630/EEC 號指令之附件，擴大飼養豬之福利45、指令第 2007/43/CE 號 則規範有關肉雞（broilers）之福利46。其次，關於一般性規定部分，1978 年第 78/923/EEC 號、1998 年《關於保護農畜動物的理事會指令》（98/58/EC）為生產食物、毛皮或為達其他農業目的之所有物種（包含魚、爬蟲及兩棲 類）設立一般性規定，係根據歐盟保護農場動物之公約理念，彰顯上述指
利法進行歸類。參考，Animal Welfare Main Community Legislative References, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/index_en.htm。
43 Animal Welfare on the Farm – Laying hens, EUROPEAN
COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/farm/laying_hens_en.htm.
44 Animal Welfare on the Farm – Calves, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/farm/calves_en.htm.
45 Animal Welfare on the Farm – Pigs, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/farm/pigs_en.htm.
46 Animal Welfare on the Farm – Broilers, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/farm/broilers_en.htm.
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的福利，該指令反映了農場動物福利理事會（Farm Animal Welfare Council, FAWC）所採認的「五項自由」47、執委會決定第 2006/778/EC 號。1991 年《關於運輸途中保護動物的理事會指令》48闡明欲盡量減少長途動物運輸、
47 Legislation in Force on Animal Welfare on the Farm, EUROPEAN
COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/farm/legislation_en.htm.
48 Council Directive, of 19 November 1991 on the protection of animals during transport and amending Directives 90/425/EEC and 91/496/EEC, 1991 O.J. (L 340) 17, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1991:340:0017:0027:EN:PDF.
49 Council Directive 93/119/EC, of 22 December 1993 on the protection of animals at the time of slaughter or killing, 1993, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/aw/aw_legislation/slaughter/93-119-ec_en.pdf.
50 Council Regulation (EEC) No 3254/91, of 4 November 1991 prohibiting the use of leghold traps in the Community and the introduction into the Community of pelts and manufactured goods of certain wild animal species originating in countries which catch them by means of leghold traps or trapping methods which do not meet international humane trapping standards, 1991 O.J. (L308) 1, available at
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1991:308:0001:0004:EN:PDF.
51 1997 年歐盟分別與加拿大、俄羅斯及美國簽訂條約，歐盟要求該等國家須滿足人道捕
獲標準，始允許其產品進入歐盟地區。Commission Decision, of 14 October 1998 amending Council Decision 97/602/EC concerning the list referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 3(1) of Regulation (EEC) No 3254/91 and in Article 1(1)(a) of Commission Regulation (EC) No 35/97, 1998 O.J. (L286) 56, available at
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1998:286:0056:0058:EN:PDF.
52 Council Directive 1999/22/EC, of 29 March 1999 relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos, 1999 O.J. (L 94) 24, available at
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1999:094:0024:0026:EN:PDF.
53 Regulation (EC) No 1007/2009, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on trade in seal products, 2009 O.J. (L 286) 36, available at
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其三，對於伴侶動物部分，2007 年指令第 1523/2007/EC 號指出鑑於貓 與狗為人類之寵物伴侶，禁止一切含貓狗毛皮商品之進出口及販售55。
其四，對於實驗動物福利部分，1986 年歐盟制定指令第 86/609/EEC 號，
規定成員國應取代、減少或是精緻化脊椎動物測試56，該指令而後於 2010 號、規範危險藥劑（dangerous preparation）的指令第 99/45/EC 號、規範化 妝品的指令第 76/768/EEC 號，以及規範化學品的規則第 1907/2006/EC 號。
其中，76/768/EEC 化妝品指令經歷不斷修訂，於第七次修訂第 2003/15/EC
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:286:0036:0039:EN:PDF.
54 Commission Regulation (EU) No 737/2010, of 10 August 2010 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of Regulation (EC) No 1007/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on trade in seal products, 2010 O.J. (L 216) 1, available at
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:216:0001:0010:EN:PDF.
55 Regulation (EC) No 1523/2007, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2007 banning the placing on the market and the import to, or export from, the Community of cat and dog fur, and products containing such fur, 2007 O.J. (L 343) 1, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:343:0001:0004:EN:PDF.
See also Animal Welfare - Cat and Dog Fur, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/fur_cats_dogs_en.htm.
56 Council Directive 86/609/EEC, of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes, 1986 O.J. (L 358) 1, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31986L0609:en:HTML.
57 Animals Used for Scientific Purposes, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR ENVIRONMENT, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/home_en.htm.
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58 Council Directive, of 19 November 1991 on the protection of animals during transport and amending Directives 90/425/EEC and 91/496/EEC, 1991 O.J. (L 340) 17, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:1991:340:0017:0027:EN:PDF.
59 Animal Welfare during Transport, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMRS, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/transport/index_en.htm.
60 該指令為歐盟首度頒布之動物福利法律，參考網站：EU Action Plan, Evaluation and the Second Strategy on Animal Welfare, EUROPEAN COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL FOR HEALTH AND CONSUMERS (Mar. 7, 2012), available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/actionplan_en.htm.
61 Legislation in Force Animal Welfare at Slaughter, EUROPEAN
COMMISSION-DIRECTORATES-GENERAL HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/slaughter/legislation_en.htm.
62 Animal Welfare at the Time of Slaughter or Killing, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DIRECTORATES-GENERAL HEALTH AND CONSUMERS, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/food/animal/welfare/slaughter/index_en.htm.
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小結
自第二章而觀，針對動物道德地位之討論，除傳統上認為動物僅為人 之財產外，有關動物福利、動物保護及動物權利用語之實質內涵，依據不 同道德學派之主張，而有對於人類應如何對待動物之不同訴求。現今較為 務實之作法係採取混合式理論的動物福利派，其包含三層次思考面向──
倫理、科學、法律政策，首先基於倫理保護之考量，並在有科學研究輔佐 支持下，國家將可能推動動物福利相關之法律政策。有關法律政策面，國 際上各組織及各國皆有其自身針對動物福利之管制規範及架構，以長久以 來致力於推動動物福祉的歐盟境內之規範最為先進且完備。然而，此等規 範將難免對於國際貿易造成衝擊，其中，化妝品產業之貿易額並不容小覷，
諸多國家係以出口化妝品至歐洲地區以獲取利潤，因此，歐盟化妝品動物 實驗禁令所設定之動物實驗禁令門檻，將可能對於歐盟境外國家造成龐大 之貿易衝擊，本文以下於第參章將聚焦於歐盟對於化妝品之動物實驗措施 法規體系、相關背景、制定過程、具體規範，並概述動物實驗替代方法之 發展，最後說明 WTO 下技術性貿易障礙委員會（TBT Committee）中會員 對該等法令之討論。
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